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Late Quaternary Morphodynamics in the Quebrada De Purmamarca, NW Argentina

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GEOZON SCIENCE MEDIA
ISSN 0424-7116

Quaternary Science Journal

Volume 59 / Number 1–2 / 2010 / 21–35 / DOI 10.3285/eg.59.1-2.02 www.quaternary-science.net

E&G

Late Quaternary morphodynamics in the Quebrada de Purmamarca, NW Argentina

Jan-Hendrik May, Ramiro Daniel Soler

Abstract:

is study aims to document the geomorphic, sedimentary and paleopedogenic arcives in the Qebrada de Purmamarca. e paleoenvironmental interpretation of these arcives and the reconstruction of landscape evolution are mainly based on field observations and geomorphological mapping (May 2008). A series of aggradational terraces mostly consisting of coarse debrisflow deposits are the main focus of this investigation. While the associated cut-and-fill processes are probably the result of an interplay between climatic and tectonic controls, the deposition of the youngest terrace level (> 150 m thicness) may likely be aüributed to a drop of the periglacial belt of more than 1000 meters below its modern elevation. For the time aſter terrace accumulation has ceased, the interpretation of alluvial fans, aeolian sand and a well-developed paleosol points to Late Qaternary humidity canges as an important control on landscape evolution. e major phase of downcuüing and incision significantly postdates the end of terrace deposition and may have been triggered by markedly increased amounts of monsoonal precipitation. Finally, minor humidity canges of possible Holocene age are indicated by paleopedogenic and geomorphic observations on terrace surfaces and along valley slopes.

(Spätquartäre Morphodynamik in der Quebrada de Purmamarca, NW Argentina)
Kurzfassung:

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Dokumentation geomorphologiscer, sedimentärer und paläopedologiscer Arcive in der Qebrada de Purmamarca. Die Interpretation dieser Arcive in Bezug auf die Paläoumweltbedingungen basiert hauptsäclic auf Feldforscungen und geomorphologiscer Kartierung (May 2008). Einen Scwerpunkt dieser Studie bildet eine aus grobem Material aufgeschüete Terrassenfolge. Während die Erosions- und Akkumulationsprozesse vermutlic auf das Zusammenspiel klimatiscer und tektoniscer Prozesse zurhczufhhren sind, steht die Ablagerung der jhngsten ca. 150 m mäctigen Terrassenfläce wohl in Zusammenhang mit dem Absinken des periglazialen Einflussbereices um mehr als 1000 m unter die heutige Höhenlage. Nac dem Ende der Terrassenschüung, bieten vor allem Scwemmkegel, äolisce Sande und gut entwicelte Paläoböden wertvolle Hinweise auf die durc Feuctigkeitsveränderungen gesteuerte spätglaziale Landscaſtsentwiclung. Die Hauptphase der Einscneidung datiert um einiges nac dem Ende der Terrassenaufschüung und wurde vermutlic durc eine Zunahme der monsunalen Niederscläge gesteuert. Abscließend konnten die Auswirkungen kleinerer, vermutlic holozäner Scwankungen der Feuctigkeitsverhältnisse hber paläopedologisce und geomorphologisce Beobactungen auf der Terrassenoberfläce und den Hängen bescrieben werden.

Keywords:

Andes, landscape evolution, Late Qateenaer, teeeaces, paleoenvieonments

Addresses of authors: Jan-Hendrik May*, Scool of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2522 Wollongong NSW,
Australia; E-Mail: [email protected]; Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstraße 12, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. E-Mail: [email protected].c / Ramiro Daniel Soler, CNEA (Comision Nacional Energía Atómica), Avenida Bolivia 1235, 4400 Salta, Argentina. *coeeesponding authoe

1. Introduction

tions and relative importance of the climatic verse tectonic controls are a maüer of ongoing debate and should vary
e Andean ranges of NW Argentina are situated between on different timescales (Hilley & Strecker 2005). Consethe high-altitude plateau of the Puna and the vast Chaco quently, increasing effort has recently been concentrated lowlands, and are caracterized by steep climatic and topo- on the establishment of an absolute cronological framegraphic gradients. is makes them a highly dynamic ar- work for the Qaternary alluvial fans and valley fill deposea from geological, environmental and geomorphological its along intramontane valley systems of the Qebrada de perspectives. e thic and complex series of Tertiary and Toro and Qebrada de Humahuaca (Robinson et al. 2005; Qaternary depositional terraces and alluvial fans along Sancho et al. 2008; Spencer & Robinson 2008).

