1921. > SOCIÉTÉ DES NATIONS. LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
flossier No. RUSSIAN REFUGEES ■■ p 46
■
rk <
* Remettre DOCUMENT À— BeHETTRK CE DOCUMENT gppnml linnV r
■" Réponses, &o. (Out L etter Book) :- ^ f ^ldt~Sen M A  ^ .u ( t ^ s / ^ i z lU & u '/o 2 / _ / t t S M - , S i f / i f H > J U a I S I ' M j x ü " jîa Cy }S\ % ^C^L - / '7 " <£•*»-
J 7 _ i S 1 _ JL JtJid 'W%- y% ' ^ %/XV;
Y ’/ * ’* * # A ’„. I/ a .'*
J / . f -tVi-zW^Kv
'*- n L fa ' Jut-*/ 5 Cepies-eimynSesvxipnwr ” enroye»» ,*/*» jieur-information ' J “ÏÏT '!1 1 n V pijHaliiU»»;— précédent | U t ÿ j* , Index A. "Judex IS. "5 0 - ^ 7 ^ S ,. MSdfk J ir jiXv -1 Sommaire
Imprimé. L J2-2I2r xMii ft- f- IntsC i-kih ^ ft ■ ■ de^c^TinJjy ' Voir Leg dossil Ç T Æ ' >f ' X ^ , y ( ~ f t - J c c t^ /^ .h -ii CIÉTÉ DES NATIONS. \$Ar49^ LEAGUE OF NATIONS. Classement Qaa4MXVW , _Æ_ 30 • &^rnyWv. tLt ^^wv^^»yraJC Sec Schedule within Y Oi^>v><^aa \L t 1/ L'USAOE de c et emplacement est REMETTRE CE DOCUMENT A - REMETTRE CE DOCUMENT A - DATE DATE réservé au Registry. (En premier lieu). (En second lieu). n t l o n Réponses, & c. (Out Letter Book) : — «ee within v i r 7 / / - 4 j 2* / ‘ / “* &e- Schedu vzltt Document 1 No précédent \ . ' •• Voir les dossiers : — 1 'TON litd&'C ' - '-<< 'Wù ; ^ . -, ,V | ; ./.#fs,js! pocument i No lulvant i Prière d’inscrire les commentaires sur la feuille blanche à l'intérieur. (a) EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF WORLD'S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION AUSTRALIA - BRITISH WEST INDIES - CANADA - CHINA - CZECHOSLOVAKIA - DENMARK - EGYPT ESTONIA - FINLAND - FRANCE - GERMANY - GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND - HOLLAND INDIA AND CEYLON - ITALY - JAPAN AND KOREA - LATIN AMERICA - NEW ZEALAND - NORWAY - PORTUGAL - ROUMANIA - RUSSIA SOUTH AFRICA - SWEDEN - SWITZERLAND / ' UNITED STATES -z Cable Address------13, Avenue de Champel LINCOMIL, GENEVA GENEVA, SWITZERLAND TELEPHONE, STAND 1100 October 1st, 1921 E. A. Prick, 8sq. International Red Gross Committee 1, Promenade du Pin Geneva .z Gentleman a We take pleasure in acknowledging receipt of your communi -■VI cation under date of September 30th with reference to the Spe c ia l Advisory Committee for Russian refugee r e lie f which is to be organized. In view of our a c tiv ity on behalf of Russian refugee students in all countries of Europe, we take pleasure in being represented on th is Committee and appoint for th is purpose our Associate, Mr. Lewis '! ! . Dunn, 13 Avenue de Champel Geneva. Sincerely yours, COHHAD HOi'FiIJWH, JR. Executive Secretary OH/2 E.S.R., W.S.C.S’. Geneva, / 5th October, 1921 Dear o ir , I am obliged to you for your letter of the 1st October addressed to :.r. rick and note th a t your delegate to the ôpecial advisory Committee for Ruaaian Refugee R e lie f ia . r . Lewis . . Dunn, 13, ' venue de Champel, Geneva. Yours very tr u ly , Conrad doffmann, 2 sq . Ju n r., ;ur ope an J turl o n t ; ; j 1 i af, 13, .-.venue do Champel, r "1 EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF 'WORLD’S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION AUSTRALIA - BRITISH WEST INDIES - CANADA - CHINA - CZECHOSLOVAKIA - DENMARK - EGYPT ESTONIA - FINLAND - FRANCE - GERMANY - GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND - HOLLAND'"/ INDIA AND CEYLON - ITALY - JAPAN AND KOREA - LATIN AMERICA - NEW t . 1 ZEALAND - NORWAY - PORTUGAL - ROUMANIA - RUSSIA SOUTH AFRICA - SWEDEN - SWITZERLAND UNITED STATES IA Cable Address------LINCOMIL, GENEVA TELEPHONE. STAND 1100 ? i OCT 0q.t0.be r 19th, 1921 ?.. A. '-’ric k , Ssq.. International -*ed Cross Oomraitt 1, Promenade du Pin Geneva Dear Sir The 6'rrata to the minutes of the third meeting of the con- / / . 1'erence on Russian refugees held on September -- 19th has oome in / J the morning mail and reminds me that we have as yet not received copies of the minutes of the Utia-J-*n-l sessions which were held on th is Russian refugee m atter. If you have extra co pies available we ./ill much appreciate receiving them. Very sincerely yours, L?]*TI j 7. I'UITr 1 Associate Executive Secretary LD/3 Oenevn • •Oth October, 1921• Dear a ir , In r e p lj t o your letter of the 19th October, nddroaeed to r . Frlok, I regret that you been tornlshed with copiée of should not hr.vc the KrtMlen iiefugoe Oonferonoe, Mid the Llinutee of I , . onoloeing ooplee herewith. Yours very truly 3, r7S . Lewie - • Dunn, Buro pean btudont doll of, 13. venue de Chsmpel, C.r'.tiKVK. Leiaen 2y.XI.21 LIHOOIELL SWISS VldUM KiSFUSifiJJ ^ .lü ü * a *u WIBB IMMEDIATE. Y i\ttisMjDJSNPOII3JfiI Biixüi ü'Urt -'tiLhiOHAM ü'ÜOM TÜrJt ÏU SvVItid LtiGrA-IOM n-tiùUn 1 MAY üNTifiti t é v □ IfîTI j > i>v- EUROPEAN STÜDENT RELIEF WORLD'S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION AUSTRALIA - BRITISH WEST INDIES - CANADA - CHINA - CZECHOSLOVAKIA - DENMARK - EOYPT A ESTONIA - FINLAND - FRANCE - GERMANY - GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND • HOLLAND INDIA AND CEYLON ■ ITALY • JAPAN AND KOREA - LATIN AMERICA ■ NEW ZEALAND - NORWAY - PORTUGAL - ROUMANIA - RUSSIA SOUTH AFRICA - SWEDEN - SWITZERLAND UNITED STATES x\^ cl U rfy 13, Avenue de Chempel Cable Address------GENEVA, SWITZERLAND LINCOMIL, GENEVA & " :■ -f TELEPHONE, STAND 1100 L9* i D ecernoer zna, lyfit A C T lG t . T. j?'. Johnson, j^aq. secretary to tne tiign Commissioner xor Kussi&n Keiugees League ox INauions Geneva Dear Mr. donneon :- 1 am enclosing ine letter ox wnicn we were just talking on Lne pnone a lew m in u te s a g o . .','e s u r e l y w ill v ery much appreciate one nelp wnicn you can give us in tnis matter. 1 wiix Keep you posted as to any iurtner wo ru wnicn comes in curing tne next uay or two xrora ,-ir. acnoKKing ana will sim ilarly appreciate any xurther inx or motion wnicn youiuay g e t. Very sincerely yours, LüWld \U DUKN Associate executive secretary j u . ô . A », rt.o.U.JJ'. Af EUROPEAN STÜDE R e'l I E F WORLD'S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION AUSTRALIA - BRITISH WEST INDIES - CANADA - CHINA • CZECHOSLOVAKIA - DENMARK - EGYPT ESTONIA - FINLAND - FRANCE • GERMANY - GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND - HOLLAND -j- A INDIA AND CEYLON - ITALY - JAPAN AND KOREA - LATIN AMERICA • NEW ZEALAND - NORWAY - PORTUGAL - ROUMANIA - RUSSIA iyTH AFRICA - SWEDEN - SWITZERLAND 4ITED STATES Cable Address------LINCOMIL, GENEVA TELEPHONE, STAND 1100 Decemoer Ünu, lyZdl D r. “T i t j o i JNanaen League oi iNationa, Geneva Dear l)r. 1'anaen : - Aa you nave icnown, we nave mttae arrangements to aud to our Heauouarxe rs ataxf ncre in Geneva. a man wno w ill uc re- eponsiole so iar aa our organization la concerned in relation -g o Russian student re'liei maxtera. Tne man cnoaen is Mr. J. J. schokning, P. K. Ohoorsteg lo, Leiaen, Holland. Mr. Scnoicking planneu to join ua in Geneva on December la t, oui h recent telegram xrom him inuicates tnat ne îa naving diixicuitiea in getting tne necessary Swiss visa. 1 am enclosing copy ox tnis telegram. Ve w ill Topreciaue it ii you w ill use your good oixiues in nelping Mr. sunoKking arrange uni a paasport raatier ei trier dy taKing it up witn tne Swiss Legation in i'iie riague or .vitn tne Mdgenoessiscne /remuenpolizei in Berne or in wnatever way you aee l i t . In m e n tio n in g t n i s m a tte r to H r. :''rici< a uat or two a.go ne inaicatea tnat your oixice woulu de glad uo uo unis ii nocesaary. it may uc well ior me to state tn t Mr. ycnoeking's vominK to Geneva ior tnese next xew montna w ill not in any way ueprive any Swiss person ox work. Mr. ScnoKKing's re- lauionsnip witn our European dtuuent iteliex enterprise pre v io u s ly nas ueen a uun unau no is tne one pe r a on wno oan l i t in on t n is new worx to Dost au vantage. ;mtn very real appreciation ior your neip in tnis mauter, Uoruially y ours, IaJ t /Phamm L iU is W. DUJ 8 Associate tixeeutive secretary LD/su Geneva. i S ' NO. 45/16732/16732X 2nd December, 1921. Dear S ir , v;e have been inform ed by th e 3UR0P8AN STUDENT RiCLI'.P (World*a Student Christian Federation) that their representative in Holland, Mr. J . Sohokking, P.K. Choorstefe 15, Leiden, haa been refused a visa to orne to Geneva by the Swiss Consul in that town. '■le are informed by the European Student Relief Associatinn that Mr. Sohokking, whose services are absolutely indispensable in connection with their Russian Refugee work in Geneva, could not possibly be replaced by anyone else, and I am requested by the High Commissioner to ask if you would be so good as to take the necessary steps with your Gove n .ent in order to ascertain whether, in the special cir cumstances, it is not possible for the decision in regard to the granting of the visa to Mr. Schokting to be reversed. Yours faithfully Secretary to the High Commissioner for Russian ?.efugees. Monsieur le Professeur Delaquis, Département Fédéral de Justice et Police, .Berne. / \ ft Geneva. HO. 45/16738/16732X >\ ?rd_Decembor, 1921 Dear Mr. Dunn, In reply to your two letters of to-day's date, I have sent a l e t t e r to the Delegate appointed by the Swiss 3ove mment to a s s is t Dr. Nansen in connection with Russian Refugee questions, asking him to be good enough to take the necessary actin to secure a visa for your representative Mr. Schokking. As soon as I receive any information in regard to the matter I w ill immediately communicate i t to Yours fa ith fu lly Secretary to the High Commissioner for Russian Refugees. Lewis . Dunn, ifisq.. Associate Executive Secretary, 3.S.R. - .S.C.F., 13 Avenue de Ghaupel, Geneva. EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF W ORLT" ------~ ~ •------— — AUSTRAL HR - FINLAND - FRANCE - GERMANY - GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND - HOLLAND,!**' INDIA AND CEYLON - ITALY - JAPAN AND KOREA - LATIN AMERICA - NEW \ ZÇ/U.AITO • NORWAY - PORTUGAL - ROUMANIA - RUSSIA \ SOUTH HFRICA - SWEDEN - SWITZERLAND X ' UNITED STATES 1 Cable Address------I * (WfTnue de Champel LINCOMIL, GENEVA GENEVA, SWITZERLAND TELEPHONE, STAND 1100 T.51. Johnson, 3a v . Dec.5.1921 Société de- Nations G E IT ül V 3 . De:=r k r . Johns on, kany thanks for your note o f December 3rd in d ica tin g :the action vihi oh you he. re taken rela tiv e to kr* Sc ho k king 'a en trance to Switzerland, Since a en ding you the lei ter a on Saturday I have had a. further telegram fron kr, Schoicking which corroborates our feelin g that the probable reason for withholding the; tria a wc-s that Hr. Schokking was a foreigner cctain0 to Switzerland to participate in remunerative ./ark. As indicated on Saturday, our feeling ia that kr • Soiiokking doe a n o t come wiuhin th is regular ru lin g, as in coming for this particular activity he w ill not be in any way robbing any Sv/isa o f a p o sitio n , ia-. Schokking’s past experiences make him tbe one man who e:n acceptably f i l l this. xjoaition fox us. Corel icily yours, I k - . / i c d u h : r Genève, December 6, 1921 J Dear S ir, I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 5th inst, and to thank you very much /or the prompt action you have taken to secute the issue of a visa to enable M. J. Sohokking of Leiden to come to Geneva to undertake Russian Refugee work under the auspices of the European Student Relief , World's Student Christian .Federation. I am, Dear S ir, Yours faithfully. L-ecretury to High Commissioner for Russian Refugees. Monsieur ERMKSÏ DJSUiiUlS, Département federal de Justice et Police, Division de iolioe. fr f np r 1 r Geneva, December 6, 1921. D e a r i-o r. Dunn, i’urther to my letter of the 3rd inat relative to the action taken by the High CommiBeariat to aeoure a dwlse visa for Mr. schoxklng, 1 now enclose for your information oopy of a le tter received this morning fro m U. Delaqala, from which it appears probable that the visa w ill be granted in the near future. Yours faithfully, S e c r e t a r y to m g n vuiuulloo.lo n e r for Russian Refugees. Mr. L.W. Dunn, European Student R elief, I- , Avenue de Champel 02H1SVJS. 0 Berne, le 5 décembre 1921. Confédération suisse Département fédéral de Justice et Police Division de Police Prière de rappeler le numéro ci-dessus Monsle Je vie— — ------2 oourant.no 45/16732/16732 X concernant l'entrée en Suisse de Monsieur J. Schokk ing de Leiden. J'ai de suite transmis votre demande â 1* Office fédéral de police des étrangers avec prière de bien vouloir, si possible.donner par télégramme l’ordre d'accorder à Monsieur Sohokking un visa pour Genève. Agréez.Monsieur, 1'assurance de ma consi dération la plus distinguée. Monsieur J.J. Johnson, Secrétaire du Haut Commissaire pour les réfugiés russes, Genève• Société des Nations < r a)i EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF W O R L D ’S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION RIT1SH WEST INDIES - CANADA - CHINA - CZECHOSLOVAKIA - DEN - FINLAND - FRANCE - GERMANY - GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND - HC 1DIA AND CEYLON - ITALY - JAPAN AND KOREA - LATIN AMERICA - NEW ZEAI AND - NORWAY - PORTUGAL - ROUMANIA - RUSSIA\LAND RUSSIA SOUTH AFRICA - SWEDEN - SWITZERLAND UNITED STATES Cable Address^^i LINCOMIL. QENEVI OENEVn, SWITZERLAND TELEPHONE, StflND 110 Deo. 6, 1921 4 <■// Bear Mr. Johnson Good news comes this morning in the form of a telegram from Mr. Sohokking sent on the 5th whioh reads as follows : "Visa granted leave to-morrow morning" We certainly have you to thank" for the very effective help whioh you. have given us in getting the matter straightened out. Because of Mr. Sohokking’s responsibility on the Russian phase of our Student Relief work, I shall take* the liberty soon after his reaching Geneva to bring him to the office to introduce him to Mr. Prick and yourself. Cordially yours f. LEW IS if. BOTH Associate Executive Sec. LD/3 E.S.R., W.S.C.F. EUROPEAN STUD EM T RELIEF WORLD’S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION AUSTRALIA - BRITISH WEST INDIES - CANADA - CHINA - CZECHOSLOVAKIA - DENMARK - EGYPT ESTONIA - FINLAND - FRANCE - GERMANY - GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND - HOLLAND INDIA AND CEYLON - ITA ZEALAND - NORV SOUTH Al UNITED STATES Cable Address------«flfflvenue de Chimpel LINCOMIL, GENEVA GENEVA, SWITZERLAND TELEPHONE, STAND-1100 lei1» Johnson, Esq., Deo. 8» 1921. The League of Nations, Geneva. Dear Mr* Johnson, L....- Many tiianks for yours c£ Deo* 6th with its enolosure from M. iSrnes t Delaquis. You. w ill "be glad to know that, due to these efforts on your part, Mr, Schokking arrived in Geneva last evening. Cordially yours, LEWIS W. DIM, A ssociate iàxeoutLve Secretary, iiSR. , WSCi’i; • EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF W ORLD’S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION AUSTRALIA -BRITISH WEST INDIES - CANADA - CHINA - CZECHOSLOVAKIA - DENMARK - EGYPT ESTONIA - FINLAND - FRANCE - GERMANY - GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND - HOLLAND INDIA AND CEYLON • ITALY - JAPAN AND KOREA - LATIN AMERICA - NEW ZEALAND - NORWAY - PORTUGAL - ROUMANIA - RUSSIA SOUTH AFRICA - SWEDEN • SWITZERLAND UNITED STATES LINCOMIL, OENEV, ' ' V jtV ' /n r. Frlot, Jan . 11. 192B The League of Hat ions, Geneva# vy>. Dear Dr. Frick, As we hope very soon to be in a position to "begin Student Belief work in Russia which w ill neoessitate the sending of a non-American De legate , we should like to hare from you details as to the method of procedure in order to secure the necessary permissions for such a Re presentative to go to Russia. We have Just had an allocation of £4,000 & I n ffar the work in Russia frcm Great Britain, and hope this 5a hut one of many allocation* to tie re c eiv ed w ith in th e n e x t month o r two from Eng* land and otter countries* What is the latest word from Dr. Nansen re garding the Russian situation? Thanking you in advance for your kind help in the matter, I am, Sincerely yours, OOÜÏRAD HOP^NNJR. BxiSeo'^SR;,WS0F ï -A. Geneva. I* 12 January 1988. In reply please quote Ho.4 6 ,16?S$&/1673£, Conrad Hoffmann ,aq»fJr.. European Student R e lie f, 13 Avenue de Chompol, Geneva. ear r . Hoffmann, In the absence o f r , r ic k , who w ill not be bac* for another week, I suggest that you n ight apply to r . Vauoher, Comité International le Secoure a la u e s ie , 5 .'ass are dee Lions, who w ill probably be able to plve you f u l l Infor mail on a s to the steps to be taken to secure permission for your represen tative to tr a v e l to R ussia. Yours very truly. Acting Secretary to High C om m issariat. r February y k l t , 1928 Don - Mr Hoffmann, j2a Dr Hansen received your l a t t e r of February 14th oonoemlng your work ana your relation with the O.I.K., sb he wae in the middle of hie tour hero in Europe. He was so busy that ho wae not able to reply to it at onoo, but he asked me to pend you a note acknowledging it and telling you that he ie very deeply interested in the whole subject with whioh i t d ea ls. He hopee to be able to eend you s h o rtly i h ''la 9 0 py of a note whioh has been o iro u late d to the Members of the League of Hâtions b:_ the Czeoho-Slovak Government and ' of a covering memorandum whioh ho himself has written and oiroulated. He has also sent copies of your letter and memorandum to Mr F rick and to the League o ffic e in Geneva. in the hope that they may be able to discuss the matter \r with you. Believe me. Yours sincerely. Conrad Hoffmann E sq ., 13, avenue de Ohampol, G3HEVA, SWITZ^MHP. COPY. X February Piet, 1922. Dear ?riok I send you herewith oopy of a l e t t e r and memor andum sent to Dr Hansen by Mr Hoffmann of the European Ftudent Relief, I think it ie a memorandum of real irr.portanoe, I am afraid I am rather out of touch with the whole thing, but I have a feeling that something good might these people. In any ease their work has a ntion to the 0zeoho-Elovakian memorandum and to i,u“' nu oo wuioh we are now "’•A. Priok "'eq., Intnrrotkreuz, 4, Tierflrartenstrasse, 3 1 r t, i it. P.S. perhaps you w ill prepare a d ra ft reply fo r Nansen to send to their specific enquiry. It seems to me that Hoffmann is evidently rig h t b u t, as I say, my know ledge of the matter is superficial. . 1-y, . /enuo ue 1] . 1 /ebru&ry l'.. i. : r. . r i d t j o f .mil Denr Lr. i.'snsan, e hftve been dlecusoin,- with representatives of tho C .l.j., pertioularl/ wlth llr. .ohoiutlng, and i-r. /anchor of mar organisation, the qmotlon of ludent relief #pt* in usula am) f ,r . ushlun raf-agea students, i tn » t 7 0 j hr» suiYleiontl.v •-oil acquainted with tha work of the iti methods ami spirit of administrât in tu form on opinion of ita efficiency or Iuok of e ffic ie n c y . Phe hiph oonvnondutijiib which hi-vu bear, , i/a n 0 jr worn b ia d lv id u sls ll* e Uou June Aod&as, ''runic . . -/underlip, ' r . H erbert itoovur and o th u re, land on to be lie ve th a t our- work ranm, high fro:' thu standpoint of e ifio io n c j. i*hi> r.raueut p -oroeal of tha .1. J. to i.jnoh out on a mor-i or lour. Indu pendent Student elle# enterprise la one which - x i h*".rtllv 1 eioos.e f r >: ■ the standpoint of the Interest It rani fat te in bringing ; lef to atacente. ’)-• tha other hand It a:.,.aura t > us )i phi/ unwise to e-tabilr.h u ni> stuu ir.t "-311.if e n te r p ris e . Phe re c u it w ill be liatiulot a to both. a should mud, .re f nr to ea 1 tha C .l . .. e f f o r t beooae an in te g ra l p urt of >ur orpanlsiit ion. "ha prorow Is a» submit Lad to as for a basis o f oo- r a re ti on iur-j bucv, th a t ie cr-nnot - ccor t -nd Vj h*fe ... vo i. oo-mtvr j.ropoaal ooj • of vhioh 1 enoloee herewith for riur benefit. In view of the foot th;-1 u, to dite the v. l.has reloei; lees thnn - of jut total funds oui- Htanapolnt a eyas to oe v t if iu d . i r..& riot c lo u r o f /our cttil.ide Dut aino-rel/ hope you may feel in view of uur work ^iLtiflou in nco.T.nandlng that the C.l. C. launch its effort but that thu 00mo should b > r,d e p-.rt of rur ,-jneral scheme rather than an independent e:Tort. u W: levy in contrallz&tion. e are prepared to give the c.l. .. fu.l representation m. i'Uthorit/ to UMvide where fund. •uIbsU by tho C.l.,;. w* to b . edrUnletereu; but *e fi-H to appreciate the lo’io of tho criticism that the Christian spirit In which -‘-e urj dolnv jr workle objectionable. - a a mai ter of f-ot, ,1 have ■ SA-Jd Jo ho*»: in,t to C,ko to our Geneva of flea .m-imI / because of th_- fact thc.i tha in .Holland hai. been so h e lp fu l i . :.ielng ::.une/» fo r our a n te r- |.rl te• to te, «rever, iollend ii ti.e only country in which the ...;. h*c ranojrjc cj:isid irable uuSlntiinue. i shall La glaa for on/ hei; ”0j oi-n u'iva to forestall n duplicité unu inaapanaent effort, this >t fro a «n :« lfis > s Uindi o in t, Lut boot. i*e - r i a c . r o l / ie llo v e a ua« inde endunt of-’ort w ill Injure the Oi.uce of - tuuent ' e l le f r a th e r than prom it e a», id v..-.use. 1 uhu ,1 :nuoh vefar 1 to hi. vo opportunity to diecuss thlu icutter with /ou In para in, but olrcumutnnces ' do not permit, ana 1 auut therefore resort to the letter method. lnoei f i î / x ' „»edl,..s to er-.y, w ivre fl«U lo note this iTOr.juswtf'lntireat or. th«. --rt o f 7 u r o reranlM ttIon in Student e l l e f wor* -uiu he u rt 11:/ woloo™ the s&me. ... i, r oi te 'h. t /ou ». raprer. »v.ti B a t, toe th. ; il. - ■ / , * nd »re therefore :.aültioiwl unu lneme-sed ' 'ellef of need.r prepared to entur upon i» i «6 t iofly oii .eruwltto! (1) It li mùeratodd tn*»t the i..»."» turf»aireaient* es they exist :t praeeet are to continue for thu b;. lance or t- le uniTirait/ w -r , s<- r « t l l i • ut une tnat where /our niant 1 an h;-a ee-oi • -t >« wit.-. us In the collodion o." i.u ioze, they ill cantine to du eo for thle period of tire. (21 l t lu understood th a t t lo *1i..le d is e «selon a p lia i quiietlin of ütaftent ellef ln " aiivle on tho 011e h.iud vnd ro.’ iffde e tn V m ti jn the o th e r. lia eoceapanylni? chart «lvee th. w n y . 1 b-eir of ergi-nloatlon t wtlfcoh w-i ur.j proper ,v ta a.çree. It should î>e born In alnd that up te ente 1»»* tn»»< V- ;■ or our total funde o*n be s-ttrlbutod ae h u r ln g b-ien rn leo ù through tlie co-or.eratlon of the 0.1. .. 81 -a lle rV i t « h - > ^ be re:j*n.hwred th e t ln orth *nù 3oitli Anerlott, ln «el», ln «.frlo» no re|.reeentotlon et* the - , 1.... exists: al .llarl /, that ln (Irent ftrltaln wtille the ool^eotions jreiiM bl r ooour under tho tiusplcos of the Ia.erU l «r ' ellef -’und, there existe s stooI^ ,-nlvor- eltles' .:o -ultteo whlok le reeponalble for thv 'Itielent 'elief 00 jeotlonu. Vhle Coailttee lu lur#®!/ m a ■ ai- o f .-etieretion se-üOers ene th e a e tu a l collootlotis are , ro«>teti by the rrltiah Christlt.n iituw-nt • ove:wnt. In faet hikye U.-ju to ld th a t th 0 . 1. il. udiabor» ln ;ni--U'.u; m fiised to i.S6Ji:e reapoiislbllit/ for 00 m otion of funds la Groat »rlt&in feeling ti»t they were not »tron#ç enou^ to undertHito the difficult teSK lnrelwed. , e appreciate that particularly ln Holland *nc robabl/ 1 - .France and »el»lum tne -.1. iwr be in ü better position to collect funua lth reference to the fields of ad-alnlst. etion. we are i re urea to fkClliUte t.w installation of a 0. 1. . . rec u -e ee n U ti/e ln .is la who i s to j-d.-alr.leter - . 1. :. fu-ais. .utturslly such » representative, esfweiall z If lie entereu .Sbla throu,$n our facilities, would be subject to the su-ae reUulutlone to <-hloh the rei resentatlfes are suLjeOt, I.e. he wcuio be compelled to ablue b / th e a.;.-eeaente o f th e ...... anu o f the '.a..een J o m l tte o with the üovlet authorities. ;Jl-.llarlz, such a re, resentatlve «ou.d ue aaal«neu t.» eu-.ie *M»elfto ui.lveraltz centre or oentree ln • ussia us ln the cose «1 >1 t :® -tierloan and uon— Mrloan rei resent&tlvea of the ...... 1 . i-Lailerly., tne aaentutlve ln -oueffc oeuld send f.v.ds for usalan refugee student worit e t ragfue t . .. representative at ruguei but here aos* division * of aotlvltloo bat-i»on the i.U.S. representative :-nd the <»•!. <• rapr isentatlve would bu neoeaeary o would sugr; ■u t u r e l l y throughout the above arrangement* the 4.3.H. wj ilc r .servo the r ig h t to administer lto "ellef In the s p i r i t I t he* don» *> up to d a te . 1 : no way would th e deolstone »* to dlntributlOB o f Ü.B.H. fundc be subject to the r a p p roval of th e 0 .1 .4 . o r vioo re re t. Should th is proposition prove.acceptable, a further oosfer-iiioe w.ll, be neOute&ry in oro«r ta det.irr.ine In whlori co n trie* the U .l. i. as oontrnutjd with the rt.ù.n. . hai; i.i.6ame responsibility for th-i oo.luotlon of funds. ?hle will be neee».- ery to ar>ld duplication or competition of appelle. "e uro ftlRd to fts»»rj t;ie '-.I.-i. tnat. In such fields -here th*'- ao .une responsibility for the oolleotlone wo shall urge the hearty uo-oporutlin Of the orId's Utndent U hrletl'in KiederMijn. a should be glad If on further ooui-ldorntlon the C.I.... could sue Its uv olufir to eo-o;;e «to 1:. the u1.1j.1R. enterprise rather thon to lnunoh out dr. » more or leas Independent effort. ,i should ni») l,se to urge that for wffioloncy it would he highl t desirable for tho C .l.i. to confine It* efforts solely ana entirely to Student "ellef r»ther than to atleapt the muoh larger unturprls* o' professorial and r-tauent relief. Organisatlone alr.ad/ exist for relief of university professors. 1 thlruc o f the Gosrslttee under J-of«ssor MIjuioIb’s lead.irnhip on tho m e nanti nad the large funds ]>laoed at tho disposal of the l.H .l. for r e lie f or profeseors by the American Coir,wnweu 1th k'una. I t dove not se-ira sloe to extend or o r» nise a new co- - tte e fhon cossxlttoos a ir end.' e a ls t to handle o given tuttc. , snail await with in térêt you- opinion ;-j|ardinfr the above proposnle. J'-:. Ixeoutlve secretary, f )«X ' . V f ^ X v 1' X •' ^*9-'V 3 1 ''' 4"K " Cv • XT ^ i 1\ , , I ^ MA JOB JCBHSOH. J l X V JlS/H 'fSij* Please enter in the Registry and let have your views. f C L j b jS- /«■« ^stcc. i.t V t - v A - k C v - u | ~ f -6VÎ, r 0 B H 8 V A. 46/16732/X 21at Maroh 1922. Dear S ir, v/ith further refaronoe to your letter to Or. Nanaen, dated February 14th, to whioh U r. Bater aent a reply on the 21st, I shall be Vory glad to dlaouae with you the plana of the European student Relief with reference to Ruaaian refugee students inoBurope. I t is preeumed th at by now you have oo.ae to 30:110 working agreoment with the C.I.iS, under vAiuh both organisations concerned may be in a position to help Dr. Nansen in his èndeavouro to saaiat the 10,000 Ruaaian refugee^ students for whom no accommodation has been found as yet. I should be very tdad i f you could find time to come to our office at the League. I know you are extreme ly busy and that thia is aakintr a rçood deal, but aa my secretary, Mr. Johnson, ia far more c inversant with the question of refugee students than I am, I think it would be useful if you could discuss the matter with him also. Believe me, dear Sir, Yours faithfully. Assistant HiRh Commissioner for Ru aian Refugees.- Conrad Hoffmann,ffmann, Seq., European Student Reliuf, 1? Avenue de Chnmpel, r W ‘‘ * G EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIE P. WORLD'S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION 12, Avenue de Champe1, Geneva, Switzerland. BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION All too few people are familiar with the tremendous struggle that thousands of European students are having in^completing their university work. The following items, chosen almost at random from the flow of correspondence and of printed matter that comes to our office, may give a further glimpse of t.nis difficult situa tion and a partial indication of the ef forts of the European Student Relief to be of service to these struggling students. r n # V QVDH TIC H IL L S ------HOT EAR IwffAY (Tho following is part of a leaflet used by the Universities' C om i t tee, Imperial .ar Relief Fund, in their recent successful money raising effort in the üuiss winter sports resorts. Mr. Harold Gibson, TJho mad.; the tour, secured gifts totalling over fe 1 .0 0 0 ,) Good Snow; Thermometer 15 degrees below zero; - means - For« 1OU For the Student ,.t the best of the Winter In all University Centres in Sports Centres. Central ISurope; e.g., in Vienna, Prague, r7arsaw, Petrôgrad, etc. Blue skies; snow just right Grey skies; raw cold; garret and for skiing; ice in perfect Universit3'r without heat, light or condition A huge appetite and four A huge appetite, and a day's work square meals a day. on one cup of cocoa and a slice of bread. ' Too hot in winter sports' Kit Shivering in his old uniform, no in that blazing sun. socks, bad boots, no underclothes, no overcoat. "fork out of sight, out of ïïork 16 hours a day , studry plus mind. manual labour ; for he must earn Home at dusk to roaring logs From ice-cold classroom through and central heating, dinner, icy streets to ice-cold bed. dancing, and so to bed. That "perfectly fit” feeling 60 per cent. unfit, with that of courage and die :>r. "down and out” feeling that leads to despair and suicide. ..n average picture, isn't it ? £0, unfortunatel1/, is this. "^ 1 » IS - Y B T This Student is the hone of his Country. Poland. Czechoslovakia, the Baltic States, Russia, etc., are suffering from a desperate shortage of doctors, engineers, agricul turists. teachers, men trained in Lav; and Economics for the Civil Service. During the Typhus epidemic there was one doctor to every 1 35 00C inhabitants in Galicia. In the last few years 30.000 doctors have died in Russia - a third of the total Medical Profession of Russia. Only the Universities can supply that need; but Student "ife in Central Europe is being crushed out by the conditions out lined while Professors and I Zen of Learning are dying of malnutri tion and consequent disease, and are without the books and equip ment necessary for research and scientific advance. One-tenth ot the Professors in the University of Vienna have died since che armistice. By helping the European Student Relief we help them to help the::iselves. This Student is the hope of our Country. The collapse of learning in Central Zurope deprives Science and Research in o u t own land of the weight’/ contributions we look for and have received in the past from Vienna, Budapest, Cracow, etc. Moreover, the solution of our own economic problems is wrapped up with University restoration in Central Burope. Without trained leadership, normal economic functioning is impossible in any coun try . TJithout the economic recovery of Central "Zurope we are ^doomed to continued and severe unemployment in all T.‘estern Lands, for re vival of foreign trade is impossible till improved exchange creates markets for Western goods in Central Durope and Russia. "1 EXTRACT ERCM A L^T'TTO TROM MES.. MORTIMER EARLE, REPRESENTATIVE OF STUDENT RELIEF IB LHOW, POLAND. DATED 25th JANUARY, 1 922., " ...... The girls at the Women's Hostel pay 15 Marks apiece for their morning cup of cocoa.. (This would be less than a. farthing or about one-third of an American cent.) This arrangement was made by Miss Czecz and the girls themselves.. The boys are so poor ana needy that I felt badly to charge them at all.. Some were even dis posed to decline the cocoa when they heard it would cost them daixy 15 Marks,- This shows you how poor they are.. They will be so happy now to hear the cocoa is a free gift from us.. " I have visited these students who live miserably in groups of 16 to 22 in vacant rooms of large public-buildings, wiuhout wash- stands, or bowls, or pails, or wardrobes, or even nails on the wall, without chairs ("khey sit on their trunks or beds, or an impro 1 seat made of two sticks of firewood, one propped crosswise on the other) with only one tiny oil lamp on a small table in a room whe nine beds are. The result is that they can neither keep clean nor decent nor can they study after dark,. I should love to get them simple furniture ! They drink out of tin cans and own one spoon among 4 persons.. Not a mirror anywhere ! " HHAT ONE AMERICAN FIVE DOLLAR BILL DID An American friend of European students sent a five dol. ar note just before Christmas with the request that it be used for .Holi day gift to one or more needy students,. Two dollars were sent to our representative in Hungary, and a Budapest woman medical student was chosen.