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Introbuctory AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY A LABORATORY MANUAL OF INTRObUCTORY AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY * I %' €: Resham B Thapa Fanindra P Neupane Dhamo K Butani DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PROTECTION INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY RAMPURj CHITWANj NEPAL, - --- A LABORATORY MANUAL OF INTRODUCTORY AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Resham B Thapa Fanindra P Neupane Dhamo K Butani DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PROTECTION INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY RAMPUR, CHITWAN, NEPAL. 1984 ---------------------------------------------------- ALL RIGHT RESERVED Published by: Tribhuvan University Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. First Edition: 1984 (2041) Printed by: Secretarial Support Services Pvt. Ltd. Post Box No. 1217, Kathmandu, Nepal. PREFACE described are ubiquitous. There are about a million Insects undescribed. A species in this world and a large number still of them is no doubt harmless, a few even beneficial vast majority as destructive. about 2 percent species have been reported but contaminate stored They damage almost all our cultivated crops, and sting man and the domesticated animals, food articles, annoy of not the least, some insects act as vectors and last but why the and other disease causing pathogens. That's viruses creatures and people insects are looked down upon as undesirable of killing them. often think the ravages of To safe guard our plants and property from it is necessary to know all about these little insect pests, the and forenost step naturally is to collect beinjs. First physiology insects and study their appearance (morphology), of identification (classification). With this (function) and marks a this manual is prepared to give the beginners aim in view, also some knowledge of introductory entomology as preliminary covers the about pesticides and their appliances. It information of Agriculture Core Course (ENT 3131) curriculum of the Institute and Animal Science, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. to include in this small manual all It is not possible of nezessary for identifying the huge number the information and family species, so it has been carried only upto Order insect stage. To start and that too by studying only the adult level dealt with. with, only 12 most important orders have been are grateful to Dean, IAAS, Rampur, Tribhuvan The au-thors this the interest shown by him in preparing University, for some of The help rendered by Mr. N.R.Devkota in drawing manual. efforts of Mr. diagrams as also the assistance and sincere the Computer Centre, in Padam P Sharma and Ms. Laxmi Baral of IAAS the manuscript in such a short time is highly word processing Whittier, Thanks are also due to Dr. Herbert L. appreciated. Project for the of Party, MUCIA and the IAAS/MUCIA/USAID Chief this edition of the encouragement and finanpial aid in printing manual. this manual, are Suggestions, if any, for the improvement of welcome. Resham B. Thapa P. Neupane 21, 1984 Fanindra Airgust Dhamo K. Butani TAAS, Rampur. CONTENTS Page No. Lab No. Topic Lab Ex. Guide 1. Study of a microscope 3 47 2. Collection and preservation of insects 7 49 3. External morphology of an insect 11 52 4. Mouth parts and their modifications 12 53 5. Antennae and their modifications 17 55 6. Legs and their modifications 19 56 7. Winos and their modifications 21 57 8. Internal anatomy of an insect 23 58 9. Insect metamorphosis 27 63 10. Types of larvae and pupae 29 64 11. Life cycle of honey bee 31 65 12. Modern bee hive and its parts 33 66 13. Life cycle of mulberry silkworm 35 67 14. Life cycle of lac insect 37 68 15. Classification of insects 39 69 16. Pesticides 41 83 17. Pesticide appliances 42 87 Selected readings 95 LAB EXERCISES LAB 1: STUDY OF A MICROSCOPE OBJECTIVE: Microscopes are used for enlarging t1 ; image of a given object. The various appendages of insects being too small to study the same clearly with naked eyes, help of microscopes is sought to bring out the clearity and aetails, which facilitate the proper study of such parts. MATERIALS: 1. Dissecting and binocular microscope 2. Occular and stage micrometers 3. Glass slides. METHODS: 1. Take out microscope from cabinet using both hands, one on the bottom and other on the handle; keeping the microscope in straight position. 2. Place the microscope on the working table and arrange the light. PROBLEMS: 1. Identify various parts of dissecting and binocular microscopes and label them in the diagrams (Fig. 1). 