Stalybridge - Woodhead (4ZO) OHL

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal

Submitted to:

Electricity Alliance West

Submitted by:

AMEC Environment and Infrastructure UK Limited

Shrewsbury, UK

AMEC Project: 32430

October 2012

5 October 2012

AMEC Ref No: 32430

Dear Sir/Madam

Re: Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL

Please find enclosed the Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal report for the above project.

If you have any questions regarding the project please contact the undersigned.

Yours sincerely,

Robert Johns Senior Consultant AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd Canon Court Abbey Lawn Abbey Foregate Shrewsbury SY2 5DE

Tel: +44 (0)1743 342029

Reviewed by:

Ken Whittaker Associate Director AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd 17 Angel Gate City Road London EC1V 2SH

Tel: (020) 7843 1468

Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

REPORT ISSUE FORM

Client Name Electricity Alliance West

Project Name Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL

Report Title Level 1 Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal

Document Status & Draft Issue No. 1 Issue No.

Issue Date 5 October 2012

Author Robert Johns 24 September 2012

Reviewer Ken Whittaker 28 September 2012

Programme Manager Approval Neil Wright 3 October 2012

Copyright and Non-Disclosure Notice The contents and layout of this report are subject to copyright owned by AMEC (©AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited 2012) save to the extent that copyright has been legally assigned by us to another party or is used by AMEC under licence. To the extent that we own the copyright in this report, it may not be copied or used without our prior written agreement for any purpose other than the purpose indicated in this report. The methodology (if any) contained in this report is provided to you in confidence and must not be disclosed or copied to third parties without the prior written agreement of AMEC. Disclosure of that information may constitute an actionable breach of confidence or may otherwise prejudice our commercial interests. Any third party who obtains access to this report by any means will, in any event, be subject to the Third Party Disclaimer set out below.

Third Party Disclaimer

Any disclosure of this report to a third party is subject to this disclaimer. The report was prepared by AMEC at the instruction of, and for use by, our client named on the front of the report. It does not in any way constitute advice to any third party who is able to access it by any means. AMEC excludes to the fullest extent lawfully permitted all liability whatsoever for any loss or damage howsoever arising from reliance on the contents of this report. We do not however exclude our liability (if any) for personal injury or death resulting from our negligence, for fraud or any other matter in relation to which we cannot legally exclude liability.

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NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

This report is an assessment of archaeological and cultural heritage issues arising from EAWs proposed scheme (EAW No. 20594) to refurbish an existing overhead electricity line (OHL) between towers 4ZO250 and 4ZO200, from the Millbrook Area of Stalybridge, Greater Manchester to the entrance of the Woodhead Tunnel in Derbyshire. The total length of the line is almost 16km, running generally in a west to east direction from NGR 397541 399754 to NGR 411149 399867. Approximately one third of the route lies in the metropolitan borough of Tameside, Greater Manchester, with the remainder in Derbyshire High Peak District.

This report summarises the legislation and policy (Section 2) and sets out a methodology for appraising the heritage effects of the scheme (Section 3). Section 4 details the Level 1 desk- study and targeted Field Reconnaissance Survey (FRS) and Section 5 describes the cultural heritage interest of the tower route. The potential effects of the development upon both identified and as yet unidentified heritage assets and suggested mitigation options are outlined. Mitigation measures are further detailed in Section 6 and highlighted in Table 1: Summary Mitigation Table, below.

Generic mitigation measures are proposed for all towers, i.e. that the latest access routes shown on wayleaves plans must be adhered to at all times, unless changes are agreed in advance. The appraisal also establishes the potential impact for ground works associated with access routes and work compounds to impact upon archaeological remains and cultural heritage assets at 13 of the 52 towers on the 4ZO transmission line. Further specific mitigation measures are detailed for these heritage assets. All mitigation proposals should be subject to Level 2 Archaeological Consultation alongside and during proposed refurbishment works.

Mitigation measures have been highlighted as ‘green’, ‘amber’ or ‘red’ to follow a Traffic Light System:

• ‘Green’ applies to all towers without identified archaeological constraints in the immediate vicinity of towers and/or access route. It is recommended that access routes must be adhered to in order to prevent damage to any, as yet unknown, archaeological and cultural heritage assets. In some instances further mitigation suitable to specific sites may be recommended.

• ‘Amber’ has been applied to those towers and/or access routes with specific archaeological and heritage constraints in the vicinity, or the clear potential for such remains. This includes Grade II Listed Buildings and undesignated heritage assets (e.g. standing buildings, buried archaeology). In this instance suitable mitigation will involve the production of an Archaeological Constraint Map for each tower and possible Level 3 archaeological mitigation.

• ‘Red’ is appropriate for towers in close proximity to significant archaeological and/or cultural heritage constraints such as nationally important Scheduled Monuments and Grade I Listed buildings in the immediate vicinity of the tower and/or access route. Suitable mitigation must involve the production of an Archaeological Constraint Map for each tower, following consultation with the local archaeological advisor and

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL iii Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

English Heritage, and possible Level 3 archaeological mitigation.

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Table 1: Summary Mitigation Table (see Appendix 3: Summary of Mitigation Options)

Tower Access Page Map Tower Constraint Mitigation No. Route No. No.

ALL TOWERS AND ACCESS ROUTES Adhere to tower access n/a All (4ZO Line) routes

Tower in close proximity to Preparation of Staley Hall, Grade II* Listed Archaeological Constraint th Building (9): Restored 16 Map (based on further century hall, built on the site of a consultation and review of 23; 28; 14th century hall (7). Previous 4ZO250 Y Y fieldwork reports) 29; 40; 1 archaeological investigation (8, 44 14) has identified further Archaeological watching medieval and post-medieval brief is recommended in buried archaeological remains in the event of any intrusive the vicinity of the hall (6) groundworks

Access to tower over the Preparation of projected route of Doctor Gate Archaeological Constraint Roman road (74), although no Map 19; 20; proven remains in this location 4ZO248 Y Y Archaeological watching 29; 40; 1 Church of St James, Grade II brief is recommended in 44 Listed Building (22), in relatively the event of any intrusive close proximity groundworks

Potential access to tower Preparation of passes in close proximity to Archaeological Constraint excavated site of Romano- Map (based on further British metal-working site (35, consultation and review of 28; 29; 4ZO245 N Y 36) and potential route of the fieldwork reports) 1 Werneth Low to Castleshaw 40; 44 Archaeological watching Roman road (70) brief is recommended in N.B. Whole tower to be the event of any intrusive replaced groundworks

Tower/ access located in close Preparation of proximity (c. 30m) to known Archaeological Constraint Mesolithic flint-working site (40 - Map 43 inc.) 22; 30; 4ZO244 Y Y Archaeological field 1 Access along narrow trackway evaluation (i.e. trial 40; 44 which is of some historic interest trenching) is N.B. Whole tower to be recommended prior to any replaced intrusive groundworks

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Table 1 (continued): Summary Mitigation Table (see Appendix 3: Summary of Mitigation Options)

Tower Access Page Map Tower Constraint Mitigation No. Route No. No.

TBC through consultation Preparation of No archaeological constraints Archaeological Constraint currently identified although Maps 4ZO242 towers located in moorland with Archaeological field 4ZO241 a general potential for 30/31; Y Y evaluation (i.e. trial 1; 2 4ZO239 prehistoric remains, particularly 40; 44 trenching) is 4ZO237 flint findspots recommended prior to any N.B. Whole tower to be intrusive groundworks. replaced at each of these TBC through consultation locations

TBC through consultation Preparation of Similar archaeological potential Archaeological Constraint to the above towers (4ZO242; Maps 4ZO243 4ZO241; 4ZO239; 4ZO237), Archaeological watching 31/32; 4ZO240 Y Y 1; 2 although less potential risk at brief is recommended in 40; 44 4ZO238 these locations as the scope of the event of any intrusive proposed work is less (i.e. the groundworks. whole tower is not being replaced). TBC through consultation

Preparation of Archaeological Constraint Tower/access in close proximity map 21; 30; 4ZO233 Y Y to earthworks of Arnfield 2/3 Archaeological watching 40; 44 deserted medieval village (56) brief is recommended in the event of any intrusive groundworks

Preparation of Archaeological Constraint Access route uses the trackbed map of former sidings to the 25; 36; 4ZO201 Y Y 5 Woodhead Railway (96), where Archaeological watching 40; 44 sleepers evident during FRS brief is recommended in the event of any intrusive groundworks

No towers or access routes identified

(4ZO Line)

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION & SCHEME DESCRIPTION 1 1.1 Site Location and Description 1 1.2 Geology 2 1.3 Historic Landscape Character 2

2. LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE 4 2.1 Electricity Act 4 2.2 Scheduled Monuments 4 2.3 Listed Buildings 5 2.4 Other Relevant Legislation and Guidance 5 2.5 Specifications for Electricity Alliance West Studies 5

3. METHODOLOGY 7 3.1 Aims and Objectives 7 3.2 Study Area 7 3.3 Sources 7 3.4 Tameside Historic Environment Record (HER) 8 3.5 Derbyshire Historic Environment Record (HER) 8 3.6 National Monuments Record 8 3.7 Documentary Sources 8 3.8 Field Reconnaissance Survey (FRS) 8 3.9 Reliability and Limitations 9 3.10 Assessment of Potential 10

4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE BASELINE 11 4.1 Desk-based Research 11 4.2 Field Reconnaissance Survey 22 4.3 Further Identified Archaeological Works 32

5. APPRAISAL 33 5.1 Vulnerable Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Assets 33 5.2 Heritage Significance 34 5.3 Anticipated Impact of the Proposed Development Works 35

6. MITIGATION OPTIONS 37

7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 38 7.1 Consent Requirements 38 7.2 Proposed Mitigation Measures 38 7.3 Level 2 Report: Production of Archaeological Constraint Maps (ACMs) 38 7.4 Level 3 – Archaeological Mitigation 39

8. REFERENCES 41

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2: Methodology for Assessment of Potential 10 Table 3: Field Reconnaissance Survey Results 24

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1: View West over Access Route to Tower 4ZO248 14 Plate 2: View North-east showing Earthworks of Arnfield Deserted Medieval Village (56) to Right of Wall and Access to Tower 4ZO233 to the Left 15 Plate 3: View North-west over Moorland and Abandoned Enclosure to Towers 4ZO235- 7 16 Plate 4: View West along Moorland track North of Brushes Farmstead (to Tower 4ZO244), overlooking Walkerwood Reservoir 16 Plate 5: View North of Staley Hall and Tower 4ZO250 Beyond 17 Plate 6: View South of Sun Green Farmhouse (Access Route to Tower 4ZO247) 17 Plate 7: Part of the Industrial Legacy: View South-east of Cobbles on Arnfield Lane (Near Access to Tower 4ZO230) 18 Plate 8: View of Trackbed of the Woodhead Railway, now the Longdendale Trail (Access Route to Tower 4ZO209) 19 Plate 9: View East along Trackbed of Sidings to the Woodhead Railway, Access Route to Tower 4ZO201 19 Plate 10: Detail of Sleepers Evident in Trackbed, Adjacent to Tower 4ZO201 20 Plate 11: View North-east to Tower 4ZO227, over Bottoms and Valehouse Reservoirs 21 Plate 12: View East to Tower 4ZO202A, Adjacent to Ford at Head of Woodhead Reservoir 21 Plate 13: View North of Dressed Stones in Close Proximity to Tower 4ZO219 22

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Legislation and Guidance Appendix 2: Gazetteer of Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Assets and Events Appendix 3: Summary of mitigation options Appendix 4: Figures

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL viii Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

INTRODUCTION & SCHEME DESCRIPTION

AMEC Environment and Infrastructure UK Ltd (AMEC E&I) has been commissioned by Electricity Alliance West (EAW) to carry out this Level 1 archaeological and cultural heritage appraisal prior to the refurbishment of 52 towers on the existing 4ZO Stalybridge - Woodhead Overhead Electricity Line (OHL) line in the metropolitan borough of Tameside, Greater Manchester and the High Peak District of Derbyshire.

The proposed refurbishment comprises maintenance works’ and as such can normally be undertaken without the need for a specific grant of planning permission. However, there are still legal obligations to statutorily protected sites (such as Scheduled Monuments and Listed Buildings) and a statutory duty under Section 38 and Schedule 9 of the Electricity Act 1989 to have regard to the desirability of protecting buildings and other objects of architectural, historical or archaeological interest.

For the purposes of this appraisal, archaeological and cultural heritage assets include both buried and upstanding features and sites of historical and/or cultural interest, e.g. locally important buildings together with designated sites, e.g. Listed Buildings and Scheduled Monuments.

Relevant legislation and policy is in Section 2 and the methodology for appraising the heritage effects of the scheme is described in Section 3. Section 4 details the Level 1 desk- study and targeted Field Reconnaissance Survey (FRS) and Section 5 describes the cultural heritage interest of the tower route, the potential effects of the development upon identified and as yet unidentified heritage assets and outlines mitigation options. Mitigation measures are further detailed in Section 6 and highlighted in Table 1: Summary Mitigation Table.

1.1 Site Location and Description

EAW propose to refurbish an existing overhead electricity line (OHL) between towers 4ZO250 and 4ZO200, from the Millbrook Area of Stalybridge to the entrance of the Woodhead Tunnel in Derbyshire (EAW Scheme No. 20594). The total length of the line is almost 16km, running in an approximate west to east direction from NGR 397541 399754 (4ZO250) to NGR 411149 399867 (4ZO200). Approximately one third of the route lies in the metropolitan borough of Tameside, Greater Manchester, with the remainder in Derbyshire High Peak District.