- She needed clothing baa ly, but preferred to use the money in purchasing a much-coveted text book which had been beyond her financial reach.. Another two dollars were sent to Prague and bought boxes filled with nuts and apples and a book each for two girl _ students and one man student who were ill in the hospital over Christmas.. The last dollar went to Poland. Mr., Manry, the European Student Relief representative, writes about it in this way "On the recently sent by you I realized 2475 Polish marks, and this sum was sufficient to provide eggs and butter for one month for a medical student who is in the hospital of the Holy Infent, Warsaw, for an operation on his throat. Dr. Haigh learned of this student's need, and the gratitude of the poor fellow was pathetic.. He said, "I did not send for you, and yet you have come to me , and this seemed to impress him as wonderful." After suchreturns on her investment you will not be surprized tc know that thisfriend of the work from the States has now asked us to locate someRussian student who needs a bit of encouragement, ~1 WHAT IT COSTS EUROPEAN STUDENTS TO LIVE TODAY k AS CONTRASTED WITH PHEWSt COSTS 01? LIVING TN WAR SAT? Prewar - Roubles Subsequent - Polish Marks__ : Price of Price of Month's Month's : Total Date : boots. Suits. Room rent Board : Cost 20.00 : 58.00 Prewar : 4.00 12.00 . 12.00 525O.OO : 19000.00 January 1 .. 1 921 :4000.00 8000.-00 1750.00 December 1 921 :1 0000.00 27500.00 ' 8000.00 15000.00 : 60500.00 * IN VIENNA Austrian Crowns. Prewar 16.50 60..00 25-00 60..00 161.50 January 1 . 1921 1200,00 8000.00 600.00 1300.00 11200.00 December 1921 1 5000.00 50000.00 1400.00 14000.00 . 80400.00 In Prague Czech Crowns. Prewar 6.50 30.00 10.-00 40.00 86.00 January 1 ,1 921 170..00 600.00 200.00 60O..OO 1570.00 ! 8 December 1 921 157.00 525.00 300 .-00 600.00,'0. : 1582.00 ULSnPAE-EgT Hungarian Crowns : Month’s : 1 Month's : Total :Price of Price of Cost. Date .‘boots. Suits. : Room rent : Board : 183.OO Prewar : 1 3.00 70.00 : 40.-00 : 60.00 : 6600.00 January 1,1921 : 1000,00 3750.,00 : 750.-00 : 1100.-00 : 8450.-00 December 1 921 : 1100..00 4500.00 : 750.^0 : 2100.-00 IN BERLIN German Marks. Prewar 18.00 80 .-00 37-50 . 145.00 : 280.50 January 1 ..1 921 175.00 1 200.-00 110.00 600.00 : 2085.00 December 1 921 3OO..OO 2000.00 200.00 1100.-00 : 3600.00 EXCHANGE RATES Approximate amounts of foreign currencies purchasable with one American dollar in cities and at times as indicated,. Date Warsaw Vienna : Prague : Budapest Berlin Prewar 2 Rbls. 5.,00 : 5.00 5.00 4,25 January 1 4 921 657-75 Po] 438.50 ! 89.80 587.25 73.-90 . Mki June 1 .. 1921 1020.-50 431 ..30 : 68.-20 195.40 62.-75 October 31 «-1 92 4037.00 2180.-00 : 106 ..90 778.60 181 .-70 December 31.1921 2771.00 2628.85 ! 75.20 640.-80 168.10 t ht: r e f u g e e s t ü e e m t Of all the pictures in student life probably the most distress^ one is that of the refugee students scattered broadcast tl ^ hance Europe without home or money or, in many cases the ri ht o t le0 to work, due to the difficult unemployment situation in tnecoi where the refugees find themselves.. The following quo tat 1 ft-trn reports of our European Student Relief field repres Bus si an Refugee Students in Poland __ "After many difficulties with the n u m e r o u s permissions and necessary to become disinterned and come to the city, g P ty-two Russians cane from the Internment Camp at Tuchol fair- the threads of their interrupted education., uome 01 t h e by ly good army uniforms, some were in rags. One man was p i c k e d up the police on his way from the station because he was are . ^ remnants of an old Cossack uniform. Two others were ^h |_pearea 0n suspicious characters and locked up t h e first time tncy app hongka the street. We had straw mattresses waiting for uhem in t - , Hostel, where places had been given by the Polish S t u d e n t s Or aniz^ tion (iratnia Pomoc).. Next, a minimum of clothing w a s needed so all could attend the University. After this they gradually me 0ed into the general group of the impossibly needy students. "57hen the men come in from the camps they are of course well popu lated, for vermin are inevitable in prison camp life .- Wit tv- present they constituted a source of danger to themsenfprtions other students, and we arranged a s e r i e s of baths the city, at one of the îmmigrsjit concentration points ju^t outside t , which ended this nuisance. "Up to the present time there has been practically no odd and free clothing available and we ^ v e been forced to^uy^chcap.goo meet the needs of Jiose caseo vhat uimplv the present clothing. Books we cannot provide_ each man witn wi ^hich is budget and we arc therefore getting a relj^e hooks are almost increasingly meeting this ^ ® d: 5 g C|re°in1 the hands of speculators prohibitive since most ot the texts are in tne no who hope to sell them in Russia. Armenian Refugees at Smyrna "If students could see these Armenian students who have come to us the past few weeks, their hearts would be greatly moved-Twenty thousand refugees have come into our harbour, only four thouuand of these refugees have been permitted to l ^ v / c ^ f e . ^ l n ^ L s u s 7 O f * " dents. To-day I got a letter from St.. Paul s Co-iege m îarsus. ux their nearly three hundred students only fifty now remain. .. -e have been able to save acme of the students from these refugees^ Some of these boys from Tarsus have nothing save the summer clothes in which they arrived. Mot one of uhem has a s . one has 11 overcoat, and few of them have a n y underwear Yet with out exception, I can say they are fine, earnest young me ,^ ^ thirty of them now wholly deP®n.4®ntTSESna“| ,keen inïelïectuaSly, many to do anything we give tfiem to d o . Thêy are Keen i ^ of them. The hope of the future lies in them, «early ail 0 1 suffered the loss of all things - homes, families “ rthl; go»is. . have been in prison, condemned to death, }>eaten. Yet they ha ve p their SDirit bright and they have not lost their_smiles. It g- P to look into their faces. Our college took them in because we counting on the European Student Relief Fund. Russians in Constantinople The following clipping from a Constantinople paper, while s h o w i n g the p-eneral Russian situation in that city, is equally . r, +v,esn as tie students are concorned, for the students make up part refugee camps referred to:- "The hopeless part of the refugee camps here is that 00“ ^ï:[™iLss cannot improve until the men get work. Ability, train! g , m,fn count for nothing. There simply is no work in c°“stantinople. When ex-generals in tattered uniforms are selling Jif® business streets, when composers are seeking work as day la “Te mechanical engineers earning a pittance as porters, and cul i clerks men, who speak five or six languages fl u e n t l y , glad to work as clerks for Ltq. JO (?18 or È4..1 O.Od..) a month, what chance has an illiterate refugee "Idleness and overcrowding make the camps abominable places.During these raw days, when the cold of the incessant drizzle is par i c ar- lv penetrating, there is nothing for these wretched refugees to do but huddle closely around the few flickering fires.- Misery here has plen ty of company. A Typical Refugee His father is a Pole, his mother an American-Pole.. He lived in the United States until he reached the fifth grade of grammar school. The Russian Revolution found the family in Kiew, For some two years the boy has not heard from his father or mother.. His medical classes au the University of Warsaw keep him busy daily from 9 -A.M.- 1until o P.M., and on alternate nights he acts as night-watchman, for which he is paid 9«26o Marks per month (about jfJ.QO or 15/-)* This sum, his only source of income, is less than the absolute minimum necessary ior existence. He is able to get along by the fact that he gets a free breakfast (furnished by the European Student Reliefy and is able to purchase from the Students' Cooperative Organization a lunch at a groatly reduced price. WÏÏA.T PEOPLE a r e th i l t k i n g m d s a y i n g j?rank xi.. Vanderlip, noted /uïiorican banker and careful observer oï economic conditions', at a meeting of British bankers in London said A "I have just visited every European country except Spain and jcandino.via, and have not representative people of all classes. I have since seen a great doal of the European Student Relief of the Moderation in Constantinople, tiofia, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, T,;arsaw and Berlin. The general impression I have carried away is that this work is the noat "promising in its results of any undertaking in human welfare... The Lensas, where cheap food can be obtained, are conducted with the greatest economy, and, as far as I can see, the intelligence of the work which is being done is almost bayond challenge. iTothing but an indomitable desire for education would enable students to carry on in spite of the almost insuperable difficulties and hard ships which they are facing... "Students of to-day are the destined leaders and rulers of the near future. If this great experiment in democracy, forced on these countries by the Treaty of Versailles, is to be sucessful, these countries must have trained leaders. "One of the greatest features of the European Student Relief is the strong co-operation between different races which it promises and brings to'realization, inspiring something of"real brotherhood, amongst conflicting races..." Dr. Reinhold Schairer. lanaging Director of the T/irtschaftshilfe of the German Student enschaft :- 5,If ever the question is raised as to who is1 guilty of peace,1 then the friends and workers of the European Student Relief must be mentioned among those of the first rank; for, through their actions, they have brought to us Germans proof that peace, brother hood of nan and friendly relations among nations do not need to be mere phrases, but can be realised through integrity and sacrifice. " In "The Christian Century" dated January 1 2th, 1922, Rev. Charles 7. Gilkey of the Hyde Park Baptist Church, Chicago, 111. U.S.A. — rites on the topic : "Is Europe Convalescing". The following para graph taken from this article will interest you: "Miss Jane .-.ddams has told on both sides the Atlantic the moving stor-r of the Belgian woman carried over into Germany during the war anti forced to labor there, who when she returned to Belgium after the armistice took up a collection and carried it back herself to feed the hungry German children in whom she had become personally interested. Those who know trhat Italy in spite of her own poverty has done for Austrian children, and Switzerland for many of her neighbours, and now Germany herself for the Russian famine, will recognise that under all the passions and divisions of war new ties of human kindness have actually been established. In the pre sence of great common necessities, lesser differences tend to fade into the background. A man who knew Europe well said in London last summer that the real peace-no.k-jrs had not been diplomats and confe rences at all (too often nuite the contrary), but such enterprises of good will and morcy as the Priends’Relief and the European Student Relief", HELPING STUDENTS IN THEIR COOPERATIVE BUYING In many of the countries the European Student Belief is giving active help to the student cooperative organizationsl hoping in this_ way to help establish these permanent groups which will continue their work long after European Student Relief has left the scene. Because of the international character of our organization we have frequently been able to buy more advantageously than the local student groups, as evidenced in these recent figures from Poland. At this time the exchange was about 12.000 Polish marks to the English pound. WÀRSA.W LWQÏÏ OTIR PRICE Large forceps...... 800 1 .000 240 Small " ...... 800 900 1 80 Scalpel...... 800 850 400 Triangle 30°...... 700 750 380 » 4 5 0 ...... 600 700 500 Protractor, steel...... 1 00 1 50 80 " Celluloid...... 500 ...Not available______200 Compass set complete...... 3.000 and up 3.600 and up 1 .600 Boxwood rule...... 2.500 2.500 1 .400 P.. P. » s BUDGET FOR THE MONTH OP NOVEMBER 1921 . (P.P. is a Vienna student near the end of his course, plays seve ral hours - once or twice a week - in coffee houses to earn money, and works also 2 hours daily with an optician.) The expenses mentioned include reduced prices for food, rooms, mid-day and evening meal at îtensa, reduced class fees for a Native Austrian. Income: Expenditure : Through playing Lodging...... K 300.- coffee houses.... K 7.000.- Service...... K 1 0 0 .- For work done for Laundry...... -K 300.- an Optician.... . K 2.000.- Light...... K 300.- Gift from the Eu Rationed Food...... K 500..- ropean Student Mensa (Student belief...... K 5.000.- Kitchen) ...... K 1 -000.- Tram...... ,K 800.- Class fees for medical courses...... X 4.000.- Repairs on a suit.. . .IC 4.000.- Miscellaneous expenses...... ]< 1 .000.- K 14.000.- IC 1 2 ..3OO.- BS5IHQ FiESÜLTS. This will warm your heart as it did ours. It is from a letter written 3 February, i 92.2 , by R.H. Legate, our Field Representative for Hungary :- "We have had three big snows since you were here in January and to day it is snowing heavily, There has never been a time in the past month when the ground has not been covered with snow. I have never been so happy in all my life for any piece of work which we have done as the satisfaction I have from the knowledge that practically ever}»- student in Budapest has a warm overcoat to tide him over this severe time. Most students have also had warm socks ; more than a thousand of them have shoes, and another thousand have had their old shoes repaired and put in first-class condition. Hearly two thousand have received underwear and a thousand are now wearing suits of clothes received during the past three months. It makes a world of difference. "Their hostels are just as bleak and cold as they were when you visited them a year ago. There is still the same lack of heat and bedding, but there is not the sane suffering because of the facts enumerated above. I honestly think they are truly grateful for these comforts." AN APPRECIATIVE STÜDSNT Dear Sir, My aim, and end, in the reaching of which I was prevented by four severe j^ears of war and by the hardships following this time, I reached at last yesterday. I have my diploma ! In my great happiness, I remember with a thankful heart those fellow-students and benefactors who sent their farthings to us po.or Hungarian University students who are struggling along on our way towards our end among our thousand cares, sometimes ill and broken down, but with unrelenting perseverance. With a thankful Hungarian heart I remember those who, by their unselfish help, enabled me to continue my studies with all my strength, and who made it possible for me to become so soon a useful workman of my beloved county and afterwards a humble member of your noble and charitable Federation. Yours truly, an 7,TCPKHSSinu ni? FRIENDSHIP AND XT3 RESPONSE A student conference was held in - t o o u a r y a t Asilonmr California, tt q whan delecctes were present from colleges a n d universiiie ^ Neva!! and California. The following resolutions were passed, bÿ them:- "•Vhpreas realizing the present distress and suffering of our fellow students of Barope, we the students of the Pa cific Southwest gathered in conference at Asilomar, Cali fornia, do hereby RESOLVE : I To send to these students through Mr. Conrad ’ Hoffmann, the American student representative in Europe, this expression of our united sym pathy and concern. II. To pledge our best effort to get the student bodies of the institutions we represent actively behind the nation-wide campaign for European Student Belief. III. That in the giving of material relief and in other expressions of good will we desire to strengthen the bonds of friendship and brother hood with these students of Europe and to in crease the spiritual solidarity of students everywhere.11 Signed: George M- Day Student Secretary from Russia Boy J„. Pryor Stanford University (oenior) S., J. Walker Whittier College (Senior) H„. M. Sein Univ. of California (Senior; (Student from Mexico) We are adding the response that was sent back by students in 0 zechoslovakia:- ‘'We, the Student Committee of the European Student Relief Czechoslovakia, representing the following nationalities. Bulgarians, Czechs, Germany, Jugoslavs, Polish, Roumanian, Russian, Ïodkarpatska Bus, Magyar and Jewish, are sending to you our sincerest thanks for vour sacrificing work which has been of such help ■to 1us during the times of hardships. We are much obliged to you and therefore we would like to be in touch with you and if possible sometimes express our crratitude personally and tell you what is on our hearts.. We are working for the support of students and readily acknowledge your noble generosity in the help you have given to us. Hoping to see you sometimes !” For the European Student Relief Committee ( S.. Podbalkansky, in Czechoslovakia ( Andrei Vimko ( Jansky. DO SUISSE LA POUR REPRÉSENTANT 4, BOUL. DE LA TOUR TOUR LA DE BOUL. 4, r ER T O N N A H O J HENRI TELEPHONE, STANDLIN GENEVA COM 1100 IL, 'Cable Address — EUROPEAN E V È N E G RDS TDN CRSIN FEDERATION CHRISTIAN STUDENT ORLD’S W . > . v AUSTRALIA BRITISH - CZECHOSLOVAKIA CANADA WEST CHINA •INDIES • • DENMARK - EGYPT - ESTONIA FINLAND - FRANCE - • GERMANY GREAT - BRITAIN AND IRELAND HOLLAND - Monsieur K. de Watteville^ etmns distingues. sentiments ud o ad pohi as e crn d l’après-midi. l de ccurant le dans prochain mardi ou lundi e uiestie suisses. universitaires les eqes os oms n apr dn ls ifrne vl - vil différentes les dans avec rapport en russes sommes diplômes et nous lesquels étudiants aux relatives questions vous * Je désirerais désirerais Je * vous e s vu are l cmliac d e ie n edz - rendez un fixer me de complaisance la auriez vous si der des oeuvres de secours e.i faveur des réfugiés russes, russes, réfugiés des e.i faveur secours de oeuvres des je prends la liberté de m'adresser à vous pour vous deman deman vous pour vous à m'adresser de liberté la prends je Monsieur, INDIA AND CEYLON ITALY - - JAPAN AND KOREA LATIN - AMERICA NEW - ZEALAND NORWAY - PORTUQAL - ROUMANIA - RUSSIA - jj Veuillez agréer, Monsieur, 1 'expression de mes mes de 'expression 1 Monsieur, agréer, Veuillez bureau votre à jré votre à rendre me pourrais Je Ayant appris que vous vous occupiez spécialement spécialement occupiez vous vous que appris Ayant aas e a S.d.N. la de Palais SOUTH AFRICA SWEDEN - SWITZERLAND - UN K STUDENT NTD STATES UNITED Gonève. r. 'entrete-ir avec vous de plusieurs plusieurs de vous avec 'entrete-ir ERSNAT OR A SUISSE LA POUR REPRÉSENTANT UOEN TDN RELIEF STUDENT EUROPEAN //(pi. W. S.W. C. F. RELIE" F e 1 as 1922. mars 31 le *— * GENEVA, SWITZERLAND 3 Aeu d Champel13, de Avenue R E L II -y/Af 02? Dr. Nitobé, June 16, 192£ The league of Nationa Dear Dr. Mtofcé Enoloaed please find pamphlet giving a brief account of a rather interesting and auooeaaful venture in internationaliam. The conference described a demonatration revealing the very marked influence in promoting international underatanding and co operation which the European Student Relief haa had in the courae of ita two yeara' activity. Sincerely youra, COBRAD HOFFMANS JR. Executive Secretary, ESR., WSCF. « E * I European Student Relief Discovers Itself -^rÿ~ r/ ■ ■ it 1 THE TURNOV** CONFERENCE A p ril 8 - IS, 1Q22 114UF • * « >V " - »P . / WORLD'S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF JOHN R. MOTT CONRAD HOFFMAN RUTH ROUSE the nature of the invasion ? The caps ,>1 many of them pro claimed them students. They », re s:t in number, both men «1 isi-« r m •<"’'t Î ! in ^ 'v r y ». I i t i. a I ^ an < I rdigious a 11^7"' fl side by side ; Students as a rtde are strong nationalists and this crowd was no exception. Could they pass the week together without some electric spark—Fiume, Tcschcn or Upper Silesia— cdd lighting the train of disaster ? Time would show. Conveyed from Prague in the same train and dumped with their baggage on the lurnov platform, the delegations regarded each other somewhat doubtfully. They were for SIXTY the most part complete strangers, and the large majority were ex-enemies, one of the other. But the good fairy (or was it the evil imp ? ) of the conference proceeded at and without remorse to shake them up together. They marched off together to the Sokol House (Gymnasium Club), t characteristic institution of every Czech with its gymnasium hall and club rooms. The mei page), opposite and dumped by twenties and thirties in class rooms, there sleep (if they could!) in serried rows. The girls (see tained in the town. The mixing process proceeded. Delegatio nice sternly split up into " Greens ” or " Blues ” by two athletic tyrants, an American Y.M.C.A. Physical Director and the President of the Cambridge Athletic Club (Sprinter nationalities, and Long Jump champion). Pole or Latvian, German or Hungarian, it mattered not, from henceforth for a week you were Green or Blue, owed allegiance to your colour, and defended its honour on the field of Volley Ball or Track The conference group on the steps of the Sokol House, THIRTY Turn Meet, or yelled its praises in the throat splitting devices of the U.S.A. Sometimes the tyrants let you off games : but be sure they whisked you off instead for a cross country walk in that marvellous rock and mountain scenery, so like the Garden of the Gods, Colorado. _J The Turnin' Conference The Turnov Conference Two evenings were given to " sliinls." One night wc ^ On the platform of the hall in the Studentsky Dotiiov. entertained each oilier with folk-songs : shall we ever forget that beautiful building, the gift of American students, we our Irish Colleen's voice and costume, or the two thousand were welcomed in turn by every student group in Prague. year old imperial hymn from Japan, or the entrancing I lie Ukrainian Choir sang, the Bessarabian Orchestra played Ukrainian songs ? Certainly the city fathers of Tnrnov will the mandoline and guitar, the Jugoslavs provided the never forget the night we entertained them with the most violinists, the Czechs and Slovaks sang their national hymns. remarkable music hall programme ever put on the boards. Russians, Bulgarians, Germans and Jews addressed us, each Did the wonderful piano and violin playing from Italy and in their own tongue. Across the platform was a banner Austria compensate these city dignitaries for the agonies they inscribed Ut Omnes Vnum Sint, and the Chairman of Suis, went through in wondering whether they were intended to the whole Czech student body, summed up Tnrnov and the laugh when the Up-to-date Domesticated Federation Cow, E.S.R., when he spoke of both as hastening the time when milked by New Zealand, produced sausages, potatoes, con that prayer of aspiration would be translated into practical densed milk tins and cocoa ? But wc thought, says someone, that this was a serious ■Conference of serious persons called by the European Student Relief to consider the economic problem of the European What were the secrets of the extraordinary success Student World. Certainly it was, and work proved a no of Tnrnov ? The secrets of Tnrnov were the secrets of less powerful factor than play in mixing the delegations and European Student Relief. breaking down the barriers. The first day saw the members 1. The E.S.R. is a real student movement, and as such of the conference divided into six commissions on (i.) Student Tnrnov revealed it. Economic Organisation, (ii.) Relief Finance, (iii.) Supply The Turnov Conference was demanded by students, of Student Needs, (iv.) Self Help, (v.) Russian Student who for two years had been working together in" a common Relief, (vi.) The Relation o f the European Student Relief to cause and wanted to sec each other face to face. They not International Fellowship and World Peace. only asked for the conference ; they ran it. The "large During the early days of the conference, mornings and majority were undergraduates. The Chairmen ol the national evenings were spent in hearing two reports from each of student bodies of Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary res the relieved countries on (a) Present Conditions and Needs, pectively, were there, as was also the Chairman of the "whole (b) Relief Work and Self Help. Meantime the commissions body of Russian Emigrant Students in Europe, and many met daily between tea and dinner, and the latter part of the other real leaders of student life. conference was occupied in hearing and discussing the resolu The programme was not lixed beforehand, and on the tions they proposed. German and English were the languages first day the members arranged the programme, elected used, but a considerable amount of interpretation into French officers and appointed commissions. Students chaired the was also required. commissions ; students presented reports ; students did Much good work was also put into the illuminating the vast bulk of the speaking ; all secretarial and most of picture and literature exhibits each under its national flag. the office work. When Turnov spoke, it was voicing student Work and play welded the conference into an ever opinion. By acclamation, Conrad Hoffman the Executive deepening unity : only once was there the faintest breath of Secretary of the E.S.R. was put into the Chair, but the trouble between two nations, and it quickly passed. The biggest compliment the students paid him was to admire the national voices that sang their separate songs, expressed wonderful way in which he effaced himself and put them their discovery of unity in the singing together of forward. " Gaudeamus ” and " Auld Lang Syne." A perfect beginning and a perfect close to the con 2. The E.S.R. had forged the bond of common service. ference were provided by the students of Czechoslovakia. As Hehinil the Turnov Conference lay almost two years of the hosts of the conference they made many arrangements solid work. The students of the nations there represented had for our comfort, and on the railways we were the guests of done great things, and done them together. They had pooled their Government. The conference began and ended in their money, their earnings, their sacrifices, their ingenuity Prague. Launched on our international adventure by the in getting their friends to give, and had raised nearly German student reception, we were received on our return 0,000,000 Swiss francs (£275,000) ; relieved 75,000. students by the whole student body of the country. in 12 lands and 120 universities ; set going daily feeding of T he Turnov Conference The T tm uw Conference 70,000 students ; erected buildings ; launched co-operative ^ the three large world student organisations, the World's schemes and other self-help work ; collected, mended and Student Christian Federation through ils European Student distributed tens of thousands of suits, socks, shoes and sets Relief, the Confederation Internationale des Etudiants, and of underclothing. All this work was done by student the Pax Romana had already together faced the Russian administration : our foreign staff in any one country could student situation, and determined to present a joint appeal always be counted on the fingers of one hand, and was often to the universities of the world, and lo do a joint work. The actually but one individual. Men and women at Turnov conference welcomed and endorsed this action, and every started far on in knowledge of each other because with the nation present put itself 011 record as determined to do its same weapons they had fought a good fight in a common utmost, however small its giving powers, to meet the awful need of Russia's students. Think what this means, from men How good their past work was, and how deeply it and women, two thirds of whom came from lands which had had affected their thinking, was seen in the speedy and already presented reports showing conditions of little less thorough work done bv the Commissions, and in their strong than famine severity. Very wonderful was the unity of practical recommendations, born of practical experience. conviction which made those almost starving students shoulder Particularly remarkable, in view of certain current con the burden of the KM),000 starving students of Russia. ceptions of the European Student, was the constantly recurring emphasis on Self Help as the only solution of modern student 5. Turnov was rich in practical suggestions. economic problems : Turnov demanded the continuance of the E.S.R. " In agreement with the principles inherent in the with three main objectives : reports of different countries, this Commission (a) Relief of Students in Russia. declares that Self Help ( Werkstudcntentum) is (b) Relief of Refugee Students all over Europe. the best means of dealing with the material needs (c) The promotion and firm establishment of Student of students. It recommends that tlic duty of labour Self Help throughout Central Europe. be made the condition for receiving any further It brought a thrill to the whole assembly, and deepened their sense of fellowship with students all over the world :t. Stronger still proved the bond of common sacrifice. when, during the last gathering of the Conference, a cable The members of the Turnov Conference were meinbeis arrived from Peking. This cable announced that the General of one another through suffering. The sheer pluck of the Committee of the World Student Christian Federation students in the receiving countries in their struggle for education, assembled in far-distant Peking, and representing 40 nations, and even for very life, filled the students of the giving countries had decided to continue the work of its European Student with admiration that came near reverence : the men and Relief Department next year on exactly the same lines and women of the receiving lands let us see sometimes what it with the same objectives as those proposed at Turnov. meant to them to know that their food and clothing had cost Many were the practical means suggested for the real sacrifice to their comrades in far distant lands. Poland continued organisation of world student relief —amongst knew of the American college which corporately abstained them, a World Student Fellowship Week, celebrated regularly from dinner for five days out of ten ; Australia knew of the each year, during which a world student “Token Coin” was Czech women students who rose at three to clean the Relief rooms in Prague ; Hungary knew that their first Relief Mensa was paid for by an Englishwoman's jewels ; Germany, 6. Turnov was based on a victory of principle, a victory that Chinese students sent money even during their own not lightly won. The European Student Relief functions in famine ; India, that the first food packets sent to a group of " The Whirlpool of Europe," the whirlpool of contending Moscow students were used by them to start an orphanage, races, tongues, nations, creeds and politics ; all these and that thousands of Russian students are taking part in confusions were present at Turnov. But behind lay the steady insistence of the E.S.R. from the beginning that " relief must be administered without reference to religion, 4. The deepest unifying factor urns the huge task ahead. race, nationality, language or political party of the recipient." Forced by the needs of Russia, and a call to heroic Turnov was possible, because the students who work and united action, all distinction between giving and receiving in the E.S.R. have accepted this principle and are now its lands completely disappeared. The conference knew that champions. The two reports from Czechoslovakia were The Turnav Conference presented by a German and a Jew respectively ; the Slavs helped to sing each other’s folk songs, though the group included ( zechs, Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, Bulgarians and Jugoslavs. Commission Five’s appeal for united action on behalf of Russia was signed by a Russian chairman and a Polish secretary. These things arc miracles. What the old and wise have declared impossible and contrary to human nature, a peculiarly human lot of students are doing with conviction. 