  • the intramontane valleys of the Eastern Cordillera have
  • Given the crucial role of climate in landscape evolution, a

drawn the aüention of early geologists (Keidel 1913; Kühn number of studies have been concerned with the reconstruc1924; De Ferraris 1940). Since then muc researc has tion of paleoclimate and paleoenvironments from different been directed towards a more detailed comprehension of arcives in the Andes of NW Argentina over various Qalandscape evolution on these Cenozoic timescales, particu- ternary timescales. Cyclic canges in moisture availability in larly with regard to the repeated and oscillatory filling and NW Argentina throughout the Qaternary were suggested excavation of the Andean valley systems in NW Argentina by the investigation of loess-paleosol-sequences in the Tafí by a complex interplay of climate and tectonics (Kleinert valley (Schellenberger, Heller & Veit 2003; Kemp et al.

& Strecker 2001; Hilley & Strecker 2005; Alonso et al. 2004; Schellenberger 2006; Schellenberger & Veit 2006).

2006; Strecker et al. 2007). In this context, the interac- Evidence for periods of increased humidity is provided by

E&G / Vol. 59 / No. 1–2 / 2010 / 21–35 / DOI 10.3285/eg.59.1-2.02 / © Authors / Creative Commons Attribution License

21

5.012 masl

a)

b)

Argentina

4.577 m asl
3.905 m asl

1

L
K

M

3
2
5

J

4

I

6

H
F
G

1

EDA
CB

Purmamarca

2.250 m asl

4.376 m asl

5 km

Fig. 1: Ovebview of the studr abea. a) Location of the Qebbada de Pubmamabca in South Amebica. b) Geogbaphic context and hillshaded topogbaphr of the studr abea (blac line denotes catiment divides, gber lines abe majob stbeams, white lines abe boads) including locations of sedimentabr pbofiles (letebs, see Fig. 3) and excavated pits (numbebs, see Fig. 4). Abb. 1: Übebblic übeb das Untebsuiungsgebiet. a) Lage deb Qebbada de Pubmamabca in Südamebika. b) Geogbaphisieb Kontext und Topogbaphie des Untebsuiungsgebietes (siwabze Linie kennzeiinet die Einzugsgebietgbenze, gbaue Linie kennzeiinet die Hauptgebinne, weisse Linie kennzeiinet Stbassen) einsiliesslii deb Lage deb Sedimentpbofile (Buistaben, siehe Abb. 3) und Bodenpbofile (Nummebn, siehe Abb. 4).

the coincidence of landslide deposits and lake damming in bitz 1999; Zipprich et al. 2000; Ahumada 2002; Haselton, various intramontane valleys in NW Argentina (Trauth et Hilley & Strecker 2002; Kull et al. 2003; Kull et al. al. 2000; Bookhagen, Haselton & Trauth 2001; Trauth 2008). On Holocene timescales, the analysis of sedimentary et al. 2003; Hermanns & Schellenberger 2008), and may and arcaeological arcives along the Qebrada de Humacorrelate to prominent lake transgression phases on the Bo- huaca and in the Eastern Cordillera has produced manifold livian Altiplano during the last glacial cycle (Argollo & evidence for variations in precipitation amounts and distriMourguiart 2000; Baker et al. 2001; Baker et al. 2001; Fritz bution with a marked dry phase during the Mid-Holocene et al. 2004; Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006). In higher el- and the return to modern, semi-arid conditions within the evations, mapping and modelling efforts on mainly glacial last 2 ka BP (Fernández 1984; Alcalde & Kulemeyer 1999; but also periglacial arcives have documented evidence for Kulemeyer et al. 1999; Maas et al. 1999; Kulemeyer 2005; severe temperature reductions in NW Argentina, whic trig- Yacobaccio & Morales 2005; Lupo et al. 2006).