The route of the OHL passes from the suburban edge of Greater Manchester (Tower 4ZO250) quite abruptly into a rural pastoral landscape, rising from c. 150m Above Ordnance Datum (AOD) in Stalybridge up to some 320m AOD on the southern slopes of Harridge Pike, above Walkerwood Reservoir. From Stalybridge, the route passes through land under pasture and then into moorland to the north of Walkerwood Reservoir. It then crosses Swineshaw Reservoirs and rounds the northern slope of Lees Hill, veering south-eastwards and following the southern edge of the moorland of Boar Flat. The route then runs downhill to the south-east through enclosed pasture fields to Tintwhistle, keeping to the south-west of Arnfield Low Moor and Tintwhistle Low Moor, and into the Longdendale Valley. The OHL then crosses Bottoms Reservoir and from this point the route follows the Longdendale Valley on the southern side of a succession of reservoirs fed by the River Etherow known (with

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 1 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Arnfield and Bottoms reservoirs) as the Longdendale Chain: Valehouse; Rhodeswood; Torside and then Woodhead Reservoir. The OHL roughly follows the route of the Longdendale Trail, part of the Trans-Pennine Trail, which itself traces the mostly embanked trackbed of the former Woodhead Branch of the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway, referred to consistently in this report as the Woodhead Railway. This part of the route mostly passes through enclosed pasture fields, with some wooded areas, rising steadily from c. 165m AOD to c. 260m AOD into moorland at the entrance to the Woodhead Tunnel (Tower 4ZO200).

1.2 Geology

High ground to the north and south of the 4ZO OHL route is formed by gritstone (a coarse sandstone) overlying softer mudstones (shales), sedimentary rocks deposited in the Carboniferous Period (around 326-316 million years ago) (Peak District National Park Authority, undated). The Longdendale Valley is glacial in origin; the melting ice finding a path of lesser resistance through the softer shale.

1.3 Historic Landscape Character

An historic landscape characterisation (HLC) study has been undertaken for each of the two local authority areas through which the OHL passes: The Greater Manchester Urban HLC and the Derbyshire HLC. Data from both of these was made available in GIS format, to ease analysis.

At the western end of the 4ZO line at Stalybridge (Tower 4ZO250) much of the land is characterised as post medieval to 19th century piecemeal enclosure, essentially remnants of a more extensive enclosed landscape which has been encroached upon by the developing town. Outside the suburban extent of Stalybridge, the fields exhibit similar piecemeal enclosure, although most probably originating in the 15th to 17th centuries. Further west, the route passes through some 17th to 19th century woodland, and in and out of moorland identified on the HLC as Featherbed Moss, Hoarstone Edge and Iron Tongue Hill, Mossley, which was cleared from the late Mesolithic period onwards. To the east of the Swineshaw reservoirs, the land exhibits post-medieval piecemeal enclosure, although to the west this has been abandoned and is now regenerated moorland, probably following compulsory purchase associated with the reservoirs. The enclosure of moorland continues to Bottoms Reservoir, although it is not assigned a date under the Peak District National Park HLC assessment.

Little information is recorded in the HLC assessment for that part of the route south of the Longdendale Chain. Land is recorded as irregular enclosure of unknown date, although pre- 1840. South of the Woodhead Reservoir, the route passes into moorland, shown as such on Charlesworth Enclosure map of 1813 and recorded in the HLC assessment as open wastes and common. Beyond the eastern part of the reservoir, the moorland has been enclosed in large irregular enclosures, mostly after the OS First edition map of 1881, although it is still under rough grazing.

The reservoirs along the route have changed the nature of the landscape in the Longdendale Valley. Much of the enclosed landscape in the valley bottom, some dating from the medieval period, has been lost, along with some small settlements. In addition to the reservoirs and

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 2 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430 associated built structures, the reservoirs developed in tandem with the Woodhead Railway, resulting in a soft industrialisation of the Longendale Valley.

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2. LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE

This Section summarises legislation and planning guidance considered relevant in relation to archaeological or cultural heritage assets that may be present within the defined study area.

The OHL refurbishment scheme operates under Permitted Development Rights (PDR) with the Electricity Act (1989) providing the appropriate regulatory framework (see 2.1 below). Any works within the vicinity of a statutory constraint (e.g. Scheduled Monument) may require a Consent application (see 2.2 below).

Relevant local planning policy documents have also been reviewed, as these represent local planning practice for the treatment of heritage assets in the development process. By adopting relevant policies as ‘best practice’, any work conducted on archaeological or cultural heritage assets along the route of the OHL will adhere to local, as well as national policy.

2.1 Electricity Act

The main legislation that relates to overhead electricity transmission lines is the Electricity Act 1989. Although there is usually no requirement for formal consent to carry out refurbishment and repair works, there is a requirement within Schedule 9 of the act for a license holder to “have regard to the desirability of preserving natural beauty, of conserving flora, fauna and geological or physiographical features of special interest and of protecting sites, buildings and objects of architectural, historic or archaeological interest”. The Act does not distinguish between designated and non-designated cultural heritage assets.

A license holder is also required to produce a statement detailing how they will satisfy these obligations when carrying out their work and in particular the consultation procedures they will follow. There is a specific requirement in England that they consult with the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England (English Heritage). This report addresses the requirement for a licence holder statement.

2.2 Scheduled Monuments

A Scheduled Monument (SM) is an archaeological site or historic building of national importance which is subject to protective legislation as set out in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 (as amended). In England, an application to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport for Scheduled Monument Consent (SMC) is required for most types of work that might affect a Scheduled Monument, at above or below ground level, including repairs. SMC applications are made to English Heritage, who administrate, process and handle applications for the Secretary of State.

It is a criminal offence to destroy or damage a Scheduled Monument either intentionally or through recklessness. It is also a criminal offence to carry out or to permit others to carry out unauthorised works to a Scheduled Monument, i.e. works undertaken without Scheduled Monument or Class Consent. Where Scheduled Monument Consent has been granted

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 4 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430 subject to conditions, it is an offence to fail to comply with those conditions when implementing that consent.

There are no Scheduled Monuments within the study area, nor any which would be expected to be affected by the proposed scheme.

2.3 Listed Buildings

Listed Buildings represent those buildings which are seen to have a special architectural, historical or cultural significance. The process of listing was established under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 and is administered by English Heritage as an agency of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.

A Listed Building may not be demolished, extended or altered without Listed Building consent being normally granted by the local planning authority. There are three grades of listing (in descending order):

• Grade I: buildings of exceptional interest;

• Grade II*: particularly important buildings of special interest; and

• Grade II: buildings of special interest.

There are 19 Listed Buildings within the study area, one of which is listed Grade II* listed. There are no Grade I Listed Buildings within the study area.

2.4 Other Relevant Legislation and Guidance

Further to the above, the following guidance should be considered as appropriate for this study area, more information is provided in Appendix 1.

• Hedgerow Regulations 1997

• The Treasure Act 1996 (inc. Treasure (Designation) Order 2002)

Tameside Local Plan: 'Joint Core Strategy and Development Management Policies Local Development Document' is in preparation.

High Peak Saved Local Plan Policies concerning the historic environment are concerned primarily with the planning process.

2.5 Specifications for Electricity Alliance West Studies

This work was carried out in accordance with the Specification for Electricity Alliance Archaeological Studies, which has been produced by Electricity Alliance West (SHESQ-MP- 316 Revision 3, dated September 2012).

The purpose of the archaeological surveys carried out under this Specification is to provide information to National Grid and its Alliance Partners regarding:

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• The nature of the archaeological resource/cultural heritage assets that may act as a constraint to the proposed works, in particular known or suspected sites located in the vicinity of work sites and access routes;

• Statutory constraints (e.g. Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas) that may require formal consents to allow proposed works to commence;

• Appropriate mitigation measures that may be required to avoid or minimise potential impacts on the archaeological resource arising from the proposed works.

Three levels of work are specified. These are intended to be incremental. The results of the Level 1 survey will inform the requirements for Level 2 works, which in turn will determine the scope of any Level 3 mitigation works, if required. The three levels comprise:

• Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal. A desk study and Field Reconnaissance Survey (FRS) provides an assessment of potential impacts, prior to refurbishment and informs proposals for appropriate mitigation.

• Level 2: Consultation and Mitigation. Consultation with Statutory Consultees (English Heritage) and/or Local Archaeological Advisors, where appropriate. Design appropriate mitigation and prepare and submit Archaeological Constraint Maps (ACMs) for inclusion into wayleaves information.

• Level 3: Archaeological Mitigation. Non-intrusive surveys followed by archaeological investigation and recording (typically watching brief or strip, map and record) during refurbishment works, if required, following the production of a Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI). A programme of field evaluation may be required (e.g. geophysical survey, trial trenching) to initially verify the requirement for Level 3 works. A programme of post-excavation assessment, analysis, publication and archiving, to ensure preservation by record of archaeological remains, would also need to be undertaken and would usually continue post-refurbishment.

This report is the Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal for the 4ZO Overhead Line.

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3. METHODOLOGY

All work was carried out in accordance with the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA) Code of Conduct (2010) and the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-based Assessment (2011).

3.1 Aims and Objectives

The purpose of this appraisal is to:

• Identify all recorded archaeological sites, find spots, and previously unknown areas of interest, within 500m either side of the 4ZO line route (the study area) focusing particularly on tower work sites and access routes;

• Assess the potential impacts of the proposed (generic) works on known or suspected archaeological sites and cultural heritage assets;

• Propose appropriate mitigation to avoid or minimise any potential adverse impacts to the heritage resource; and

• Highlight any potential risks to the project regarding programme and budget, and identify any formal consent or licensing requirements, e.g. Scheduled Monument or Listed Building Consent, taking into account the nature of the proposed works.

3.2 Study Area

The study area for the DBA extends 500m either side of the 4ZO route in order to establish and understand the context and setting of the OHL.

3.3 Sources

A full range of sources for the known archaeological and cultural heritage assets within the study area has been consulted in order to determine the baseline for the overhead line route. The scope of data incorporated includes:

• Listed buildings and buildings or structures of historic and/or local importance;

• Conservation Areas;

• Historic Landscape Character Areas (Tameside HER and Derbyshire HER); and,

• Non-designated archaeological sites and find spots.

Data was collected from the following sources (see below) and compiled into a gazetteer (Appendix 2).

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3.4 Tameside Historic Environment Record (HER)

A remote search of the Tameside HER, maintained by Greater Manchester Archaeological Advisory Service (GMAAS), was conducted for AMEC and supplied electronically, via email, on 13 July 2012.

3.5 Derbyshire Historic Environment Record (HER)

A remote search of the HER at Derbyshire County Council was conducted for AMEC and supplied electronically, via email, on 24 July 2012.

3.6 National Monuments Record

The National Monuments Record (NMR) is maintained by English Heritage and comprises the definitive information on Listed Buildings, Scheduled Monuments, Registered Parks and Gardens, Battlefields and World Heritage Sites, as well as a national register of non- designated sites and events (recorded archaeological investigations). AMEC maintains a current dataset of designated heritage assets from English Heritage, although the NMR provided a list of non-designated sites and events within the study area electronically to AMEC on 12 July 2012.

3.7 Documentary Sources

Historic Ordnance Survey mapping has been reviewed where required to clarify the location of some historic features in relation to tower locations and proposed access routes.

Historic maps held by Cheshire Archives and Local Studies have also been consulted via the internet (http://maps.cheshire.gov.uk/tithemaps/TwinMaps.aspx).

Information on the archaeology, history, geology, land-use and topography of the study area has been obtained from various online sources, including the Peak District National Park Authority.

All documentary sources are referenced in Section 8.

3.8 Field Reconnaissance Survey (FRS)

Following the compilation of the initial data sets AMEC consultants conducted an archaeological and cultural heritage Field Reconnaissance Survey (FRS) of ‘targeted sites’ along OHL route during 25-26 July 2012. The survey was completed in accordance with the IfA ‘Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment’ (particularly Section 3.3.9, 2011).

AMEC archaeologists visited sites identified from the DBA, including towers and access routes, in order to assess the level of survival of identified archaeological sites and features. The FRS field results are provided in Section 4.2 (Table 3). The aim of the targeted walkover was to visit those towers or sites where a potential issue was identified through the desk-

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 8 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430 based assessment, although in this event the majority of the towers and access routes were inspected. Specific comments on the FRS are given in Table 3.

The principal objectives of the archaeological field reconnaissance survey were to:

• Establish existing land use and to identify access routes to towers;

• Assess the presence, nature, extent and condition of any archaeological sites located within, or in the immediate vicinity of, tower work sites and access routes;

• Assess the presence, nature, extent and condition of any extant archaeological earthwork features located within, or in the immediate vicinity of tower work sites and access routes;

• Determine the archaeological and cultural heritage potential, both recorded and as yet unknown, of the tower work sites and access routes;

• Consider the impact of heavy machinery and vehicles on known or suspected archaeological remains within, or in the immediate vicinity of, tower work sites and access routes; and, in conjunction with the desk-study,

• Propose mitigation strategies for archaeological remains present within, or in the immediate vicinity of, tower work sites, whether mitigation by design/location of access and/or further non-intrusive survey.

Records were kept during the survey, the towers, their access routes and their respective settings were noted. Any previously unrecorded features were described, photographed, and accurate GPS readings were taken.

A digital photographic record was also kept, recording each tower visited and it’s setting within the landscape, as well as any archaeological earthworks, Listed Buildings or other features located within, or in the immediate vicinity of, tower work sites and access routes.

3.9 Reliability and Limitations

Each of the consulted data sources represents a collection of existing knowledge and is unlikely to be a complete record of all surviving cultural heritage features. The data held by the NMR and HERs is constantly updated by the relevant Local Authority to include new survey results.

It should also be noted that both national and local records of the historic environment relate to known heritage sites and archaeological finds. Limited available data may reflect a lack of research, especially if there has been little or no previous development activity, or, methodological limitations (as in the case of aerial survey) rather than an absence of archaeological evidence.

For the purposes of this assessment, the data gathered at the time of writing is valid for 2 years following date of issue. If the project continues beyond this point, the data within this assessment may require updating.