7. Turnov !vas the triumph o f the E.S.R. ideal of internalional fellowship. There were not wanting, even at Turnov, the sceptical and pessimistic. The discussion on the European Student Relief in its relation to international fellowship and world peace, was introduced by a man convinced of the impossi bility of either as far as students are concerned. Students so he said, were, of all people, the strongest in their national sentiments, the most full of national prejudice ! In a small group there was determined opposition to any idealistic interpretation of the aims of the E.S.R., but ideals bred in the majority of the members by their actual experience of international fellowship in Ii.S.R. work, had been deepened by their daily experience of conference fellow ship, and simply could not be suppressed. There were but one or two who abstained from voting when the conference at its final meeting, after an intense and searching discussion, declared that : " 'This Conference realises llie contribution which the European Student Relief has made towards the ideal o f international understanding. It therefore recommends that its relief work he carried on in exactly the same spirit as heretofore. Moreover, feeling the importance o f universal student relief, il urges the European Student Relief to look forward to taking up the task o f a world student relief, and to put before the whole student world the claim of international responsibility.' ' The European Student Relief from the beginning has based its work on the belief that international student co- opcration was possible, and that international fellowship would follow co-operation as surely as day follows dawn ; it made a great international venture of faith, A vast student response followed that venture. The Turnov Conference crystallised convictions which have been slowly forming for two years. Before Turnov, international brotherhood had been a far-off and doubtful ideal ; at Turnov it became a real and searching experience ; from Turnov on, it is a truth for which life must be laid down. IVv» ^ Ov k w v ijr ,v . i m . . V ' t 9cu^>. O' ^£^■*4 & a. jivuxvti" t^ ^ A . 0v\_ c/VUûa tku & Jsle^ ^ I k lUv#vJlLS-^.e^ tfa l |cuv^\0lu- T ÇtvU l^c4T t^ev-6b W txXikJ-&4^ v~ MW ^ tt^ u V c w . sX . ^ f 4 r s EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF W O R L D ’S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION AUSTRALIA - BRITISH WEST INDIES • CANADA • CHINA - CZECHOSLOVAKIA - DENMARK - EGYPT ESTONIA - FINLAND - FRANCE - GERMANY - GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND • HOLLAND INDIA AND CEYLON - ITALY - JAPAN AND KOREA - LATIN AMERICA - NEW UNITED STATES Cable Address — — , Avenue de Cham pel LINCOMIL, GENEVA ENEVA. SWITZERLAND TELEPHONE. STAND 1100 August 23, 19£>. hh'. tie 'ïat te ville , Commis s id n for Russian Refugees League of Hâtions Geneva Dear H r. tie "Vatteville :- I am anxious to senti notice to all our field representatives dealing v/ith Rus si an refugee students the information contained in the Hullo tin 0. 1. 79, 19?-8 issued from Geneva August 11th, 1923. For the our uo ' n I should "b e glati ii you could ..end me the English version of the recommendations regarding the certificates of identity for Russian refugees. This was issued by you under date of July 5th, 1922. 12 copies of the same would Toe greatly d. I enclose herewith my copy so as tu be sure ti: r.-.t you ’Till kino?/ what is desired. Very sincerely yours LiGth i m a 'i 1.9 ?)«er lire i'offtotuui, Cn M. de ttattevlllo's nbsonoe C cm replying to your letter to bin of the 23rd lnot, onfl lmg to any t h a t we hp.ve crranyefl to r IB oopLeu o f tho :n « lleh te x t o the rcaommendatlone rocai?lng Identity oertlf loatea to LïUBelen liefufaeB , to be i:eot to yoa to -d a y . Yonm veray i n l y , ..aoretury to Hl^h Oojsaleslaner Tor Reeoten Kofngpae. Oonrafl nofftnwin Jr. KBi iioropoen Jtua .nt belief, orlfl'o indent Christian Pea ration, 13, Avenue do Chaupol, ŒBiaiM. M ' hi) 7b )> EUROPEAN STUDEMT RELIEF] W O R L D ’S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION AUSTRALIA ■ BRITISH WEST INDIES - CANADA - CHINA - CZECHOSLOVAKIA - DENMARK - EGYPT ESTONIA • FINLAND - FRANCE • GERMANY - GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND - HOLLAND INDIA AND CEYLON - ITALY • JAPAN AND KOREA - LATIN AMERICA ■ NEW ZEALAND • NORWAY ■ PORTUGAL - ROUMANIA - RUSSIA SOUTH AFRICA - SWEDEN ■ SWITZERLAND UNITED STATES Cable Address —— LINCOMIL, GENEVA TELEPHONE. STAND 1100 fur Russian X< G-on era f itki.; thanks our note of Aug 26th enclosing additional copies of the gn dations re- iing ■ tes to Kussian rsfugoos. I am send ing oooii-s of these to our field secretaries at once in order . Gf 915 O EUROPEAN STUDENT RE WORLD'S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION AUSTRALIA - BRITISH WEST INDIES • CANADA - CHINA - CZECHOSLOVAKIA - DENMARK - EGYPT ESTONIA - FINLAND - FRANCE • GERMANY • GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND - HOLLAND ' INDIA AND fEYLON - ITALY - JAPAN AND KOREA - LATIN AMERICA • NEW - NORWAY - PORTUGAL - ROUMANIA - RUSSIA SOUTH AFRICA - SWEDEN - SWITZERLAND UNITED STATES Cable Address — LI N COM IL, GENEVA TELEPHONE. STAND II» eptember 21, 1923 Liajor 7. Johnson Joint Assistant, Ug h Commissioner for refugees League of Hâtions Geneva Dear Major Johnson :- In the absence of Mr. Hoffmann, and in view of our conver sation on fednesday, I am sending you herewith further informa tion about the European Student ..elief. I enclose: (1) The Triennial Report of the European Student Relief which f S ^ e r a l idea of the work accomplished and the principles of administration and also explains the international character of the work. -■> n m^nuscjriP 1; °°py of the Findings of the European student nelief Conference at Parad, Hungary, in June where students of over thirty countries were present. Delegates from the countries receiving relief came from national student societies co-operat ing with the European student -.elief. Delegates from the countries givmg relief came from the organizations which have "been reuons- lDle j-or financial campaigns. This ia a rough draft of the bind ings which are being published in the Minutes of the Conference copySlt terthr0USh ^ preSa 0f whioh y°u will receive a printed r,he renort of the Sielv Representative of the European ! In . kua ^ 1® * 0n pa2e 4 you will see ./hat the turn- ?!?ï °£. J,ie -.-ustnan /irtachaftshilfe was from June 1922 to March l j Zo . .his gives you an idea of the development of the self-heln schemes. This report was printed by the printing pres.'., of the " ./irtschaftshilfe in Vienna. (4) & leaflet about the Studentalcy Pomov in Pra«ue. On dbo-p a i ou,l'cP 14 the laoom Of the Honor for the first six months In on page 6 Is outlined the relation of the iiuronean tn ™ V ' 619f ?, ?s ütua8ntaky Jjomov; and on page 5 Is a‘notice of the free ollnlo managed by the ,:inlatry of health In whloh many refugee students are treated. I..told yuu on, ednesday, the European Student Relief is reducing its personnel and is carr; irjg on its work so far as possible through national student organizations in the different countries under the supervision of two field representatives who travel from country to country and whose headquarters are in Vienna, co far as possible the European student Relief aims at developing co-operation "between refugee student groups in the different countries and the national student organizations. In this way the refugee groups have the benefit of the experience and of the co-operative kitchens, etc. of the national organiza tions, and the relationship is also valuable in developing friendly feelings between the foreign an the national student groups. I should like to draw your attention particularly to the fourth finding of the i’arad Conference on cial and National Groupings in Relief ,7orfc. On the question of student migrations which I raised with you, please note f) page 14, and on concentration camps please note j) ; age 15. At the present time self-help schemes among re fugee students are not well developed though in Jugoslavia among some Russian groups and among some of the Ukrainian groups in other countries su^iwe progress is being made, The experience of the European Student Relief has been that permanent amelioration of the conditions of students can only be obtained through the developuent of self-help schemes. I have been notifying the Committees which are raising money for the European student -ielief in the "nited states and Canada of "Ur. I'ansen’s visit. After October 4th j.or. Ray II. Legate, one of the ?ield representatives, will be here in the Geneva office until Mr. Hoffmann's return, and ,,r. Legate will be glad to dis cuss co-operation with yor on any questions relatingîtbe- students which may arise. The question of the refugee students in Berlin will be con sidered at the meeting in Vienna on October 1st, and we shall inform you at once of the decision of that Committee. If any questions arise out of the information I am sending you, I shall be glad to give further information before I leave for Vienna on S88th. Sincerely yours, Â.CA_rj I:iARGAH3T WRONG CL^(w.D o-Xiw f a 4- V » _ »vj. vl. r— . ~ J.--7 *). d>, 8, E. S. R. IN TERMS OF FINANCE European Student Relief World’s Student Christian Federation "1 Between October 1, 1920 and March 20,1923 by the students of the following countries gifts in money, food and clothing worth the amounts set opposite each country respectively were collected and administered through the Euro pean Student Relief Fund of the W orld’s Student Christian Federation. Swiss Francs A rgentine .. .. 39,659.10 Latvia ...... 2,118.75 A u stra lia ...... 85,564.70 N etherlands .. .. 151,456.50 Austria ...... 11,080.80 N ew Zealand .. 48,760.82 B ra zil...... 55.10 N o r w a y 40,635.56 British W est Indies 1,302.45 Palestine 22.50 C anada ...... 44,343.50 P o r tu g a l 1,239.85 Czechoslovakia .. 10,685.41 Poland ...... 1,981.37 C hina ...... 4,275.80 Roum ania .. .. 1,744.15 Chili ...... 2,823.20 South Africa 80372.89 D e n m a rk ...... 4,599.10 Sw eden ...... 17,673.33 E g y p t...... 1,636.45 Switzerland .. . 50,194.70 E s th o n ia ...... 1,465.60 Great Britain and Finland ...... 9,674.64 Ireland .. .. 1,533,965.35 France ...... 21,796.39 U ru g u a y 1,000.00 G e rm a n y ...... 8,736.08 u n ite d States .. 2,884,081.33 H u n g a ry ...... 2,242.49 Proceeds from Intern. India and Ceylon 14,622.40 , Concert Trip 2,213.35 Interests paid by bank !ta|y ...... 1,545.55 on deposits ___ 8,321.55 J a p a n ...... 52,981.44 Jugoslavia .. .. 13,216.00 Total value of gifts received 5,158,118.20 L A*ong seventeen countries this amount was distributed as follows: Asia Minor .. .. 102,944.93 Turkey ...... Austria ...... 657,235.81 Jugoslavia .. .. B u lg aria ...... 3,455.75 I'or office expenses In Czechoslovakia .. 379,559.10 London and Geneva there was expended E sth o n ia ...... 37,713.60 during this period 232,076.31 France (refugees) 37,582.69 Rale adjustments and G erm any...... 666,235.86 10,912.63 Greece ...... 29,236.40 Office equipment in H u n g a ry ...... 288,388.03 London and Geneva Latvia...... 21,181.60 Lithuania...... 3,891.95 Poland ...... 520,799.48 193,994.04 Roumania .. . 2,137.60 Russia . . .. 1,713,612.88 amounts is 5,158,118.20 Switzerland (refugees) 155,372.30 In addition to these funds, all of which have been administered directly through the E. S. R. International Headquarters in Geneva, another 1,725,000.00 Swiss Francs contributed by the Students of America through the American Relief Administration were used for student feeding in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Russia and the Baltic Countries through the very close co operation which was maintained at all times between this organization and the representatives of E.S R. during the years of 1920—1921. Added together these sums make a total of 6,883,118.20 Swiss Francs. Almost seven million Swiss Francs — more than 81,250,000.00 m American currency — approximately 270,000 Pounds Sterling raised in behalf of Europe’s intelligentsia in less than three years; such is the record of the European Student Relief. But, in comparison with the work accomplished, these figures hardly give a hint of their own usefulness. Since the first beginnings of relief work in 1920 the E. S. R. program has always emphasized “reduction of direct relief to the absolute minimum.” Every penny of this money, therefore, has not been spent but in vested in relief enterprises. Hungry students are not given money wherewith to buy food in restaurants e tc , but they are allowed to obtain at cost a cheap but wholesome and substantial meal in a mensa or kitchen equipped with E. S. R. funds and managed by a special board of students. The local representative of E. S. R. merely super- vises these feeding centers and from time to time offers^flndly advice concerning ways and means of improving them. In very special cases the meals so provided are given free of charge for short periods of time. If 1,000 refugee students in Budapest, Prague, Vienna or any other university city need a "haircut, shave and shine” money is not given outright for these luxuries. Instead, E.S. R. advances the cash for materials to build a bath room, equip a barber shop or buy supplies for making shoe repairs. Under student control these “self-help” establishments are organized and placed on a permanent foundation. Long after work ceases in the various countries they will stand as memorials to a scheme of “ relief which gives without pauperizing and which helps deserving students to help themselves.” A couple of dollars, a few shillings or a small number of francs everywhere is made to go a long distance and to meet a large number of needs. Help to the student in need yes; but, where many are equally needy, another basis for relief must be found. In the administration of E. S. R. funds this criterion of judgement is the “ work-student,” one who is willing to educate himself if necessary by manual labor. Proven need and willing ness, to work as well as a serious interest in his studies, must be shown by every applicant for relief supplies. There are many thousands of students in Central Europe and Russia today who satisfy these requirements and who are otherwise worthy and well qualified to receive assistance whom E. S. R. cannot help because of an insufficiency of funds. This condition persons desirous of making a paying "investment may assist in remedying by sending a contribution to E. S. R. through the National Student Relief organizations in their re spective countries or direct to The Comptroller, European Student Relief, 16 Boulevard des Philosophes, Geneva, Switzerland. JO H N R. MOTT, 347,J, Madison Avenue, RUTH ROUSE, CONRAD HOFFMANN, Advisory Secretary, 28, Lancaster Road, 16, Boulevard des Philosophes, Wimbledon, London S. W. 19. Geneva, Switzerland. Cable address : FUACK, Geneva. World’s Student Christian Federation. European Student Relief Series No. 41. YET MORE FACTS. The European Student Relief Fund, organized in 1920 under the auspices of the World’s Student Christian Federation, is now, (April 1923) operating in 17 different countries. 250 universities and higher technical institutions are being served by this organization. Matriculated in these schools are more than 500,000 students. Four new countries, Bulgaria, Jugoslavia, Lithuania and Roumania were added to the E.S.R. program of relief during the past year; and work was continued in Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Russia, Esthonia, Latvia, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, Asia Minor and Greece, and among the refugee students in Switzerland and France. To carry on this great work of educational reconstruction 5,158,118.20 Swiss Francs in money, food and clothing have been raised primarily through contributions from students of 34 countries, included among which are Argentine, Australia, Austria, Brazil, British West Indies, Canada, Czechoslovakia, China, Chili, Denmark, Egypt, Esthonia, Fin land, France, Germany, Hungary, India and Ceylon, Italy, Japan, Jugo slavia, Latvia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Palestine, Portugal, Poland, Roumania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Great Britain and Ireland, Uruguay, and the United States of America. Through very cordial cooperation with the American Relief Admin istration during the years of 1920—1921 an additional 1,725,000.00 Swiss Francs contributed by the students of America through this organization was used for student feeding in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Russia and the Baltic Countries. The grand total expended by E.S.R. thus amounts to almost seven million Swiss Francs, more than 1,250,000.00 American dollars, approximately 270,000. By one private individual who is vitally interested in student wel fare cheques amounting to §13,000.00 have been made payable to E.S.R. within the past few months. This donor, after making whal may be called a “ trial contribution” was so well pleased with the use to which it was put that he immediately drew another cheque and after a few weeks yet another. “ Money well invested" he calls his gifts. Other large contributions received recently from single sources in elude §15,000.00 from the English and American Baptists, §50,000.00 from the Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and 830,000.00 from another internationally famous private foundation which is working for intellectual advancement throughout Ihe world. During the period April 1922—January 1923 the American Section of E.S.R. in Russia served 2,151,861 meals in its six kitchens at Kazan, Ekaterinoslav, Kiev, Moscow, Odessa and Petrograd. The whole program of E.S.R. (American and non-American Sections) at present provides for approximately 900,000 meals per month, one meal a day to each of 30,000 students. In no center does one of these meals cost more than five cents American money, and in many of them it is less. To feed a student for a whole month costs less than $1.50 or six shillings. While administering the relief supplies raised throughout the world through its own organized student channels, E.S. R. also acts as intermediary for other organizations in Russia. Thus, several hundred suits of clothes sent by the Belgian Red Cross to Russian professors cleared through E. S. R. Again, the Senior non-American E. S. R. repre- sentive in Russia serves by request as the Nansen official representative in all dealings with the universities. Since its supporting constituency comprises every civilized country in the world it is, and always has been, the policy of the Executive Committee of the European Student Relief Fund to draw the field representatives for this organization from every country in which suit able men and women are available. Such a policy makes for a system of relief very comprehensive in scope and for a corps of workers international in aspect and remarkably responsive to the varied and entirely different psychologies of the students and professors being helped in the different countries. A survey of a few of the national relief headquarters will serve to illustrate the internationalism of the E.S.R. administrative force. In cluded in the personnel for Germany are Dutch, English, Canadian, German and American workers ; in Poland are Danish, French and Polish ; and among those serving Russia’s 150,000 students Switzer land, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Holland, Hungary, England, Germany and the United States are represented. Equally international are the student bodies of the universities where relief work is being carried on. In Vienna university, out of a total registration of 11,225, there are 5,237 foreign students representing 25 nationalities. Among them are 30 Russians, 828 Roumanians, 19 Egyptians, 228 Ukranians, 85 Italians, 19 Turks, 23 Lithuanians, 1459 Poles, 2 Swedes, 2 Esthonians, 270 Hungarians, 5 other Scandina- 1 107 Germans, 8 Armenians, 4 Greeks, 8 English, 1367 Czechoslovaks, 2 Japs, 6 Americans 250 Bulgarians, 13 Swiss, 498 Jugoslavs, 2 Argentinians, 1 Australian. The European Student Relief has been a “ Friend in Need ” to the German students in their present critical position. By subsidizing the Witschafthilfe, their wonderful self-help organization, and by applying small amounts of money at a number of strategic points, E.S.R. is rendering very valuable assistance during a period when such assistance is worth many times more than it would if delayed. Both Dr. Schairer, President of the Wirtschafthilfe, and Dr. Williams, Self-help Secretary of the same organization, have been very profuse in their thanks for this timely help. Examination of 1772 men and women students of Tuebingen Uni versity during February revealed a startling undernourishment. These students where found to have a weight deficiency of 6 to 20 pounds in comparison with American students of equal age and heighth. The average deficiency was something over 9 pounds. (A more detailed report on this and other student conditions in Germany is being printed in E.S.R. pamphlet 39, which is entitled A N “ S.O.S." IN BEHALF OF G E R M A N Y ’S STUDENTS.) i„ SymP?‘hetical|y,accompanying sometimes leading the German mark in its dizzy tumble toward devaluation, the Polish currency has follo- lTaerîcr C0UrS^ f,nr 1etPuSt few months that has brought terrible hi f ilv 109?' «IP p h hopeless depression to the Polish students: In July 1922 the Polish mark stood at about 4,600 to the American SaX^rr^o923 "had reached ,s'ood; What happened in Germany has had its counterpart in Poland. Sa- hPPnSw r p r L 5 een .svXallowed up entirely, all student enterprises have been wrecked or badly crippled and many students have been forced Ru ^ fu g e e students. By ther ? firs TSK\/n t of March Fana? all but there81 of arethem 505 had Russian been compelled to give up their studies because wages are so low that no part-time work w ill enable one to support himself. Out o f 560 Ukranian students only 86 are managing “ to stick it out," and these are able to do so only because E.S.R. is helping them. S triking these figures are, yes— and also an incentive for increased efforts to help them with funds, food and clothing. ’ In a recent “ proceedings” report of one of the world’s most famous societies for scientific research the following statement is embodied in the published papers of a famous European professor: “ These experiments," he writes, “ where made in collaberation with Dr. J... and Mr. N..., and to these two young men I am greatly in debted for their invaluable services.” Both Dr. J... and Mr. N... have been recipients of student Relief during the past two years. In addition to his scientific research work, Dr. J... has been earning the greater part of his living expenses by sharpening knives. For both of his “comrades” the professor and our E S. R. representative predict a useful and possibly a famous future. (Their names are withheld, of course, for obvious reasons. They can be furnished, however, to anyone having a reason for wishing to kn o w them.) As recorded on page 8 of E.S.R. pamphlet 38, 250 of Russia’s pro fessors are now receiving assistance from the European Student Relief. Among these professors, and typical of many others who should be helped are the following: Prof. O u ..., thirty years old and unmarried, lives with his mother. The death of his father from cholera and the expenses connected with the illness and funeral have reduced him to such dire straits that he and his mother where practically beg gars when relief was first brought to them by E.S.R. This young man has written a comprehensive book on his special branch of science, a work wnich is recognized as talented and authoritative. Yet, he goes about today in soleless boots and wears trousers which are merely patches on top of other patches. Prof. O ..., a widower forty years old, has four small children. His wife died of typhus and he himself was greatly weakened by an attack of this same disease. Expenses incident to these cases of illness took not only his meagre savings but all of his furniture and most of his books as well. Today he has not only to de liver his lectures in the university and to do odd jobs outside but to care for his children as well. E.S.R. helps as much as possible. Prof. H ..., 45 years old has a wife and two small children. Not one of the fa mily had tasted milk or butter for two whole years previous to the receipt of a food package through E.S.R. He has had no warm coat during the winter although he lives very far from the university. Besides, he is compelled to fetch water for his family for almost a quarter of a mile because of the poor water supply in the section of the city in which poverty compels him to live. A servant for a professor's family is almost as rare in Russia as oranges at the North Pole. Prof. N ..., a real man of science and the possessor of a number of high de grees, is sixty years old. His family consists of a wife, a grand-daughter and a widowed daughter. The four of them live in two rooms. He wears an ancient overcoat of which hardly a dozen square inches of the original garment show through the patches. None of the family had any stockings in December when our E.S.R. representative was first able to help them. According to official figures issued by the government on January 1, 1923, the exact number of young men and women studying in Russian universities is 148,336. They are distributed throughout the country as follows: M oscow ...... 50,935 Jekaterinburg(Ural).. .. 2,195 P e tro g ra d ...... 35,218 Javoslavl ...... 2,278 V e r o n e s h ...... 3,807 N ijn i-N o v g o ro d 2,718 M in s k ...... 1,791 S m o le n sk ...... 2,000 D on (Rostov and Novo- S am ara...... 2,699 tcherkask ...... 7,117 Tver ...... 711 Irk u tsk...... 2,794 K rasnodar...... 2,766 K a z a n ...... 6,175 O m s k ...... 1,151 Simferopol ...... 2,523 Ooretzki ...... 651 Perm ...... 2,931 Vologda ...... 105 Saratov ...... 7,660 A strakhan ...... 1,040 T o m s k ...... 4,249 Iwanono Vosnessensk.. 1,640 Turkestan ” ...... 2,712 S ta v ro p o l...... 470 Included in this list are only the universities of what is sometimes called “Russia Proper.” There are other universities in the Ukraine among which E.S.R. is feeding approximately 6,000 students at Ekater- inoslav, Harkov, Kiev and Odessa. To visualize the actual financial conditions of the greater part of these students is almost an impossibility for one who has not actually witnessed some of their trials. After a trip to one university an E.S.R. worker wrote as follows: “ I did not realize what it means to be poor until I attended a com mittee meeting to decide upon the amount to be contributed by each student for buying wood for the kitchens and for other expenses without which we would have been compelled to close down. For nearly four hours they discussed the question of whether the equivalent of 10 cents or 15 cents (American currency) should be collected. The final decision was that not more than 10 cents was possible, and that even so at least 10°/o of the students would have to be exempted. More than 10<>/o of a university's student body not able to pay a monthly assessment of six pence or fifty centimes!” Such is the life faced by Europe’s students today. They must be helped. The best way to extend this help to them, to assist these future leaders, the only hope for a better Europe, is through the European Student Relief. C ontributions should be made through National Student Relief organizations, but are always acceptable at the International Headquarters in Geneva. EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF FUND WORLD’S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION. IO HN R. MOTT, RUTH ROUSE, CONRAD HOFFMANN, Chairman, Advisory Secretary, Executive Secretary, 147 Madison Avenue, 28, Lancaster Road, 16, Boulevard des Philosophes, New York City Wimbledon, London S. W. 19. Geneva, Switzerland. REPORT ON EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF 1920— 1923 WORLD’S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION HEADQUARTERS: 16 BLVD. DES PHILOSOPHES, GENEVA CABLE ADDRESS: FUACE, GENEVA EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF WORLDS STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION ARGENTINE REPUBLIC - ASIA MINOR - AUSTRA! IA - AUSTRIA BELGIUM - BRAZIL - BRITISH WEST INDIES - BULGARIA CANADA - CHINA - CHILE - CZECHOSLOVAKIA - DENMARK EGYPT - ESTONIA - FINLAND - FRANCE - GERMANY GREECE - HUNGARY - INDIA - CEYLON - ITALY - JAPAN - JUGO SLAVIA - LATVIA - LITHUANIA - NETHERLANDS - NEW ZEALAND - NORWAY - PALESTINE - POLAND - PORTUGAL ROUMANIA - RUSSIA - SOUTH AFRICA - SWEDEN - SWITZER LAND - TURKEY - UNITED KINGDOM - URUGUAY - U.S.A. TRIENNIAL REPORT OF THE EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF WORLD’S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION SUBMITTED JULY 1, 1923 BY CONRAD HOFFMANN, JR. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY “Students are the seed, and universities the seed-bed of the new intellectual harvest that shall feed, renew, and make grow the knowledge and the moral forces of mankind." “ In a little village of Japan there is a humble tomb where thousands of peasants go for pilgrimage in order to pay respect to one who, in a famine year, some 200 years ago, preferred to starve himself to death rather than consume the grain which was intended for seed. His corpse was found clinging to a bag of rice with instructions for its use." “ I associate this story w ith the effort of the European Student Relief Committee. The Committee has worked hard among untoward conditions; for I know that it is not only in the countries where students are suffering that relief is difficult to obtain, but in even comparatively well-to-do nations the demands for succour of various kinds are now overwhelmingly great. It is therefore with astonishment that I have watched the appeal of the Committee finding so much response. I dare say that this is in large measure due to the indefatigable energy of the secretary." “ The Committee and those who endorse its work and come to the rescue of students are dealing with living organisms, with seeds which have definite years of vitality. The work must be timely and is therefore urgent. I sincerely hope that it w ill draw the attention and interest of the wider public, that it may come to aid in keeping up the light of knowledge and religion, which is dangerously flickering." Dr. Inazo Nitobe, Under-Secretary-General, Secretariat League of Nations, and a Member of the Commission in Intellectual Co-operation of the League. TABLE OF CONTENTS Committee and Staff M e m b e rs ...... 7 C h ro n o lo g y ...... 9 In tro d u c to ry ...... 13 Underlying p r in c ip le s ...... 14 P ersonnel...... 14 Total number of representatives...... 15 Nationality of representatives...... 15 P u b lic it y ...... 15 Titles of publications is s u e d ...... 16 Correspondence ...... 17 Why Relief has been continued (historical) .... 18 Emergency n e e d ...... 19 Review of a c tiv itie s ...... 20 F in a n c e s ...... 20 Discussion of s ta te m e n t...... 20 Large g i f t s ...... 21 Financial statement 1920—1923 ...... 22 Organization of c a m p a ig n s ...... 24 Great B rita in ...... 24 Holland ...... 24 U.S. A...... 24 Other countries...... 24 Cooperation with other societies ...... 25 C .I.E ...... 25 Pax Rom ana...... 25 Special money-raising m e th o d s ...... 25 Geneva Clothing r a i d ...... 26 Sacrificial g i v i n g ...... 26 E. S. R. s p irit...... 26 Gifts in kind ...... 27 Countries participating in E. S. R...... 28 Overhead e x p e n s e s ...... 29 5 29 siuucm .~ .... 30 sss t£information £ £on work r- done . . . 31 32 33 COMMITTEE AND STAFF MEMBERS. What- " money E investeo s i m r s —...... :37 International Conferences . 38 39 S a d e r t d 3 X * o f Students who have been he,ped EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF 41 OF THE Relief for Refugee Students • ...... 43 Russia . • • 44 WORLD’S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION Organization 45 192 2-19 2 3 Personnel a c tiv itie s ...... 46 Statistical information on 47 48 Committee : — SClf Beginnings and development 49 Special Relief L a t v ia ...... 49 Dr. John R. Mott New Y ork, U. S. A. Czechoslovakia ...... 50 Miss Katie Boyd George New Y ork, U. S. A. Hungary . 51 Dr. Karl Fries Geneva, Switzerland Poland . • 52 Dr. Inazo Nitobe Geneva, Switzerland Austria . ■ 53 M r. David R. Porter New York, U.S.A. Germany . 58 Miss Ruth Rouse London, England Hardenbroek, Holland Conclusions 59 Dr. H. C. Rutgers Dresden, Germany The future . • 60 Dr. R. Schairer Relief must c o n tin u e ...... 60 Proposed budget 1923—24 . . • • • 61 S t a ff : - Recommendations of executive secretary 61 Conrad Hoffm ann, Jr. Executive Secretary Proposed administration and organization 63 Miss Ruth Rouse Advisory Secretary Final w o r d ...... 65 Louis Hess Comptroller Letters of thanks and appreciation ■ ■ ■ • • . 