  • gered the decrease of vegetation belts and snowlines, and
  • Most of these results are based on the detailed analysis of

multiple glacial advances in the Late Qaternary (Schä- a single arcive or location. Only very few studies have fo-

E&G / Vol. 59 / No. 1–2 / 2010 / 21–35 / DOI 10.3285/eg.59.1-2.02 / © Authors / Creative Commons Attribution License

22

cused on a comprehensive documentation and interpretation anchi & Yañez 1992; Garreaud & Aceituno 2007). Due to of the extensive geomorphological records, whic are stored topographic and rain shadow effects, however, precipitation in the landscape of the intramontane basins in NW Argentina amounts may significantly vary at regional and local scales, (Werner 1984; Tchilinguirian & Pereyra 2001; May 2008). and average 96 mm at the village of Purmamarca (Bianchi Consequently, relatively liüle is known with regard to the & Yañez 1992; Endlicher 1995; Soler 2002). Temperatures relative importance of paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental in the study area are very variable and particularly at high canges, and their imprints and controls on landscape evolu- elevations, the thermal amplitude shows very strong daily tion and geomorphic processes over different timescales. An variations. Consequently, the annual average height of the improved understanding of landforms and their evolution at 0°-isotherm is subject to regional and even local variations and beyond catcment scale is also the base for the assess- and has been estimated between 4500 and 5400 m asl, while ment and management of modern local geomorphic proc- the regional annual temperature gradients in NW Argentina esses. is is of particular importance in the Qebrada de roughly average 0.5–0.6°/100 m (Prohaska 1976; Ruthsatz Purmamarca as a key location for intercontinental transport, 1977; Fox & Strecker 1991).

  • tourism and cultural heritage throughout Argentina.
  • Under these environmental conditions modern pedo-

us, this study aims to i) document the geomorphic, genesis is relatively weak, leading to the formation of thin sedimentary and paleopedogenic arcives in the Qebrada Ah-horizons and carbonate accumulation in the subsoil as de Purmamarca, and ii) discuss their relative timing and the dominant pedogenic processes (Werner 1971; Ruthsatz paleoenvironmental significance. ereby, the study es- 1977). Most other, more intensively developed soil horizons tablishes a framework of regional landscape evolution and are probably relics of weüer past climatic conditions (Krisl contributes to our understanding of the mecanisms and 1999). e morphodynamic situation in the Qebrada de controls of geological, geomorphic and climatic cange Purmamarca is dominated by strong badland formation and over different Late Qaternary timescales in NW Argen- gullying along and up the valley slopes, having led to flood-

  • tina.
  • plain aggradation and intense debris flow dynamics over the

last decades (Becker 1966; Aguero 1986; Chayle & Wayne 1995; Cencetti, Rivelli & Tacconi 2006). roughout the entire Qebrada de Humahuaca drainage basin, human im-

2. Study Area

e Qebrada de Purmamarca is a ~380 km2 drainage basin pact has likely enhanced the degradation of vegetation cover in the province of Jujuy, NW Argentina (Fig. 1). It is locat- and slopes since at least two thousand years (García Coed in the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes, whic forms the dron et al. 1999; Lupo et al. 2006). transition between the high-altitude plateau of the Puna to the west, and Subandean Ranges and Chaco lowland to the 3. Methods east. Geologically, the Eastern Cordillera is an active foldand thrust belt (Mon & Salfity 1995). Topographic ranges e major part of this study is based on the documentaare usually associated with high angle thrust faults, whic tion of geomorphological and sedimentological field work, are responsible for the development of asymmetric valleys whic was carried out between Marc and June 2001. Geoalong the lines of structural weakness (Igarzábal 1991). Sev- morphological field work encompassed the thorough and eral superimposed Paleozoic and Mesozoic tectonic stages GPS aided mapping of landforms and processes in all acare recognized, before major upliſt and deformation of the cessible parts of the catcment. In combination with reAndean orogeny commenced ~10 Ma ago, ultimately result- mote sensing data, this information was subsequently ing in the present structural and topographic framework of compiled and illustrated in a geomorphological map of the the Eastern Cordillera (Mon & Salfity 1995; Salfity et al. Qebrada de Purmamarca (May 2008).