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Finally, this assessment is compiled using the most recent scope of works provided by EAW at the time of writing. Should this scope of works change (the location of access routes, for example) then AMEC should be notified, as this assessment may require alteration. Any changes to this assessment and mitigation, as a result of changes in scope, will be incorporated into the Level 2 Report.

3.10 Assessment of Potential

The potential presence of archaeology at each tower and access route has been assessed following a review of the available data and FRS results including; proximity to designated features (e.g. Scheduled Monuments) records of other known heritage assets, or anticipated archaeological remains that occur in the immediate vicinity of the identified works.

Table 2: Methodology for Assessment of Potential

Potential Rationale

High Presence of archaeology probable on the basis of previous investigations, or identified as cropmarks, earthworks etc.

Medium Presence of archaeology possible as a result of finds or features identified within vicinity.

Low No finds or features to suggest potential presence of archaeology though site is relatively undisturbed.

Negligible Presence of archaeology unlikely as a result of previous disturbance (such as quarrying or other activities).

Unknown Insufficient information exists to make an informed assessment of the potential presence of archaeological heritage assets.

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4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE BASELINE

4.1 Desk-based Research

All recorded sites and features within the study area are listed in the Gazetteer of Sites in Appendix 2, and each site is also shown on the Archaeological Site Location Plan (Appendix 4.)

A total of 125 archaeological and cultural heritage records were identified within the study area as a result of the desk-based study; a relatively small number for the area of search. Several sites are included in two or more data sources such as in the HER and NMR. Each site has been assigned a unique AMEC number. In cases where it is not clear if two records relate to the same subject there are separate entries within the gazetteer, otherwise they are referenced as a singular gazetteer reference. This process has resulted in a gazetteer of 98 archaeological and cultural heritage assets, in addition to which there are seven events recorded in the NMR (no events are recorded on the HERs). Those references most relevant to tower work sites are referred to in the text in bold. Where appropriate, photographs of heritage assets taken during the FRS, are included for reference here.

4.1.1 Designated Sites

No Scheduled Monuments occur within the study area.

There are 19 Listed Buildings within the study area. All of these are listed Grade II, unless indicated:

• 5: Holly Cottage:

• 9: Staley Hall and adjoining west wing, listed Grade II*

• 11: Barn range to south of Staley Hall

• 13: Barn range to south east of Staley Hall

• 16: Oakwood Mill, (Millbrook New Mill)

• 22: Church of St James

• 23: Church of St Raphael The Archangel (St Raphael's RC Church, Stalybridge)

• 26: Sun Green (2 & 3, Besom Lane) Sun Green Farmhouse

• 27: Sun Green (5 & 6 Sun Green)

• 28: Cote Farmhouse

• 30: Lower Hyde Green (2, Lower Hyde Green Farm House)

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• 31: Lower Hyde Green and adjoining farm buildings (4 & 5 Lower Hyde Green, and adjoining farm building)

• 61: Christ Church, Church Street, Tintwistle

• 62: The Old Workhouse

• 63: Sunday School and boundary wall

• 67: Ebenezer Chapel, Old Road, Tintwistle

• 85: St James's Church, near Woodhead Reservoir, Tintwistle

• 87: Valve Station to the west of Bleak House

• 88: Bleak House and boundary wall and railings

4.1.2 Non-designated Sites

In total 94 recorded non-designated heritage assets occur within the study area. These can be summarised broadly as mostly built features, or the sites thereof, with the remainder being artefact findspots, mostly of flint finds and mainly of Mesolithic date. However, there are some other records, including medieval settlement and a couple of Roman sites. Many of the records relating to built features are industrial in nature, including the Longendale chain of reservoirs and the routes and remains of various railway lines.

4.1.3 Baseline Summary Description

The periods and dates in this section largely follow the terminology included in the Transport Assessment Guidance Unit 3.3.9 ‘The Heritage of Historic Resources’ (WebTag 2003, Table 2).

4.1.4 Palaeolithic (pre 30,000 BC – 10,000 BC)

There is no recorded material from the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic within the North West of England, and the region would have been glaciated and inhospitable for a considerable part of this time.

As the glaciers retreated during the Late Upper Palaeolithic and into the early Mesolithic, an open grassland landscape would have formed, eventually developing into scrub and woodland. There is very limited evidence for Late Upper Palaeolithic activity within the North West, and none within the study area.

4.1.5 Mesolithic (10,000 BC – 3,500 BC)

Palaeoenvironmental evidence from across the North West suggests that the region was heavily wooded during the Mesolithic, with human activity exploiting coastal areas and inland freshwater bodies. There is considerable evidence for human activity from recorded lithic (worked stone) findspots and scatters, suggesting hunter-gather activity on the moorland, and the palaeoenvironmental record evidences clearance of woodland from the moorland

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4.1.6 Neolithic (3,500 BC – 2,000 BC) and Bronze Age (2,000 BC – 700 BC)

The Neolithic period saw increasing forest clearance and the development of more settled farming communities, whilst in parts of the North West hunting and gathering may have continued to be of importance in this area, given the geography.

Nationally, the transition to the Bronze Age saw increased forest clearance, the introduction of metalworking, new forms of pottery and changes in funerary practices and monumental building styles. However, within the North West there is some evidence of continuity in these forms from the Neolithic and a lack of clarity over the transition through a lack of secure dating. There is evidence of a Bronze Age burial site on Shire Hill near Old Glossop (outside the study area), although within the study area records are limited to findspots of worked flint; even then, these are mostly given a general ‘prehistoric’ label, with specific artefact types of Neolithic/Early Bronze Age typology.

4.1.7 Iron Age (700 BC – AD 43) and Romano-British (AD 43 – AD 450)

In the Iron Age, the northern Peak District was the southernmost part of land under the control of the Brigantes Tribe. There is a single record specifically relating to Iron Age activity within the study area, attributed to a hillfort identified during a trial trench evaluation at Staley Hall (14), although it is unclear what remains were identified of Iron Age date, with counterscarp ditches confirmed as being of medieval origin (see 4.1.8, below). However, despite the lack of recorded sites of this date within the study area, the moorland in Dark Peak was extensively cleared for agriculture during the Iron Age and settlement sites most likely exist.

The Etherow valley was an important trans-Pennine route, with the recorded route of the Roman road into the valley, known as Doctor Gate (74), passing within 40m of Tower 4ZO248 (Plate 1). No remains of the road have specifically been identified in this area, and none were noted in the field, although the recorded route of the road passes at near right angles to the access route to the tower, shown in the foreground of Plate 1. In AD78 the Romans, under Agricola, built the fort of Ardotalia, later known as Melandra or Melandra Castle when it was rediscovered in the 18th century, near Glossop. There are only a few records of Roman activity within the study area, which include the excavation of a metal- working site in 1992 (36). This HER record mentions a further Roman road running between Werneth Low and Castleshaw (711a), and the route of this is thought to follow the track north of Brushes Road and Walkerwood Reservoir (Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council 1992). However, the HER contains no specific record pertaining to the road, or its route and there appears little evidential basis for this being a Roman road.

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Plate 1: View West over Access Route to Tower 4ZO248

4.1.8 Early medieval (AD 450 – AD 1066) and medieval (AD1066 – 1540)

The Pecsætan or Pecsætna (Western Angles) began expanding into the area in the 6th century. In the 7th century, the northern Peak District became part of Mercia, the Mercians settling at Hollingworth in about 650AD. Many place names of the area date from this period; such as Mottram and Glossop.

Several places along the line are recorded in the Domesday Book (1086), including Tintwhistle; much of the northern Peak, including the Longdendale Valley, is described as a ‘waste’. The Lordship of Longdendale, which encompassed much of the study area, was an ancient feudal estate, created by the Earl of Chester in the late 12th century. Tintwistle was a borough in Longendale lordship. High ground, mostly south of the study area, became part of the Royal Forest of the Peak in the 12th century, where the wild boar, red deer, wolves, bears and wild cattle were the preserve of the King and his noblemen.

The earthwork remains of Arnfield deserted medieval village (56) are situated on the east- facing side of Arnfield Brook. The visible remains comprise a number of well defined platforms around slight hollow lanes. The current trackway (byway) proposed for the access route to the OHL may well by the/an original access route to the village. The village would have been well located for upland moorland grazing and was probably centred on stock rearing. The origins of the village are not recorded, although the HER records that eight tenants of the lordship are mentioned in a rental document of 1600, only three fewer than in Tintwistle at that time, so this was clearly an important settlement at this time and therefore likely to have much earlier origins. The village appears from map evidence to have been a substantial settlement as late as 1771. The HER recorded in 1999 that the site was under consideration by English Heritage for scheduling.

The Green (32), site of the present Sun Green Farm (26) and Lower Hyde Green Farm (27), is thought to be in origin a medieval settlement. It may well be associated with assarting (woodland clearance) and the clearance of lower-lying moorland.

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Plate 2: View North-east showing Earthworks of Arnfield Deserted Medieval Village (56) to Right of Wall and Access to Tower 4ZO233 to the Left

The Etherow Valley doubtless remained an important route across the Pennines in the medieval period and certainly was used as a packhorse route for the export of salt from the Cheshire towns of Nantwich, Northwich and Middlewich. Names such as Salter’s Brook attest to this.

The present Staley Hall (see 4.1.9, below) is believed to be on the site of an earlier, 14th century hall built by the Stavely family, although the earliest building recorded during an evaluation of the site in 1993 was contemporary with the timber framed hall of 1556. However, the evaluation did identify counter-scarp ditches defending the hillside (6), which recorded radiocarbon dates of between 1280 and 1410 AD. The HER records that a map of c. 1580 depicts a large enclosure to the west of the hall, surrounded by a stone or timber palisade fence, on a similar alignment to the ditch encountered.

4.1.9 Post-medieval (AD 1540 – 1900)

Settlement within the study area, including most of the present farmsteads, is mostly attributed a Post-medieval date and built remains or the sites thereof, including industrial features, make up the bulk of recorded sites. Standing buildings tend to date to the later part of the period, although buildings as early as 16th century in date survive (mostly much altered) in Tintwhistle. Enclosure of lower-lying areas of moorland continued in the Post- medieval period, and this is when the current pattern of fields was established, with grazing continuing on the moor above. As outlined in Section 1.3, above, some Post-medieval enclosure has been abandoned and is now regenerated moorland, probably following compulsory purchase associated with the construction of the reservoirs.

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Plate 3: View North-west over Moorland and Abandoned Enclosure to Towers 4ZO235-7

Plate 4: View West along Moorland track North of Brushes Farmstead (to Tower 4ZO244), overlooking Walkerwood Reservoir

The present Staley Hall at the western end of the OHL, which is listed Grade II* (9) is notable as an early standing building. It was built in the 16th century by the Staley family, with the timber framed hall being constructed in 1556 and stone clad in c. 1600. An evaluation in 2003 (14) revealed the foundations of two buildings and various yard surfaces contemporary with the timber-framed building, dating to as late as the 18th to 20th centuries (12). The site has now been developed for residential use.

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Plate 5: View North of Staley Hall and Tower 4ZO250 Beyond

A number of buildings within the study area date to the 18th and 19th centuries, some of which are listed, such as the late 18th century Sun Green Farmhouse (26).

Plate 6: View South of Sun Green Farmhouse (Access Route to Tower 4ZO247)

The River Etherow historically formed the ancient county boundary between Cheshire and Derbyshire. However, when the metropolitan county of Manchester was formed from the urban areas of Cheshire, Tintwhistle would have become an exclave and therefore since 1974 land to the north of the river has been part of the High Peak District of Derbyshire.

Water was an important source of power for industry, particularly during the industrial revolution, with the River Etherow and its tributaries fast flowing and constant. Watermills were used to grind grain, to full woollen cloth, process cotton and later to mill paper. At one time there were 112 cotton mills in the Longdendale area, 56 of them around Glossop (Peak

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District National Park Authority, Factsheet 17). Wool was transported along the Manchester to Salter’s Brook turnpike road (60) to Sheffield, to be woven on hand-looms in the dale (Scott, Smith and Winterbottom, 1973).

Plate 7: Part of the Industrial Legacy: View South-east of Cobbles on Arnfield Lane (Near Access to Tower 4ZO230)

The development of the steam engine and need for transport of both goods and people led to the construction of various railways within the study area, notably the Woodhead Railway (79), the first rail link between Manchester and Sheffield. The line, originally the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne & Manchester Railway Company's Woodhead Branch line (referred to consistently as the ‘Woodhead Railway’ in this assessment), was built between 1836 and 1845 and followed the River Etherow from Hadfield to the Woodhead Tunnel portal (102) at the eastern end of the study area. Three tunnels (101) of 4,840 metres (15,880 ft) were then dug to connect Woodhead with Dunford Bridge.

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Plate 8: View of Trackbed of the Woodhead Railway, now the Longdendale Trail (Access Route to Tower 4ZO209)

The construction of the Woodhead Railway was doubtless a catalyst to the construction of the Longdendale Chain of reservoirs, with the Manchester Corporation Water Works Railway (66), now dismantled, constructed as an offshoot to the Woodhead line for the building and maintenance of the Longendale Reservoirs.

Plate 9: View East along Trackbed of Sidings to the Woodhead Railway, Access Route to Tower 4ZO201

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Plate 10: Detail of Sleepers Evident in Trackbed, Adjacent to Tower 4ZO201

The rising population of Manchester led John Frederick Bateman to conceive the scheme for the Longdendale Chain of reservoirs, which he put to the Manchester Corporation in 1844. The six-mile chain of reservoirs – three on the Etherow to impound drinking water, with another two to provide compensation water for the cotton mills downstream – was the first scheme of its type in the world (Quayle, 2006). The Woodhead Reservoir was completed between 1848 and 1865 to dam the River Etherow, with work undertaken at the same time on Torside Reservoir (1849-1869) and Rhodeswood Reservoir (1849-1852). The compensation reservoirs were completed a little later, Valehouse Reservoir between 1865 and 1869 and Bottoms Reservoir between 1869 and 1877. Hollingworth and Arnfield reservoirs, outside the main scheme, were constructed during the same period, also to compensate industry. The scheme changed the landscape of the Longdendale Valley for good and inundated features in the valley bottom, including houses, farmsteads and even Valehouse, a village of 400 inhabitants, with a factory.