75 W hat people have said about E. S. R. Field Representatives: — Asia M inor Cass A. Reed Austria Donald Grant Bulgaria A. Nikitin Czechoslovakia Margaret Quayle Estonia G. F. Robinson Raymond Vernet Germany A. W. Bonsey R T. Rich 6 Greece J. F. Machotka Hungary Ray H. Legate Jugoslavia Dr. Marco Lecco Bert Mitchell Lithuania G. F. Robinson Poland O laf W. Pedersen Roumania EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF Wm. H. Morgan Russia S. M. Keeny Marcia O. Dunham CHRONOLOGY Harold Gibson February, 1920. Dr. H. Lannung Switzerland Visit of Miss Ruth Rouse, Travelling Secretary for Henri Johannot T urkey E. M . Hedden Work among Women Students, to Vienna followed by an appeal for funds for the relief of the needv students in Vienna. ,im e w o ,k e ' s’ " a “ " March, 1920. Relief enterprise. " ,t,ered mv«luable services to the Student Relief operations on behalf of needy students in Vienna begun. M arch—September, 1920. Operations continued and enlarged in Vienna in co operation with the Society of Friends; extension of work to Hungary. Summer, 1920. Student Relief operations begun by the Society of Friends in Germany and Poland. Student Relief work carried on by the American Y. M. C. A. in Czecho slovakia and Poland. Student Relief work on behalf of foreign students in Switzerland continued. A ugust 7, 1920. Beatenberg Conference. Decision made that the Fede ration launch a Student Relief programme for needy students in Asia Minor, Austria, the Baltic States Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and for foreign students in Switzerland and France; and invite all the Student Christian Movements affiliated with the Federation to co-operate by contribution of funds supplies and workers. Appeal for funds to be made to all students and not to members of the Student Christian Movements only. September November, 1920. April 15, 1921. Organization of campaigns for funds and supplies in Full program in operation in all relief areas — Poland, the different countries. Further organization of the Baltics, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, relief efforts in the respective fields. Opening of the Asia M inor, France and Switzerland. Activities included Central Office for Student Relief in Geneva. student feeding, provision of clothing, books, housing and promotion of self-help schemes. October 1, 1920. Beginning of enlarged relief operations in Austria under June 2 - 6 , 1921. leadership of Donald Grant, the Federation Represen Decision to continue Student Relief work for collegiate tative. year 1921— 1922, made at meeting of the Executive Committee of the W orld’s Student Christian Federation December 20, 1920. at Hardenbroek, Holland. Beginning of active operations of the Geneva Head quarters with arrival of the Executive Secretary and Summer, 1921. Associate. Visitation and inspection of relief fields by American Student Relief Fund workers. January, 1921. September, 1921. Beginning of Federation Student Relief operations in Second Field Representatives’ Conference in Warsaw. Poland, Germany; expansion of operations in Hungary. January, 1922. January 29, 1921. E. T. Colton to Russia to organize Student Relief American Relief Administration proposes to assume activities in Russia. responsibility for student feeding in the Baltic States, April, 1922. Auslria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland with the funds furnished by American students. Donald Grant to Russia to organize E.S.R. work for non-American Section in Russia. February, 1921. April 1 — 12, 1922. Beginning of Federation Student Relief in Estonia and Peking Conference — decision to continue relief in Asia Minor. collegiate year 1922— 1923. March, 1921. April 8-16, 1922. Beginning of operations in Latvia and in France for Turnov Conference— a student conference for dis refugee students. cussion of student relief future and program. March 1- A p r il 15, 1921. Summer, 1922. Assumption of student feeding operations by the Student Friendship Pilgrimage from America, Blacker American Relief Administration on basis of proposals Party from England. Exhibit at Oberammergau. made January 29. September, 1922. March 28—31, 192 f. Special relief measures for Smyrna refugees in Greece Conference of Student Relief Field Representatives in and Near East. Initiation of Student Relief work in Prague. Bulgaria, Jugoslavia and Roumania. 10 11 J November— December, 1922. ^ Student Friendship Coin competition. First prize awarded to a German student. February, 1923. Special meeting of Student Relief Committee. Ratifi cation of proposal for special help for Germany. Recommendation that Relief be continued 1923— 1924. EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF February—March, 1923. 1920— 1923 Student feeding operations in Russia at their highest level; 31,450 receiving a daily meal. Introductory. May 19—26, 1923. July 1, 1923, will mark the close of three collegiate years of European Student Relief activity. As one considers Meeting of Executive Student Relief Committee. De the developments of those three years one wonders if back cision to continue relief for 1923— 1924 w ith a budget at St. Beatenberg in August, 1920, those there assembled of $ 350,000.00 (Swis sFrs. 1,925,000.00 or £ 96,000. ) would have undertaken the task which challenged their June 14—24, 1923. Christian faith and motives had they known then of the Second Student Relief Conference in Parad, Hungary. tremendous scope of responsibility in which their decision 130 students representing 34 countries present. was to involve the W orld’s Student Christian Federation. Some may declare that the St. Beatenberg decision was the result of an easy optimism which foolishly believed in an early adjustment of the European chaos. Others, and one is inclined to agree with them, w ill maintain that the decision was an act of courageous faith inspired by God—an act which has been God’s method of quickening the Fede ration’s sense of Christian obligation and of interpreting to us what Christ-like service truly embodies. Surely the Relief W ork has proven a blessing to the Federation—revealing its strength and its weakness, demonstrating inherent but hitherto untapped resources, opening new doors of oppor tunity and impressing upon the Federation membership the beneficent blessing of sacrifice. It has been an unparalleled demonstration of true international goodwill and co-operation. The report here given attempts to record something of the scope and character of work done during the past three years. It is left to the testimony of the thousands of stu dents all over Europe who received material aid to indicate what this relief has meant in rescuing much of Europe's intellectual life which was threatened with extermination and destruction. 12 13 The limits of a report of this character will not permit 1. Americans . . . . ' ...... 43 inclusion of all details and facts concerning the work and Of these 22 were on the Y.M.C.A. activities carried on in the past three years. W e are com or the Y.W.C.A. payroll, and served pelled to confine the report to a few salient, high-light facts the E.S.R. w ithout charge. leaving it to the wisdom and imagination of the reader to 2. British Empire Representatives: fill in between the lines the many results which are in 1. A u s t r a lia ...... 1 tangible and which cannot be expressed by figures or in charts. 2. C a na d a ...... 6 Fundamental principles and policy which characterized 3. E n g la n d ...... 22 the work from its very beginning are expressed herewith: 4. Ir e la n d ...... 4 I. Relief to be administered impartially, without regard to 5. S c o t la n d ...... 5 race, nationality or creed, or any other,criterion than 6. South A f r ic a ...... 1 39 proven need. 3. D a n is h ...... 6 II. Relief to be constructive rather than pauperizing charity. 4. D u t c h ...... 8 III. Relief to be given only to such students as strive to 5. F r e n c h ...... 1 help themselves. 6. G e rm a n ...... 4 IV. Relief to be given preferably to advanced students and 7. H u n g a ria n ...... 2 only in most exceptional cases to first year students. 8. J a p a n e s e ...... 1 V. Relief to be administered with a minimum of overhead 9. N o rw e g ia n ...... 2 expenditure. 10. R u s s ia n ...... 3 VI. Relief wherever possible to be administered through in 11. S e rb ia n ...... 1 digenous student committees o r at least so as to en 12. S w e d is h ...... 3 courage assumption of greater responsibility by such 13. S w iss...... 2 Committees. Total foreign personnel 115 Personnel. A limited foreign personnel was employed. Every attempt Publicity. was made to make this personnel consistent with the inter The need of adequate publicity and information on the national character of the work. The following facts gleaned situation if successful money campaigns were to be organi from the personnel records of E.S.R. are significant:— D uring zed, was foreseen from the very start, as evidenced in the the past three years’ existence o f the w o rk 115 foreign workers provision for a publicity department. Miss Ruth Rouse ad have been on our staff in the 17 countries in w hich E.S.R. mirably filled the post of E.S.R. publicity secretary up to has operated. Eighteen nationalities were represented, not October 1922 when her manifold other duties compelled counting the hundreds of native volunteer workers in each her to resign. Since then, Mr. Robert Best, a fellow in country, who rendered invaluable service in the admini journalism from the School of Journalism of Columbia Uni stration of relief. Of the foreign personnel many served versity, has generously given his services. gratuitously, others for expenses only, whereas the balance The publicity department aimed to provide each of the were regularly paid members on the salary staff of E.S.R. Due 40 odd contributing countries with basic publicity material to the numerous volunteer workers great overhead economy in the form of pamphlets and a series o f Student Service was possible concerning which more will be said later. The Bulletins appearing at irregular but frequent intervals. All foreign personnel was made up as follows: — of these were in the English language and were sent to 14 15 r the different national Student Relief Committees with the 32. The Students of Russia Ask for Your Worn Clothing understanding that these would translate such material for and Old Books. their publicity campaign as was adaptable to their particular 33. Just a Few Figures about European Student Relief. constituency. Thus our publicity was to serve more or less 34. From the E.S.R. Mail Bag. as a handbook of information. 35. Some Stories with a Point. 36. Face to Face with Europe’s Brain Workers. Up to date nineteen Student Service Bulletins and one 37. Salvaging the Near East Educational Wreck. pictorial supplement have been issued and the following 42 38. Russia’s 150,000 Students. pamphlets: 39. An “ S.O.S." in Behalf of Germany’s Students. 1. To whom it may Concern. 40. E.S.R. in Terms of Finance. 2. Overheard in the Colleges. 41. Yet More Facts. 3. Facts, please! 42. The White Rag and Other Stories. 4. Forestry and Food. Student Service Bulletins I-X1X. 5. Student Self Help in Switzerland. In addition a series of 20 charts with statistical in 6. Relief and One Undergraduate. formation and illustrations have been issued as well as one 7. Six Days a Week in Vienna. annual report covering the period 1920-1921, a mimeo 8. Your Christmas and Theirs. graphed report for 1921 -1922, a mimeographed statement to con 9. Student Life in Poland to-day. tributors and the complete Minutes of theTurnov Conference. 10. More Facts. So much for publicity issued by the European Student 11. The Clothing Famine. Relief general headquarters. Aside from this, certain countries, 12. The Housing Problem. notably the United States, Great Britain and France, have 13. The Way out. produced first-class relief literature for their respective money- 14. Who’s W ho and What’s What in Relief. raising campaigns. Germany, Hungary, Austria and Czecho Progress. 15. slovakia have issued valuable printed reports on student 16. Concensus of Expert Opinion (later published as conditions and relief administration in their fields. These “ Chain of Expert Testimony’’). reports were widely distributed among the many visitors 17. To All Whom it May Concern. who came to study student conditions and student relief. The Relief Question of the Hour — Do they Help 18. Mention should also be made of the many newspapers and Themselves. magazines which have carried articles on the work of the 19. Why do they go on Studying? European Student Relief; these have contributed largely in 20/21. Where the Money goes. promoting interest in European Student Relief. 22. Something New in International Relationships. 23/24. The Problem of the Refugee. Correspondence. 25. How the Other Half Lives. 26. Urgent Needs. Since the beginnings of the Geneva Office a little over 27. Student Relief Directory. 20,000 letters have been written (20,200) which included 28. Why Save Russian Students. correspondence with all countries participating in European 29. The European Exchange as it Affects you. Student Relief activities. This figure refers merely to cor 30. European Student Relief Discovers Itself. respondence from the Geneva headquarters and does not 31. Our Objective. include all the correspondence of the field offices. 16 17 W hy Relief has been Continued (Historical). During the early summer of 1922 and continuing When the decision was made that the Federation should through the summer, autumn and into the winter, the assume responsibility for the relief work on behalf of Euro calamitous depreciation in the mark exchange occurred. pean students, it was done in recognition of the emergency From 200 Mks. to the dollar in May the German Mark need which prevailed. O ne year 1920— 1921 w as to be continued its rapid slump going as low as 10,000 to the the period for such service. However, towards the close of dollar in October. The resultant increased prices played that first year, it was apparent that w e could not dissolve, havoc with students and all others whose incomes were that emergency need still continued, and that once haying more or less fixed. Thus sixty thousand students who assumed the burden we were morally bound to continue had worked hard during the summer discovered that their until the emergency had been met or no longer existed. earnings, which were to have carried them through the So it was that at Hardenbroek continuation of the relief winter, were reduced 20 and 50 fold in purchasing value. activities for 1921—1922 was recommended and agreed upon. The exchanges of Poland, Austria and Hungary all Towards the close of the college year 1921 — 1922, all suffered corresponding depreciation with similarly calamitous indications favoured termination of our work and suggested consequences for the students. In all we were confronted completion of our task. Self-help had made marvellous with renewed emergency circumstances. progress in many countries, economic conditions seemed O ur Committee meeting in London in July 1922, recommended the doubling of the budget ratified at Peking. on an upward trend towards marked improvement. It appeared And instead of the $ 250,000 proposed and ratified at necessary only to give some additional help, to establish Peking, the E. S. R. w as confronted with the colossal task more firmly the self-help enterprises and organizations. of raising $520,000, the amount recommended at the Lon True the plight of the 12,000 Russian refugee students don meeting for the work 1922— 1923. I say colossal scattered through all European countries demanded our advisedly, for one must not forget that this was the third consideration. But these and the self-help enterprises would year for our appeal, that in most European countries — have been a relatively easy task necessitating but a small Switzerland, Holland, Scandinavian countries, England — staff. Unfortunately, however, matters did not long remain great economic depression prevailed, that the amount asked so favourable. The terrible Russian famine claimed as for was more than that actually raised in 1921—1922. its victims not only children, peasants and adults, but But even this was not the limit of our problem. On also the intellectual classes, notably the students. With top of all came the Near East débâcle in the late summer well-nigh 200,000 students in Russia and Ukrania, fully 75 o/o months of 1922 turning several thousand students into of whom were dangerously jeopardized by the famine, we most pitiable fugitives, with all earthly possessions lost. A were confronted by a most staggering task, greater than subsequent development of this catastrophe was that which that which we had undertaken in the past and which had affected the hundreds of Greek and Armenian students in already taxed our resources and strength to the limit. France and Belgium w ho were left stranded because their In April at Peking the Federation adopted the recom parents, who had been residents in the Smyrna sector, mendations of the Executive Secretary to attempt to provide had lost all and were no longer able to supply the monthly a budget of $ 250,000 for 1922 — 1923. This was before the allowance. reports of our first representatives to Russia, Mr. E. T. Colton Surely we faced most disheartening circumstances. In and Mr. Donald Grant, had been received. These reports called spite of all our efforts matters seemed to go from bad to for a program to include student feeding for at least 40,000 worse. Presumable decreasing income was confronted with students. W e are to-day feeding 31,500. .need increasing by leaps and bounds. When in January 18 19 r- i i i ■ sums directly to relief countries. Norway has sent through 1923 the French invasion and occupation of the Ruhr was Dr. Nansen some 20,000 Norwegian Crowns to the Near decided upon and the decision then actually carried out, East for student relief there. Furthermore, Denmark has our cup was full to overflowing. We had prided ourselves utilized a large share of the funds raised in paying for the on the self-help organization, largely created and promoted hospitality and transportation of the 200 or more under by our co-operation; but all this, which was soon to have nourished students from Central Europe whom Danish meant economic independence for the German student, students entertained during the summer months. These are was now suddenly threatened with complete collapse and but a few illustrations to indicate that the amounts indicated annihilation, and demanded heroic effort if there was to in the financial statement do not represent the entire sum be any prospect of salvation. total actually raised for student relief purposes. Many o Thus emergency need has continued not only in 1920 1921, these special efforts were inspired by the European Student but on through 1921 -1922 and 1 92 2- 1923. N o r w ill it have ended by the close of 1922-1923. But dare we Rel'eWhereas the data are self-explanatory, it is well to appeal for a renewed effort another year, the fourth since emphasize a number of interesting features in connection the inception of the work? Those who know the situation w ith the same. A year ago the students assembled at from personal observation are unanimous in their conviction Turnov passed a resolution that the distinction between that E.S. R. must continue, that the Federation is morally giving and receiving countries should be dropped, that bound; for the task which it began in August 1920 is not henceforth European Student Relief was to be an enterprise yet finished. in which all alike shared responsibility. While this reso Review of Activities. lution has not been as effectively put into practice as one could have desired, it is significant that students in Con It is therefore pertinent and necessary that at this time stantinople, in Beirut, in Czechoslovakia, in Hungary, in which terminates three years of activity, we take inventory Austria, in Estonia, all formerly recipients, have this year to see what has been accomplished. Such a review w ill contributed funds to European Student Relief for the work help us in deciding on what shall be done next year, the in Russia. Jewish students in Vienna have given money problems of which now confront us. for Russian students, Russian refugee students in Prague, The table on page 22-23 gives a complete record of our themselves in desperate plight, have given for their com financial status and a birds-eye-view of the scope and patriots in Russia, Czech students have given for Armenian extent of our enterprise expressed in terms of money. refugees in Greece. Notable is the relatively large contri In considering these figures it should be remembered bution from students of Jugoslavia. that the amounts indicated do not represent all the funds In the first tw o years of European Student Reliet raised by the respective countries for student relief work. activity, virtually all gifts came in small sums from many In a limited number of cases student relief funds have been students; in 1922— 1923 several large gifts from interested sent directly to the countries, so that the Geneva books individuals or organizations have been received. Notable have no audit record of such amounts. This has been the among these are the following: rnnnnftft case notably in Sweden, Holland, Finland and Norway. From Jewish Joint D istribution Committee 8 50,000.00 Thus Swedish students during the winter 1922—1923 have From American and British Baptists $15,000.00 collected approximately 70,000 Swedish Crowns for German From American Y. M. C. A. $onnnnm students and sent directly to Germany; a Special Dutch From a private foundation Committee sent 25,000 Gulden to Germany apart from the From an American gentleman $lj,uuu.uu European Student Relief. Finland has sent considerable 21 I I I I I_____ SOURCE AND AMOUNTS OF CONTRIBUTIONS DISTRIBUTION C ountries 1920/21 | 1921/22 1922/23 Swiss Frs. C ountries 1920/21 1921/22 1922-23 Swiss Frs. A rgentine 1,820.65 37,838.45 Australia 39,659.10 3,563.35 82,001.35 85,564.70 Asia Minor 35,000.00 53,440.38 7,116.40 95,556.78 Austria 7,517.50 Belgium 4,587.00 12.104.50 Austria 374,815.70 181,858.54 , 151,851.02 708,525.26 Brazil 228.00 228.00 Bulgaria 5,025.95 5,025.95 85.10 16,293.97 218,645.13 208,835.60 443,774.70 Brit. W est Indies 85.10 Czechoslovakia 993.20 309.25 Estonia 19,832.85 8,403.05 11,710.65 39,946.55 Canada 1.302.45 9,050.85 16,513.15 30.689.45 908.60 26,971.94 10,645.60 38,526.14 Czechoslovakia 864.00 56,253.45 4,964.06 7,902.55 13,730 61 Germany 209,976 90 348,361.26 255,023.90 813,362.06 1,628.45 1,878.00 330.40 44,824.94 45,155.34 C hile 769.35 4,275.80 2,207.20 616.00 Hungary 61,414.50 157,436.73 53,483.35 272,334.58 Denm ark 4,399.10 2,823.20 3.675.45 8.074.55 Jugoslavia 40,503.50 40,503.50 Egypt 163.50 1.094.40 Latvia 1,620.30 13,069.05 6,492.25 21,181.60 Estonia 378.55 1.636.45 1.20 1.464.40 571.35 Lithuania 1,459.75 2,432.20 3,891.95 Finland 9,142.64 2,036.95 507.00 25.00 9,674.64 Poland 141,847.63' 303,063.75 86,532.30 531,443.68 931.75 14,031 84 Roumania 2,275.60 2,275.60 Germ any 9,072.50 24,036 09 5,875.43 3.972.40 9,847.83 Russia, non- Hungary 694,913.44 2,242.49 2,242 49 Americ. Sect. 6,533.28 688,380.16 lndia-Ceylon 7,128.00 3,390.10 5.405.40 15.923.50 Russia, Ame Italy 1,201.15 rican Section 1,256,282.89 1,256,282.89 344.40 1.545.55 571.70 Sundry Relief 100.00 100.00 9.777.29 42,632.45 52,981.44 jugoslavia Switzerland 55,490.00 87,726.65 13,600.65 156,817.30 13,216.00 13,216.00 2,118.75 Turkey 13,981.60 21,970.98 44,510.10 80,462.68 Netherlands 2,118.75 39,218 00 71,024.50 374,041.00 A. R. A. Feeding New Zealand 484.283.50 Austria • | 3,201.37 47,045.50 50,246.87 Norw ay 20,444.06 Czechoslovakia! 19,119.55 1,436.81 41,000.42 Palestine 22.50 H ungary ; 1,725,000.00 1,725,000.00 Portugal 107.20 129.70 598.05 560.05 81.75 Poland I Poland 1,239.85 Baltics J 941.62 1,039.75 1,981.37 Roum ania 985.40 566.00 192.75 1,744.15 Dutch Clothing (D istributed various countries) 150,000.00 150,000.00 South Africa 69,460.19 7,182.95 5,032.20 81,675.34 Total distributed 2,656,182.05 3,039,627.06 Sw eden 11,755.23 3,222.90 1,429,270.89 7,125,080.00 14,174.40 29,152.53 Exchange ad Switzerland 1,863.70 13,184.05 54,336.75 Turkey 69.384.50 justm ent 10,912 63 10,91263 411.05 411.05 United Kingdom 514,349.89 600,202.81 Geneva Head 462,775 80 1,577,328.50 quarters Ex- Uruguay 1,000.00 U. S. A. 1,000.00 44,890.44 93,146.00 55,759.88 193,796 32 649,215.28 1,280,759.60 1,086,841.75 U. S. A., A. R. A. 3,016,816.63 London Office Feeding 1,725,000.00 Expenses 15,934.10 22,957.42 22,129.45 61,020.97 London and Ge- Total 3,070,785.99 2,116,710.06 2,253,259.51 7,440,755.56 ncvaEquipm ent 6,451.92 6,451.92 Interests 2,297.12 Advances to be 4,513.02 908 97 7,719.11 Sundry Receipts 2,213.35 accounted for 24,518.61 24,518.61 Grand Total 3,073,083.11 I Cash Balance 2,121,223.08 | 2,256,381.83 7,450,688.02 London and Geneva - 28,907.57 28,907.57 j 2,723,458.51 1,556,286.94 3,170,942.57* 7,450,688.02 * The figures for 1922—1923 were prepared before July 1 and are in some cases subject to adjustments —final figures will appear in the official A uditing Report covering the year ending June 30, 1923. 22 From a Japanese professor $ 650.00 des Etudiants and with Pax Romana on behalf of the work From a man who had made a careful survey in Russia. Whereas active co-ordination did not materialize, o f the w o rk ,$ 3,000.00 close liaison exists. The funds and gifts in kind secured These gifts from such varied sources are evidence of the by the C. I. E. are administered by one of our representa high regard and confidence which the donors have placed tives in Russia. Pax Romana has profitted by our experience in the efficiency and success of the European Student Relief and has largely copied our methods of organization fo r its project and its administration. appeal to Catholic students on behalf of the Russian stu- Organizations for the collection of money in the different countries have been almost as varied as the countries participating were numerous. In all cases, how As to the actual ways in which money has been ever, the students themselves have played a major role in collected, space will permit but a bare mention of a few the collection of funds, either as contributors or as pro of the most successful efforts. moters of the various appeals. Sale of flower bouquets in hotel lobbies. In Great Britain the Universities’ Committee of the Im Self-denial week. perial W ar Relief Fund raised all funds for European Stu Great Britain The mile of pennies of the Cambridge dent Relief. Its appeal was to the geneial student body students. and the public, and its local student committees represented all students. The theatrical rag of the London University students. In Holland a national student relief committee in which Direct appeal. Gifts in kind from merchants, all student groups have co-operated has proved most effec over 100 tons o f cocoa were secured in tive. On this committee representatives of the Jewish, the this way. Catholic, the two Protestant and the national student organi zations all serve. U. S. A. Direct solicitation of every student. In the United States the two Student Christian Asso Christmas Candle sale appeal to large fi ciations were entirely responsible for the promotion of the nancial interests. appeal which, however, was made to all students irrespec Working and giving earnings to relief. tive of their affiliations. C lo thing raids. In all countries the Student Christian Movements have Appeals to merchants for gifts in kind. been the most important factor in the promotion of the Watch lottery. campaigns for student relief funds. True, faculty members, Proceeds from concerts. business interests or government authorities have all been Direct solicitation. called upon to co-operate or solicited to give substantial Switzerland Clothing raid and monthly instalment plan. support to the enterprise. Numerous specialized methods have been employed : — Germany Thus the money-raising efforts in the Swiss winter sport Austria Self-taxation of better situated Students for resorts, the concert party tour of the German and Dutch Czechoslov. poorer students. s udents, and the special effort at Oberammergau during Jugoslavia the summer of 1922. Schoolboys and girls have given garden Early in 1922, an attempt was made to perfect a co produce, and profits from presentation operative arrangement with the Confédération Internationale of Shakesperian and Miracle Plays. 24 25 The Geneva Clothing Raid is typical of what students — — Refugee students in Prague, themselves living on can accomplish. After careful preliminary preparation, the Government subsidies, taxed themselves and are now committee, supported by 100 volunteer student workers, providing meals for 93 fellow students not fortunate enough collected in the course of one afternoon five tons of second to receive the Government subsidies. hand clothing valued at Swiss Frs.29,000.00 and made up A refugee student who fainted twice before the doctor's of 8225 articles. Rare ingenuity and determined preseverance examination which we had ordered could be made, revealed have characterized the campaigns throughout. But of even . on inquiry that he was sleeping on the floor in one of greater significance has been the fine spirit of sacrifice the students’ homes. On being told that we planned to revealed. It means something when Russian refugee students, provide him with a private room he protested “ Oh, no, themselves in serious need, none the less give of their little I can’t let you spend money on me when there are so for their more needy compatriots in Russia; when Czech many others in greater need. Really, I’m not so badly off. women students, who had received help, give enough to I sleep under the table where the boys can’t step on me." support an Armenian refugee woman student in Greece; Aside from actual money collections relatively large when Jewish students of Vienna tax themselves in order contributions have been made in the form of gifts in kind, to help students in Russia; when students go without meat and within the past two years, in the form of second-hand or dessert for long periods in order to give money saved clothing. In both fields Holland has pioneered the way. to needy students; when women students go out and work The large food supply shipments, totalling many tons from a day giving their earnings for their suffering fellow-students Holland to Austria in 1920, have been followed by similar in other countries; when students of Estonia, of Robert shipments from Australia, Great Britain, Norway, New Zea College and of Beirut, give in spite of their own need. land, etc. From Australia 52 tons of flour and 20 tons of “ Looking up he saw the rich putting corned beef were received. England has furnished fully their gifts into the treasury, and noticed a 100 tons of cocoa and smaller quantities of biscuits, soap, poor widow putting two little coins in. He jam, etc. said, “ I tell you plainly, this poor widow has During the past year Holland has collected and put in more than them all; for these people sent to the different relief areas over 60 tons of clothing, all contributed out of their surplus, but she England about 30 tons, Switzerland 11 tons, America 25 tons, has given out of her neediness all her living.” whereas Sweden, Norway, Belgium and Canada have all Luke XXI, 1-4. sent smaller quantities aggregating another 20 tons. Someone has spoken of catching the E.S.R. spirit. Not To return to the table of finances (page 22-23) it will be only have many of the students who have been helped seen that SwissFrs. 