  • 1996; Kennan 2000; Reynolds et al. 2000; Reynolds et al.
  • Sedimentological description and the classification of the

2001). Significant neotectonic events, whic have locally de- mostly coarse-grained valley fill deposits in the Qebrada formed and thrusted Qaternary sediments, did probably not de Purmamarca were predominantly based on existing apaffect NW Argentina syncronously, but generally occurred proaces by (Nemec & Steel 1984; Milana 1994; Miall 1996; >1 Ma ago throughout the Eastern Cordillera (Salfity et Nemec & Kazanci 1999), resulting in the differentiation of al. 1984; Strecker et al. 1989; Marrett & Strecker 2000; six different sedimentary facies (Table 1). Sedimentary proHilley & Strecker 2005). As an important factor for local files of terrace and alluvial fan outcrops were established at variability of erosional resistance, the main lithologies in the 13 different locations along gully walls. Plant remains exQebrada de Purmamarca comprise moderately soſt quartz- tracted from one profile were dated by AMS radiocarbon itic scists, phyllites and slates of the Precambrian Punco- dating at the University of Kiel, Germany (code KIA 17090).

  • viscana Formation, the highly resistant quartzitic sandstones
  • At 12 locations excavated pits and outcrops were docu-

and quartzites of the Cambrian Mesón Group, and the eas- mented on top of the terrace and alluvial fan surfaces in orily erodible pelites and greywaces of the Ordovician Santa der to gain information on soils, paleosols and cover deposVictoria Group (Ramos, Turic & Zuzek 1967; Turner 1970; its. e field documentation of these pits was based on FAO

Amengual & Zanettini 1974).

guidelines (FAO 2006), and the presence of CaCO3 was test-
e regional climate of NW Argentina is mainly influ- ed with 10% HCl. Finally, thin sections from carbonate and enced by tropical humid air masses of Atlantic origin, whic sand crusts were taken. eir micromorphological analysis are transported into the area by the South American Summer focussed on paleopedological features and the interpretation Monsoon, accounting for the large seasonality with most of of genetic processes of soil formation following FitzPatrick the total annual precipitation falling in austral summer (Bi- (1993) and Wilson & Nettleton (2009).

E&G / Vol. 59 / No. 1–2 / 2010 / 21–35 / DOI 10.3285/eg.59.1-2.02 / © Authors / Creative Commons Attribution License

23

4. Results

e exposed internal arcitecture of slope sediments likely reflects i) the onset of dominant permafrost conditions with intensified mecanical weathering of autocthonous (Precambrian) lithologies, and ii) the successive

4. 1. Geomorphological context and landforms

ree contrasting geomorphological zones are generally downslope transport and layered deposition of allocdistinguished throughout the Eastern Cordillera and dif- thonous frost debris (of Cambrian lithologies) by soliffer considerably with regard to their relief, i.e. topography luction processes, eventually smoothening a pre-existing and altitude (Fig. 2a). Eac zone comprises a typical suite of topography, whic had formed during a preceding phase genetic landforms and geomorphic processes (SEGEMAR- of enhanced fluvial processes. e marked dominance of

  • ITGE 1998; Tchilinguirian & Pereyra 2001; May 2008).
  • Cambrian quarzitic lithologies over Precambrian scists

i) e highest parts of the study area above ~4400–4500 m and phyllites results from their higher resistivity against asl are caracterized by steep, straight to concave slopes cryogenic weathering (e.g. frost cracing) and predisposiof 25°–40°, locally up to 50° inclination, covered by long tion for the production of frost debris, also implying their tongues of roc debris of different colours and lithologies preferential preservation in the sedimentary record. e extending downslope from crests, cliffs and ridges. ese lowermost evidence for past periglacial processes in the observations indicate active and intense production of study area are asymmetrically developed slopes, whic frost debris and effective downslope transport by shallow caracterize the drainage cannels on top of the higher, solifluction processes, pointing to the presence of perma- older terrace segments and reflect preferential solifluction frost and frequent (daily to seasonal) freeze-thaw cycles. processes along the north-exposed slopes as the result of Solifluction lobes were observed in the study area down past periglacial processes down to ~3100 m asl (May 2002).