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Plate 11: View North-east to Tower 4ZO227, over Bottoms and Valehouse Reservoirs

The route of the 4ZO OHL crosses Bottoms Reservoir and runs along the south of the reservoir chain to the Woodhead Tunnel portal. A number of the towers lie in close proximity to reservoir edges and in some cases the extent to which land at the margins of the reservoirs may have been landscaped is unclear.

Plate 12: View East to Tower 4ZO202A, Adjacent to Ford at Head of Woodhead Reservoir

It is assumed that dressed stones noted adjacent to Tower 4ZO219 are associated with industrial development, either the Torside/Rhodeswood reservoirs to the north, or the Woodhead Railway to the south.

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Plate 13: View North of Dressed Stones in Close Proximity to Tower 4ZO219

4.1.10 Modern (post 1900)

Records of modern features in the HERs tend to be those built and industrial features originally conceived in the Post-medieval period which continued in use, including farmsteads, mills and railways. There has been relatively little modern development within the study area and there are no recorded built vestiges associated with the world wars.

The Woodhead Railway was closed in 1984 and this and other railways in the Londendale Valley have mostly been dismantled. Much of the route of the railway is now used for the Longdendale Trail (Trans-Pennine Trail). Though now closed to railway traffic, one of the tunnels is used to route electricity cables for the National Grid. Various proposals have been put forward for the re-opening of the tunnel to both freight and passenger trains, although there are no firm plans.

4.1.11 Previous Investigations

Relatively few archaeological investigations are recorded within the study area, likely as a result of the lack of modern development. A programme of archaeological work has been undertaken at Staley Hall (8, 14), near Tower 4ZO250 as discussed above, in advance of and during the redevelopment of the hall and surrounding residential development. A Roman metal-working site, comprising a bowl hearth in relatively close proximity to Tower 4ZO245 (35), was excavated in 1992. The record states that slag and other debris was identified in eroding peat in 1992, during field investigation for the Werneth Low - Castleshaw Roman road. Other than these events, the body of archaeological activity in the study area has been the ad hoc recovery of finds, mostly of worked flint, although these have led to further investigation of lithic-working sites on Brushes Moor (38, 39) and Boar Flat (50).

4.2 Field Reconnaissance Survey

Towers on the 4ZO route were visited and notes compiled as detailed in Table 3: Field Reconnaissance Survey Results.

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Using the criteria outlined in Table 2, and information gathered during the phase of desk- based research, an assessment of the cultural heritage potential at each tower and access route was made. These results are summarised in the Table 3 below. Towers within moorland, where there is a demonstrated potential for flint working, particularly of a Mesolithic date, have generally been taken to be of low to medium potential, even where they are not in close proximity to a known site.

At the time of survey, access route information was available for all towers, although information was not available for the potential locations of scaffolding (necessary for crossing roads and waterways), compounds, construction areas, EPZs etc.

Table 3 includes reference to any previously unrecorded heritage assets and any new observations on previously recorded assets that were made during the walkover survey.

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Table 3: Field Reconnaissance Survey Results

Tower Plate Identified Constraints FRS Comments Potential Map No. Number No.

Stayley Hall and adjoining W wing is a Grade II* Listed Building (9); barn Site under redevelopment at time of ranges to the S (11) FRS and tower itself not accessible. and SE (13) are also Tower and part of access track Grade II listed. within pasture. 4ZO250 Stayley Hall is thought High 5 1 Setting of Listed Buildings altered to be on the site of an by modern residential development earlier hall and and no substantial effect anticipated evaluation (14) has as a result of works. found evidence for Iron Age earthworks on the hillside surrounding the hall.

In pasture/scrub adjacent to modern 4ZO249 None residential development. Access Low - 1 directly from road.

Recorded route of Tower in pasture field (long at time Doctor Gate Roman of FRS); access from road through road (74). gate and through pasture field, 4ZO248 crossing route of Roman road. No Medium 1 1 Nearby Church of St proven remains of a Roman road in James is a Grade II this location and none noted during Listed Building (22). FRS.

Tower located in pasture field and no constraints evident. Besom Lane is a sunken lane with some The access route uses Besom stone revetment (25). Lane, which is narrow and with some stone revetment in poor 4ZO247 Low 6 1 Sun Green Farmhouse condition. (2&3 Besom Lane) (26) is a Grade II Listed The access route turns a sharp Building corner around Sun Green Farmhouse and continues on gravel and then dirt track to tower.

None. Tower located in pasture field and Path shown on current no constraints evident. OS basemapping is in The access route from Besom Lane 4ZO246 this location a unsurfaced and uneven, then Low - 1 substantial trackway passes through gate into pasture terraced into slope, field. which is of some historical interest. Drystone walling beyond tower.

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Tower Plate Identified Constraints FRS Comments Potential Map No. Number No.

Tower located in moorland. Site of Romano-British Access from existing track to S metal-working site (36), passes close to recorded location of with a hearth excavated the Romano-British hearth. (see 4ZO245 in 1992 (35). Record Medium 1 Unknown whether any further below) suggests the route of a remains are anticipated or the Roman road (Route suggested route of the Roman road, 711a) to the S (70). although no surface features identified.

Tower located in moorland. No constraints evident. Flint-working site (Brushes Moor) (40; 42; 43) some 30m S of access route (existing track). Perceived Site of Mesolithic flint- potential tbc through consultation. working site (40-43 Also major Mesolithic flint workshop 4ZO244 inc.), excavated at Medium 4 1 site (44; 45) recorded at Dry Clough unspecified date (38; some 350m to the north on Harridge 39) Pike. Existing trackway quite narrow, terraced into slope and of some historic interest; likely to be a route onto moorland of some antiquity.

Tower located in moorland a short distance from existing track. No constraints evident. Low- 4ZO243 None - 1 General perceived potential for Medium evidence of flint-working/further findspots tbc through consultation.

Tower located in moorland. No constraints evident. Low- 4ZO242 None - 1 General perceived potential for Medium evidence of flint-working/further findspots tbc through consultation.

Tower located in moorland a short distance from existing track. No constraints evident. Viewed from Low- 4ZO241 None distance. - 1 Medium General perceived potential for evidence of flint-working/further findspots tbc through consultation.

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Tower Plate Identified Constraints FRS Comments Potential Map No. Number No.

Tower located in moorland a short distance from existing track. No constraints evident. Viewed from Low- 4ZO240 None distance. - 1 Medium General perceived potential for evidence of flint-working/further findspots tbc through consultation.

Tower located in re-established moorland on the fringe of former enclosed ground. No constraints evident. Viewed from distance. th Low- 4ZO239 None Flint finds made in 19 century (48) - 1; 2 some 150m to SW of tower at the Medium abandoned North Britain Farmstead (49). General perceived potential for evidence of flint-working/further findspots tbc through consultation.

Tower located in re-established moorland on the fringe of former enclosed ground. No constraints Low- 4ZO238 None evident. Viewed from distance. - 2 Medium General perceived potential for evidence of flint-working/further findspots tbc through consultation.

Tower located at edge of moorland. No constraints evident. Vegetation change suggests some disturbance to original ground surface, although may be superficial. Viewed from distance. A track additional to those shown on Low- 4ZO237 None 3 2 OS basemapping has become Medium established to the N of the tower, closing the angle formed by the track to the S. General perceived potential for evidence of flint-working/ further findspots tbc through consultation.

Tower located in pasture field. No constraints evident. Access route through re-established 4ZO236 None moorland to the north crosses two Low - 2 drystone walls, with the current route apparently not using available gateways. It would be preferable not to cause damage to drystone wall.

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Tower Plate Identified Constraints FRS Comments Potential Map No. Number No.

Tower located in pasture field. No constraints evident. Access route from the track to the N 4ZO235 None crosses a drystone wall, with the Low - 2; 3 current route apparently not using available gateway. It would be preferable not to cause damage to drystone wall.

Tower located in pasture field. No 4ZO234 None Low - 2; 3 constraints evident.

Tower located in pasture field. No constraints evident. The known extent of the deserted medieval village lies on the opposite side of the track, beyond a Arnfield deserted substantial drystone wall and would 4ZO233 Medium 2 2; 3 medieval village (56) not be expected to be affected. There is no evidence that associated remains will extend outside the identified extent of earthworks, although these could have been removed by agricultural improvement.

Tower located in pasture field. No 4ZO232 None Low - 2; 3 constraints evident.

Tower located in pasture field. No 4ZO231 None Low - 3 constraints evident.

Tower located in field under long pasture. No constraints evident. Access route from Arnfield Lane to S. The route shown would require removal of a section of drystone 4ZO230 None Low 7 3 wall, where there is an existing gate to the SE (in the corner of the field). Arnfield Lane is cobbled in this location (59) and therefore of heritage interest.

Tower located in field under scrub mainly of heather and bilberry bushes. No constraints evident. 4ZO229 None Low - 3 N.B. Access route from Old Road uses a narrow track and a narrow gate.

Tower located in pasture field. No 4ZO228 None Low - 3 constraints evident.

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Tower Plate Identified Constraints FRS Comments Potential Map No. Number No.

Tower located in pasture field. No constraints evident. Access route between 4ZO227 and 4ZO227 None 4ZO226 crosses a drystone wall, Low 11 3 with the current route apparently not using available gateway. It would be preferable not to cause damage to drystone wall.

Tower located in pasture field. No constraints evident. Viewed from distance. Viewed from distance. Access route between 4ZO226 and 4ZO226 None 4ZO225 crosses drystone walls, Low (11) 3 although it is not clear to what extent the current route uses available openings. It would be preferable not to cause damage to drystone wall.

Tower located in pasture field. No 4ZO225 None constraints evident. Viewed from Low (11) 3 distance.

Tower located in pasture field. No constraints evident.

4ZO224 None Access route from track to SE Low (11) 3 crosses a drystone wall. It would be preferable if existing openings in the wall could be used.

Tower located in pasture field at the 4ZO223 None brink of an escarpment. No Low - 2; 3 constraints evident.

Tower located in pasture and scrub on a slope adjacent to an existing 4ZO222 None Low - 2; 3 metalled track. No constraints evident.

Tower located in pasture field. No 4ZO221 None Low - 3 constraints evident.

Tower located in pasture field. No 4ZO220 None Low - 3; 4 constraints evident.

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Tower Plate Identified Constraints FRS Comments Potential Map No. Number No.

Tower located in an area of long grass; a clearing in woodland plantation, close to the N of existing track.

Pile of well-dressed Well-dressed stones appear to have 4ZO219 Low 13 4 stones (75). originated from a demolished building or structure and to have been cleared to this location. Care should be taken not to damage these, although they could be moved as necessary.

Tower located in an area of long grass; a clearing in woodland plantation, close to the N of existing 4ZO218 None Low - 4 track. The tower is adjacent to a metalled (gravel) surface and a small stone building.

Tower located in an area of pasture 4ZO217 None Low - 4 adjacent to Torside Reservoir.

Tower located in an area of long grass, where the route of the OHL is 4ZO216 None Low - 4 left as a clearing in immature woodland plantation.

Tower located in an area of long grass/scrub on a raised area under plantation. 4ZO215 None Access route passes through lower- Low - 4 lying moorland and appears to use existing breaks in the drystone walling flanking the B6105.

Tower located in moorland. Access route from B6105 crosses a 4ZO214 None drystone wall. It would be preferable Low - 4 if existing openings in the wall could be used.

Tower located on raised ground in 4ZO213 None woodland plantation, with no Low - 4 obvious access and none marked.

Tower located in woodland 4ZO212 None plantation/ scrub, with no obvious Low - 4 access and none marked.

Tower located in woodland plantation/scrub. Ground falls 4ZO211 None Low - 4 steeply from B6105, with no obvious access; none marked.

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Tower Plate Identified Constraints FRS Comments Potential Map No. Number No.

Tower located in an area of long grass/scrub within woodland 4ZO210 None plantation. Low - 4 Access from existing metalled track from B6105.

Tower located in an area of rough pasture, flanking moorland, adjacent to existing metalled track.

Crowden Station, site Remains of Crowden Station (site 4ZO209 Low 8 4; 5 of (89) occupied by buildings within an enclosure adjacent to the former Woodhead Line) are on the opposite side of the track from the tower.

Tower located in moorland fringe in a (?)natural dip in topography between two low ridges. 4ZO208 None No access route indicated; assumed Low - 4; 5 that route from existing metalled track from the east would be most straightforward.

Tower located in moorland fringe, adjacent to existing metalled track. 4ZO207 None Site of tower gives the impression of Low 4; 5 having been disturbed, possibly with the ground level built up.

Tower located in an area of rough pasture, flanking moorland. Land through which the access route passes appears to have been 4ZO206 None landscaped; certainly it passes over Low 5 the culverted Thorny Green Gutter. Length of drystone walling near to tower unaffected by proposed access route.

Tower located on low-lying rough pasture adjacent to the Woodhead Reservoir. Uncertain to what extent this land may have been landscaped/ disturbed as part of the construction of the reservoir. 4ZO205 None Low - 5 Gravelled trackway proposed for the access route passes under the tower; where this leaves the former Woodhead Line (now Trans- Pennine Way footpath) this is quite narrow.

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Tower Plate Identified Constraints FRS Comments Potential Map No. Number No.