7,450,688.02 (£310,400 or $ 1,400,000.00) caught that spirit but they are actually outdoing those who have been collected and distributed in the period August initiated the enterprise. European Student Relief has become 1920 to April 1, 1923. a great enterprise of give and take, all sharing alike in 1920/21 — Swiss Frs. 3,073,083.11 responsibility for its continuation and operation. Many are 1921/22 — Swiss Frs. 2,121,223.08 the evidences of truly heroic unselfishness: — 1922/23 — Swiss Frs. 2,256,381.83 Seven Russian refugee students secured an old samovar Swiss Frs. 7,450,688.02 from a friend. W ith this they organized a lottery. Soon thereafter they brought to the E.S.R. $75.00 asking that The number of countries participating each year is indicated it be sent through the E.S.R. to Kazan University in Russia. below 26 27 Number of Number of contributing countries countries receiving relief Countries which have received relief 1920/21 22 H Asia Minor Hungary 1921/22 32 13 Austria Jugoslavia(Refugee students) 1922/23 29 19 Bulgaria (Refugeestudents) Latvia All told thirty-six different countries have contributed funds Czechoslovakia Lithuania to the work, and relief activities have been carried on in Estonia Poland 19 different countries. France (Refugee students) Roumania (Refugee students) The above amounts do not include the relatively large Germany Russia sums secured within the relief countries from native sources. Great Britain (Refugee Switzerland (Refugee stud.) In several countries large Government appropriations have students) Turkey been made; invariably these have been secured because of Greece (Refugee students) U.S.A. (Refugee students) the funds given by the European Student Relief. In practi cally all relief countries the funds actually raised from in Overhead expenses including all charges to the Euro digenous sources are far in excess of those contributed by pean Student Relief Administration amount to 8°/o of the outside sources. And all such amounts are of course not total income. Considering the many fields in which acti included in the financial statement submitted above. vities were conducted and the relatively small budgets in many of the fields this cost for overhead is exceptionally The roll call of countries participating in the European Student Relief enterprise during the past three years is as follows: — Student Relief activities carried on can be classified Contributing Countries under the following headings: — Italy Australia 1. Student feeding. Austria (Largely foreigners) Jugoslavia Belgium (a) Regular meals Brazil (b) Supplementary food supplies Netherlands (c) Special food for undernourished students. Brit. West Indies New Zealand Canada Norway 2. Clothing. Czechoslovakia (Largely Palestine (a) New clothing at low prices foreigners) Portugal (b) Second-hand clothing Poland (Largely foreigners) (c) Shoe and tailor repair shops. Chile Roumania Denmark South Africa 3. Housing. Egypt Sweden (a) Rooms Estonia Switzerland (b) Study rooms Finland Turkey (c) Hostels France United Kingdom (d) Foyers Germany (Largely foreigners) Uruguay (e) Fuel Hungary (Largely foreigners) U. S. A. (f) Equipment such as beds, blankets, study tables, 28 I_____ L 4. Book and Scientific Equipment Relief. ^ Number of meals served (including A. R.A. (a) Books meals paid for by American student money) 22,234,345 (b) Journals Number of clothing articles distributed . . 426,567 (c) Scientific equipment Number of books distrib uted...... 70,315 (d) Financing of printing and multigraph bureaux. Amount of fuel f u r n i s h e d ...... tons 430 5. Repatriation. Food supplies collected or purchased . tons 4,774 6. Payment of fees. These figures, while impressive, convey but little idea (a) Matriculation fees of the actual scope of the work done. They tell nothing (b) Laboratory fees. of the remarkable development of self-help methods, nor 7. Loans (limited number). of the moral encouragement given to thousands of students on the point of despair. Ramifications of administration 8. Medical assistance. and work involved in the administration, cannot be shown (a) Examinations in figures such as are given above. They give no con (b) Hospital and Sanatorium treatment ception of the influence of relief on the promotion of better (c) Pharmaceulical prescriptions international understanding and closer co-operation among (d) Hospitality in neutral countries for undernourish the students of the world. ed students. They tell nothing of the Turnov and Parad conferences 9. Self-help enterprises. which have done so much to foster a closer liaison among (a) Promotion and capitalization. the students of Europe. Much less can these figures convey 10. The innumerable types of service rendered which any idea of the great influence for good arising out of the cannot be categorically classified but which perhaps Oberammergau student relief exhibit, or of the Eddy, Streeter, have meant as much as all other activities com and Blacker parties who saw Europe under the guidance of the bined. We may characterize these as the spiritual European Student Relief; or of last year’s (1922) American essence of the work, those intangible expressions Student Friendship Pilgrimage in which 40 American stu of fellowship, sympathy and love, to which all letters dents participated in bringing a message of friendship to their of thanks and appreciation testify. Those features European student colleagues and in taking back to America which have brought spiritual and mental relief as a more intelligent understanding of international affairs and contrasted with physical or material relief. a greater appreciation of the hardships of their needy Eu On compiling the data on relief activities carried on in ropean fellow students. Someone has said that European the different countries we get the following summary of Student Relief has done more than any other factor in arousing an international consciousness in the student Approximate number of students in the Uni thought of America. versities of Europe and Russia...... 500,000 It is easy in this day of racial, social, economic and Number of stùdents who have received help political problems to despair of a better day. On the other in some form or other...... 105,000 hand is it not prophetic of a better day that at a time when Number of countries in which relief was feelings never were more tense, Jew and Christian, German g i v e n ...... 17 and French, Pole and Ukrainian, Hungarian and Roumanian, Number of cities in which reliefwas given . 93 Turk and Greek, were able to meet as they did at Parad, Number of institutions (approximate) in which Hungary, and not only discuss frankly the problems in relief was g i v e n ...... 200 which they were involved but also leave as friends 30 31 determined to co-operate for the good of all. The G erm an^- ! Egyptians . . . 19 delegation leader publicly thanked the French delegation 19 leader for his attitude and work during the conference, and Swedes .... 2 the Czech chairman expressed similarly significant appre Other Scandinavians 5 ciation for the entire attitude of the Hungarian hosts. B ritis h ...... 8 European Student Relief has created a Student League of American .... 6 Nations that works, and has made possible an impartial Australian . . . 1 platform or forum where all factors can meet to discuss 5237 * their perplexing and conflicting problems, with full confi dence and trust in the absolute impartiality of the platform. At Parad, 130 students representing 34 nationalities Farad has given a new outlook, and has given new courage came together, symbolical of the international character of and determination to those who were present, to forge the work. The European Student Relief Committee at ahead in the spirit of brotherhood and co-operation rather Prague had student representatives of 14 different nationa than in enmity and competition. lities on it. Prague itself with some 30,000 students is as In connection with personnel and the discussion on international an educational center as any in the world. the sources and distribution of funds, the international cha Aside from the large blocks of students represent racter of E. S. R. was clearly demonstrated. But this same ing the Czechs, Germans, Russians, Ukrainians, Jugoslavs, international character prevails in the student body with Bulgarians, there are some ten other nationalities represented which E. S. R. works. Typical is the University of Vienna by relatively large numbers in each. where of 11,225 students approximately one half, or 5237 In Russia our staff of 14 workers represent 9 nation students, are foreigners made up of the following nationa- alities exclusive of the native workers on the staff. European Student Relief is thus international in every Russians...... 30 respect,— personnel, contributors, recipients, participating U k ra n ia n s ...... 228 countries, conferences. Lithuanians...... 23 Estonians 2 W hat money invested in E.S.R. accomplished. Money invested in E. S. R. goes a long way. Herewith A rm e n ia n s ...... 8 just a few illustrations to demonstrate the truth of this Czechoslovaks...... 1367 statement : B u lg a ria n s ...... 250 (1) A five dollar bill given by an American woman was J u g o s la v s ...... 498 put to work as follows: Two dollars were sent to Roumanians...... 828 our representative in Hungary, and a Budapest woman I t a l ia n s ...... 85 medical student was chosen. She needed clothing P o le s ...... 1459 badly, but preferred to use the money in purchasing Hungarians...... 270 a much-coveted textbook which had been beyond her G erm ans...... 107 financial reach. — Another two dollars were sent to G r e e k s ...... 4 Prague and bought boxes filled with nuts and apples Japanese ...... 2 and a book each for two girl students and one man S w is s ...... 13 student who were ill in the hospital over Christmas. Argentinians ...... 2 — The last dollar went to Poland. The European Stu- 32 33 dent Relief representative wrote about it in this ^ sible a daily meal for 5000 students in Russia for a period of four months; in other words the $30,000.00 “ On the $1 recently sent by you I realized 3475 provided 600,000 meals. Polish marks, and this sum was sufficient to provide (5) W ith another gift of $3,000.00 seventy four of the eggs and butter for one month for a medical student best students among the Smyrna refugees are being who is in the hospital of the Holy Infant, Warsaw, maintained in the University of Athens from January 1 for an operation on his throat. Dr. Haigh learned of to July 1, 1923. The contributor of this gift has been this student’s need, and the gratitude of the poor so pleased with the use we have made of his gifts, that fellow was pathetic. He said, “ I did not send for you, he has contributed a total of $ 13,000.00 during the year. and yet you have come to me”, and this seemed to ■(6) Another gift of $500.00 was put to work as follows: impress him as wonderful." Jugoslav Medical student, last semester — (2) A gift of § 500.00 provided 236 refugee students in married and with 3 children — Kc.500 for Berlin with board and room for one month. 4 months Kc. 2000 62.50 (3) Concerning the use made of a special gift of $10.00 Czech student son of destitute widow — our Balkan representative writes as follows 2 meals daily for 4 months —$6.50 a month “ 26.00 “ Here are two Kodak flash lights taken in the Jugoslav medical student — preparing for first Russian social center in Zagreb. The place is in an state examination — destitute — 2mealsdaily old barrack. It was a basement room, without w in for 4 m o n th s ...... 26.00 dows, or floor or finished walls. It was really a cellar Czech student-an orphan and carrying poverty in which people would never think of living. But, it card, 2 meals daily for 4 months . . . “ 26.00 was all we had. Now there is a floor, electric lights, Russian girl — one month complete support “ 23.50 walls and ceiling cleaned and white washed, benches, University fees of 15 Ukrainian girl students tables, and the walls profusely decorated with great Kc. 1,500 “ 41.87 pictures painted on wrapping paper, a piano, refresh Spectacles for Russian student Kc.20 . . . “ 0.62 ment counter, lots of papers and magazines, and games. Food for Christmas dinner to fifteen Slovak And everything except the piano and electric globes students in dormitory who were too poor were made by the students. It is the Russian Social to go home for holidays Kc.750 . . . “ 23.42 Centre. A different student is on duty each day. University fees — 11 Jewish students, Kc. 1870 “ 58.42 There are social evenings, once each week a dance, Christmas dinner and practical gifts to 300 twice each week a choir practice. You know how refugee and poor students in Studentsky fond the Russians are of music. 50 to 100 of the Domov, Prague of whom 108 were Ukra- > 600 Russian students may be found in this room almost inians, 100 Russians and the rest Czechs, any hour between 6 and 10 every night. The place Slovaks, Germans, Magyars, etc. Kc. 1,675 “ 52.20 has already become the envy of the Russians living (The Federation of Student Christian Move in other Jugoslav cities. It cost us $10.00. I wonder ments in Czechoslovakia paid the other half.) when $10.00 was ever spent so helpfully. The inter University fees of 23 Russians — Kc.2,536 . “ 79.25 esting feature of these pictures is not the people but November room rent of 13 Ukranian Jewish the painted and attractive walls." students Kc.2,567 ...... “ 80.22 (4) An unusually generous gift of 830,000.00 made pos 8500.00 35 Thus seventy students were greatly helped by this stration. Thus, in Germany a specially ear-marked gift of $500.00 and three hundred more received a special <£500.0.0 from England was distributed within ten days Christmas dinner and gifts of paper, fruit, nuts and a after receipt among 44 institutions on the basis of their large Christmas cake to take to their lodgings. relative need know n by the centralised agency. Clearance (7) What $200.00 bought in Bulgaria: through the centralised agency guarantees meeting the need 34 pairs of shoes where and when it is greatest, and thus means maximum 28 leather coats relief. 13 spectacles Economic and efficient administration coupled with the 1 woolen shirt prevailing low exchanges have been largely responsible for 6 trousers these remarkable returns from money invested in student 10 shirts relief work. It must be remembered that with the possible 10 drawers exception of Czechoslovakia, exchange rates in the relief 14 pairs of socks areas have been disastrously low. 2 hats material for handkerchiefs Exchange Rates July 1, 1923. Fauivalent of ,n 9 erman ,n Austrian In Polish In Hungarian a supply of leather for shoe mending. Marks Crowns Marks Crowns (8) What one of our Polish representatives wrote con /1 -0 0 . . . 177.000.00 70,875.00 125,875.00 9,440.00 «f 1.0.0 . . . 812,500.00 325,000.00 577,200.00 43,300.00 cerning the use of $100.00 which we had.sent him: — Sw iss Frs. 1.00 31,250.00 12,500.00 22,200.00 1,666.00 “ M any sincere thanks for the g ift of $ 100.00 from the fund sent by Canada for European Student Relief. International Conferences. Our group of Ukrainian students in Krakow wishes to Perhaps the most notable event in European Student express their thanks not only in words but in deeds, Relief activities was the so-called Turnov Conference held in when they shall have finished their studies.” Czechoslovakia a year ago (A pril 1922). This conference “ The sum of $100.00 is sufficient to supply 14 stu brought together students from 30 countries who repre dents with dinners at the Mensa Academica during sented every problem of chaotic Europe. Only students who two and a half months, buy a sewing machine for the had participated in some form or other in relief were invited. wife of one of the students who supports him by her For a detailed description of this conference see European work, and who will also repay the price of the machine Student Relief pamphlet No. 30. Suffice it to say that this for the benefit of the whole group, buy a suit of conference revealed the possibilities of united student effort clothes for one very needy and deserving student; supply and demonstrated that at heart these students are anxious bregd and tea for supper during one month; pay the for better understanding and reconciliation and wish real tuition fees of a very talented student w h o has been co-operation for the mutual good of all students and the compelled to take the final examination at the Polish w o rld as a whole. gymnasium as well as his second year at the uni Mention of the Parad conference, held in Hungary versity; and there will be a balance to pay registration June 14—24, 1923 has already been made. Suffice it here fees in September when the university opens.” to say that this conference confirmed all that Turnov Our co-operation and intricate co-ordination of admini had demonstrated and marked a big advance over Turnov. stration with the indigenous Wirtschaftshilfe (Self-help Unions) Discussions were far more frank and took place on all the makes possible effective and expeditious relief admini- perplexing questions of relationships between the groups 36 37 represented; reconciliation was established and several treaties — It is difficult to measure the help which such enter for economic co-operation between former conflicting groups were prepared. prises give the students. A typical illustration is that of the co-operative shop in Prague which in a few months These conferences are making invaluable contributions sold 717,860.46 Czech Crs. worth of goods to 6000 stu to better international relationships, at least among the student dents at a saving of Czech Crs. 114,697.39 (Swiss bodies of the countries. A world-wide student solidarity is Frs. 20,000.00 $ 3,825.00 or £ 900.0.0.) within reach, which may revolutionize our international and Whereas many of these enterprises have had a small diplomatic procedure and policies. beginning and have progressed slowly, they are now firmly established and most of them are proving good business Special relief activities. ventures. And when once established, development and growth is most rapid. The Austrian Wirtschaftshilfe was not Special relief activities, impossible of statistical enume formally organized until June 1922. Beginning then with a ration and of the most diversified character, have made large monthly turnover of Crs. 1,500,000 it had in March 1923 a contributions to the sum total of service rendered. Such monthly turnover of Crs. 140,000,000. activities have included the following: — Placing of medical chests in each student hostel. Character and Quality of Students helped. Gifts of cocoa to all student clinics. Employment of students; in one tea room 28 women A word needs to be said on the subject of the cha racter and type of students who have been helped. Certain students are employed enabling them to earn sufficient to pay their university expenses. Last summer em individuals, ignorant of the character of the needy students, ployment was found for 37 Russian refugee students have frequently suggested that the latter should be urged in the devastated areas of France. During the summer to discontinue their studies and to find employment in some holidays these students earned sufficient to maintain trade. Those who so suggest lack all comprehension of the themselves several months in German universities. determination and enthusiasm of the students. Their endurance Transfer of students from one country to another. is limitless so long as any prospect of continuing their studies remains. The desperation of poverty and threatened Purchase of sewing machines for student tailor repair shops. Assistance in organization of Student Loan Banks. discontinuance of their studies has developed a spirit of ingenuity difficult to surpass. Just a few illustrations will A student-run bureau to secure passport visas for travellers. suffice to reveal their undaunted courage and perseverance Reduction of matriculation fees for refugee students. in the face of seemingly insurmountable difficulties:— Financing of various student selfhelp enterprises such as: In the Baltics one determined individual made a living Laundries (i. e. earned an existence minimum) by sharpening razors Student-run farms and truckgardens and knives while doing valuable research work. European Bookbinderies Student Relief helped by giving him free meals. To-day Print shops this individual is a full professor m the leading uni Co-operatives versity of his country. Passport photo shop Mention should be made here of the student who Barber shops walked from Constantinople to Prague in anticipation of Wholesale purchasing departments securing the right of matriculation in the University on Arts and Crafts shops. arrival in Prague. 38 Another student when asked why he did not drop studies, of such quality and character have been the students his studies and find work rather than attempt to continue whom the European Student Relief has endeavoured to help. in the face of what seemed insurmountable obstacles and abject poverty, replied, "W hat! Give up the principal Relief for Refugee Students. ambition of my life for which I have already made such sacrifices! Never! Rather w ill I die in sight of these The great war, territorial divisions on the basis of the beloved University buildings, knowing I die in a sanctuary.” various peace treaties, revolutions, and the Near East conflict, A Russian refugee student in Switzerland sought some have all contributed in creating a serious refugee student kind of employment, but in vain. Because of the serious problem in Europe. Conservative estimates place the total unemployment situation necessitating that preference be number of such refugee students at approximately 30,000. given to Swiss workers, foreigners were boycotted. Driven Of these, by far the larger number are the Russian refugee to desperation, he finally consented to serve more or less students who total 12,000 plus. Next in numbers are the as a dummy for boxing matches, and nightly was battered Ukrainians, followed by the Georgians, Armenians and Greeks. up for a mere pittance, but precious as the rarest jewel Relatively smaller groups of Bulgarians, Poles, Hungarians, Jugoslavs, etc. are found stranded in different countries, for none the less, for it meant the possibility of continuation of his studies. some of whom European Student Relief has felt itself morally In the historical film “ Fredericus Rex" put on the bound to provide help. O f the Russians and the Ukrainians the larger proportion screen by a famous German film concern, the soldiers is in Czechoslovakia, where, thanks to the very liberal sup taking part are very largely Russian refugee students who thus earned a little money to help them carry on their port given by the Government, some 4,000 are able to university work. continue their University studies. In Jugoslavia the Gov ernment also subsidises a thousand or more Russian refugee Thousands of students gladly and cheerfully have students. European Student Relief has given aid wherever endeavoured to subsist on one meal or less a day, if only required, and so far as resources permitted. During 1922— 23 they could thereby continue their studies. In fact, in many more or less support has been given to 2,600 refugee stu relatively large groups of students this has been the rule rather than the exception. dents. The largest numbers of these were in Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia and France. In Greece many of the Similarly thousands of students have lived in unheated refugee students from Asia M inor found refuge and help rooms throughout the winter months, or have found shelter from European Student Relief. Seventy of the picked students in railway stations, cafés, even under bridges, because among others were subsidised for six months by a special they had no other shelter, or have been herded together, gift which E.S.R. had secured. Relief for refugee students 10 — 20— 50— 100 in large makeshift quarters of the most was also carried on in the following countries: — primitive character. And they have cheerfully continued to live so because of the joy of continued study. Austria Jugoslavia At one time in Warsaw in dead winter a hurried Bulgaria Latvia emergency survey revealed 1,200 students who were ab Estonia Roumania solutely without shelter, with little clothing and little more Great Britain Switzerland Hungary Turkey (Constantinople) to eat than the government army ration of black bread and black coffee. U.S.A. To starve, to freeze, to undergo any hardship, and This service has consisted in the main in arranging for to do so cheerfully, so long as they could continue their cheap or free meals, provision of clothing, and payment of 40 41 n matriculation fias, Funds Itavn been occasionally advanced During the past year funds were placed at the disposal to a limited number of ituderots fio errabfe them to get from of the two Manual Training Schools conducted by the Rus one country to another. TFftuiSv money was advanced in the sian Department of the Y.M.C.A. at Wuensdorf, Germany, form of a loatr to 37 Russian* students in Germany, to enable and Sofia, Bulgaria. By means of these funds many students them to gp to France where we had found employment for were enabled to complete a practical trades course, so that them. Their earnings were soon sufficient not only to pay after even so brief a period as six months, they were quali back the advances we had made, but also to give them a fied, and invariably succeeded in finding positions as techni reserve for selfsupport during many months on their return cians and became independent of further assistance. Twenty to Germany to pursue their studies. This feature is being to thirty dollars (Swiss francs 120.00 to 168.00, or £ 3.10.0 extended this summer (1923) with the hope of aiding several to £6.15.0) is sufficient to put a student through such a hundred students. course. This is undoubtedly one of the most constructive A restricted amount of relief has been given to provide types of relief we can give to these refugee students. It is sanatorium and medical treatment for undernourished or hoped funds may be made available to permit of further tuberculous refugee students. In Switzerland financial help expansion of this activity during the college year 1923—24. has been given to advanced students to enable them to The following figures from France and Germany will complete their work and to prepare their thesis and for suffice to show the wide range of nationalities represented their doctors examination. One of these refugee students among the refugee students whom European Student Relief who studied in Geneva has dedicated his thesis to the has been helping. European Student Relief as a token of his great appreciation 1922 — 23 the following students re- of the help given. Other students have received help to In France during ceived assistance: - enable their repatriation. Invariably we have been able to secure all necessary visas for such individuals free of charge. Armenians . . . 26 Jugoslavs . 9 And many are the students who would have been forced Azerbaidjanians 12 Libanians . • 1 to discontinue their work just prior to their final examinations Bulgarians . . 1 Poles. . . . 12 if it had not been for the E.S.R. French . . . 2 Roumanians 5 . 52 Many heard-rending tales could be told concerning the Georgians . . 11 Russians 1 hardships to which these students have been subjected in Hungarians 6 Ukrainians . their effort to complete their university work. representing a total of 138 refugee students In such centres as Prague and Vienna we have given In Germany the following were helped: — • help in establishing self-help enterprises for refugee students. Armenians . . 1 Hungarians . 14 In Prague the co-operative store and shoe repair shop, and From the Baltics 4 Poles. . . 9 in Vienna the tailor repair shop are enterprises originally Bulgarians . . . 23 Russians . 198 financed by E.S.R. which are giving good service to the Georgians . . . 108 Turks . . . 12 refugee students. Greeks . . . 2 Ukrainians . . 61 The refugee students are among the most unfortunate making a total of 432 students. students with whom we deal. They are cut off completely from home connections, and all too frequently are unwanted Russia. guests in strange lands, Vl'e must give further consid eration to the refugee students as we plan our work for It was obvious that with the disastrous famine in Russia another year. 1921 -1922, the students of Russia would also be victims. 43 J As a matter of fact their condition was unprecedented in dual organization for administration of student relief in severity and extent of their need. Russia: an American section, functioning under the American Our first representatives who went to Russia in the Relief Administration and a non-American section, functioning early Spring of 1922 urged that we undertake to provide under the Nansen International Mission. This dual patronage daily meals for 30,000 to 40,000 students. Regarding the gave E.S.R. the benefit of the agreements which the two situation one of our workers wrote as follow s:— large organizations secured from the Soviet Government. “ The Universities of Russia can save the whole situa These included free railroad transportation and release from tion if they are given a chance. For God’s sake and the all internal administration overhead expense. Our agree sake of mankind ask, if need be go down on your knees ments called for relief to the students of the last two years and beg the students to give it to them. The outlook is of the university courses. Later this was modified to include dark, but there is some light and most of what light a limited number of students from other classes. Early in there is radiates from the Universities.” 