  • to ~4000–4100 m asl, where they are partially stabilized by
  • ii) e transition between the upper catcment of predom-

vegetation. eir lower limit typically represents a transi- inantly periglacial geomorphology and the valleys is caractional belt caracterized by the discontinuous and spatial- terized by straight to convex slope segments (Fig. 2a). Most ly variable occurrence of freeze-thaw related active proc- of these slopes between ~2600 and 3800 m asl are strongly esses. us, over longer timescales, dominant cryogenic or dissected by parallel and closely spaced single-branced rills periglacial processes are responsible for the formation of and gullies of variable depth. A knicpoint marks their upsthe gentle, rectilinear to convexo-concavo debris-mantled lope initiation and actively ongoing headward growth. It coslopes of markedly smooth morphology, whic caracter- incides with the transition from convex and debris-covered ize mountain tops and mountain cains in the upper study periglacial mountain tops described above to the steeper, area and are referred to as ‘Glaühangg (glaü = smooth, straight slope segments where overland flow concentrates. hang = slope) in the German literature (Fig. 2a; Hagedorn Most of these cannels have adjusted to inactive terrace sur1970; Stingl & Garleff 1983; Abraham de Vazquez et faces, and only a few larger cannels drain onto the modal. 2000; Ahumada 2002). In the Qebrada de Purmamarca, ern floodplain. e onset of slope dissection should therefore the lower limit of this type of periglacial slope morphol- postdate terrace deposition and may have commenced synogy varies to some extent, e.g. due to dissection by ongo- cronously with terrace incision and degradation. e high ing erosional processes, but reaces well below the limit intensity of slope dissection observed today is possibly amof active periglacial processes to an elevation of 3300 m plified by grazing and degradation of vegetation leading to asl (Fig. 2a). As exposed along several roadcuts, the debris an additional increase in surface runoff, gullying and signifi- covering the slopes above ~3300 m asl is composed of an- cant contributions of sediment to the valley floors (Aguero gular clasts but varies considerably in thicness from few 1986; Cencetti, Rivelli & Tacconi 2006). In addition, severdecimeters to >10 m. e sediments show a clear stratifica- al landslides of up to 0.07 km2 were mapped along the lower tion of relatively fine clasts of the underlying dark grey valley slopes both within the terrace deposits and bedroc Precambrian scist at the base, and several subhorizontal (Fig. 2c; May 2002). Some of the landslides are partly buried layers of coarse, poorly sorted and angular clasts of mainly by modern floodplain deposits and must have formed within Cambrian quartzites whic are supported by a fine-grained an oversteepened valley, whic was probably created in re-

  • matrix (Fig. 2b).
  • lation to rapid and profound incision preceding the onset of

renewed floodplain aggradation.

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  • Crustal-Seismicity.Pdf

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    Tectonophysics 786 (2020) 228450 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Tectonophysics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto Crustal seismicity in the Andean Precordillera of Argentina using seismic broadband data T ⁎ Agostina Venerdinia,b, , Patricia Alvaradoa,b, Jean-Baptiste Ammiratia,1, Marcos Podestaa, Luciana Lópezc, Facundo Fuentesd, Lepolt Linkimere, Susan Beckf a Grupo de Sismotectónica, Centro de Investigaciones de la Geósfera y la Biósfera (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET– Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, UNSJ), San Juan, Argentina b Departamento de Geofísica y Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina c Instituto Nacional de Prevención Sísmica, San Juan, Argentina d YPF S.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina e Escuela Centroamericana de Geología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica f Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: In this study, we analyze 100 crustal Precordilleran earthquakes recorded in 2008 and 2009 by 52 broadband Crust seismic stations from the SIEMBRA and ESP, two temporary experiments deployed in the Pampean flat slab Focal mechanism region, between the Andean Cordillera and the Sierras Pampeanas in the Argentine Andean backarc region. Fold-thrust belt In order to determine more accurate hypocenters, focal mechanisms and regional stress orientations, we Andean retroarc relocated 100 earthquakes using the JHD technique and a local velocity model. The focal depths of our relocated Flat slab events vary between 6 and 50 km. We estimated local magnitudes between 0.4 ≤ M ≤ 5.3 and moment South America L magnitudes between 1.3 ≤ Mw ≤ 5.3.
  • Seismic Hazard, Risk, and Design for South America by Mark D