2. Calibrate occular and stage micrometer and measure the size of a given object. a. The index of occular micrometer in .... (power) of magnification. ------------------------------------------------------ S.N. No. of division of occular No. of divisions of micrometer stage micrometer --------------------------------------------------------- 1 2 3 -------------------------------------------------------- Total -------------------------------------------------------- Average ---------------------------------------------------- 3 b. Calculate the index of an occular micrometer. c. Measurement of a given specimen size of specimen ...... in ...... (power) of magnification. No of divisions of occular micrometer. ---------------------------------------------------------- S.N. Length Width --------------------------------------------------------- 1 2 3 --------------------------------------------------------- Total --------------------------------------------------------- Average --------------------------------------------------------- d. Calculate the actual size of the given specimen. 3. What are the precautions to be taken while handling a microscope? 5 IISECT KILLIMG JARS ASPIRATOR IN CTCATCING NET. CAMEL A[R BRUSH K"4I COLLECTION BAG P.2. INSECT COLLECTING EQUIPMENT 6 LAB 2: COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF INSECTS OBJECTIVE: To study any object, first step is to collect that .object. the insect thus collected is to be kept for further studies, If it does it should be properly killed, set and preserved, so that in the not get spoiled. Well preserved specimen can be seen museums where they may be lying for past several decades. MATERIALS: 1. Killing jar 7. Fine thin pins 2. Catching net 8. Pinning block 3. Forceps 9. Collection box 4. Camel hair brush 10. Spreading boards 5. Collection bag 11. Labels 6. Aspirator 12. Collecting vials 13. Preservatives. METHODS: (For details refer to page 49) 1. Prepare abinsect killing jar. 2. Identify the various materials required for collection and preservation. 3. Observe proper pinning position, setting on board and preservation of adults and immatures. PROBLEMS: 1. Label the various parts (Fig. 2), proper pinning position (Fig.. 3) and spreading board (Fig. 4). 2. Continue collecting, pinning and preserving insect specimens throughout the year. Mount properly and identify them. 3. What precautions will you take while preparing and using the insect killing jar? 7 GRASSHOPPER PA INTED BUG CICADA \. .- BEETLE BUTTER FLY HOUSE FLY BUMBLE BEE EARWI Nj rYI PINNIjCG POSITION.1S 8 " t 1i. ... .­ ­ I I., LABELS INSECT PINg \ / COLLECTION 1430 SPREADIN6 BOARD - PIN N ING BLOCK IMMATLIES F I.4INSECT PRESERVATION 9 WING G RASSHOPPER. /-- ~~*-LEG 4 OVIPO61TOR ANTEWMJA L- -- If -~ * -­ I o\!/- v.-?I---.. * 2'HORAX ABDOMEN OF A FM.5. EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY GRASSHOPPER 10 LAB 3: EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF AN INSECT (GRASSHOPPER) OBJECTIVE: of insects It is necessary to study the external morphology and classify in order to know their body structures, functions them on the basis of their morphological characters. MATERIALS: 1. Freshly killed grasshopper 2. Dissecting microscope 3. Forceps 4. Needles METHODS: (Refer page 52 for details) regions ­ 1. Take a grasshopper and identify its three body head, thorax and abdomen. thorax and 2. Study and identify various appendages on head abdominal regions. wings and 3. Separate various parts such as antennae, legs, identify their different parts. PROBLEMS: 1. Label various structures (Fig. 5). Write their 2. What are the appendages of head ? distinguishing characteristics. from a 3. How do you differentiate a male grasshopper female? 11 LAB 4: INSECT MOUTH PARTS AND THEIR MODIFICATIONS OBJECTIVE: The mouth parts undergo various modifications on the basis of their feeding habits. There is a definite correlation between the type of mouth parts and the damage they do to the crops. This study helps to recommend appropriate control measures. MATERIALS: 1. Insect specimens with different mouth types 2. Permanent slides 3. Forceps 4. Camel hair brush 5. Needles 6. Dissecting microscope 7. Glass slides. METHODS: A. Biting & chewing type: 1. Take a grasshopper or cockroach and separate head from thorax. 2. Keep head between two slides and press gently. 3. Remove the appendages and arrange them on slide (Fig. 6). 4. Observe under a microscope. B. Piercing and sucking type: 1. Take a red cotton bug. 2. Separate the head and place it on a slide. 3. Separate anu a stylets on the slide (Fig. 7). 4. Observe its various parts under microscope. For comparision, take a mosquito and complete the process same as above, observe mosquito mouth parts and compare them with that of red cotton bug. C. Chewing and lapping type: 1. Take a honeybee, remove head from the thorax, and gently press it between two slides. 2. Observe the parts and identify them. D. Siphonging type: 1. Take a buttErfly or moth, separate head from thorax, press between two slides and observe under microscope. E. Sponging type: 1. Take a housefly, separate head from thorax, and observe under microscope. 12 LABRUM MAt,,DIBLE ILLA ,MA , -. LABIUM . - R
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