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Long-Range Precision-Strike Cruise Missiles in Nato Operations

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Long-Range Precision-Strike Cruise Missiles in Nato Operations View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2014-03 Long-range precision-strike cruise missiles inNATO operations Jones, Antonio T. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/41399 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS LONG-RANGE PRECISION-STRIKE CRUISE MISSILES IN NATO OPERATIONS by Antonio T. Jones March 2014 Thesis Advisor: David S. Yost Second Reader: Mikhail Tsypkin Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED March 2014 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS LONG-RANGE PRECISION-STRIKE CRUISE MISSILES IN NATO OPERATIONS 6. AUTHOR(S) Antonio T. Jones 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943–5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ____N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) In 1949, NATO was established as a military alliance organized to protect its members from aggression or coercion by its adversaries to the East. However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the geostrategic context for NATO transformed significantly, with a new set of security threats (ethnic conflicts, terrorism, nuclear proliferation, organized crime, etc.). For NATO to remain relevant, its members had to sustain its overall purpose of collective defense and contribute to collective security in the post-Cold War world, in which several internal and external factors have transformed. While the Alliance remains a collective defense organization, the Allies have nonetheless assumed additional roles in conflict prevention and crisis management. In its crisis management role, advances in military technology have afforded NATO the opportunity to utilize a significant strategic weapon, the Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM). For NATO, the TLAM has demonstrated its utility for specific purposes; and it has transformed the landscape of modern warfare. This weapon has allowed NATO to enhance its force projection capability, while minimizing risks for Alliance personnel (aircrews and ground troops) when conducting strike operations. 14. SUBJECT TERMS NATO, precision-guided munitions, cruise missiles, Tomahawk Land 15. NUMBER OF Attack Missile PAGES 91 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540–01–280–5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2–89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239–18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited LONG-RANGE PRECISION-STRIKE CRUISE MISSILES IN NATO OPERATIONS Antonio T. Jones Lieutenant, United States Navy B.A., University of Northwood, 2007 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (EUROPE AND EURASIA) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL March 2014 Author: Antonio T. Jones Approved by: David S. Yost Thesis Advisor Mikhail Tsypkin Second Reader Mohammed Hafez Chair, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT In 1949, NATO was established as a military alliance organized to protect its members from aggression or coercion by its adversaries to the East. However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the geostrategic context for NATO transformed significantly, with a new set of security threats (ethnic conflicts, terrorism, nuclear proliferation, organized crime, etc.). For NATO to remain relevant, its members had to sustain its overall purpose of collective defense and contribute to collective security in the post-Cold War world, in which several internal and external factors have transformed. While the Alliance remains a collective defense organization, the Allies have nonetheless assumed additional roles in conflict prevention and crisis management. In its crisis management role, advances in military technology have afforded NATO the opportunity to utilize a significant strategic weapon, the Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM). For NATO, the TLAM has demonstrated its utility for specific purposes; and it has transformed the landscape of modern warfare. This weapon has allowed NATO to enhance its force projection capability, while minimizing risks for Alliance personnel (aircrews and ground troops) when conducting strike operations. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTIONS ..................................................... 1 B. IMPORTANCE ..................................................................................... 2 C. PROBLEMS ......................................................................................... 2 D. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................ 4 1. Precision-Guided Munitions ................................................... 4 2. Operation Deliberate Force ..................................................... 9 3. Operation Allied Force .......................................................... 11 4. Operation Unified Protector .................................................. 15 E. METHODS AND SOURCES .............................................................. 18 F. THESIS OVERVIEW .......................................................................... 19 II. LONG-RANGE PRECISION-STRIKE CRUISE MISSILES IN NATO OPERATIONS .............................................................................................. 21 A. DEFINITION OF A CRUISE MISSILE ................................................ 21 B. THE ORIGINS OF CRUISE MISSILES .............................................. 22 C. THE TOMAHAWK LAND ATTACK MISSILE .................................... 26 1. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile “A” Variant ........................ 29 2. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile “C” Variant ........................ 30 3. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile “D” Variant ........................ 31 4. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile “E” Variant ........................ 32 III. NATO OPERATIONS IN WHICH CRUISE MISSILES HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED .................................................................................................. 35 A. OPERATION DELIBERATE FORCE (BOSNIA CAMPAIGN) ........... 35 B. OPERATION ALLIED FORCE (KOSOVO CAMPAIGN) ................... 39 C. OPERATION UNIFIED PROTECTOR (LIBYA CAMPAIGN) ............. 44 IV. THE CAPABILITIES GAP OF THE ALLIANCE ........................................... 51 V. CRUISE MISSILE TRENDS .......................................................................... 59 A. RUSSIA .............................................................................................. 60 B. INDIA .................................................................................................. 60 C. IRAN ................................................................................................... 60 D. TAIWAN ............................................................................................. 61 E. PAKISTAN ......................................................................................... 61 F. GERMANY ......................................................................................... 61 G. FRANCE ............................................................................................ 62 VI. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 65 LIST OF REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 67 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST ................................................................................. 73 vii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. JCMPO Organizational Structure ....................................................... 25 Figure 2. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile .......................................................... 27 Figure 3. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM-N) ........................................
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