1923 Government pressure necessitated inclusion of so- Reports indicated that the standard of work done, called rab-fac students in our relief activities — in some conlrary to prevailing opinion,- approximated 70 47 curred within the past three years. Whereas before the get to know each other intimately, appreciation each for war few if any European students earned their way through the other follows, and true fellowship cameraderie results. the university, to-day it is exceptional to find a student who The gap which has existed between labor and intellectuals is not doing so, either in part or entirely. The employment is being bridged — a fact of tremendous significance for the of student help, which we urged in the student kitchens, social and civic life of the country. This is what self-help marked the beginnings of what is now an established and and Werkstudententum are accomplishing. recognized principle in European student life - that students, Briefly may here be recorded the characteristic develop should themselves administer and work in student service ment along student self-help lines in the various countries enterprises. From the first few students employed in the of Europe. kitchens, and from the wood-cutting camp experiment in Austria in 1920, where an attempt was made to employ a Latvia. Here the government proved most sympathetic few students to saw and cut wood for Vienna’s hospitals, to the needs of the students and arranged for employment to the student-built Letna Colony in Prague or the 60,000 of all students in need. University lectures and laboratory German students who worked in mines, factories and in periods were scheduled from 7 to 10 a.m. and from 4 to agricultural pursuits last summer, is evidence of the truly 9 p.m. giving the students 6 hours during midday for revolutionary progress which the self-help and work stu work provided by the Government. It is significant that dent principles have made in the brief space of three years. fully 80 o/o of the students attending the University of Riga Less than three years ago no efficient national student were at one time thus employed. self-help organization existed. To-day such organizations Czechoslovakia. Great shortage of student rooms existed. exist in Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria and The Government, determined to encourage higher education, Hungary, whereas in Latvia, Estonia, Jugoslavia as well as gave every possible assistance to meet the need, so that among the groups of refugee students in all these countries, students secured use of many make-shift buildings. Thus self-help organization exists or is in the process of being an old prison, an old monastery and several large café re formed. Everywhere one encounters the most varied of staurants were taken and converted into temporary dor enterprises giving occupation to students. And in all coun mitories for students. But all efforts were inadequate to tries students are tackling any kind of job that assures them meet the great demand of the 20,000 and more students profitable remuneration. The “ work student” is a reality, who flocked to the universities and technical high-schools and no longer scoffed at or persecuted. of Prague. Shoe and tailor repair shops, co-operative stores, vege Then a generous gift from President Mazaryck made table gardens, stenographic bureaux, multigraph and print possible what is no doubt the greatest student self-help shops, travellers’ bureaux, soap, shoe polish and ink fac enterprise in Europe, if not in the world a colony of ten tories, laundries, employment bureaux, run by students and -dormitories housing 750 students — and all built by the employing students, are just a few types of activities which students themselves. No visitor to Prague should leave have been promoted under the stimulus of self-help by the without having seen this monument to -the enterprise and students of Europe. During the summer holidays, thou initiative of Czechoslovakian students. When the project sands of students usually with support of the trade unions, was proposed, the authorities and others declared it absurd seek and find employment in mines, factories, etc. What a and utterly impossible. The students however, backed up revelation these students as well as the laboring men with by our representatives were determined, and it was not long whom they work side by side, experience. Misunderstandings before those who had declared the project impossible, gladly which existed between them are brushed aside and as they paid admission to witness the unprecedented sight of stu- 48 49 dents with pickaxe and shovel, or with hammer and saw a millinery shop industriously working away to build themselves a home. Shoe and tailor repair shops Hundreds of students, men and women, gladly volunteered a cinema and gave their services. The idea of self-help had got hold electrical repair shop. of them. Contemplated are a travellers’ Information Bureau with stu Studentsky Domov, that glorious international student dent guides, a plant to weave cloth for student suits and social center in Prague, the gift of the American Y.M.C.A. a publishing plant. to the students of Czechoslovakia, gives further evidence of So efficiently are they now organized that they are the enthusiasm and ingenuity of the students in Prague for virtually independent of outside help and able to take self-help. Here, among other things, is a vast cafeteria which care of all their own needy students. This is self-help with serves 3000 and more students a day. Most of the kitchen a vengeance. and dining room helpers are needy students. Here too is a student-run co-operative store which sells clothing, school Poland. Bratnia Pomoc (meaning Brotherly Help) is the supplies, etc. to students at an average of 25% cheaper national Polish student organization under whose auspices than the same articles can be had in the city’s retail shops. self-help activities are being promoted in Polish student Here also is a shoe repair shop with a dozen or more circles. Local committees exist in all university centers. nationalities represented among the students who work there. Under their auspices several dormitory enterprises, a dozen Notices inform one that they repair shoes while you wait, or more student kitchens, shoe and clothing repair shops, not because the students are in a hurry, but because so co-operative stores, a bakery, book exchanges, and printing many of them possess but one pair. presses are run. The national organization administers a tuberculosis sanatorium for students in Zakopané and a Hungary. Two years ago a student-run shop for school publishing plant which has already published many of the supplies was opened with a capital of 2000 Hungarian Polish university text books used since the war. crowns. To-day this shop has a monthly turnover of more A unique departure along self-help lines is the fully in than 12,000,000 Crowns and an average daily visitation of corporated factory organized by a smaller group of students 1000 student customers. It is parent to a branch store in Warsaw, for the manufacture of ink, soap and shoe polish handling shoes and men’s furnishings with a monthly turn on a commercial scale. Recently, in competition with business over of 4'/2 millions. And the shoes being sold are made in firms, they secured a contract order for 20,000,000 Mks. shoe a student-operated shoe factory. The store management cream from the military authorities and a 10,000,000 Mks. buys bolt cloth which is given out to needy women students order for toilet soap from the municipal authorities of War who make, according to the instructions given them, shirts, saw. European Student Relief advanced the capital to pur handkerchiefs, caps, ties, etc. They thus have a source of chase the necessary raw materials. Nine million marks were income, and the shop gets finished products which it in turn can cleared on these tw o orders for relief of their needy fellow sell cheaply to other needy students who patronize the shop. students. A student-run enterprise with student employees But this is not all. Other activities operated by the doing successful business for students; that is self-help par students at a profit and yielding funds for relief of needy excellence. students as well as giving service at prices lower than the As in Prague so in Warsaw a great lack of student city’s retail shops are rooming quarters exists. To solve this difficulty Bratnia a university laundry Pomoc has now taken matters in its own hands and has a printing press launched a nation wide appeal for funds for the building of 50 a vast student dormitory in Warsaw. The first campaign money to which European students are now resorting, effort netted 180,000,000 Mks. It is proposed that the in order to demonstrate how extensive and diversified stu students themselves w ill help in the actual building of the dent self-help has become in Europe. One would like time dormitories as was done in Prague. and space to tell of the gardening enterprises undertaken Austria. Austria was slow to begin w ith self-help, but by students, or of the Russian students who participated profitted by the experiences of other countries and is now in the making of one of the big historical films of recent making rapid progress since the establishment of a National times in order to earn funds, as well as of many other Student Self-help Organization in the late spring of 1922. similarly novel money-earning methods of present-day Euro The students of Oraz and Leoben, however, had begun pean students. local self-help activities prior to this date, and accomplished Germany. The story of self-help and work students in remarkable results. Thus the students at Leoben themselves Europe would not be complete without a statement con mined practically all the coal used to heat their university cerning the truly remarkable developments along this line buildings. Both groups have a student union and dormitory, in German student ranks, to which attention w ill now be either finished or in the process of construction, the stu given. For -it is in Germany where both have been most dents themselves doing most of the building. In Vienna intensively organized and where especially the work student shoe repair shops with student employees have been establish idea has taken hold most strongly. ed, as well as an efficient multigraph and printing plant. The central headquarters in Dresden, known as the The latter was begun in October 1922, but has grown so Self-help and Economic Department of the German Student rapidly that at present two shifts of students are necessary Unions Corporation, embrace 42 local economic or self-help to handle the many orders for work. Student hostels, stu departments which serve 56 technical high schools and uni dent kitchens and a barracks colony are other self-help acti versities; in other words, all university students of Germany. vities run by the students in Vienna. The beginning of this comprehensive organization existed Jugoslavia. The Student Self-help Organization of Zagreb when European Student Relief began its work in Germany. is perhaps the oldest in Europe, having recently celebrated This had been fostered by the Society of Friends, who its fiftieth anniversary. In rjcent years it has been most were originally responsible for Student Relief in Germany, active, and now maintains a student mensa, a student loan prior to April, 1921, at which time we took over Student bank, an aid department for sick students, and annually Relief responsibility from them. Judicious support and fi conducts a series of most successful money-raising campaigns. nancial promotion of this initial struggling self-help structure It boasts a duplicate of Letna Colony in Prague, having a by E.S.R. have very largely contributed to the success and efficiency of the present organization. The following statement colony of five student-built dormitories exceedingly well- from one of the leaders of the Wirtschaftshilfe testifies to equipped. Mention should here be made of the relatively this fact:— large sum of money (§2,000.00— Swiss Frcs. 11,500— .£450) which these students, in spite of their own economic pro “ Up to date we have been forced to work with blems, raised for the relief work among the students of Russia. entirely inadequate funds whose purchasing value rapidly Space w ill not permit to go into details regarding decreased in proportion to the disastrous depreciation of similar enterprises in other countries. Reference can only our currency. During the initial and most difficult period be made to the student-run co-operative house in Zuerich, of our existence it has been the support and sympathetic to the very fine social centre erected by the students of consideration of the European Student Relief which has really made possible the maintenance and development of Paradise College,Smyrna, and to the varied methods of earning 52 53 our self-help activities, if not their very creation ancT** existence. help organizations and w ill give unity and strength to the The present organization took definite shape at the enterprise as a whole. Generally speaking each local or Erlangen Convention in August 1Q21. At that time some ganization consists of three distinct departments: (1) A student co-operative society for wholesale buying 700 student delegates representing all universities and tech and selling of all commodities required by students. nical high-schools of Germany, adopted the recommendations" Membership in this is not confined to students only, submitted by Dr. R. Schairer, present executive secretary of as professors, and, significant fact, all university em the newly created Wirtschaftshilfe. These recommendations ployees from clerks to janitor and cleaning women, aimed at: are admitted and welcomed. Several of these local (1) Creation and financing of a national central headquarters co-operatives have monthly turnovers running into for student self-help problems. many millions of marks. (2) Recognition of the “ work student” w ith encouragement (2) The student kitchens or dining halls, in some cases to all students seeking to earn their way through the in conjunction with hostels or student homes. In these university. kitchens meals are served at ridiculously low prices ; (3) Promotion of manual occupation by all students It wholesale buying by the co-operative and the many was urged that every student before graduation should gifts in kind solicited from the farmers of the neigh spend six months to a year in some trade not only bourhood make this possible. Thus Tuebingen secured as gifts 60,000 eggs for this past winter’s supply. At to learn a trade on which the student could fall back a time when a moderate restaurant meal cost 3000 Mks. in times of economic stress, but also to profit by the these kitchens were actually serving meals at 100 to humanizing and socializing effect of association with laboring men. 300 Mks. What a help to the needy student! The student kitchens operated by these self-help organi Naturally to place even 1000 students in the field of zations in Germany are serving 45,000 to 50,000 stu laboring men, would at once result in conflict w ith the trade dents daily. They not only serve cheap meals, but unions. However, prominent labor leaders had been invited offer employment to many students, for much of the to the convention for an expression of their attitude to work is done by students. And in most kitchens a this proposal. With a degree of wisdom and vision seldom form of cafeteria service has been instituted, which for found, they went on record as heartily supporting the plan German conditions is revolutionary indeed. and agreed to give fullest co-operation in finding work for (3) Relief Department. The functions of this department all students seeking employment. They were frank to ex vary in different universities dependent on local cir press the hope that such close affiliation between student cumstances, but in general include: and laboring man would serve to promote better under (a) Administration of relief funds standing, goodwill and genuine co-operation. (b) Employment bureau ,, Sinc.e M s memorable and epoch-making Convention, (c) Organization of self-help activities such as co me Central Self-help Association has organized and con- operative libraries, stenographic bureaux, book- ducted two self-help training courses for the training of binderies, laundries, tailor and shoe repair shops, adequate leadership in all of the local branches. The first student-run farms, etc. or these was largely financed by E. S. R. Oft-recurring During the past year several local organizations have courses of this character will help to assure efficient manage secured farms, where largely with student help, food pro ment under trained leadership of all local student self- ducts are raised for the student kitchens. In one case a 54 55 piggery has been included, (he kitchen waste fatten the pigs who in turn furnish part of the to i? , the university are entitled to consideration and possible meat supply. 1 ™ me k|tchen’s receipt of a loan on most liberal terms in the last semester In Dresden the students wanted an athletic field- of their career. to lay it out were lacking, so the self-help department The Commission House is situated in Frankfurt a. Main. gamzed the students into working squads aSd S With unusual business sagacity and the support of large few ^eeks a perfect field for soccfr, L k V e n l * ' ^ import and commercial firms, it is able to purchase neces sary commodities at the lowest available prices. These com modities are then resold to the local student co-operatives branches are prom™ng a id surprising f a c t^ m o ^ s L e T ' or kitchens. This arrangement contributes very largely to are co-operatmg enthusiastically in what p io T to th t 5 the prevailing low prices of the meals served in the student would have been regarded as. utterly im posable if n L " ' kitchens. At present major operations are confined to food supplies, but it is hoped to include school supplies and S. degrading and beneal" 'he dignity of the sTudem possibly clothing, as soon as the organization is financially built up and capable to handle these additional supplies. are ^ “ o n ^ J S 721 Very soon this will make the student economically inde This organization, although encountering . oc,a,lon- pendent and above all reduce the cost of higher education sition originally, now has the hearty support n M h ^ ° PP°" to a point accessible to all. And student self-help, practi ment and of influential industrial Z h ° ,? the govern- cally unknown three years ago, has brought about this - well as of the l a L T t t e , " ^ T n y revolution. members are activelv cn-nnpra«n„ • . y the faculty Whereas each local committee runs an employment students, who are the princinal h , ' S actlvilies and the bureau, the national headquarters'controls more or less the their salvation when c o l £ b“ ef,cianes, acclaim it as market for student labor in the country as a whole. Close them. complete economic ruin threatened liaison with the Trade Unions and with the industrial and agricultural interests permits knowledge of the labor market, invaluable when it comes to placement of any considerable functions a ^ î dearingtou^e ofTn? “" T 8 ° lher mani,old to (a) local conditions c 'nformation with reference number of students. Thus last summer 60,000 students genous or foreign T w l ' f S h.elP whether indi were given employment. Easter 1923, it put 1000 students welfare of students thrm '?lpo.r me in my opinion that the “ W ork Student” is a socia?^^ past. Comradeship versus class distinction, co-operation achievement which we may greet wholeheartedly. | am versus isolation should follow. Surely this is of vast signi persuaded that the “ W ork Student” w ill be the factor ficance historically. which will bridge the chasm which to-day exists between Such has been the constructive self-help fostered by the workers and the students. Even after understanding the E. S. R. policy which has earnestly striven to avoid is achieved, differences of political opinion w ill continue, destructive and pauperizing charity. Thanks to the splendid but I am convinced that the “ W ork Student” will largely initiative and determination of the students themselves, contribute to bring about that social state in which each success was possible in spite of innumerable obstacles. individual attempts to understand the other, to understand The students of Europe have fought through hunger, cold, how the other thinks and thus to bring into our political nakedness, deprivations of every kind, steadily undiscouraged life the principle which in England and America is known and undismayed, until in possession of that coveted and as “Fair Play”. priceless germ,— truth, knowledge, a university education. “ I sincerely hope you w ill continue to work in this Selfhelp has been their greatest ally, one never again to spirit, for by so doing those social results which we all be foisaken. wish for Germany are sure to follow.” Self-help has become a watchword. The work student The Board of Control, both of the local branches and is recognized and revered ; it means that European university of the national headquarters, is made up of students, faculty education is no longer for the privileged few, but for every men and representatives prominent in public life or in the man and every woman prepared to work his way. And business world. Constitutionally these are so organized from the ranks of the work students w ill come men and that the student members are always in the majority. We women leaders of the calibre of Lincoln. They w ill have experienced the vicissitudes of the rough, raw, red world, thus have a student-controlled organization w ith well-nigh gaining thereby appreciation for life, sympathy for the down limitless possibilities of development. Called into being trodden and love for all humanity, which will mean peace. because of emergency need, fostered by E. S. R., it has now Such is the course of events which those of us who have become a permanent institution of far reaching influence and been most concerned in the promotion of relief through good. It is relief plus reconstruction. self-help cherish and for which we hope and pray. This report would not be complete without a sincere Can one conceive of a greater reconciling influence or expression of thanks to all contributors and friends whose agency? The close liaison between labor and student on unselfish interest and sacrjficial giving alone have made the one hand and student and capital or industry on the possible the great service to needy students of which this other, places the student in a most strategic position, the intermediary between two opposing poles, bringing effective report has told. interplay and co-operation. Future outlook. The “ work-student” is a recognized factor in European Need still continues. All those in a position to know student life to-day. The dignity of labor is being taught. are unanimous that E.S.R. must be continued at least for Experience gained as a work-student is equipping thousands another year; they declare that E.S.R. is morally bound o of students for true life service. As leaders of the future continue, a number going so far as to propose that we should they will possess practical knowledge and sympathetic plan for tw o or three years’ continuation on the theory that appreciation of the masses, their life and thought; such need w ill still exist for a number of years. has all too frequently been wanting in the leaders of the 59 The Student Relief Executive Committee, at its Meet Native students in ing in Crans, Switzerland, May 24—25, decided to con G erm any...... 35,000.00 tinue the European Student Relief activities during the Poland...... 5,000.00 college year 1923—1924, and agreed that the relief ope Austria...... 5,000.00 rations during this year should include Other countries . . . . 5,000.00 50,000.00 a. A limited student feeding programme in Russia in Self-help in charge of the American section of the work and to . . 5,000.00 be financed by funds raised in America. In addition Poland...... 5,000.00 intellectual relief (library and laboratory equipment) Austria...... 5,000.00 to be conducted largely by the non-American section Czechoslovakia . . . H u n g a ry ...... 2,500.00 of the work with funds from non-American countries. G erm any...... 15,000.00 b. Relief for refugee students in Central Europe. Other countries . . . . 2,500.00 c. Further support of self-help enterprises in Central 35,000.00 European Countries. Administration .... 35,000.00 d. Relief in Poland, Germany and possibly Austria for Contingent Fund . . . 10,000.00 native students. $362,500.00 To finance the above operations, it was decided to appeal It is well to call attention to the fact that the average to all affiliated and interested movements and individuals amount raised in each of the past three years has exceeded to attempt to raise a budget of not less than $350,000.00 $450,000.00. In several countries considerable additional (.£76,000.00 or Swiss Frs. 1,970,000.00) itemised as follows: — amounts were raised, but sent directly to the fields, and Russia: have not therefore been included in our records. Material relief in form of Various changes in administrative organization will student meals. . . .$120,000.00 be necessary. The time has come when greater responsi Intellectual relief .... 55,000.00 bility for administration of the student relief funds should $175,000.00 be placed upon the native student self-help organi Refugee students : — zations largely created and developed by the E.S.R. in the A ustria...... 2,000.00 past three years. Such a transfer of responsibility will serve B a ltics...... 1,500.00 to reduce our overhead expenditures by making possible B u lg a ria ...... 1,000.00 the withdrawal of all foreign personnel on the E.S.R. payroll Czechoslovakia...... 4,000.00 in Poland, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. France...... 2,500.00 In the place of local field representatives, the secretary would G erm any...... 10,000.00 propose the appointment of at least two travelling associate Greece...... 6,000.00 secretaries, one to be responsible for Poland, Germany, Czecho J u g o s la v ia ...... 6,000.00 slovakia and the Baltics, the other for Austria, Hungary, the P oland...... 10,000.00 Balkans and the Near East. These secretaries would exercise Turkey and Asia Minor 3,500.00 supervisory control of the relief fund administration by the Other countries .... 6,000.00 native self-help organizations, as well as serve in an advisory capacity. 61 60 J ‘ '"needy fellow students by giving sacriftcially; for we believe ■ Relief on behalf of the refugee students should become they are determined to establish the fact of solidarity of a sub-department of the native self-help organizations but the student world for the good of all mankind. with separate administration of refugee student relief ™nds- The past three years have witnessed the laying or This added responsibility placed upon the native self-help foundations upon which are being built true international organizations, if wisely controlled, should do much to friendships and co-operation. Students everywhere are strengthen and to develop them, and thus be in harmony responding in unexpected and wonderful ways. The follow with our desire to render constructive service of permanent ing is just one of many testimonies which bear witness to good rather than mere charity. The Parad Conference was insistent in its request that these facts : — “The student relief enterprise is going ahead con E.S.R. retain more of its foreign personnel next year and tinually. Here at the University the total amount raised asked specifically for the retention of one or two special workers for refugee students and possibly one qualified is more than 21 /2 times last year’s total, and the effort is not at all nearing an end. The fraternities gave up worker for women students. In the light of their demands, European Student Relief may be persuaded to retain more dessert for an entire week, giving the money to the workers than was planned upon for 1923 -1924. relief fund. This meant that of our 2700 students approxi So far as Russia is concerned, either a special com mately 1200 denied themselves dessert at every meal bined American — non American staff, or separate sections for seven days . . . The sororities have been making and staffs will be necessary. In view of the necessity of sandwiches and selling them between the ten and eleven adequate supervision in each relief centre in Russia, a much o’clock classes in the morning, giving the proceeds to the larger personnel relatively will be essential than has been student relief fund. The most encouraging thing about the whole matter with us this year is an increased the case in other countries. Thus another year confronts us. The responsibility is interest in world affairs and a feeling of genuine sympathy tremendous. Primary need still exists which must be for the students of Europe. W e are beginning to lose a relieved. Students are still hungry, still in need of clothing little of our isolation.” and shelter; self-help enterprises which are in time to make The Parad Conference recommendation is significant these students independent need further support in view of evidence that E.S.R. has filled a tremendous need aside the recent calamitous currency depreciations. Refugee stu from that of bringing material relief. This recommendation, dents, hundreds of them, still look to European Student unanimously adopted, reads as follows : Relief as their only hope. “That inasmuch as this conference recognises that But, aside from relief of purely physical needs, the the European Student Relief is the only existing organ students of Europe have seen in the European Student which at the present time can unite students of all groups Relief an impartial organ in which they have absolute and nationalities in a spirit of impartiality and trust, this confidence. It has been as a light pointing to a way of Conference requests the European Student Relief to con life which has appealed to them, and they clamour for further tinue at least until such time as some organization or guidance and help from us. Realising the great good means be found or created (be it the Confédération Inter E.S.R. has done, and fully aware of its further potential nationale des Etudiants or some other means) which can power, we believe that our friends and contributing con permanently take the place of the European Student Relief.” sistency will again rally to our support. W e are firmly convinced that the students, whose enterprise E.S.R. has been, will again demonstrate their great concern for their 6 3 62 LETTERS OF THANKS AND APPRECIATION From Czechoslovakian Students: “The ‘Samosprava* of the filial of the Masaryk Student kolej in the Kapucinsky Monastery begs to express hereby its most sincere thanks for the kind gift of 1 waggon of coal. This kindness proved the rare sacrifice of your organi zation, the sole one of this kind in the whole world, as it has succeeded to help in right time that the students would not suffer by cold. Our colleagues, although they are living in very poor conditions, as the representative of the E.S.R. knows, they promise, that they will always give you their helpful hands and even if they could not help financially, they will contribute with their moral help following the generous device ‘Ut omnes unum sint.’” From Russian Refugee students in Belgrade, Jugoslavia in acknowledgement of some clothing sent by British friends of the work : — “ I cannot refrain from expressing my most heartfelt thanks for all the help to the Russian students in the King dom of S.H.S. w hich they have received through your kind intermedium. During your stay in this country you have taken such interest in their many wants that you have gained their deepest gratitude. Helping them, you help the resur rection of Russia. “ I am sure that you have been convinced of the im mense good derived from the student homes which could have been organized only with your help. “ Especially the 10,000 dinars given for the g irl students home came just in time to prevent its being closed for want of funds and will enable it to continue some time longer. 65 “ Please transmit to the British friends who have g e n e T ^-- “ We want to assure you, our Venerable Benefactor, that ously contributed to your hard and useful work in behalf we have a thorough and clear knowledge of the responsibility of our young people my most grateful thanks.” that we have assumed towards you, that is to say to develop ourselves as real scientists as well as perfect men. Having you as an example we cannot but fulfil both of them. From a tuberculous student who was given several months' “ And when through God’s and your help after a while stay in a sanatorium: — we go forth into society as scientists we w ill carry your “— - I beg you therefore to accept my sincere name as an example of a noble man and a social benefactor.” thanks . So far as concerns my health, I am glad to inform you that I am improving day by day. Conditions here are very good for me as my case is one of those which From Russian Refugee Students in Roumania:- can be entirely cured; thus a young university student can “Your concern for us and your understanding of our be saved, who I hope will after some time render useful tragic position is evident from your desire to help us. We individual service for humanity." who speak for all Russian Refugee students in Roumania, express our profound thankfulness to you for your help and request you to convey our thanks to the European From another consumptive student whom E.S.R. placed in a Student Relief. We pray you to give our acknowledgements sanatorium: — to this organization which has extended its helping hand “ Owing to your kind aid, it became possible for me, to us in this so heavy moment in our life. Russian students four weeks ago, to enter a Consumptive Home for the im w ill never forget your h e lp . Our spirits are raised provement of my health, as I suffer from tuberculosis. I stood with the consciousness that for some time we shall now with reverent awe and seriousness before so much human not be hungry.” • love and kindness, after having fought with nothing but the hate and malevolence of humanity and destiny for such a From the German Student Union, Dorpat, Estonia number of years. I thank you for this aid with my whole “ Through the European Student Relief of the W orld’s Student Christian Federation the German students at the University of Dorpat have received manifold help in the Letter from 60 Greek and Armenian students whose continued form of free meals, delivery of boots and books. In the studies were made possible by the generous g ift of an American name of all German students at this University we are ex friend of European Student Relief: - pressing our thanks for this aid which has been given to “The deepest gratitude which overflows our hearts moves our needy comrades and wish to direct these thanks especially us to write these lines to you, the contributor to our edu to the comrades of all British universities who by their con cational development. The continuation of our studies, which tributions desired and succeeded in demonstrating that com after the disaster was anything but a sweet dream was re mon ideals and tasks must eliminate temporary differences. The British students may rest assured that we German stu alized only through you who because of your action proved to be a new Messiah. dents shall be glad to welcome the day when the recol lection of the intense sufferings of our people as a result “The work which you are doing for us and for our of the war shall have given way to the consciousness of country, Greece, is so great that it becomes impossible to true brotherhood.” select the phrases which w ill fit the real facts. 