Tower located on low-lying rough pasture adjacent to the Woodhead Reservoir. Uncertain to what extent this land may have been 4ZO204 None landscaped/disturbed as part of the Low - 5 construction of the reservoir. Gravelled trackway proposed for the access route passes adjacent to the tower.

Tower located in long pasture/scrub adjacent to, although elevated from the Woodhead Reservoir. 4ZO203 None Low - 5 Gravelled trackway proposed for the access route passes adjacent to the tower.

Tower located on level vegetated ground adjacent to ford across the River Etherow. In this location the river has been canalised and the 4ZO202A None tower site appears to be made Negligible 12 5 ground. Access route in this location is a gravelled trackway and runs adjacent to tower.

Tower located on rocky made ground, potentially raised for the 4ZO202 None construction of the tower itself, if not Negligible - 5 related to other prior industrial activity.

Tower located on slightly vegetated remains of sidings, which provide a stable surface. Remains of former Visible remains of the sidings, sidings to the mostly in the form of sleepers, are 4ZO201 Woodhead Line (96), of some historical interest, although Medium 9; 10 5 st shown on OS 1 in archaeological terms the site is Edition map. effectively made ground and the potential for any archaeological remains pre-dating the railway is negligible.

Tower located on raised made 4ZO200 None ground within a compound which Negligible - 5 appears recently constructed.

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4.3 Further Identified Archaeological Works

Additional survey is not required at Level 1 stage, as there is sufficient information available to ascertain the full extent of any potential effects and to advise on the siting of accesses and other intrusive elements of the scheme, or mitigation of any anticipated effects. Further evaluation of certain tower locations is advised in order to reduce archaeological risk to refurbishment works, as set out in Section 7.

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5. APPRAISAL

5.1 Vulnerable Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Assets

This Level 1 appraisal, comprising desk-study and field survey (FRS), has established that there is generally a low potential for cultural heritage assets on the 4ZO OHL, according to the current record. There are relatively few designated assets along the route, these comprise 19 Listed Buildings and two conservation areas, which are identified as bold text in the following summary. There are no Scheduled Monuments or other designated assets within the study area. Specifically, for each historic period investigated, this conclusion has been developed as follows:

5.1.1 Prehistoric

There is a generally a low potential for prehistoric assets within the study area, as evidenced by recorded finds, which number relatively few. However, this potential rises to medium in some areas, where flint-working sites and findspots of worked flint and chert, particularly of a relatively early Mesolithic date, are recorded within the study area. These findspots are concentrated in more elevated moorland and moorland fringe areas, although finds are also recorded from lower ground in the vicinity of reservoirs in the Longdendale Valley. Recorded flint assemblages have commonly been discovered where peat has been eroded to expose underlying surfaces. Recognition of this association has implications, both in terms of highlighting that the presence of surviving peat offers the prospect that well preserved Mesolithic remains my survive, if present, but also the peat contains fossil material that can illuminate the palaeoenvironmental changes that have occurred during and following the period of Mesolithic activity.

The potential for further finds of this date may be surmised to be reduced over the eastern part of the route, where the OHL mostly follows the line of the Woodhead Railway.

5.1.2 Iron Age – Roman

There is a low potential for Iron Age and Roman assets in the study area, owing to a lack of findspots or known sites of this period, although clearance of moorland for agriculture in this area did occur during the Iron Age and there must presumably have been related settlement.

The site of a Romano-British metal-working site (36) and the possible route of a Roman road (70) south of Tower 4ZO245 and the recorded route of a Roman road, Doctor Gate (74), close to the OHL at Tower 4ZO248 leads to judgements of medium potential in these specific areas.

5.1.3 Early-medieval and medieval

There is generally a low potential for Early-medieval and medieval assets within the study area. Few assets dating to this period are recorded and it is likely that medieval occupation sites generally favoured lower-lying ground, with more elevated moorland used mostly for grazing. There is proven potential for remains of this date at Staley Hall (6, 7), itself in origin a medieval building, near tower 4ZO250, and therefore the potential at this location is high. The route of the OHL immediately south of Tower 4ZO233 does cross the earthwork remains

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 33 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430 of Arnfield Deserted Medieval Village, north of Tintwistle (56), although there will be no construction works within the identified extent of the village. As a precaution, the potential for related remains to be encountered in this location is concluded as medium.

5.1.4 Post-medieval

There is a medium potential for assets relating to the Post-medieval period within the study area. Most of the assets recorded within the study area, including the Listed Buildings, date to this period. Historic mapping, including tithe maps and historic OS maps, show that the pattern of field boundaries has remained largely unchanged since the first half of the nineteenth century and predominantly comprise Post-medieval enclosure. The potential for any intrusive works to encounter remains of this date may be characterised as high where the route of the OHL follows the Longdendale Trail, the trackbed of the Woodhead Railway, although this is a metalled track and it is unlikely in most locations that any specific construction works will be required which are likely to encounter or affect heritage assets.

5.1.5 Modern

There is a low potential for assets relating to the modern period. Most of the assets in use during this period, for example the Woodhead Railway, date to the preceding Post-medieval period.

5.2 Heritage Significance

The appraisal, therefore, highlights a medium or high potential to encounter:

• Mesolithic flint scatters on the moorland locations where towers 4ZO237 through to 4ZO244 (inclusive) are located;

• Roman remains in the vicinity of towers 4ZO245 and 4ZO248:

• Medieval remains in the vicinity of towers 4ZO233 and 4ZO250; and

• the trackbed of the Woodhead Railway, built c. 1836-45, particularly the sidings at tower 4ZO201 .

The significance of these vulnerable heritage assets is further considered with reference to values outlined in recent guidance (English Heritage Conservation Principles, 2008 and Cadw Conservation Principles, 2011):

• Evidential – Only the railway trackbed is extant, all other heritage assets identified survive as sub-surface features or artefact assemblages. These buried Mesolithic, Roman and medieval remains are primarily of evidential value, providing location and time specific information regarding former patterns of settlement and activity;

• Historical – The Woodhead railway is of historic value, as a local branch of the nationwide rail network that accelerated the industrialisation of Britain in the 19th century;

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 34 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

• Aesthetic – The disused Woodhead railway is of aesthetic value, contributing character and interest to the local landscape scene;

• Communal – The Woodhead railway is of communal value, forming part of the Longdendale Trail.

5.3 Anticipated Impact of the Proposed Development Works

This assessment has been undertaken on the basis of a schedule of works to be carried out by EAW on the Stalybridge to Woodhead 4ZO OHL (March, 2012), although no specific detail is given as to the requirement for access works. The type of works required ranges from the replacement of the whole tower, most likely to impact on archaeological and cultural heritage assets, through the replacement of X-arms, Peaks and the replacement of G5 and G6 steelwork, through to the treatment of G4 steelwork only, which is least likely to have an impact. A summary of the refurbishment activities likely to be required, and the potential impacts arising from these, are summarised below.

5.3.1 Replacement of Tower Steelwork

The main impact from these works will be the movement of vehicles and other plant around the towers and access routes. These movements have the potential to impact both subsurface archaeological remains, through wheel rutting and ground compaction, and above ground features such as buildings and earthworks. Where these works are due to take place on waterlogged ground, steel plating or stoning up may be required in order to reduce ground compaction and intrusion.

5.3.2 Replacement and Repair of Overhead Line

The main impact of this work will be the movement of vehicles and other plant around the towers and access routes; this will include the use of heavy machinery such as winch tractors. These movements have the potential to impact both subsurface archaeological remains, through wheel rutting and ground compaction, and above ground features such as buildings and earthworks. Where these works are due to take place on waterlogged ground, steel plating or stoning up may be required in order to reduce ground compaction and intrusion.

Additional impacts will occur if temporary works compounds, tower work sites or storage areas are established in and around the towers; the construction of these compounds and any associated groundworks would have the potential to impact upon buried archaeological remains and earthworks. Where possible, existing hardstanding areas will be utilized, however, where this is not possible limited topsoil stripping may be necessary (to a max. depth of 0.4m). Usually, geotextile membrane would be laid under stone in order to prepare the ground. These temporary sites are typically restored to previous use once refurbishment is complete.

5.3.3 Repair and Replacement of Tower Bases

The main impact from these works will be the excavation of a trench around the tower leg; depending on the size and depth of this trench it is possible that the impact will be minimal as major disturbance will have occurred when the tower footings were constructed.

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 35 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

However, should the trench require extending and battering back, or to have sheet piles or rigid hydraulic frames installed, then the potential impact will be greater.

Additional potential impacts will arise from the movement of vehicles and other plant around the towers and access routes. As detailed above, where possible, existing hardstanding areas are to be utilized, however, where this is not possible limited topsoil stripping may be necessary (to a max. depth of 0.4m). Usually, geotextile membrane would be laid under stone in order to prepare the ground. These temporary sites are typically restored to previous use once refurbishment is complete.

5.3.4 Repair and Maintenance of Access Routes

Impacts from this work will include the limited hand excavation for postholes and installation of ‘driven’ post and rail stock-proof fencing and any levelling or ground works associated with the construction of the fence/gate which would have the potential to impact upon any buried archaeological remains, as well as any earthworks. The construction of ‘bellmouth’ field entrances will often result in ground excavation to a max. depth of 0.4m and/or the widening of a gateway – this is usually located in previously disturbed and existing field entrances.

The improvement of existing access routes may be required which could include the laying of stone or other hardcore material to improve the access. This would require that the area is machine-stripped to a maximum depth of 0.4m along the access routes and a geo-textile mat laid. Crushed stone would then be laid on top of the matting. Should any stripping be required, as part of further assessment, subsequent mitigation may be required in order to ensure that the archaeological resource is fully considered during the works. Additional potential impacts would arise from the movement of vehicles and other plant around the towers and access routes.

In some cases new access routes may be created which could require the cutting of an access through an existing hedgerow or field boundary. If these field boundaries are classed as ‘important’ under the Hedgerow Regulations 1997, then this work may also have an impact. In some instances an archaeological watching brief may be recommended. In the event that stone walls and earthen boundaries are affected it is usual for them to be restored to match the original.

5.3.5 Road, railway and water crossings

Where the OHL crosses roads and waterways, it is possible that works will require scaffolding to be erected under the conductors at various points along the route for safety reasons. The scaffolding points are also as yet undefined, but safety considerations would require installation at road, railway and waterway crossings and this report anticipates and considers the implications of crossing locations along the route.

Once the scope and extent of any ground works are defined the potential impacts of these works will be discussed with the archaeological advisor to the local planning authority in order to confirm proposals to mitigate the potential impact upon the archaeological resource.

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6. MITIGATION OPTIONS

Towers where the archaeological potential is low are not subject to specific mitigation measures, provided proposed access routes, as currently identified, will be adhered to during works. Towers where the archaeological potential is medium or high require additional measures.

Preliminary mitigation measures, deemed appropriate to the 4ZO line and the current scope of works (general refurbishment) are identified in Table 1 – Mitigation Summary, which refers to various techniques explained in Appendix 4: Summary of Mitigation Options. These measures reflect the significance of the relevant heritage asset and the predicted degree of effect identified.

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7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This archaeological and cultural heritage appraisal was undertaken to inform appropriate mitigation of potential impacts on the assets associated with proposed line refurbishment works to the Stalybridge to Woodhead 4ZO OHL.

In most cases, the current scope of works suggests that the level of potential for impact on these resources will be low, with a medium potential predicted in some cases, to be reviewed in light of a detailed scheme of works, particularly those required for access, and in light of Level 2 consultation.

7.1 Consent Requirements

No works directly affect designated heritage assets and therefore there is no requirement for formal consents or English Heritage consultation at this stage.

7.2 Proposed Mitigation Measures

The following measures are proposed:

7.2.1 Adhere to Access Route

In order to mitigate the impact of vehicle movements upon known heritage assets it will be important that all project vehicles adhere strictly to the identified wayleaves information. Therefore, the standard mitigation for all the tower work sites would be that assigned access routes should be strictly adhered to, in order to avoid adverse impacts to known or suspected heritage assets.

This should be considered as the standard mitigation for all tower works sites on the 4ZO line.

7.2.2 Additional Measures

Table 1 identifies those towers where the archaeological potential is medium or high and the impact of proposed refurbishment necessitates additional archaeological measures:

7.3 Level 2 Report: Production of Archaeological Constraint Maps (ACMs)

Important and sensitive heritage assets have been identified within the vicinity of towers and access routes. Plans should be produced showing the location of known archaeological sites and heritage assets in relation to the tower work sites, compounds, access routes etc. Any access issues will be discussed with the designated EAW wayleaves officer. Details of any required additional archaeological mitigation measures, such as avoidance, watching briefs etc. and contact details of an AMEC archaeological consultant are to be included.

These maps will be produced and included in the Level 2 Report, which will be submitted to the regulatory authority for consultation. The following 13 towers will be included on the basis

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 38 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430 that an awareness during access routes and tower work should ensure there are no impacts to extant and/or potential heritage assets:

• Tower 4ZO250: Tower in close proximity to Staley Hall, Grade II* Listed Building (9) and potential for buried archaeological remains in footprint of tower/access route: Previous archaeological investigation (8, 14) has identified further medieval and Post- medieval buried archaeological remains in the vicinity of the hall (6).

• Tower 4ZO248: Access to tower over the projected route of Doctor Gate Roman road (74), although no proven remains in this location. Church of St James, Grade II Listed Building (22), in relatively close proximity.

• Tower 4ZO245: Potential access to tower passes in close proximity to excavated site of Romano-British metal-working site (35, 36) and potential route of the Werneth Low to Castleshaw Roman road (70).

• Tower 4ZO244: Tower/access located in close proximity (c. 30m) to known Mesolithic flint-working site (40-43 inc.); access along narrow trackway which is of some historic interest.

• Towers 4ZO243, 4ZO242, 4ZO241, 4ZO240, 4ZO239, 4ZO238 and 4ZO237: Potential for further flint working and/or other prehistoric sites to be present in these areas. The level of potential risk is higher for those towers which are proposed for replacement as groundworks are anticipated to be more extensive.