    Seismic Hazard, Risk, and Design for South America by Mark D

    Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 108, No. 2, pp. 781–800, April 2018, doi: 10.1785/0120170002 Seismic Hazard, Risk, and Design for South America by Mark D. Petersen, Stephen C. Harmsen, Kishor S. Jaiswal, Kenneth S. Rukstales, Nicolas Luco, Kathleen M. Haller, Charles S. Mueller, and Allison M. Shumway Abstract We calculate seismic hazard, risk, and design criteria across South America using the latest data, models, and methods to support public officials, sci- entists, and engineers in earthquake risk mitigation efforts. Updated continental scale seismic hazard models are based on a new seismicity catalog, seismicity rate models, evaluation of earthquake sizes, fault geometry and rate parameters, and ground- motion models. Resulting probabilistic seismic hazard maps show peak ground accel- eration, modified Mercalli intensity, and spectral accelerations at 0.2 and 1 s periods for 2%, 10%, and 50% probabilities of exceedance in 50 yrs. Ground shaking soil amplification at each site is calculated by considering uniform soil that is applied in modern building codes or by applying site-specific factors based on VS30 shear- wave velocities determined through a simple topographic proxy technique. We use these hazard models in conjunction with the Prompt Assessment of Global Earth- quakes for Response (PAGER) model to calculate economic and casualty risk. Risk is computed by incorporating the new hazard values amplified by soil, PAGER fra- gility/vulnerability equations, and LandScan 2012 estimates of population exposure. We also calculate building design values using the guidelines established in the build- ing code provisions. Resulting hazard and associated risk is high along the northern and western coasts of South America, reaching damaging levels of ground shaking in Chile, western Argentina, western Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and in localized areas distributed across the rest of the continent where historical earth- quakes have occurred.
  • PDF Linkchapter

    PDF Linkchapter

    Index Page numbers in italic denote Figures. Page numbers in bold denote Tables. Abanico extensional basin 2, 4, 68, 70, 71, 72, 420 Andacollo Group 132, 133, 134 basin width analogue modelling 4, 84, 95, 99 Andean margin Abanico Formation 39, 40, 71, 163 kinematic model 67–68 accommodation systems tracts 226, 227, 228, 234, thermomechanical model 65, 67 235, 237 Andean Orogen accretionary prism, Choapa Metamorphic Complex development 1, 3 20–21, 25 deformation 1, 3, 4 Aconcagua fold and thrust belt 18, 41, 69, 70, 72, 96, tectonic and surface processes 1, 3 97–98 elevation 3 deformation 74, 76 geodynamics and evolution 3–5 out-of-sequence structures 99–100 tectonic cycles 13–43 Aconcagua mountain 3, 40, 348, 349 uplift and erosion 7–8 landslides 7, 331, 332, 333, 346–365 Andean tectonic cycle 14,29–43 as source of hummocky deposits 360–362 Cretaceous 32–36 TCN 36Cl dating 363 early period 30–35 aeolian deposits, Frontal Cordillera piedmont 299, Jurassic 29–32 302–303 late period 35–43 Aetostreon 206, 207, 209, 212 andesite aggradation 226, 227, 234, 236 Agrio Formation 205, 206, 207, 209, 210 cycles, Frontal Cordillera piedmont 296–300 Chachahue´n Group 214 Agrio fold and thrust belt 215, 216 Neuque´n Basin 161, 162 Agrio Formation 133, 134, 147–148, 203, Angualasto Group 20, 22, 23 205–213, 206 apatite ammonoids 205, 206–211 fission track dating 40, 71, 396, 438 stratigraphy 33, 205–211 (U–Th)/He thermochronology 40, 75, 387–397 Agua de la Mula Member 133, 134, 205, 211, 213 Ar/Ar age Agua de los Burros Fault 424, 435 Abanico Formation
  • ARGENTINA Salta & Jujuy: Hike Salt Flats, Jungle, & Multicolored Mountains October 12-15, 2017 (4 DAYS / 3 NIGHTS)

    ARGENTINA Salta & Jujuy: Hike Salt Flats, Jungle, & Multicolored Mountains October 12-15, 2017 (4 DAYS / 3 NIGHTS)