67 66 From the Catholic Women Student Society, Budapest:— From a Medical Woman Student: “ May be we never w ill be able to prove our deep ap “ Among many other women students of the Uni preciation which we feel towards the noble way in which versity I was also appointed to assure you in the name of you have shown the virtues of charity, which gave us not all of us of our never-ceasing deep gratitude for your only remedy for our bodies but also made us feel easier and to look hopefully to the future." generous true-hearted help, by which you wiped off so many a tear from my face, which is so tired already from fight and hardships, and from the face of many other girl From the Jewish Student Union o f Vienna : students. “ Your kind gifts caused a great deal of joy, especially “ The Jewish University Committee serving as Exe to me, who" am a poor, totally orphan girl, and have to cutive of the Corporation of Jewish Students in Austria study further two years to attain to the medical diploma, known as Judaea, takes the liberty of sending you here though I had already to pass the greatest hardships to carry with a pamphlet describing the condition of need among along my studies since the eleventh year of my life. the Jewish students in Vienna. “I cannot thank you in any other way for your kind “ We gladly take advantage of this opportunity in order ness but to remember you in my daily prayers, and please to express to you in the name of 5,000 Jewish Students our allow me to express my never-ending gratitude in writing deep gratitude for your unselfish and brotherly help which also at other opportunities." you have tendered to those of our compatriots who are in great need. We are fully aware that it is your work which has helped hundreds of our poorest colleagues out of a most difficult situation. From an Austrian Professor: „ "W e express the hope that the European Student “ I myself as Historian can only state with regret that Relief will be able to continue its highly commendable there is still no philosophy of history on a scientific basis activity in the interests of all needy students, and will which denies war absolutely. I believe that it is one of the especially endeavour to help those who are trying to heln tasks of the W orld’s Student Christian Federation to spread themselves. F the idea of world peace and reconciliation between nations among the students in- and outside the Christian Student gratitude”” ^* hereW'th lhe assurance of our high esteem and Movement. I am of the opinion that there are the follow ing possibilities for it: — From an Agricultural Student: — (f) Supplying of all student libraries with good paci- fistic literature. us al Sfh0Ulu IL '6 lhank you for y°ur kindness towards (2) Exchange of students. ■Commit.» sent u s " '06 mgS ' he Eumpean Student Relirf (3) Arranging of lectures about each of the nations and their culture. isn’t " J m re 15 a ' u ai S 3 su b lim e sensation to know one (4) Creating of an independent international press which there are somebody interested in one's welfare; that serves the purpose of reconciliation between nations. there are some friends to whom one may turn in case of mergency and especially if this frie n d 's such a k M - It is of the greatest value to make personal connections neartea one as you are, dear Sir.” between individual students of the different countries. ’ 68 69 From Russian Refugee Students in Prague to British s lu ^ ' “The students of to-day, with a fresh vigour of moral dents for Special Relief: - strength stand face to face and heart to heart, as great " We want from the part of the Russian Students Union artists to w o rk collectively w ith the chisel on the great in Czechoslovakia to express to you our friendly thanks block of marble. The students of to-day must be artists for your kind help in these difficult trials of ours. It reallv of human life and work on this glorious enterprise of life is very comforting to think that fellow students far in other And then an eternal peace is possible — an eternal peace of lands are thinking about us and helping us w ith ou t any mankind. A nd this peace must come. You, dear fellow distinction of nationalities because we are from the same students, now help European students because they big family, mankind, youth and science. cannot help themselves. So you will save humanity and “We want to tell you how much we appreciate the culture from ruin, especially in Europe of to-day. And then, self-sacrifice you are making, because we kn ow how and certainly, you can be satisfied with your European fellow- from whom the money comes to us, and we dare say that students. They will work for the high ideas of humanity if one gives because of his good w ill and frie n dly sacrifice and for this glorious task that is in the words: “ Ut omnes that is appreciated so much more deeply and w ith the sense unum sint.” of great friendly gratitude. Remember the words of the Oospel about the w id o w ’s mite. That w hich has the great est value! * From the Slovak Students at Pribram, Czechoslovakia: - “We strongly believe that when Russia will be stromr “We count it our honour to express our thanks for again and we will be able to go back lo our homes we ■Prokop’ an organization of Slovak students in the^Uni will contribute lo the same cause in the same spirit of versity of Pribram, to the European Student Relief for all brotherhood and peace.” the things done for Ihe students and espeaaHy for he widening of the interest of the European Student Relief with success through all Europe. If the poor and needy students would not have had th e assistance of the Euro^ From Ukranian Students in Prague to American Students:- pean Student Relief in clothing and food, it wouldhave been impossible for many of them to continue their studies^ ■ ,h'Th|,e monu" 1e,lts of idealism w hich you are building “We should be sorry to hear that the work of the m the hearts of students are of eternal value. In givinf European Student Relief will stop. We wouldask for material relief and in expressions of good will you w if further help for our students, because many of them w o have been depending on the support of the E“ ™Pean Stu studentss udent^nf of 'lh the b°whole h f world. °f friend5hip and brotherhood with dent Relief would find themselves in very h„rd circum of m lÎL T 1 SaT inary world war in the whole history stances.” Of mankind has just passed by into the realm o f the past Everybody cannot but pray that this war will prove to be From Russian students in Petrograd, Moscow, and other chaos A nfu)e ! e W°rld' The "or'd I* m a state o CToanin„ in 7 Î .'S Ï be bom ="d mankind is now centers : — g n g in the dark in the agony of birtli The old irt “Hearty thanks to far away comrades for the support in our hard time. We stretch our hands across the ocean the8 yoeunVm ëed ar"'sts of ,he new should be help create T “ r ™ , " of lo "day = "d their taste is to and shake yours very warmly." P create the greal w ork, the masterpiece of the ages 70 "Your brotherly help and support enables me to aoniT student to linger in school. Life calls to the economical the maximum of energy to finishing my education P X front all the technical forces of the country. Therefore your away Aloscow!" “ d br0,h^ meetings ir„m far help to Russian students w ill bring enormous good to the whole country and every Russian citizen, loving his mother country, w ill bless the people and the places where relief “Greetings to united students of America and Euronp came from." for helping needy students. One would wish that thp P o f th is union would not only be material sunno .'"l “ W ithin the walls of the Moscow High Technical spiritual union as well. suPPort, but School, so dear to us, the E.S.R. has organized a kitchen “We are obliged to agree with great suffering it, for needy students. Young students very carefully approach soul, that at present we cannot participate in that kind of relief offered to them, but once accepted wish and know how to be grateful. The motives which prompted our . overseas colleagues to organize kitchens, the principles put as foundations to relief given to us were such that we will t e S 'X 5? soon ïrâ L £T * accept it w ith gratitude. Support at the moment of sharp international, political and economical controversies and y°U or^attTa^Tv" difficulties, shows the tendency of our overseas colleagues “Sincerely and deeply grateful to our colleagues nf to keep and develop solidarity and the wish to serve hu manity and progress. Relief given cannot pass unnoticed n o te lo u 1! a?dmT ' ^ highly .prize lhe » of you without improving the condition of the country always budget." 6 Parl y0U g,ve us fr<™ your modest serving, through personalities of its best pupils, progress and culture. “ Let us hope that touched by your sensitiveness and compassion, Russian students w ill know how to be grateful in future and will contribute to the general work by serving humanity and culture. best ideals of humanity and ° Ur S'mggle Wl,h.life ,or lhe “With friendly greetings filled with best wishes for the certitude in victory Your conm S“pp0rl 'nsPlres us with success of your w o rk ” support gives us hoDes L L n i,0" 3nd your friend|y in one friendly family." pe°p,e Wl11 be united From the Soviet Government Représentative with all Foreign Relief Missions: “ 1 offer you my hearty greetings on the New N ear. I feel sure that 1923 w ill find the scientific relations, which been"'hot X h f v e ^ 'W deaLeSl ,riends limes. The falling of th» ^ 31 ,e most difficult were established between Russia and Western Europe in 1922, resumed w ith the rest of the world to the benefit of not pass withouTaffecting'.he^teof f ° J T ^ C0Uld and half naked Pn«;,n ♦ J ! students. Cold, hungry humanity. “ The European Student Relief to Russia in her hour never bLore dur!nff aM th ^ S °bliged 10 ^ this, lack of booLs and Ï nlmH 0 ,!he s o lu tio n . Besides of need is a pledge of the stability and indestructability of 'he difficulty in studying. these relations for years to come.” 72 L “ Thousand Tomsk students congratulate you w i n T ^ holidays and send greetings and congratulations to the fellow students united in European Student Relirf i material help Tomsk students see a grateful act of snlin, ■, of civilised mankind. This is an enormous he p „ 2 country which will lead to full economic reconstruct WHAT POEPLE HAVE SAID and w ill conserve its civilized elements." (New Z e a S CONCERNING T m - m v S," denl feedi" g ° Pera' ions a' Tomsk during EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF for th IhL lh ?n Sl,U,denls, receivine European Student Relief From the R ight H o n: Lord Robert Cecil: for the first time after a long interruption, having received “ I write to express to you my very considerable ap greetings from foreign comrades- thank them for their kind preciation of the work which the European Student Relief having T ? ,'h.eir P a 'i'u d e . that Russian students is doing and has been doing for so many years for students having got out of their economical crisis w ill be able at all over the world, and more particulary in those parts of t o r turn, to help students of other countries in the '%a Europe and Russia where the circumstances of the students work of realizing the world wide ideals of culture." are very difficult, and where intellectual life is in danger of being overwhelmed. “ From what 1 know of your work I am satisfied that “ We request you to transmit our deep gratitude to our the results you have achieved with the funds a t your disposal far away but true friends who have so warmly respond d are little short of miraculous, and I know that what you to the needs of the Russian students who were placed in have done w ill be of immense value both in Central Europe an exceptionally difficult situation. O w ing to this relief and in Russia in helping towards the reconstruction of the S j w o £ Ven ' he P0SSibi,i,y 10 quiet and pro- Continent.” ______ S c h o d s T / l Z , h3Ve be'ore us lowards finishing the High From Mr. Frank A. Vanderlip, noted American banker and fr e X àLktanr, T ’ “ u the presenl ,ime without your mendly assistance if would be full of insurmountable diffi- careful observer o f economic conditions, a t a meeting o f British bankers in London said: “ I have just visited every European country except so J e a trt £ * rP° Se’ ,!Vhich has Penetrated into the work, is Spain and Scandinavia, and have met representative people ficient We ferventf h"1’* '°u express our gratitude is insuf- of all classes. I have since seen a great deal of the European y » r L v e given nri Pe ' hat HiS' 0ry wil1 mark *he relief Student Relief of the Federation in Constantinople, Sofia, memory of the’ gratefulR " ame * ' ' ' forever abide in ihe Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Warsaw and Berlin. The general membrance of thf™ student y Z . " " 3 bn'gh' re" impression 1 have carried away is that this work is the most promising in its results of any undertaking in human welfare. .. The Mensas, where cheap food can be obtained are conducted w ith the greatest economy, and, as far as I can see, the intelligence o f the work which is being done is almost beyond challenge. Nothing but an indomitable desire 74 75 n for education would enable students to carry on in soite (he almost msupe,able difficulties and hardships which they ' confidence for a possibility of permanent peace re lationships. Through brotherly taking and giving we fulfil “ Students of to-day are the destined leaders and ruler, =c,ive0mwmar haMKhe L°rd °f this A w h ie e^nal ob ? ? near Mure- If this great experiment in democracy jective was that there may be one Flock and one Shepherd.'' forced on these countries by the Treaty of Versailles is in be successful, these countries must have trained leaders o r , 1 of the snatest features o f the European Stade,,! Relief is the strong co-operation between different races which W f^rsctnf^n: 5^ ' ™ " ’ ^ ‘Jewish it promues and brings to realisation, in sn irin g V o Z th l'^f real brotherhood amongst conflicting races.. 7 g of gone through the kitchens, I have talked to ^ students From Dr. Reinhold Schairer, Managing Director nf w/- , and I have eaten the meal. Therefore I feel competent to schaftshilfe of the German StudeXnschaft f pass judgement on the value of the w ork being d£ne here I consider the student feeding not only a fine piece “ If ever the question is raised as to who is 's u iltv of social endeavour but a bit of constructive work. Situated peace, then the friends and workers of the European St. d m ! as these students are at the present time it would be an absolute impossibility for many of them to continue their for'thZ gh ^irT c"lrs:dth:rhâ?e brought' to 'L o ' “tt S Unn SS ml al pCr day was g 'ven them. I marvel at the quality within these boys and girls that sustains them at a time like this. Many of them are without proper lodging be realised through integrity and sacrifice/ accommodations, without suitable clothing, with practically only the one meal which they get from us for their food^ yet they are willing to suffer so that they may secure for 0 / th C P ° * themselves an education. No belter piece of w ork can be done by the student bodies and other individuals and or ganizations that are making this w ork possible in Russia Personally I would like to see the work extended and a larger program adopted. This, of course, I realise is a atalaM 7toomofkterS ^ " 0 t bee" diPlomals and^onferences6 matter of money and I feel sure that the organization in whose interests I am here w ill be as helpful in an enlarged program as it has been in the past.” rv , (-Kin.-e ™ eipt of lhe above letter the Jewish Joint Distribution Committee has contributed 850,000.00 for the o T r L hn y E~ CdlenCy' ^ Chancellor of Student Relief w o rk in Russia.) of n a tio n a ls Î Z L Z ^ " g0es b^ ° " d *= confines From H o fra t D r. Friedrich Hertz, State Department, Vienna : - “ Thousands o f hopeful young people are being saved through your work from extreme misery which otherwise w o uld break their mental and moral energy. If they should succumb this would mean the disappearance of forces ''^ ■v iv id ly the students whom I saw in the old University of dispensable for any reconstruction in our country." Dorpat in Esthonia (old yet young with the spirit of an American Middle Western College of fifty years age) enjoying From Dr. Bernard /. Bell, President o f St. Stephen's College, the nourishing hospitality of the Federation. New York:- “ But all this is but a preface to an intellectual and “ The students of to-day are the greatest single force spiritual comradeship among the students who are to be in the creating of international good w ill among the thinking the leaders in the world affairs of to-morrow.” population of all nations. I am convinced that scholarship in Europe is alarmingly deteriorating because of lack of books, underfeeding and physical feebleness. If the American students can visualize thousands of students underfed, From Mr. Herbert Hoover, Director o f the American Relief housed scarcely better than beasts, calling for help in the Administration and Minister o f Commerce: name of common learning and common religion, they will (Letter of October 7, 1920) contribute the amount needed for the Student Friendship “ There are over one-hundred-thousand students, both Fund.” men and women, also professors, who in the whole upset of economic equilibrium are suffering greatly, and unless From Dr. Fridtjof Nansen: — we can continue to bring them adequate food, fuel, clothing, “ May I express to you my very highest appreciation housing facilities and every possible means for worthy stu of the splendid work the European Student Relief has been dents to continue their studies in as favourable an atmo doing. It has been my great privilege to co-operate with sphere as possible, we shall see a decadence in the intellec your organization for the relief of the students and intellec tual fibre of Europe by the failure in attendance at many tuals in Russia. During this work I have had an opportunity European Universities. 1 find that the Committee at present of seeing what you have really being doing there, and I at work amongst students of European Universities are have the greatest admiration for the manner in which you doing wonderful work in encouraging self-help, in holding have been able to organize your work and for the great the staffs and students together, and in maintaining the results you have been able to achieve with comparatively morale of the Universities. It is imperative that we should modest means. I think the help your organization has given undertake at the earliest possible moment further endeavour to the intellectual life of Russia during a most difficult to meet their needs.” period will prove to be of the greatest importance for the future of this country. I only wish that you could see your way to continue your efforts.” (Letter of September 26, 1921) “ 1 am impressed with the fact that there is no greater From Dr. John H. Finley, Associate Editor New York “ Times”, service that can be performed than that of keeping alive and former Commissioner of Education, State of New York : — the institutions through which the real advancement and ecovery of Europe must arise. I believe we can carry our “Out of my own observation of what the World’s rown burdens and still help them. I wish you well with Student Christian Federation is doing out in some of the the work, and I trust that your sense of sacrifice w ill new republics of Europe, I am able to give warmest support to this great organization. I remember particularly and enable you to continue it.” 78 79 —I i i i i From a member of the Executive Committee of the Trade Unions Federation:— Herman < “No doubt you are aware that our Federation Exec- tive has always been most sympathetic to the Student Se help organization. No doubt you know that many students because of the complete breakdown of our economic or ganization, are confronted with the alternatives e T h e r , 0 tZearn theb°7h,he money diversity. necessary VithJrtartat'th^r'repC for their education nr -.L ment by the sons and daughters of war profiteers and other unscrupulous and unsocial individuals. From our stand point such a development would be far from desirable. In VIÇW of our Past contacts w ith the student self nOTe|afe!towsShiDe reajize’f w e know From Sir Maurice de Bunsen, former British Ambassador to Vienna : — “I had ample opportunity of observing how the con 'À tributions of our Universities and Colleges are distributed among the needy members of the University of Vienna and other seats o f learning in Central Europe. I am convinced that the machinery of distribution on the spot is thoroughly efficient and most economically worked. The objective of the work is actually attained; the Universities of Central Europe are being materially aided to keep open their doors. Kelief is fulfilling a noble purpose in keeping alight the torch of learning in countries where its brilliancy has beên overshadowed by the national disaster. I am absolutely certain that this w ork is helping pow erfully towards drawing together again nations naturally friendly to each other but estranged by war.” i i i i i i i i I_____ ._l THE STUDENTSKŸ DOMOV IN PRAGUE. S e p te m b e r 1923. I n C z ec h o slo v a k ia th e re a re o v e r 28,000 U n iv e rsity stu d e n ts in four cities. 01 this number 23,000 are in Prague studying in the Czech Charles University of Prague, the German University (which date their joint beginning to 1348), the Czech and German Institutes of Technology, the Russian Law College, the Free Ukrainian University as well as the Czech Academy of Fine Arts and the Conservatory. Of these 23,000 students in Prague about 3,000 a re R u s s ia n refu g ee s, 1,500 U k ra in ia n re fu g e e s, 800 Jugoslavs, ’>,000 German citizens of the Republic and most of the balance are Czechs and Slovaks. In the difficult economic times of the period just after the In the spring of 1920 the Studentskÿ Domov was begun on war the life of these students returning from the various arnjig^, granted by the university. In February 1921 it was formally to complete their long-delayed studies, was exceedingly hnrnr opened for all students in Prague. When planned for all students Unemployment in the country, lack of housing in the new Repu the founders were told that it would be impossible to have it for blic’s new capital, the high cost of living and low value of the more than one race of students. Yet in two and a half years there money combined to make conditions of student life very terrible. has only been one minor racial difficulty ant that was amicably For the Czechs, Slovaks and Germans, due to an economically and settled by the two racial groups involved. politically stabilized and hopeful country, these conditions are The total cost of the building with furnishings was to-day much better. But when their life became easier Prague was 4,415,345.31 C ze ch o slo v a k C ro w n s, g iv e n b y th e A m e rica n Y M C A overrun by refugee students from Russia or East Galicia, most in Czechoslovakia from its part of the War Work Council Funds of the former coming from Constantinople, after having been of the YMCA remaining unexpended at the.time of the armistice, members, most of them, of one of the counter-revolutionary some of which was diverted to work for the demobilizing armies armies. The Czechoslovak Government offered them an asylum by of the allies in Europe and for a few pieces 0f civilian work ne taking responsibility for their complete support. Soon the number cessary because of postwar conditions. had gone beyond the amount promised for support and the govern The students and professors of Ohio State University, Co ment discontinued giving visaes. However, about fifty a week are lumbus, Ohio, under the auspicies of the student Young W omen’s still coming across various borders unauthorized and by stealth. and Young Men’s Christian Associations also contribute annually After a period of time most of these are added to government to the student work in Czechoslovakia, including the Studentskÿ su p p ort. Domov, the Student Christian Movements and the European Stu In November 1919 the newly organized joint student depart dent Relief. They have an alumnus as their personal representa ment of the American YWCA and YMCA decided to build n tive in this work. Student Home or Union in Prague for students of all races. This At the present time the Studentskÿ Domov is controlled by w a s don e 011 the urgent advice of educational and student leaders a Board of Trustees which is a holding corporation under the na in Prague. It was to do two things: 1. offer certain minimum tional committee of the Czechoslovak YMCA. This Board is inter physical necessities of heat, light, baths,cheap eating, study rooms, national. Its president is Dr. Bed rich Mathesius of the Ministry laundry etc., to help the dire economic situation of students; 2. to of Education. In contains nine older friends of students, repre serve as a cultural, social and religious center of student life in sentatives of the Czechoslovak YWCA and YMCA, of the Mini Prague and as an experiment in international good will. stries of Foreign Affairs and Education, of the city of Prague, of The first uses were to meet urgent, temporary needs not the German Student Help Association, of the Federation of Cze otherwise met in the city of Prague. The second were to constitute choslovak students, of the Social Department for students and six the permanent raison d’être of the Studentskÿ Domov. Of Course students of the student Autonomy. This Board appoints a respon the physical facilities of the building were to always remain as sible director and certain sub-committees, viz, the executive com permanent features. Primarily the building was to serve as a great mittee of four non-students and three students, the auditing permanent Student Union at the international cross roads of committee of two lion-stndents and one student and the restaurant students in Prague. I 11 Prague exist a few student corporations of committee of one non-student and one student. somewhat similar aims but only for one race of students each. The most unique feature of government, however, is the None of these had yet realized union facilities. Naturally the International Student Autonomy, which is responsible for the stu Domov does not duplicate these not compete with them for the dent activities in the building and represents the will of the stu use of the Domov for all races of students under one roof is dent members 011 all other governing bodies in the building. This unique and will remain so in Prague. autonomy is now composed of twenty-seven members elected by With the money at our disposal it would have been impos the student membership on the basis of proportionate representa sible to build a dormitory to house more than two-hundred stu tion of races. Each racial group is entitled to one member for dents and so a student center for both men and women students each two hundred members or fractions over fifty. Small mino was determined upon. rities can combine to make the required minimum of fifty and H elect a member or members. At the elections in May 1928, 1725 hot water at all times not only for the baths but also for the kettles members or 45.5% of those then qualified to vote, voted. At kitchen. the student autonomy is composed of ten Czechs, two SlovaWT 450 men and women students, too poor to hire it done, three Russians, five Ukrainians, two Jewish students, two Jugo monthly use the laundry to wash and iron their clothes. slavs, one Magyar, one German and one Ruthenian. One third of 300 students monthly use the pressing room. An employment the previous autonomy hold over in the new one. bureau is maintained for students. The highest membership in the Domov was in January 1922 The Domov receives 110 newspapers of which 49 are Czech at 6500. In 1922—23 new building operations reduced this figure. and Slovak, 13 Russian, 2 Ukrainian, 7 Polish, 11 Jugoslav, 9 Ger But in May 1923 there were 4167 members of twenty-three races. man, 6 French, 9 Magyar, 4 Jewish. It receives 92 magazines of Of these, 601 were girl members, the girls having certain rooms which 25 are Czech and Slovak, 1 Russian, 1 Ukrainian, 11 German, exclusively for their own use though most activities are joint. Of 30 French, 14 American. these 4167 members (here were 1913 Czechs and Slovaks, 637 Rus The Domov contains a radio station where courses are gi sians, 618 Ukrainians, 340 Jews, 190 Germans, 157 Jugoslavs, 99 Ma ven and the national amateur Radio paper published. gyars, 49 White Russians, 32 Gruzins, 31 Rumanians, 25 Ruthenians. The Student autonomy is divided into sixteen committees for 22 Bulgarians, 17 without nationality, 10 Carpathian Russians, the activities of the building. 7 Armenians, 6 Poles, 2 Serbs, 2 Dutch, 2 Greeks, 2 Kalmys, Chess tournaments are held. 1 French, 1 Norwegian, 1 Osetian, 1 American. Language courses, sewing classes, and technical lectures In midsummer, in July 1923, (here were 1679 members. These are given. members are all active users of the Domov for they renew their The Domov has organized a very effective International cards monthly with the payment of the small membership fee of Scouts organization of both men and women members. five Crowns (sixteen cents). Lectures arc given, the most interesting of which have been The following are some figures of the Domov: the ones given by German critics on Czech art, literature and music and by Czech critics on German art, etc. The income of the Domov during the first six months of The building teems with activity during the year-concerts, 1923 was K c 4,859,256.89 (Dollars 147.250). The building is now self- lectures, tournaments, club-meetings, dances, etc. Not least of the supporting though as yet no reserve or sinking funds can be esta buildings’ attractions are the study rooms, well lighted and heated. blished from operating expenses. The profits from the diningroom, Neither the university libraries nor the students’ rooms offer due to quantities served and efficiency of management with the cheapest balanced meals to students in Prague, help pay the de There arc 2500 books in the library. ficit of club facilities. The free clinic, managed by the Ministry of Health and spe- \ The Domov established the first cafeteria in Czechoslovakia cializing .on skin and lung diseases, treated 4625 students in 1922. \ under a trained dietician, Miss Emily Kre.pinskâ, who is associate Of these 1326 were foreign students. There are between) ninety and a \ director of the building. Balanced food diets are a great demon hundred regular employees of the Domov and between twenty and stration to students here. 2600 students eat their regular dinners thirty students. daily in the DomoV and 2000 eat the regular suppers daily. In With offices in the Domov are also located the six student addition an average of 1500 use the cafeteria daily, making a total Renaissance or Christian movements which have developped in the of 6100 meals served daily in the school months. The regular noon Inst three years. The oldest of these is the Czechoslovak Student meal costs three Crowns fifty hellars (eleven and a half cents) Renaissance Movement, German Student Christiaan Union, the and the night meal costs three Crowns (ten cents). There are four- Czechoslovak High School Student Renaissance Movement, the hundred seats in the dining room. The Domov bakery bakes all Ukrainian Student Renaissance Movement, the Russian Stu bread, rolls, and pastries used in the building. Two million meals dent Christian Association and the Jugoslav Student Chri have been served in the two and a half years of life of the Domov. stian Movement. These movements are also organized in 4800 students use the baths monthly. The girls have tub baths the other university centers in the Republic with Prague as head and the men have ten showers. The central heating system gives quarters. These movements have their own organization, officers, secretaries and programs. All but I hose of the refugee students are The co-operative store in thirteen months saved Kc 114,697.39. self-suipporting. Their program and ideals are similar to thob^h^' student customers in the turnover of Kc 717,860.22. It deals the student Christian Associations and movements in other eoiflr in Supplies and clothing. tries. They include Bible study discussion groups on current pro This co-operative is now a part of the Studentsky Domov as blems studied from the Christian standpoint, service to students, the gift of the European Student Relief. religious meetings, publication of pamphlets, summer conferences, A total of 27,622 students received help from the European delegates to other conferences in Europe, promotion of a Fellows Student Relief in one or more ways. hip of Reconciliation in Prague, social service in the community, The European Student Relief also used an international com etc. The religious program in the Domov depends 011 the lead of mittee of students to help its work and relief was distributed enti these movements. rely regardless of race, nationality or creed. AH of these movements are now federated in the Confede In all mention of students in Prague one must call attention ration of Student Renaissance Movements in Czechoslovakia, uni to the Student Colony on Letmi comprising ten dormitories hou ting them for certain great features of a joint religious program sing 740 students (one dormitory is for women) built by students and international relations but leaving to each movement indepen themselves, an average of five-hundred working daily for one year, dence of development along the lines of the racial characteristics under their own technical direction, using a patent construction and religious background, history and thinking of each. This con of an engineering professor, and accepting the help of legionaires, fédération publishes a Bulletin, conducts general student religious striking workingmen and high school boys and girls who came in meetings such as those of Sherwood Eddy in May 1923 and those for week-ends to help. Only students who worked a minimum of of Dr. Herbert Gray to come in 1924, conducts leaders conferences 200 hours 011 the building can live in them. This is perhaps the of the movements such as the one of 125 delegates with Mr. Eddy most outstanding example of student self-help in Europe and is as leader, joined with the Domov and the European Student Relief the beginning of a new era in this country so far as student self- in a great Christmas feast in 1922 to 300 poor and refugee students ! support is concerned. The idea came from our student leaders who of all races in the Domov. This confederation is a corresponding , also became the technical-directors of the work. The YMCA Stu member of the World’s Student Christian Federation, succeeding dent Department has actively cooperated with all these student the Czech movement in this regard. activities and movements, leaving them free, after creation, to.de The Studentsky Domov also houses the European Student velop indigenuously, as desired. Relief of the World’s Student Christian Federation which, in 1921, All student lines from all of Central and Eastern Europe succeeded to the relief work already being done by the Student lead to Piague. Surrounded by six countries, Czechoslovakia is Department, YWCA-YMCA in Czechoslovakia. To this new relief a great student center. Some day these lines will lead back to action students in forty lands came to the brotherly help of stu Russia, Poland, East Galicia, Rouinania, the Balkans, Hungary dents in thirteen suffering European countries. and elsewhere. These great spiritual and social experiments and Some of the figures of the last two years work in Czecho realities in good will, friendship, cooperative mutual effort, cul slovakia include: tural exchanges and understanding, as daily lived,, perhaps un consciously, by all these students of so many races in the Stu Total expenditures Kc 3,652,927.53. New clothes given to 4125 dentsky Domov offer great hope to troubled Europe and are pro students of sixteen nationalities, including 10,536 articles for which ving the spiritual possibilities of the bringing together of the pe students paid one-third. oples of the world into cooperative development 011 the basis of Second-hand clothing totalling 14,596 articles were given to mutual confidence, understandig, brotherhood and service. 