• Tower 4ZO233: Tower/access in close proximity to earthworks of Arnfield deserted medieval village (56).

• Tower 4ZO201: Access route uses the trackbed of former sidings to the Woodhead Railway (96), where sleepers were evident during FRS.

A copy of these archaeological constraint maps will also be kept within the wayleaves information pack for each of the identified work sites. All staff members working on that site will be notified of the archaeological issues and shown copies of the archaeological constraint maps. As a result of changes in scope, or in response to regulatory consultation, these ACMs may require updating, and reissue to all staff members.

In the event that alterations are made by EAW to the scope of works proposed at the time of writing, AMEC must be advised of the situation so that the measures outlined here can be reviewed.

7.4 Level 3 – Archaeological Mitigation

It would seem appropriate to take additional measures in relation to:

• Tower 4ZO244: Tower/ access located in close proximity (c. 30m) to known Mesolithic flint-working site (40-43 inc.); access along narrow trackway which is of some historic interest.

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 39 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Arrangements for archaeological evaluation in advance of works to replace the tower would be appropriate, to ensure that construction does not inadvertently damage surviving archaeological remains. This would reduce the risk of archaeological finds interrupting the construction schedule during works.

A similar arrangement may be relevant in advance of works at towers 4ZO242, 4ZO241, 4ZO239 and 4ZO237. Whilst no archaeological constraints are currently identified in the immediate vicinity of these towers, there is potential for prehistoric remains, particularly flint findspots, based on the apparent association of Mesolithic settlement and moorland situation.

Given that the whole tower is to be replaced at each of these locations, further consultation is proposed to elicit the perceived archaeological and palaeoenvironmental potential of all these locations. Similar archaeological potential could be concluded at towers 4ZO243, 4ZO240 and 4ZO238, although the potential risk at these locations is reduced as the scope of proposed work is less (i.e. the whole tower is not being replaced).

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8. REFERENCES

Brennand M (ed.) 2008, The Archaeology of North West England, An Archaeological Research Framework for the North West Region: Volume 1 Resource Assessment

Davies A, (no date), Long-term ecology in the Dark Peak: Palaeoenvironmental analyses from Bar Brook (Totley Moss), Emlin Dike (Bradfield Moors), Cranberry Bed (Upper Derwent) & Withens Moor (Glossop).

English Heritage, 2008, Conservation Principles: Policy and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.9181

IfA , 2010, Code of Conduct: By-laws of the Institute for Archaeologists

IfA, 2011, Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment

Jowett A 1989 Jowett’s Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Peak District National Park Authority, (no date), Fact Sheet 17: Upper Longdendale Valley

Quayle T, 2006, The Cotton Industry in Longdendale and Glossopdale, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, ISBN 0-7524-3883-2.

Scott, Smith and Winterbottom, 1973, Glossop Dale, Manor and Borough, Glossop and District historical Society, cited at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Etherow

Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council and The Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit, 1992, A History and Archaeology of Tameside: Tameside Before 1066. Benrose-Shafron, Chester.

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APPENDIX 1: LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE

Listed Buildings

A Listed Building may not be demolished, extended or altered without permission being granted by the local planning authority. The statutory Listed Buildings scheme was introduced in 1947. Listing covers all features within the boundaries of the property besides the buildings themselves and may also include structures that might not be thought of as ‘buildings’ such as railings, gates, war memorials and post boxes. Value and importance is also associated with the setting of a building, and historic associations with people and events of national importance, construction methods and rarity value can also feature as listing criteria.

Treasure Act 2002

The Treasure Act 2002 which came into force on 1st January 2003 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, updated the Treasure Act of 1996. Finds defined as treasure under Section 2(1) the Act are outlined below:

(a) any object (other than a coin), any part of which is base metal, which, when found is one of at least two base metal objects in the same find which are of prehistoric date;

(b) any object, (other than a coin) which is of prehistoric date, and any part of which is gold or silver.

This Order (2002) extends the definition of “treasure” in section 1 of the Treasure Act 1996 (“the Act”) by designating under section 2(1) of the Act two classes of objects as being of outstanding historical, archaeological or cultural importance. The Order applies to England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

The first class of object is one of at least two base metal objects (other than coins) from the same find which are of prehistoric date.

The second class of object is any object (other than a coin) of prehistoric date, any part of which is gold or silver.

Any finds which are classed as ‘Treasure’ under the published criteria will be reported to the Coroner.

Hedgerow Regulations 1997

Certain hedgerows have statutory protection under the criteria for the definition of ‘important’ hedgerows laid down in The Hedgerows Regulations 1997, under the criteria of Archaeology and History. There are several archaeological criteria, but hedgerows are usually considered to fall within this category if they pre-date an Enclosure Act for the parish. However, depiction on a document of 1845 or earlier, e.g. a Tithe Map, is generally taken as a bench mark date for the consideration of hedgerows as historically ‘important’ by Local Authorities.

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 1 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

There are believed to be some ‘important’ hedgerows within the study area, although no specific instance has been identified where these will be affected.

Ancient Woodlands

Ancient woodlands consist of land that has been continuously wooded since AD 1600 in England. Areas of ancient woodland can be protected as nationally important Sites of Special Scientific Interest, Special Areas of Conservation or as Wildlife Sites recognised at a local level.

There are believed to be some ancient woodlands within the study area, identified in the Landscape Character Assessment.

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 2 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

APPENDIX 2: GAZETTEER OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSETS AND EVENTS

Map AMEC Original Ref Easting Northing Name: Description Mon. Type Rec. Period Source Distance Distance No. ID Type to Tower to access

Formal garden, Tameside 371m to 1 1 9174.1.0 397205 399905 Rushfield house, landscape PLA PM/mod 377m HER 4Z0250 park, park

NMR Great house, house, (point)/ 321m to 1 2 78425/ 751.1.0 397220 399750 Heyrod Hall: Heyrod Old Hall (site of) , mill, plaque, BLD/MON multi 331m Tameside 4Z0250 settlement? HER

Landscape park, Tameside 311m to 1 3 751.2.0 397231 399734 Heyrod Hall house, formal MON PM/mod 321m HER 4Z0250 garden, park

Heyrod Mill/Hartshead Print Works Textile mill, printing Tameside 304m to 1 4 5802.1.0 397265 399645 MON PM 310m (site of) works, industrial site HER 4Z0250

Listed NMR/ 485m to 1 5 1309347/ 998.1.0 397285 400166 Holly Cottage House, settlement building PM Tameside 484m 4Z0250 Grade II HER

Tameside 21m to 1 6 619.3.0 397547 399734 Stayley Hall, Evaluation Ditch MON med 27m HER 4Z0250

Stayley Hall: Stayley Hall-16th NMR 39m to 1 7 78418 397560 399720 century suggested on site of earlier BLD med/PM 35m (point) 4Z0250 hall

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 1 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Map AMEC Original Ref Easting Northing Name: Description Mon. Type Rec. Period Source Distance Distance No. ID Type to Tower to access

1 8 1540544 397560 399710 Land at Stayley Hall: A watching Site WAT PM NMR 48m to 31m brief observed no activity earlier than 4Z0250 the 16th century hall. Building survey was also carried out

1 9 1163021/ 619.1.0 397562 399706 Staley Hall and adjoining west wing Kitchen, manor, Listed PM NMR/ 52m to 28m manor house, timber building Tameside 4Z0250 framed building Grade II* HER

1 10 3337.1.0 397575 399925 Spring Grove Mill Boiler house, BLD PM/mod Tameside 168m to 160m industrial site, HER 4Z0250 spinning mill, textile mill, warehouse

1 11 1068015/ 619.2.1 397582 399662 Barn Range to south of Staley Hall Barn, farm Listed PM/mod NMR/ 101m to 8m building Tameside 4Z0250 Grade II HER

1 12 619.3.1 397595 399730 Stayley Hall, Evaluation Building, timber MON PM/mod Tameside 59m to 1m framed building HER 4Z0250

1 13 1163033/ 619.2.0 397597 399699 Barn Range to South East of Staley Barn, farm Listed PM/mod NMR/ 78m to 7m Hall building Tameside 4Z0250 Grade II HER

1 14 1469245 397600 399600 Stayley Hall, Howard Street: Hillfort; ditch; quarry; EVA multi NMR 165m to 6m Fourteen trenches excavated, building; midden; 4Z0250 recording evidence for counter-scarp dairy; yard ditches defending the hillside as well as structural elements of the hall complex. Building recording also carried out

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 2 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Map AMEC Original Ref Easting Northing Name: Description Mon. Type Rec. Period Source Distance Distance No. ID Type to Tower to access

1 15 3375.1.0 397805 399555 Staley Mill (Old Mill) Cotton mill, engine BLD PM/mod Tameside 330m to 198m house, industrial HER 4Z0250 site, textile mill, water wheel, weaving mill

1 16 1084302/ 397836 399667 Oakwood Mill, (Millbrook New Mill) Textile mill, spinning Listed PM/mod NMR/ 278m to 237m 3376.1.0 mill, bleach works, building Tameside 4Z0249 tower, industrial site, Grade II HER warehouse

1 17 3503.1.0 397855 399505 Mill Brook Settlement Building, settlement PLA PM Tameside 400m to 261m HER 4Z0250

1 18 2194.1.0 397895 399605 Stamford and Grenville St, Courtyard House, settlement MON PM Tameside 352m to 281m Dwellings HER 4Z0249

1 19 6300.1.0 397945 399435 Staley/Howard's/Castle Hall Mill (site Industrial site, textile MON PM Tameside 479m to 366m of) mill HER 4Z0247

1 20 45932 397985 402690 Micklehurst Railway: The London BLD PM NMR 41m to 45m North Western Railway from (line) 4Z0250 Stalybridge via Micklehurst to Diggle, known as the Micklehurst line, opened 1886, closed 7 Sept 1964

1 21 1510039 398000 399600 St James' Primary School, Millbrook: School DBA PM NMR 347m to 313m Assessment carried out in advance 4Z0248 of proposed redevelopment. Information from OASIS Online Form

1 22 1162989/1053.1.0 398104 399845 Church of St James Church, church, Listed PM/mod NMR 91m to 60m tower, religious ritual building (Tameside 4Z0248 and funerary Grade II HER)

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 3 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Map AMEC Original Ref Easting Northing Name: Description Mon. Type Rec. Period Source Distance Distance No. ID Type to Tower to access

1 23 1406451/ 398145 400044 Church of St Raphael the Archangel Church, religious Listed mod NMR 149m to 142m 2182.1.0 (St Raphael's RC Church, ritual and funerary building (Tameside 4Z0248 Stalybridge) Grade II HER)

1 24 8186.1.0 398220 400150 Wood Farm (site of) Building, farm, MON PM Tameside 255m to 255m farmhouse, HER 4Z0248 farmstead

1 25 - 398350 399630 Besom Lane: Sunken lane with Wall BLD PM FRS 62m to 0m stone revetment to sides 4ZO247

1 26 1356464/ 398392 399698 Sun Green Farm, farmhouse, Listed PM/mod NMR 135m to 14m 1003.1.0 (2 & 3, Besom Lane) house building (Tameside 4Z0247 Sun Green Farmhouse Grade II HER)

1 27 1162951/ 398403 399789 Sun Green (5 & 6 Sun Green) House Listed PM/mod NMR 226m to 38m 1001.1.0 building (Tameside 4Z0247 Grade II HER)

1 28 1068010/ 398418 399445 Cote Farmhouse Farm, farmhouse Listed PM/mod NMR 119m to 73m 1060.1.0 building (Tameside 4Z0247 Grade II HER)

1 29 8181.1.0 398445 400135 Hilltop Farm Farm, farmhouse, BLD PM Tameside 350m to 350m farmstead HER 4Z0248

1 30 1356463/ 981.1.0 398457 399844 Lower Hyde Green (2, Lower Hyde Barn, date stone, Listed PM/mod NMR 285m to 106m Green Farm House) farm, farmhouse building (Tameside 4Z0248 Grade II HER)

1 31 1068009/ 398468 399875 Lower Hyde Green and adjoining Farm building, Listed PM/mod NMR 292m to 139m 1002.1.0 farm buildings (4 & 5 Lower Hyde house, outbuilding building (Tameside 4Z0248 Green, and adjoining Farm Building) Grade II HER)

1 32 3502.1.0 398485 399785 The Green, Settlement Building, settlement PLA med/PM Tameside 232m to 78m HER 4Z0247

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Map AMEC Original Ref Easting Northing Name: Description Mon. Type Rec. Period Source Distance Distance No. ID Type to Tower to access

1 33 8176.1.0 398625 399535 Buckley Hill Farm (site of) Building, farm, MON PM Tameside 223m to 202m farmhouse, HER 4Z0247 farmstead

1 34 8208.1.0 398705 398405 Flints at Wild Bank Findspot FS Meso Tameside 889m to 493m HER 4Z0246

1 35 947593 398800 399250 Brushes Moor, Harridge Pike: Bowl Metal-working site EXC Rom NMR 63m to 7m hearth containing substantial 4Z0245 quantities of metalworking slag by the North side of the Roman Road RR711a

1 36 1085584/ 398800 399250 A Romano-British metal-working Blacksmiths MON Rom NMR 63m to 7m 8241.1.0 bowl hearth on Brushes Moor, workshop, industrial (point)/ 4Z0245 Harridge Pike. The site lies on the site, lead workings Tameside North side of RR711a was HER excavated in 1992

1 37 8213.1.0 399205 399705 Microlith at Harridge Pike Findspot FS Meso Tameside 354m to 354m HER 4Z0244

1 38 634092 399300 399300 Brushes Moor Lithic working site EXC Meso NMR 60m to 34m 4Z0244

1 39 947571 399300 399300 Brushes Moor Lithic working site EXC Meso NMR 60m to 34m 4Z0244

1 40 78457 399300 399300 Mesolithic flint working site, and flint MON/FS Meso NMR 60m to 34m scatters, Brushes Moor (point) 4Z0244

1 41 754.1.0 399305 399305 Mesolithic Flints, Staley Findspot FS Meso Tameside 60m to 34m HER 4Z0244

1 42 8214.1.1 399305 399305 Brushes Moor 2 - Chert Debris Findspot FS Meso Tameside 60m to 34m HER 4Z0244

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 5 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Map AMEC Original Ref Easting Northing Name: Description Mon. Type Rec. Period Source Distance Distance No. ID Type to Tower to access

1 43 8214.1.0 399305 399305 Brushes Moor 1 - Flint Scatter Findspot, workshop FS Meso Tameside 60m to 34m HER 4Z0244

1 44 8215.1.1 399305 399705 Dry Clough 2 - Major Workshop Site Findspot, workshop FS Meso Tameside 347m to 347m HER 4Z0244

1 45 8215.1.0 399305 399705 Dry Clough 1 - Possible Workshop Findspot, workshop FS Meso Tameside 347m to 347m Site HER 4Z0244

1 46 8216.1.0 399505 399705 Flints at Harridge Moor Findspot FS Meso Tameside 330m to 273m HER 4Z0243

1 47 8221.1.0 399505 399705 Flint Arrowhead at Harridge Pike Findspot FS Neo Tameside 330m to 273m HER 4Z0243

1/2 48 306355 400750 399340 During the 19th century a number of FS pre NMR 147m to 68m flint implements were dug up at (point) 4Z0239 North Britain (site of the house).