    PSA 2017 – SALTA & JUJUY - ARGENTINA Salta & Jujuy: Hike Salt Flats, Jungle, & Multicolored Mountains October 12-15, 2017 (4 DAYS / 3 NIGHTS) www.autenticasalta.com GENERAL DESCRIPTION trip details TRIP DURATION MEETING POINT END OF TRIP October 12-15 Airport of Salta, Salta City, (4 days/3nights) before 3 PM on October 15 October 12, 2017 ITINERARY DIFFICULTY Moderate (3) - Good physical fitness required; ~4-6 hours activity/day Altitude Salta: 1.187 masl (3.894 feet). Purmamarca: 2,324 masl (7,625 feet); Maximum Altitude Reached (by vehicle at Cuesta del Lipan en route to Salinas Grande): 4.170 masl (13.681 feet) weather 12-25 C, 52-78 F Group Size 2-12 Price per person USD $1,130 trip summary date meals DAY 1 Arrive in Salta before 3:00pm. Night in Salta. Dinner October 12 HIGHLIGHTS: MAAM (High Mountain Archaeological Museum). HOTELS (twin share): Solar de la Plaza, Ayres de Salta, Balcón de la Plaza & Villa Vicuña. DAY 2 Salta. Night at Estancia El Bordo de las Lanzas. Breakfast, October 13 HIGHLIGHTS: Hike in Las Costas Natural Reserve (4 hours, hilly) Packed lunch, & Estancia El Bordo de las Lanzas. Dinner HOTEL (twin share): Estancia El Bordo de las Lanzas. DAY 3 Estancia El Bordo de las Lanzas – Purmamarca. Night in Purmamarca. Breakfast, October 14 HIGHLIGHTS: Hike Tumbaya (4 hours, hilly), Seven Colour Mountain Packed lunch, & Salt Flats. Dinner HOTELS (single occupancy): Manantial del Silencia & La Comarca. DAY 4 Purmamarca – Salta. Night in Salta (hotel not included) Breakfast, October 15 HIGHLIGHTS: Hike with Llamas (3 hours, hilly). Lunch, Dinner [email protected] - From Argentina: 387 5220806 - From Abroad: 0054 9 387 5220806 02 Autentica Salta | EVT Leg.
  • THE ANDEAN NORTHWEST T E N a L 243 P Y L E N O L

    THE ANDEAN NORTHWEST T E N a L 243 P Y L E N O L

    © Lonely Planet 243 The Andean Northwest In stark contrast with the low, flat, humid northeast, Argentina’s northwest sits lofty, dry and tough beneath the mighty Andes. Nature works its magic here with stone: weird, wonderful and tortured rockscapes are visible throughout, from the imposing formations of the Parque Nacional Talampaya in the far south to the twisted strata of the Quebrada de Cafayate; from the jagged ruggedness of the Valles Calchaquíes to the palette of colors of the Quebrada de Humahuaca. And always to the west is the brooding presence of magnificent peaks. The area has an Andean feel with its traditional handicrafts, Quechua-speaking pockets, coca leaves, llamas, the indigenous heritage of the inhabitants, Inca ruins, and the high, arid puna (Andean highlands) stretching west to Chile and north to Bolivia. The region’s cities were Argentina’s first colonial settlements and have a special appeal. The quiet gentility of Santiago del Estero recalls bygone centuries, Salta’s beauty makes it a favorite stop for travelers, while resolutely urban Tucumán, a sugarcane capital, seems to look firmly to the future. Several popular routes await. From Salta you can take in the cactus sentinels of Parque Nacional Los Cardones on your way to gorgeous Cachi, and then head down through the tradi- tional weaving communities of the Valles Calchaquíes to Cafayate, home of some of Argentina’s best wines. Another route from Salta soars into the mountains to the puna mining settlement of San Antonio de los Cobres, heads north to the spectacular salt plains of the Salinas Grandes, and then down to the visually wondrous and history-filled Quebrada de Humahuaca.
  • The Argentine Precordillera: a Foreland Thrust Belt Proximal to the Subducted Plate

    The Argentine Precordillera: a Foreland Thrust Belt Proximal to the Subducted Plate

