Identification and Characterization of a Novel Transcription
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IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR THAT REGULATES NCF2 EXPRESSION VIA THE TNF-α RESPONSIVE REGION by Mary Cloud Bosworth Ammons Anderson A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Veterinary Molecular Biology MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana November 2007 COPYRIGHT by Mary Cloud Bosworth Ammons Anderson 2007 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a dissertation submitted by Mary Cloud Bosworth Ammons Anderson This dissertation has been read by each member of the dissertation committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the Division of Graduate Education. Approved for the Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology Dr. Mark T. Quinn Approved for the Division of Graduate Education Dr. Carl A. Fox iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a doctoral degree at Montana State University-Bozeman, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. I further agree that copying of this dissertation is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for extensive copying or reproduction of this dissertation should be referred to ProQuest Information and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, to whom I have granted “the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute my dissertation in and from microfilm along with the non- exclusive right to reproduce and distribute my abstract in any format in whole or in part.” Mary Cloud Bosworth Ammons Anderson November 2007 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first and foremost like to thank my parents. All the fundamentally valuable characteristics that have carried me through the process of my doctoral work were planted by my parents in each of us kids from the very first. I would like to thank them for never saying I could not do anything to which I put my mind. I would like to thank them for teaching me patience, humility, and, above all, intellectual curiosity. Without their solid foundation I would never have reached this goal. I would also like to thank my advisor Dr. Mark Quinn for giving me the opportunity to pursue my doctorate in his lab. Although guidance and support from Dr. Quinn was essential to my success, I am also grateful for his help in cultivating my intellectual independence and personal self-reliance. I would also like to thank the Quinn lab regulars who provided not only vital technical guidance, but also moral support and an indisspensible sense of humor. Thanks are due to my committee who always sought to challenge me to greater scientific analysis and creativity. I would especially like to thank Dr. Kathrine Gauss, an exceptional scientific purist, for not only guiding me through my doctoral work, but also for being a friend when I needed it. Finally, I must thank my husband Brock, to whom I could always come home and count on being met at the door with infinite sanity. v TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. PROFESSIONAL PHAGOCYTES AND THE NADPH OXIDASE ........................... 1 Professional Phagocytes And The Innate Immune System .......................................... 1 Polymorphonuclear And Mononuclear Professional Phagocytes........................ 1 Primary Defects In Professional Phagocytes...................................................... 5 Inflammatory Disorders And Professional Phagocytes ...................................... 6 Other Pathologies Mediated By Professional Phagocytes ................................ 12 The NADPH Oxidase ............................................................................................... 13 Components Of The NADPH Oxidase ............................................................ 14 Activation And Functional Implications Of The NADPH Oxidase .................. 18 Chronic Granulomatous Disease: A Disorder Of The NADPH Oxidase............................................................................................. 20 Other Pathologies Mediated By The NADPH Oxidase .................................... 21 Transcriptional Regulation In Professional Phagocytes ............................................. 25 TNF-α Regulation Of Phagocyte Transcription......................................................... 30 TNF-α: A Multiplipurpose Cytokine............................................................... 30 TNF-α Regulation Of The NADPH Oxidase Component p67phox .................... 31 Summary.................................................................................................................. 37 Hypothesis................................................................................................................ 37 2. BINDING OF PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA GENE-LIKE 2 TO THE TNF-α RESPONSIVE REGION OF THE NCF2 INTRAGENIC REGION REGULATES PHOX P67 EXPRESSION AND NADPH OXIDASE ACTIVITY................................ 39 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 39 Materials And Methods ............................................................................................ 41 Materials ......................................................................................................... 41 Cell Culture..................................................................................................... 41 Yeast One-Hybrid ........................................................................................... 42 Cloning And Expression Of PLAGL2 ............................................................. 43 cDNA And RT-PCR Panel Screening.............................................................. 44 Anti-PLAGL2 Antibody Preparation And Characterization............................. 45 Immunoprecipitation And Immunoblot Analysis ............................................. 45 Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) ................................................ 46 Isolation Of Nuclear Extracts .......................................................................... 47 DNA-Binding Protein Affinity Purification..................................................... 47 Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Assay................................................ 48 Morpholino Oligomer Inhibition Of PLAGL2 Expression............................... 50 - Analysis Of O2 Production ............................................................................. 51 Statistical Analysis.......................................................................................... 51 Results...................................................................................................................... 51 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Identification Of A TRR-Binding Protein By Yeast One-Hybrid ..................... 51 Analysis Of PLAGL2 Expression In Human Tissue, Leukocytes, And Cell Lines........................................................................................................ 55 Preparation And Characterizartion Of Anti-Human PLAGL2 Antibodies........ 57 In Vitro Translated PLAGL2 Bind The NCF2 TRR......................................... 60 Native And SUMO1-Modified Endogenous PLAGL2 Bind The TRR In Vitro ........................................................................................................... 63 In Vivo Binding Of Endogenous PLAGL2 To The TRR Is Enhanced With TNF-α Treatment............................................................................................ 65 Knock-Down Of Endogenous PLAGL2 Inhibits The TNF-α Response In MonoMac1 Cells......................................................................................... 67 TNF-α Modulates The Levels Of Native And SUMO1-Modified PLAGL2 Protein In MonoMac1 Cells And Human Primary Monocytes And Neutrophils.............................................................................................. 72 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 75 3. PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA GENE-LIKE 2 BINDS THE TNF-α RESPONSIVE REGION AT A CONSERVED CORE SEQUENCE VIA ZINC FINGERS SIX AND SEVEN ......................................................................... 81 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 81 Materials And Methods ............................................................................................ 84 Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) ................................................ 84 Luciferase Reporter Constructs ....................................................................... 85 Transient Transfections ................................................................................... 85 Results...................................................................................................................... 86 In Vitro Translated PLAGL2 Binds The TRR -23 To -16 Basepairs Upstream Of The Translational Start Site ........................................................................ 86 Mutation Of The Conserved GGCC In The TRR Inhibits Intragenic Region Activation In NCF2 Reporter Constructs......................................................... 89 PLAGL2 Zinc Fingers Six And Seven Recognize And Bind The TRR ............ 91 Discussion