Other Mesolithic finds, from Brushes Moor (Record No. 45933), Slatepit Moor (Record No. 47455) and Harridge Pike (Record No. 78457) have been found

1/2 49 13631.1.0 400755 399365 North Britain Farm (Site of), Lees Hill Farm MON PM/mod Tameside 126m to 43m HER 4Z0239

2 50 947604 401000 400000 Boar Flat Site EXC Meso NMR 566m to 484m 4Z0238

2 51 8217.1.0 401005 400005 Flints at Boar Flats Findspot, workshop FS Meso Tameside 566m to 484m HER 4Z0238

2 52 610.1.0 401250 399840 Flints at North Britain Findspot FS Meso Tameside 147m to 68m HER 4Z0239

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 6 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Map AMEC Original Ref Easting Northing Name: Description Mon. Type Rec. Period Source Distance Distance No. ID Type to Tower to access

2 53 8171.1.0 401400 399030 Higher Bank Farm Building, farm, BLD PM Tameside 117m to 117m farmhouse, HER 4Z0236 farmstead

1 54 1340967 401620 409138 Huddersfield Narrow Canal: The BLD PM NMR 97m to 103m Huddersfield Narrow Canal runs (line) 4Z0250 across the Pennines from Huddersfield in West Yorkshire to Ashton-under-Lyne in Greater Manchester

2 55 14208 401800 399200 Ogden Brook Mesolithic Flints: Flint Flint scatter FS Meso DHER 514m to 490m flakes and microliths collected by J (point) 4Z0236 Radley from the Ogden Brook area

2/3 56 14270 401857 398230 Arnfield Deserted Medieval Village, Deserted MON med DHER 33m to 4m Tintwistle: Earthwork remains settlement, hollow (polygon) 4Z0233 including house platforms around way, house platform slight hollow lanes

3 57 14239 401942 396861 Bridge Mill (site of), Tintwistle: Site of Cotton mill MON PM DHER 606m to 370m an early 19th century cotton mill. (polygon) 4Z0230

3 58 1406245 402000 397000 Tintwistle: Tintwistle was a borough PLA med NMR 625m to 390m in Longendale lordship. Two (poly) 4Z0230 burgages were recorded in a minister's account in 1358-9, and three lists of burgage tenants are recorded in 1360.

3 59 - 402140 397365 Arnfield Lane: A section of the lane Road BLD PM FRS 239m to 0m comprises well-laid sub-square stone 4ZO230 cobbles

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 7 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Map AMEC Original Ref Easting Northing Name: Description Mon. Type Rec. Period Source Distance Distance No. ID Type to Tower to access

3 60 14276 402150 397320 Manchester to Salters Brook turnpike Toll road, packhorse MON PM DHER 77m to 9m road: Route of the original road (line) 4Z0229 Manchester to Salters Brook turnpike road, authorised in 1732

3 61 1087996 402182 397236 Christ Church, Church Street, Church Listed PM NMR/ 354m to 142m Tintwistle. Built in 1837. building DHER 4Z0230 Grade II (polygon)

3 62 1087997 402279 397334 The Old Workhouse Listed PM NMR 245m to 94m building 4Z0229 Grade II

3 63 1203897 402313 397299 Sunday School and boundary wall Listed PM NMR 244m to 107m building 4Z0229 Grade II

3 64 14274 402392 397335 Independent Chapel (site of), Chapel Congregational MON PM DHER 155m to 63m Brow, Tintwistle: The site of an chapel (polygon) 4Z0229 Independent Chapel that was established in 1688. It was rebuilt and altered a number of times, before being demolished some time after 1971.

3 65 1502136 402396 397337 Site of Congregational chapel. Circa BLD PM NMR 166m to 71m 1689 a barn on the site was acquired (point) 4Z0229 for for use as a meeting house and was superseded by a new building in 1763. This was entirely rebuilt in 1837 and renovated in 1891. Associated graveyard.

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 8 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Map AMEC Original Ref Easting Northing Name: Description Mon. Type Rec. Period Source Distance Distance No. ID Type to Tower to access

3 66 14260 402500 397260 Manchester Corporation Water Railway MON PM DHER 32m to 0m Works Railway (dismantled): Railway (line) 4Z0210 track used during the building and maintenance of the Longendale Reservoirs

3 67 1203918/ 402555 397409 Ebenezer Chapel, Old Road, Wesleyan methodist Listed PM NMR/ 113m to 113m 1502141/ 14273 Tintwistle: Wesleyan Methodist chapel building NMR 4Z0229 chapel. Built in 1830 for the Grade II (poly)/ Wesleyan Methodists. Now a private DHER residence [2010]. Coursed squared (polygon) gritstone. Stone slate roof with stone coped south gable. South elevation, gabled, double fronted. Central doorway with pointed arch with triple fluted surround.

3 68 1364758 402635 397422 Rope Walk, Tintwistle, built in the BLD PM NMR 142m to 123m mid-late 19th century. Site comprises (poly) 4Z0229 a level, walled rectangular plot alongside a road. Partly overgrown, with no clear evidence of former buildings. Possibly an open rope walk.

3 69 14259 402669 397017 Longdendale Water Scheme (1848- Reservoir MON PM DHER 53m to 53m 77): A 6 mile chain of reservoirs (polygon) 4Z0227 constructed in the Longdendale Valley to supply water to Manchester

1 70 - 398660 399780 Werneth Low -Castleshaw: Roman Road MON Rom Level 1 60m to 0m road identified in the 1992 research 4Z0245 publication "Tameside Before 1066: A History and Archaeology of Tameside"

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 9 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Map AMEC Original Ref Easting Northing Name: Description Mon. Type Rec. Period Source Distance Distance No. ID Type to Tower to access

2/3 71 306349/ 14207 403700 397800 Valehouse Deserted Village (under Deserted settlement MON med NMR 274m to 274m Valehouse Reservoir): Site of the (point)/ 4Z0224 drowned village of Vale House DHER (point)

3 72 14259 403703 397741 Longdendale Water Scheme (1848- Reservoir MON PM DHER 65m to 51m 77): A 6 mile chain of reservoirs (polygon) 4Z0224 constructed in the Longdendale Valley to supply water to Manchester

1 73 1371947 403863 411830 Huddersfield And Manchester BLD PM NMR 320m to 325m Railway: In 1847 the LNWR gained (line) 4Z0250 possession of the Leeds, Dewsbury and Manchester Company, and the Huddersfield and Manchester Railway and Canal Company, and their authorised railway routes. This gave them a route from Manchester to Huddersfield from Stalybridge.

1 74 1326350 404549 394815 Doctor Gate: Roman road running MON Rom NMR 43m to 0m from Brough to High Moor via (line) 4Z0248 Glossop.

4 75 - 405454 398174 Pile of well-dressed stones, now Stones MON PM FRS 2m to 5m overgrown, near track S of 4ZO219 Rhodeswood Reservoir

4 76 1316256 405600 397600 52-6145: The Post-War period crash Crash site MON mod NMR 480m to 453m site of aircraft 52-6145, an American (poly) 4Z0218 L20A Beaver transporter, made by the Canadian branch of De Havilland, which crashed at Brahmah Edge in 1956. The aircraft was in service with the United States Air Force.

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 10 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Map AMEC Original Ref Easting Northing Name: Description Mon. Type Rec. Period Source Distance Distance No. ID Type to Tower to access

4 77 306335 405796 398449 Longendale Water Scheme: A six- BLD PM NMR 21m to 2m mile chain of reservoirs constructed (poly) 4Z0205 by Manchester Corporation between 1848 and 1877 in the Longdendale Valley to supply water to Manchester. Between 1848 and 1865 Woodhead Reservoir was completed to dam the River Etherow. At the same time work was

4 78 3668/ 605407 406401 398332 Polished flint chisel, Torside Findspot FS Neo DHER 207m to 180m Reservoir: Flint chisel found in or (point)/ 4Z0216 before c. 1980 in the Torside NMR Reservoir area. Exact findspot (poly) unknown

4 79 3649 406418 397813 Woodhead Railway (mainly Railway MON PM DHER 18m to 0m dismantled): Originally the Sheffield, (polygon) 4Z0200 Ashton-under-Lyne & Manchester Railway Company's Woodhead line, built 1836-1845

4 80 3627 406554 398170 Flint scatter, Torside Reservoir Findspot FS pre DHER 134m to 36m shoreline: Small scatter of prehistoric (point) 4Z0215 flints collected from the south shoreline in or before 1976

4 81 3626 406700 398400 Plano-convex Knife, Torside Findspot FS Neo DHER 259m to 64m Reservoir: Flint knife found in or (point) 4Z0215 before 1977

4 82 14201 407200 398900 Torside Reservoir Flint Scatter: Flints Findspot FS pre DHER 186m to 145m found below normal water level in (point) 4Z0213 1962 and 1974

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 11 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Map AMEC Original Ref Easting Northing Name: Description Mon. Type Rec. Period Source Distance Distance No. ID Type to Tower to access

4 83 14202 407300 398900 Mesolithic Flint Scatter, Torside Findspot FS Meso DHER 150m to 85m Reservoir: Approximate location of (point) 4Z0212 flint scatter found before 1977

4 84 3637/ 306334 407965 399075 'Old Paper Mill' (now 'the Papermill'), Paper mill BLD PM DHER 123m to 49m Fair Vage Clough, Charlesworth: (polygon)/ 4Z0210 Remains of a paper mill in use by NMR 1825; converted into a dwelling in (point) 2000

4 85 1203925/ 306324/ 407981 399498 St James's Church, near Woodhead Chapel, church Listed PM NMR/ 275m to 203m 14257 Reservoir, Tintwistle: The present building NMR 4Z0210 Church of St James was built in Grade II (point)/ 1838 on the site of the Mediaeval DHER Chapel of St James founded in 1487. (polygon)

4 86 14255 408000 399670 Loftend Quarry and tramway incline: Stone quarry, MON PM DHER 352m to 254m Major gritstone quarry, in use in the railway inclined (line) 4Z0209 19th century, and ?20th century plane incline

4 87 1087998 408013 399460 Valve Station to the west of Bleak Listed mod NMR 243m to 155m House building 4Z0210 Grade II

4 88 1334810 408034 399479 Bleak House and boundary wall and Listed PM NMR 266m to 149m railings building 4Z0210 Grade II

4/5 89 500091 408243 399356 Crowden Station: Site of railway BLD PM NMR 0m to 0m station on the Sheffield, Ashton- (poly) 4Z0209 under-Lyne and Manchester Railway, opened in 1846 and closed in 1957.

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 12 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Map AMEC Original Ref Easting Northing Name: Description Mon. Type Rec. Period Source Distance Distance No. ID Type to Tower to access

4/5 90 3641 408380 399550 Mesolithic flints, Woodhead Findspot FS Meso DHER 229m to 82m Reservoir: Flints found in 1962 when (point) 4Z0208 the water level was low

5 91 14254 408384 399984 The Hey, Longdendale: Ruins of a Farmstead MON PM DHER 588m to 484m farmstead emptied and made (polygon) 4Z0208 derelict when the Longdendale reservoir was built. Refurbished in the 1990s and used for sheep handling.

5 92 14203 409000 399600 Flint scatter, Woodhead Reservoir: Findspot FS pre DHER 265m to 144m Scatter of flints of Mesolithic to (point) 4Z0206 Bronze Age date found in 1962 when the reservoir was low

5 93 14244 409068 399825 Trough west of Woodhead Bridge, Trough BLD PM DHER 411m to 372m Tintwistle: Stone trough set into the (point) 4Z0205 wall

5 94 14259 409073 399685 Longdendale Water Scheme (1848- Reservoir MON PM DHER 21m to 1m 77): A 6 mile chain of reservoirs (polygon) 4Z0205 constructed in the Longdendale Valley to supply water to Manchester

5 95 3657 409544 399435 Former shooting lodge, Hunting lodge BLD PM DHER 192m to 149m Charlesworth: 19th century shooting (polygon) 4Z0205 lodge, later gamekeeper's house

5 96 - 410750 399770 Woodhead Line sidings Railway BLD PM FRS; OS 0m to 0m 1st Ed 4ZO201

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 13 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Map AMEC Original Ref Easting Northing Name: Description Mon. Type Rec. Period Source Distance Distance No. ID Type to Tower to access

5 97 1371904 411261 399866 Sheffield Ashton Under Lyne And BLD PM NMR 24m to 0m Manchester Railway: The Sheffield, (line) 4Z0201 Ashton under Lyne and Manchester Railway was built between 1837 and 1841. The route ran via Godley and the Woodhead Tunnel, then the longest in England at 3 miles and 24 yards. There were several branches authorised in 1844 and 1846. Manchester - Godley opened in 1841, Godley - Dinting in 1842, Dinting - Woodhead in 1844 and through to Sheffield in 1845. The section between Penistone and Hadfield was closed in 1970 and the track lifted. The old Woodhead tunnels were then used for carrying electricity cables. Stations between Penistone and Sheffield closed in 1959, although the track remains as part of the Sheffield and Huddersfield line.