    The Argentine Precordillera: A foreland thrust belt proximal to the subducted plate Richard W. Allmendinger and Phoebe A. Judge Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA ABSTRACT of constructing balanced cross sections with- thickening in the lower crust, much as described out worrying about exactly where lower crustal by Bird (1988) for the Laramide Rocky Moun- The Precordillera thrust belt of west- shortening commences, how the transition from tain foreland of the western United States. ern Argentina is anomalously close, both upper crustal to whole crust shortening occurs, horizontally and vertically, to the coeval or even how the thrust plates will restore relative TECTONIC AND GEOLOGIC SETTING subduction zone of the Nazca plate. The to the trench. thin-skinned part of the belt has an unusu- The Precordillera thrust belt of western The Argentine Precordillera overlies a region ally deep décollement that is well defi ned by Argentina, in contrast, is located 350 km from of fl at subduction of the Nazca plate (Cahill industry seismic refl ection and recent broad- the Chile Trench and just 100 km above the and Isacks, 1992; Gans et al., 2011) located at band experiments. New area and line-length subducted Nazca plate. Thus the amount of the southern end of the Central Andes (Fig. 1). balanced cross sections show that the cen- crust to work with when attempting to bal- This region of fl at subduction has been linked tral Precordillera has accrued ~90 ± 21 km ance the shortening in the thrust belt is signifi - to the subduction of the Juan Fernández Ridge, of shortening since 13 Ma; much of that cantly less than elsewhere, raising questions which, because of a dogleg in its now sub- shortening occurred between 12 and 9 Ma.
  • (Jujuy) En El Siglo XX: Entre Destino Turístico Y Bien Patrimonial

    (Jujuy) En El Siglo XX: Entre Destino Turístico Y Bien Patrimonial

    REGISTROS, Mar del Plata, año 8 (n.9): 97-116. Diciembre 2012 ISSN 2250-8112 Transformaciones de la Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy) en el siglo XX: entre destino turístico y bien patrimonial Transformations of Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy) in the 20th century: between tourist destination and heritage goods Clara Mancini & Constanza Tommei Abstract Resúmen In this paper we introduce an analysis of the En este trabajo presentamos un análisis del process of heritagization of the Quebrada de proceso de patrimonialización de la Quebrada Humahuaca (Jujuy). The Quebrada has been de Humahuaca (Jujuy). La Quebrada ha sido declared World Heritage by UNESCO in 2003, declarada Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la likewise, it is one of the principal tourist UNESCO en el 2003, asimismo, es uno de los destinations of Argentina. But, how it has principales destinos turísticos de Argentina. turned into World Heritage and in a privileged Pero, cómo se ha convertido en Patrimonio tourist destination it is a part of a long process Mundial y en un destino turístico privilegiado es of at least one century. In this respect, we parte de un largo proceso de por lo menos un investigate here the paths of selection and siglo. En este sentido, nos ocupamos aquí de heritage activation of certain milestones of the indagar la trayectoria de selección y activación Quebrada de Humahuaca along the 20th patrimonial de ciertos hitos de la Quebrada de century. First, we verify how was the process of Humahuaca a lo largo del siglo XX. En primer institutionalization of the heritage of the lugar, revisamos cómo ha sido el proceso de Quebrada, from the laws and regulations that institucionalización del patrimonio de la recognize and protect heritage.
  • On the Dakar Rally Tracks

    On the Dakar Rally Tracks

    Road Trip ArgentinA2017 ON THE DAKAR RALLY TRACKS www.MONO500.com [email protected] - +33 9 77 21 52 68 (cost of European call) ARGENTINA ITINERARY ON ROYAL ENFIELD 13 days/13 nights – 12 Riding Days - 2200km – Departing from Salta / Arriving in Salta – Best season : all-year except Dec to Feb /// THE MINDSET Passionate adventurers and traditional old-school expeditions lovers, we enjoy hitting the road to unearth atypical motorcycle itineraries and share with our riders, spots and places that have enchanted us. We provide you with our organisational and logistics expertise in motorcycle travels. Our main goal is to make you discover outstanding road-trips with unrivaled itinaries. The motorcycle expeditions that we offer are the results of a thorough work. We have personally picked out all the regions and scrupulously selected every steps of your journey. /// THE ROAD TRIP We offer you to ride the classic Royal Enfield EFI 500 to go on a unique riding experience, following the tracks of this exclusive and mythical rally race, at the very heart of the Andes Mountains where immensity is the keyword. We warm up with an impressive Quebrada de las Conchas, and the journey is already bringing us on the famous Road 40. We ride toward Cafayate before striding across the stunning Qualchaqui valley. The dazzling colorful mountains range of the Quebrada de Humahuaca will leave you in awe. After riding the winding road up to the Abra del Acay, a pass culminating at 4900m high, we will reach San Antonio de los Cobres, a mining town where inhabitants have preserved their ancestral traditions.