5 98 3653 411300 399900 Stone Figurine, Woodhead Tunnel Findspot FS med DHER 155m to 15m area, Tintwistle: Throned male figure (point) 4Z0200 found in or before 1986, with three small 'Celtic' heads carved on the reverse of the throne

5 99 500603 411316 399884 Woodhead Station: Site of railway BLD PM NMR 118m to 0m station on the Sheffield, Ashton- (poly) 4Z0200 under-Lyne and Manchester Railway, opened in 1846 and closed in 1964.

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 14 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Map AMEC Original Ref Easting Northing Name: Description Mon. Type Rec. Period Source Distance Distance No. ID Type to Tower to access

5 100 14242 411365 399970 Horse trough, Woodhead: Stone Horse trough BLD PM DHER 239m to 43m horse trough at the side of the A628 (point) 4Z0200 overlooking Woodhead Station

5 101 14253 411390 399900 Woodhead Railway Tunnel, Railway tunnel MON PM DHER 243m to 0m Tintwistle: Original tunnel opened (line) 4Z0200 1845, with a second tunnel added in 1852.

5 102 14240 411397 399912 Woodhead Tunnel, Western Portal: Railway tunnel MON PM DHER 233m to 0m Western portal of the Woodhead portal (polygon) 4Z0200 Tunnel, mid 19th century.

5 103 14243 411527 399994 Observation tower, Woodhead Railway lookout BLD mod DHER 398m to 147m railway tunnel: Ruined observation tower (point) 4Z0200 tower

5 104 14222 411600 400000 Hammerstone, Ironbower Moss, Findspot FS pre DHER 470m to 207m Tintwistle: Hammerstone with (point) 4Z0200 pecked end, found in or before 1977

5 105 14224 411800 399990 Flint artefacts, Ironbower Moss, Findspot FS pre DHER 662m to 343m Tintwistle: Mesolithic flint core and (point) 4Z0200 Neolithic core and flint blades found in the 1970s

Notes: BLD: building; EXC: excavation; EVA: evaluation; FS: findspot; MON: monument; PLA: place Meso: Mesolithic; Neo: Neolithic; BA: Bronze Age; IA: Iron Age; pre: prehistoric; Rom: Roman (/Romano-British); med: medieval; PM: Post medieval; Mod: Modern.

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 15 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

APPENDIX 3: SUMMARY OF MITIGATION OPTIONS

Avoidance

Tower nos. 4ZO233; 4ZO244

- Planned refurbishment works should be revised to avoid disturbance to significant known or potential archaeology. This may involve selection of an access route to avoid archaeology/cultural heritage asset, or selection of techniques to avoid ground disturbance. These could also involve modification to methods of constructing access routes in order to limit damage to below- ground deposits and earthworks. Techniques might include the laying of artificial trackways or avoidance of working with plant or vehicles in wet weather or when the ground is sodden. - In the event of access or works being adjacent or in close proximity to sensitive areas fencing and signage must be erected to demarcate either areas to be avoided or preferred routes.

Watching Brief

Tower nos. 4ZO201; 4ZO233; 4ZO238; 4ZO240; 4ZO243; 4ZO245; 4ZO248; 4ZO250.

- This would involve the presence of an archaeologist during ground disturbance in order to monitor construction activities. The archaeologist would identify and record any exposed features and provide advice on any features or particularly sensitive areas to be avoided.

Earthwork Survey

Not currently recommended for 4ZO line

- Detailed survey of earthworks, and production of a plan to show their location, nature and layout.

Fieldwalking

Not currently recommended for 4ZO line

- Systematic collection of archaeological artefacts from the ground surface. It can only be undertaken on ploughed fields, and is most informative when carried out several weeks after ploughing, allowing time for some weathering. Fieldwalking is sometimes supplemented by a metal detector survey in order to maximise the recovery of metal artefacts on or just below the surface.

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 1 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

Geophysical Survey

Not currently recommended for 4ZO line

- Geophysical survey involves the use of a device which can detect the presence of archaeological features below the ground. There are a number of different methods, the most commonly used being a magnetometer which detects small magnetic variations in the ground which can be caused by archaeological features. Magnetic interference from towers would be likely to make resistivity survey, which involves the detection of variation in soil electrical resistivity (and thus past disturbance) more suitable.

Trial Trenching

Tower nos. 4ZO237; 4ZO239; 4ZO241; 4ZO242; 4ZO244.

- Small-scale trial excavation to determine the existence, depth, character and degree of preservation of archaeological deposits or features.

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL 2 Electricity Alliance West Refurbishment Works October 2012 AMEC Project 32430

APPENDIX 4: FIGURES

Level 1: Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Appraisal Stalybridge – Woodhead (4ZO) OHL

401000 401500 402000 402500 403000 403500 404000 404500 51 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 (!(! 0 0 0 4 4 52 (! 0 0 0 0 5 5 9 9 9 9

3 4Z0238 3 4#9 # (! (! 48 #4Z0237 55 (! # 53 0 0

0 (! 0

0 4Z0236 0 9 9 9 9 3 3

#4Z0235 0 0 0 0 5 5 8 8 9 9 3 #4Z0234 3

# 56 4Z0233 (! # 0 0 0 0

0 4Z0222 0 8 8 9 9

3 # 3 #4Z0232 71 4Z0223 (! #

Orientation ! Project Legend ( Stalybridge-Woodhead (4ZO OHL route) Map Features Archaeological Data Pylon (! Medieval (! Prehistoric Post-Medieval / Title # Archaeological Constraint Maps 0 25 50 100 OHL (! Mesolithic Post-Medieval Medieval Towers 4ZO200-250 Meters Access routes (! Post-Medieval Post-Medieval to Modern Client Name Drawn Checked Approved Study area (! Post-Medieval to Modern Roman ST RJ NW

Date Sheet Size 05/10/2012 A3

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd Scale Canon Court, Abbey Lawn, Abbey Foregate Drawing Number Rev Shrewsbury, SY2 5DE, United Kingdom 32430-S02 - 2 of 5 P1 1:10,000

Coordinate System: British National Grid. © Crown Copyright 2012. All rights reserved. AMEC E&I Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100001776 397000 397500 398000 398500 399000 399500 400000 400500 401000 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 4 4

W A H S E L T S A 5 C 24 29 O T (! (! W (! O L 23 H T 50 E

0 (! N 0 0 R 0 0 0 E 0 10 (!(! 0 0 0 W 4 4Z0249 4 1 L A 31 N (! # 4Z0248 (! A 22 30 C # (! W 27 32 O (! (! 2 R 3 R 6 A (! (! N 13 26 37 44 45 46 47 ! ((! D #(! 16 L (! (! 4Z0249 4 E ! I (!9(! (! (! (! (! F 25 S (! 14 (! 18 21 (! R E 15 (! D D (! (! (! 33 U 17 4Z0247 H (! # 0 0

0 (! 0

5 28 5 9 (! 19 4Z0240 9 9 4Z0239 9 3 4Z0242 4Z0241 # 3 (! (! 4Z0243 # 4#9 # 4Z0244 # 43 # (! 4Z0245 # (! 48 Y 4Z0246 36 A # (!(! 42 # W # 40 L I A D (!

O 35 R T C

S T

R O

U R H

E G

L A

K T C I E

0 M 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 3 3 0 0 0 0 5 5 8 8 9 9

3 34 3 (!

Archaeological Data Orientation Project Legend (! Medieval (! Neolithic Post-Medieval to Modern Stalybridge-Woodhead (4ZO OHL route) Map Features (! Medieval to Post-Medieval (! Post-Medieval Roman Pylon (! Mesolithic (! Post-Medieval to Modern / Title # Archaeological Constraint Maps 0 25 50 100 OHL (! Modern (! Prehistoric Towers 4ZO200-250 Meters Access routes (! Multi-Period (! Roman Client Name Drawn Checked Approved Study area AMEC_line ST RJ NW

Date Sheet Size Conservation Area 05/10/12 A3

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd Scale Canon Court, Abbey Lawn, Abbey Foregate Drawing Number Rev Shrewsbury, SY2 5DE, United Kingdom 32430-S01 - 1 of 5 P1 1:10,000

Coordinate System: British National Grid. © Crown Copyright 2012. All rights reserved. AMEC E&I Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100001776 405000 405500 406000 406500 407000 407500 408000 408500

86 (! 90 (! 85 88 0 (! 0 0 0 5 5

9 (! 9 9 9 3 (!(! 3 4Z0208 89 # #4Z0207 (! # 4Z0209 4Z0#210 84 (!

0 4Z0211 0 0 0 0 0

9 # 9 9 9

3 82 83 3 # (! (! 4Z0212

4Z021#3 M ANCHE STER C ORPOR ATION WATE R WOR KS RA ILWAY 0 0 0 0

5 77 5 8 8 9 9

3 81 3 (! 78 (! #4Z0214 (!

75 80 4Z0220 #(! (! # 4Z0218 4Z0217 4Z0216 # # # # 4Z0215 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 9 9 3 3

79 (!

76 (! 0 0 0 0 5 5 7 7 9 9 3 3 Legend Orientation Project Stalybridge-Woodhead (4ZO OHL route) Map Features Archaeological Data Pylon (! Mesolithic (! Prehistoric Neolithic / Title # Archaeological Constraint Maps 0 25 50 100 OHL (! Modern Post-Medieval Post-Medieval Towers 4ZO200-250 Meters Access routes (! Neolithic Post-Medieval to Modern Post-Medieval to Modern Client Name Drawn Checked Approved ST RJ NW Study area (! Post-Medieval Modern Date Sheet Size 05/10/2012 A3

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd Scale Canon Court, Abbey Lawn, Abbey Foregate Drawing Number Rev Shrewsbury, SY2 5DE, United Kingdom 32430-S04 - 4 of 5 P1 1:10,000

Coordinate System: British National Grid. © Crown Copyright 2012. All rights reserved. AMEC E&I Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100001776 401500 402000 402500 403000 403500 404000 404500 405000

#4Z0235 0 0 0 0 5 5 8 8 9 9 3 #4Z0234 3

# 56 4Z0233 (! 4Z0220 #4Z0221 # 0 0 0 0

0 4Z0222 0 8 8 9 9

3 # 3 #4Z0232 4Z0223 (! 72 # (! 4Z0231 # 70 4Z0224 4Z0230 (! # #

0 4Z0229 0 0 0 5 5 7 7

9 68 9

3 # 3 67 4Z0225 (! # 60 62 65 (! (! 4Z0228 (! (! (!(! 66 61 (! 63 # 4Z0226 (! # (! Y A # W IL 4Z0227 A R R E 69 T 58 S E 0 H 0 0 C 0 0 (! N 0 7 (! 7

9 A 9

3 M 3 D 57 N A E N Y (! L R E D N U N O T H S A D L IE F F E H S

Legend Orientation Project Stalybridge-Woodhead (4ZO OHL route) Map Features Archaeological Data Pylon (! Medieval Medieval / Title # Archaeological Constraint Maps 0 25 50 100 OHL (! Post-Medieval Post-Medieval Towers 4ZO200-250 Meters Access routes Post-Medieval Post-Medieval to Modern Client Name Drawn Checked Approved Study area Post-Medieval to Modern Conservation area ST RJ NW

Date Sheet Size 05/10/2012 A3

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd Scale Canon Court, Abbey Lawn, Abbey Foregate Drawing Number Rev Shrewsbury, SY2 5DE, United Kingdom 32430-S03 - 3 of 5 P1 1:10,000

Coordinate System: British National Grid. © Crown Copyright 2012. All rights reserved. AMEC E&I Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100001776 408500 409000 409500 410000 410500 411000 411500 412000 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 4 4

91 103 104 105 0 100 0 0 0 0 0

0 (! 0 0 (! (! (! 0 4 (! 4 97 99 93 4Z0200 (! (!(! # (! (! (! 4Z0202 4Z0202A # 96 94 #4Z0203 # #(! (! 4Z0204 92 # 90 (! 4Z0205

0 (! 0

0 # 0 5 5

9 95 9 9 9 3 3 4Z0208 (! 89 # #4Z0207 4Z0206 (! # # 4Z0209 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 3 3 0 0 0 0 5 5 8 8 9 9 3 3

Legend TBC Orientation Project Stalybridge-Woodhead (4ZO OHL route) Map Features Archaeological Data Pylon (! Medieval Post-Medieval to Modern / Title # (! Prehistoric Archaeological Constraint Maps 0 25 50 100 OHL (! Mesolithic Post-Medieval Towers 4ZO200-250 Meters Access routes (! Modern Post-Medieval to Modern Client Name Drawn Checked Approved Study area (! Post-Medieval Post-Medieval ST RJ NW

Date Sheet Size 21/09/2012 A3

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd Scale Canon Court, Abbey Lawn, Abbey Foregate Drawing Number Rev Shrewsbury, SY2 5DE, United Kingdom 32430-S05 - 5 of 5 P1 1:10,000

Coordinate System: British National Grid. © Crown Copyright 2012. All rights reserved. AMEC E&I Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100001776