2232 students. In 1921—188 students were fed, in 1922—1877 and 691 in 1923 up to April 1. Thirty tons of cocao to 10,193 students for The Studentsky Domov is self-supporting, with difficulties breakfasts. always of making both ends meet. It has no reserve or sinking 3358 technical books were given to five universities. funds and no fund for the great permanent building necessary Loans were made to 395 students. when this temporary structure falls down. The refugee student Fees were paid for 377 students. Christian Movements need support and the native movements can USC additional funds to good advantage. Belief, under the Euro pean Student Relief, is also still necessary for incoming ret^H^ik, students and for a few native and other foreign students. Those desirous of aiding any one or all of these student asso ciations can fill out the attached blank and tu rn it in or mail it to the director’s office of the Studentskÿ Domov with cash or check. Per sonal or travellers' checks on any bank or in any currency are acceptable. The blanks can be signed to indicate for what purpose the money is to be used. Contributors will be put on the mailing list for the English Bulletin of the Confederation. Checks should be made out to »Studentskÿ Domov, Prague. . GIFT. i. Permanent address hereby give for the use of students regardless of race or creed, the sum of in (cash, check). This is be used by the Studentskÿ Domov or by »Studentskÿ l)omov« Na Slupi, Prague II., Czechoslovakia. mm J The European Student Relief of the World's Student Christian Federation. A Brief Record of Work in Austria September 1920-April 1923. BITTER NEED AND BROTHERLY HELP LEAD TO SELF-HELP. Vienna,April 1923 L , I I I I The European Student Relief in Austria . A Resume of Work September 1920-March 1923. Although the European Student Relief was not foun ded until .July 1920 Student Relief had begun in Austria early in that year,and I lie World’s Student Christian Fe deration had sent 8.000.— Dollars to Vienna for Student Rel ief. Vienna mu y claim to be the scene of the very first Student Relief work. In September 1920 the European Student Relief began to organise its work in the Universities and Colleges in Austria,along the following linos: BREAKFAST for 2000-0000 daily; CLOTHING(for 8000 Students). HELP TO SPECIAL CASES OF NEED ; PROVIDING STUDENT TEXT BOOKS; OTHER SMALLER ACTIVITIES,LIKE COAL-DISTRIBUTION, SENDING STUDENTS ABROAD IN THE SUMMER. Up till June 1922 the Relief work was initiated and controlled by the European Student Relief representative, with the help of Student Committees in the Colleges and a Central representative student Committee. Hope of in dependent self-help always existed. §1.Student Self-Help is organised, a)FROM DOLES TO SELF-HELP. In June 1922 out of these Student Committees was formed the"Wirtschaftshilfe"of the Austrian Colleges. The"WirtschaftshiIfe"undertook itself to administer the Breakfast Scheme for the session 1922-1923. During the session the"Wirtschaftshilfe"has gradually increased its scope and responsibility, so that the European Student Relief has dealt in 1922-1923 with the eleven Colleges and Universities only through the"Wirtschaftshilfe".The "Wirtschaftshi1 fe"continues to develop,and maintains its I ' I I I i - 2 - closc connection with the European Student Relief. ^commissions received privately.The studonts are paid for this directly by those who give the commissions. The aims of the"Wi rtschaftshilfe"are : • 1) To make doles unnecessary by organising work-provi 4) Graz— Is already organising a course in typewriting, ding activities. together with a writing room,and a book-binding shop, 2) To unify in Austrian Colleges and Universities stu and is unifying the various student committees. dent economic organisations. 3) To become independent as an economic organisation. 5) Innsbruck. Breakfast Scheme : The cooperative work of the students in this has made it pos The European Student Relief has not succeded in sible to lower the price of breakfast bringing about one united student economic organisation from 500 to 400 Kronen. in Austria.Besides the"Wirtschaftshilfe",the Jewish Stu Sale of Study materials at reduced prices dents organisation (Judaea) and the Ukrainian Students is carried on. organisation (Selbsthilfe der Ukrainischen Studenten Mensa(Student Dining Room)-All the work is "Sitsch") are helped directly by the European Student done by students, and the price has been Relief. The chief work of the Relief in Austria since June reduced. The work of students in pro 1922 has been to encourage and to support the develop viding wood makes possible a saving of ment of Self- Help activities among these three Student 50.000. -Kronen per cubic metre of wood . agencies. G) Leoben. A Student Hostel for GO students has been built b)STUDENT SELF HELP IN AUSTRIA. with the cooperation of students, who. did much of the work with their own I. Under the "Wirtschaftshilfe der Studenten der Hoch- hands,and also raised money for it.Ad schulen Deutschosterreichs". ministration and control are wholly in the hands of the students. 1) Printing Press : Started by the"Wirtschaftshi1fe"in the Engineering workshop, where 20 students find Technical Co 11ege.Vienna.This press carries out orders employment. for the coI 1eges;e .g .prints 1ectures,text books,et c . Garden,where students help to supply the stu and does certain miscellaneous commissions.It employs dent kitchen more cheaply with vege 12 students,working in two shifts of seven hours each. tables . and undertook in the three months December 1st - Coal and Wood are provided invariably by stu February 28t.h, CG commissions with a turnover of Kr. dents for the College. Students work 70,000.000 -(1 .000.-Do I lacs) . several days in the mines around Lco- ben in order to earn some money. 2) A Book Binding shop.was begun in the Technical Colle In the College drawing paper and writing pa ge on February 20th and employs 4 students. per are bought wholesale,and sold cheaply to the students. o) I 'he ("o’ ge of Art, has a Shop where colours , paper , and pni' t i g u t cr ils may be bought.An Art workshop under The development of the"Wrirtschaf tshil fe" will be a Professor where 40 students engage in working on best realised if one compares the monthly turnovers of -5- 4- inian Students organisati on.The European Student Relief t h e Ce titrai Of f i. c e : supports them in this. 1 .500 000 June 1922...... K Ill.Under the "Judaea". July 1922...... K 5,720 .000 .2UU August 1922 ...vacation. .K 2,113 In April 1923 the Jewish Student organisation .000 September 1922... " .. ..K 1,100. is setting up a workshop for making and mending clothing 477 Oktober 1922..... " .... , K 2.135. for men and women students on a considerable seale .Mi L- November 1922...... , K 27,979. 751 linery will also be a feature of this new development:- December 1922...... K 44,990. 763 The European Student Relief lends money to launch the work 043 January 1923...... K 59,325. in a building rented for the purpose. February 1923...... K 38,434. 222 In the same building an office for typing and March 1923...... K 140,602 564 duplicating is being set up.Courses for 1 earners in ty ping and office work will be conducted. Total Turnover in 6 Months...... K 323,901.020' or 975 pounds. §2.The Field for Student Relief and Self-Help in Austria. II.Under the "Ukrainian Students Self Help". Universities Number of Students are carried on: and Colleges in the Universities in Number of students employed. 1914 1921 1922 1 ;)Barbers shop 5 Vienna 2.)Shoe repair shop. 2 University 10.400 11 300 10.000 Technical College 2.300 5.000 4.360 3. )Tail or.s shop. 5 Commercial College 649 3.400 2.300 (773 Austrian) 4.)Book-Bind i ng shop. 4 Agricultural College 1.141 1.667 1.189 Veterinary College 862 474 562 The Ukrainian Self-Help lias received from the Euro College of Art - 256 237 pean S i.uden (.-Re 1 i vf‘ ,000.000. Kronen (27. —pounds ) towards 9 College of Music — 1.212 1.200 the fitting out of their repair shops.The Relief has al Protestant Theological so installed a Sewing Machine iu the Ukrainian Tailoring Faculty — - 49 - Shop;and here t e co Fig me is of second hand clothing and boot s ,received by tie Relief,are being repaired and * rr’i d at piece work rates. A proper ce tr«>(CIub)is needed by this group University 2.216 1.952 2.722 especia ' y. The.> lave plans now for setting up a small Technical College - 1.100 933 laundry in oi der to work for the 400 members of the Ukra- Innsbruck. ^ The figures for the following two Colleges may be University 1.480 taken as typical of the 10 Colleges in Austria: Leoben Austrians Foreign students Other Foreign Total in 1921 form erly Austrians students Mining College 360 about 700 19.448 28.771 University 4600 1380 11.230 Agricultural The"Wirtschaftshilfe der Hochscliulen Deutschôster- Col 1ege 185 1600 reichs"is the central Economic Organisation for al I these colleges in Austria.The Wirtschaftshilfe has its own busi ness secretary and office staff. There Is an executive under the chairmansh ip of a well known Professor.This exe b) Conditions among the students 1914-1923. cutive meets each month. The General Committee of the Wirtschaftshilfe on which all the colleges are represen In 1914.Austrian students,though poorer than ted,meets at least three times a year. German students.were free from economic stress;meals were The Judaea,and the Ukrainian Self“Help have con available for all,and also clothing.Heating,and all ac tact with the provincial colleges m Graz,Innsbruck,and cessories for study , inc 1 uding 1 ibraries , were plentiful. Leoben. Institutes were well furnished ; time and moneL\ foi some form of recreation was the order of the day. In 1922 most students have to struggle to make ends meet; many can afford only one decent meal u day. §3.Student Life in Austria. Clothing.in spite of skill in making things do.is woe fully inadequate,and in many cases has none of its been a) The Student Population of Austria. renewed since 1917.Heated rooms are an except i on ; acces sories of study fail ; 1ibraries and institutes are ill- x The student population of Austria is very hetero equipped. and recreation of any sort is only possible genous. The majority of the foreign students who study in through the sacrifice of some necessity. Vienna come there because of Vienna’s famed educational In adition to this.whereas in 1914 a graduate facilities, or because of their previous political and was sure of a career in 1922 many have no outlook but racial connections with Austria-Hungary.They come chiefly unemployment. Indeed the students repeated 1 y enquire from Czechoslowakia,Hungary,Jugoslavia,Roumania,Poland. whether the European Student Relief cannot do something i Included in the large number of"Foreign Students" to make it possible for graduates of Austrian Univer are many "Refugee Students" who have been compelled by sities and Technical Colleges to find work and service political and racial stress to study in a foreign land. in some of the countries not so far away,where doctors, These come chiefly from Pol and(Galicia),Ukraine.Hungary, teachers,and technical experts are greatly needed. Roumania,Russia and are nearly always very poor. I I I I i______■ ~ i i i i i c) Relative Prices Expenditure Table of relative prices Brought forward K -.- Brought forward K 280.000 Breakfast,bread 150.000 1914 1922 Laundry 30.000 income earned Class fees 80.000 Men’s suit...... 60 . ~Kr |-2,000.000. -Kr through Office Books 15.000 Ladies costume . . 70.- " 1-2,000.000.“ " work for E. S . R . K 520.000 Boot repairs 60.000 Cloth(per metre). . 5.50" 200.000.- " Cl othing 50.000 Shirt...... 5.- " 100.000.- " Underwear 30.000 Hat...... 10.- " 120.000. - " Sundries’ 30.000 Pair boots .... 16.50" 200.000.- " Gas per ms...... -.17" 490.- " Total K 725 0002 Breakfast . . . . . -.20" 16.000.- " D i n n e r ...... -.70" 20.000.- " :f Scholarships are not applied for.as the.x range from' Room & Service . . 30.—. " 220.000.— " 800—1200 Kronen pre-war rate.The application form costs Class fees more than that. per h o u r ..... 2.10" 9.000.- " Since August 1922 the pound has stood about Flour 1 k g ...... -.36" 7.000.- " 325.000.-Kronen.So this student could I i ve on about 2.10.- Margarine 1kg . . . -.90" 22.000.- " pounds a month ,but. actual ly earns only about pounds 1.18-. Potatoes 1kg . . . .-.08" 800.- " Pork 1 k g ..... 2.20" 34.000.- " Egg ...... -.08" 2.100.- " Postage(inland letter) ...... -.12" 400.- " § 4.The European Student Relief in 1922-23. Tramride ...... -.14" 1.500.- " The European Student Relief carries on its pro 1 Dollar=5.-Kr. 1 Do 1lar=70.000.-Kr. gramme in 1923 along the same lines as previous 1 y.A great 1 Pound=24.-Kr. 1 Pound=330.000.-Kr. part of the work of administration necessary to the break fast scheme and to the clothing scheme is carried out bj the student organisation. This has made it possible to get along ivith a smaller staff in 1922/23.The following d) A Student Budget are the main activities of the European Student Relief in Austrian Colleges: Income Expenditure a) The most important activity in 1922/23 is really From home Room 70.000.- the planning for and subsidising of the Sol f--Hel p activi Scholarship -. - 2 meals a day 210.000 - ties,as already mentioned in this report. Carry forward K -.- Carry forward K 280.000.- b) The Breakfast Scheme is now run by the"Wi rtschaf ts- hi1f e"f or 1800 students in 11 Colleges with cap i tal pi o- I ' I I I i - 11- f) Arts and Crafts: Many students,especially women v id et cl by the European Student Relief1. This is l'eal L a subsidised activity; stud.nts pay for the breakfast K , si^dents.eke out their slender means by engaging in Arts and Crafts of various kinds.The European Student Relief about 1/3 of a penny. The Judaea runs the breakfast for has been in the habit of purchasing such articles from 250 Jewish students.(Total daily’breakfast 2050.) students and selling them to visitors.or sending them a- Altogether slice the beginning of its work(1020)the broad.In December and Jannuary 1922/23 about 40.-pounds European Student Relief has served 1,300;000 breakfasts worth of embroidery,lace,etchings,bookmarks,knitted ar to Austrian students, ticles, etc. .were sent to Hoiland,where the students dis posed of them and sent back the full price to the Euro e) Clothing Scheme: The cl otliing scheme of the Euro pean Student Relief in Austria.By this means between 30 pean Student Relief functions through the three student and 40 students received a good price for their work, organisât i ons nient ioned above ; the"Wirtschaf tshi 1 f e"," JÜ- and have been able so to help themselves. discher Hochschulausschuss", and the "Ukrainians'!. Both new and secondhand clothing is distributed . The new clo thing is sold at less than half the costprice(during the g) Russian Refugee Students: The most forlorn cases last two winters at about a tenth of the costprice ); while of need which the European Student Relief has to help are the Russian Refugee students. Migrating because of lhe second hand clothing is distributed at a nominal hard times, from South-Eastern Europe,and making for Prague price ; students who cannot pay any thing get clothing free. as the rallying point of the Slavs, hundreds of Russian The money rece i ved for the clothing is always spent again Refugees pass through Vienna. Those among them who are by the Student Relief in Austria. Since the beginning wf‘ the work the Reliefhas giv en out 01.000 garments of clothing students are recommended by the International Red Cross to the European Student Relief,and the European Student 'for Austrian students. The three organisations receive clothing for dis Relief fits them out with clothes.underclothing.and boots. tribution according to a scale which they themselves have From Jannuary to March 1923 inclusive 125 Russian Stu dents were each provided with an outfit consisting, on agreed upon. the average,of five garments,and boots. d) Special Cases : in any scheme of relief,allowance must be made for the personal factor.In Austria the Euro "Extracts from an Impression of the Russian pean Student Relief has always been ready to help stu Refugee Students." dents in personal difficulties, either from the point of 'They all know the longing,these Russian students, View of funds, or of health. to get out of the uniform they have worn for six,eight, (For examples of special cases sec §5). and even more years of their lives. And even when they e) Books for Students: One of the most expensive are proud of having been officers, they gladly change items in the students budget is that for text books.For their soldiering clothes for a civil suit which attracts more t.luu: two years the European Student Relief has been less notice.How thankful they are for everything.and how polite and unobtrusive* 'Most of them need a complete ‘"providing text books for the various student libraries, new outfit.The uniforms are very far gone,and often torn; first of all at about 10$, and now in 1922/23 at 25% of underclothing is often simply not there,and their shoes the cost price. 2578 Text books have been purchased and so made are bad. All tells a convincing story of the suffering and adversity which these people have experienced.’ --- available for student libraries. ’Many of them are invalids. Well or ill, they have got - 13- - 12- its fund for "Special Cases" is able to help her over through several years in the Balkan states as manual t, hw e difficulties for the next months. She expects tu go 1 abourers , porters , arid so on. But as. according to tl^ir to Polarid as soon as possible to practice there as a Doc own statements.conditions in the cities of Sofia,Athens, tor. She is a Polish citizen. Belgrade,and Constantinople have become very much worse, they have therefore left the Balkans and turned towards c) O.K.has been in touch with the European Student Prague,hoping to complete their studies there.’------Relief for three years He was one of the best workers ’ Wa r , privations and hard work have left their mark upon in the Student Relief Wood Cutting Camp of August 1920. these people but have,after all,not affected much their During the winter 1921/22 when his means were very low, friendly disposition. Although they appear,outwardly,to lie received regular help from the Relief,and in summer have become somewhat rough, yet all the time,the gentle 1922 he was sent to Denmark .There he stayed and worked for patient Russian disposition shows itself’. a gardener.for1 three months,put on weight.recovered his health,and had a very good time.Now this connection with Denmark means that he does not call upon the Relief di rectly for he!p.A sum of money which lay to his credit with the European Student Relief from June 1922, he has §5.Typical Cases among the Students in Austria, refused to receive,saying:"Give the money to another poor whom the F^uropean Student Relief helps to get student". upon their feet. The circumstances which obtain among the majority d) K.P.a student of agriculture,was sent to Denmark for- the summer 1922.He worked on the land.and made friends of students in Austria will be better understood if one with many Danish families. In October he returned to Vien considers the following examples of need. a) In July 1922 the European Student Relief re na and said that his Danish friends were trying to get him over to America.After some weeks he received a letter ceived a letter from Dr. B., who had just finished her from a well-knewn firm in New York offering him work. He course ef study, and had now qualified as a doctor of is now getting ready to go to America,and his Danish friends medicine.She said: are helping him with the passage.In a letter to him, these Danish friends say:"We appreciate it very much that you "Without the help of the European Student Relief are turning to us with all your difficul ties. This confi I would have had to give up my study even a few dence is a great honour for us...." months before the final exam...." e) K.J.was one of the lucky 00 students who were sent to This is an example of the kind of students whom the Euro Denmark by the European Student Relief, lie comes from a pean Student Relief helps at times financially,or with very good family.His father holds an important position food and clothing. in Austria.but though very well off before the war he is not able to provide sufficiently for his seven children b) Dr.R.qualifled as Doctor at Christmas 1922,and and their health has suffered during the 1ast few years. was faced with the difficulty of having to pay K 150.000.- K.J. and his younger sister too have incipient tubercu a month in order to get into a hospital to practice. At losis. After a three months’stay in Denmark K.J.came back the same time she would have to earn her own living,while in much better health.But his Danish friends have done receiving nothing at all in the way of food or renumera more for him than restore his health,and give him a good tion from the hospital .The European Student Relief through -14- -15- a good holiday.They have made it possible for him to fi At the same time it must be emphasised that the nish his studies,and he passed his final examinaiior^is stjlfcggle for existence in Austria is as bitter as ever, a chemist in October, and 1 eft for Berlin,where his Danish and touches more people in these present days than ever friends had secured him work in their factory.Next sum before (See §5). One great reason for this is the fact mer he will go to Denmark again,and if his work has pro that the Austrian Krone has been practicalIj steady ved satisfactory, he will be sent to a branch of the firm since September 1922,at roughly 328.000 Crowns to the in Java.K.J.is now no longer dependent on his family,and pound . Wages and prices are finding their permanent will soon be able to help them. level, and it costs twice as much to live in Vienna in 1923 as it did a year before. Some students have to give up the The students also help eue another.Student B.comes struggle and go home, because the)' cannot now pay the higher to the European Student Belief with 100.000.-Kronen,and fees,or because the cost of living is too great. again with 200 . 000 . —Kronen . These sums he asks the E.S.B. But while the struggle is keener than ever for to hand over impersonally to a student C.M. in the same the individual, the outlook for the country as a whole seminar , who is in notably bad circumstances financially. is better.Currency is stab!e.unemployment is now again He does not like to do this directly. on the decrease,economies and sacrifices have been made, and Austria is,as it were,keyed up to a great effort,in response to the support of the League of Nations. As part and parcel of the same effort we may re gard the present development among students of Self-Help §6.PBESENT OUTLOOK:More help needed to build up along the lines already described,in response to the sup Self-Help. port of the European Student Belief.It is a development which makes greater demands upon outside financial help, Now as the summer term of 1923 begins, it is possible and upon supervision and coopérât ion, than the work of the to say some hopeful words about students and the European "doles"period made.For instance the " Wirtschaftshilfe " Student Belief in Austria.' borrowed 900 Dollars in order to get one " Selbsthilfe " The work of giving out doles has gradually decrea scheme going.but the same scheme had a turn-over of more sed since summer 1922.It is true that the European Stu than that sum in 3 months.There are various other schemes dent Belief still supports the activities which,in the which call for support and counsel.The Ukrainians,and the past three years have been practically charitable.Indeed Jewish Students organisation also need advances towards the clothing scheme handles a larger amount than ever, their Self-IIelp schemes-( Tailors shop,Laundry. Typewri both of new clothing(bought in Vienna)and of second hand ting bureau) amounting to several thousands of dol clothing(chiefly from Holland).But the students now pay lars. And than very large demands are being made on the a higher price for the things they receive,and there is organisation to help with the problem of Student housing. a hope that the breakfast scheme and the clothing scheme All this means that the European Student Belief in Aus may become self supporting. tria, in order to round off its work thoroughly , still needs Also,as already mentioned the students own organi as large a budget as ever,and the personal needs ol* the sations do practically all the distributing work. The students are as acute as ever.But the gratifying thing new European Student Belief acts merely as a wholesale de is that this budget is a constructive one,and will serve partment , sending out consignements of goods, wholesale, to enable the students in Austria real ly to get on to their and receiving payment, not in detail (save for special ca- own feet,and become independent. ses)but wholesale. It is peculiarly opportune also that the Self- 1 I I I I Help movement among students in Austria under the Euro pean Student Relief should be taking place at t h e ^ a m e time as the Self-Help movement nationally under the Lea gue of Nations.Those who believe that Europe can recover and that nations shall again live in fellowship together will support this work. ' HprDonald Grant M .A. University Shield Representative, Vienna,April 1923. European Student Relief Austria. Headquarters of the EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF of the WORLD STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION to which all contributions should be sent (earmarked or not). Conrad Hoffmann Jr. 16,Boulevard des Philosophes Geneva. This Report, prepared by the European Student Relief in Austria, was printed by the Printing Press o f the Students W irtschaftshilfe, Technical College , Vienna. I ' I I I -J U.UK£TlOHKAlIiK concernant lea échanges d'étudiante quelle est 1*importance que vouu attribua* aux échanges d'étudiants, soit, au point do vu» des rapports internationaux, soi au point d« vu» des étudis elles-mêmes? 2) A quel mement estimez-vous qu'un étudiant est le mieux ®n tat de a» rendre aans un» université étranger»? 3) N'estimez-vous pas qu*avant dp partir peur-l'étranger, un étudiant doit généralement coraraencer par se familiariser av«o la vie universitaire dans son pays d'orogine et y posséder une "université d'attache" eu il commencera et achèvera s-s études? 4) Quels sont les moeyens que vous préconiser pour éviter à un étudiant lorsqu'il arrive dans une université étrangère, 1» dépaysement et l^s pertes de temps? 5)y "stmiez-vous utile et possible que chaque université» ou du moins chaque groupe d'université, institue un office re renseltnerwits sur les universités et les études à l'étranger? 6) iiur pensez-vous d'un livret international d'étudiants , ou s* inscritaient, avec les attestations nécessaires, tous les cours suivie dans différentes universités, et qui pourrait être institué par un concordat interuniversitaire? 7) Pensez-vous qu'il y aurait pour un étudiant un réel avantage, si, en attendant que 1-b iormalités d*immatriculation soient terminées, il pouvait se fair- délivrer, dès non arrivée dans une université étrangère, un» carte irovlsolre d'étudiant lui permettant cie suivre immédiatement les cours? 8) 'Uels sont les meilleursmoyens, selon vous, de faciliter la vie- aux étudiants étrangers : foyer d*étudiants, échanges de familles à famille, cités universitéa etc..? 9) ~:n particulier, comment pourrait-on faciliter au> étudiants venant . de pays ' change déprécié leur séjour dans les pays h change élevé? 10) Comment concevez-vous "1'entriaide estudiantine" dans le d omaine international? 11) ocellée expériences votre association a-t - e l l e déjfaitt»'i à qu-la résultats eut--lie parvenue, quels sont d«b plans pour 1' avenir? 12) tiuels sont, s"Ion vous, les meilleurs moyens de faciliter les études ellrsmuijûes, par exemple : a) unification au moins relative du temps réservé aux études universitaires et de B»e divisions (généraliâa- tio» du système du semestre). - 2 (programmée et d i p l exe). 15) Par quele moy*no p*nse*-vou* qu'on puisar travailler au r e- ler#i»ntd«ia etudes universitaire»? Féafcir contre l,s excès de la specialisation et o* 1 * ut 111 Sar1eme? faverl«;«r la haut#* culture ei la s cience déelntor»»eée? Peur altelnor** c« but, quels e«nt lee enseignements que voue voudriez voir 1» plus aerolp pee? 14) Ctiiruür'nt efrtimez-voue que l'enuelfc.nen&.nt'universitaire pourrait faciliter la comprehension réciproque Qre peuples, la connaissance de leur mentalité et de leur» besoin»? 16) -F» peneez voue de la fondation d'un bureau International Æf» rpnapifeftfiur-ntq universltairea? Comment comprenez-voue son organisation et son fonctionnement? .JUels b-rvio^s rendre qux étudiante? 10) T-n aehere des questions précédentes, avez-vous, en c^ qui concerne les échanges d'étudiante, d'autres proposition» à faire? A u nom "tie la b eus* C ommi s s i om universitaire de ln Commission d« Coopération intellectuelle de la Société des fialions: U igné) G. de Reynold Doyen de la .Faculté de T«hil©eophle û ® 1*Université de berne fceBibre et rapporteur Ce la C.©*t„ AKStfBRS TO TUB <*11.50 T I t i O i m i ' ON XXCHABOB O ï STUDSHT8I 1 a. Interchaaaa of Stud.nt» and International relation.. We consider that exchance of etudente la of great importance in this connection, "because etudente in their professional life can exercise a marketf influence on international relations• Our exper ience shows that through exchange : 1. They learn to understand the life and culture of other peoples. 2 . They look at their own countries from the point of view of other peoples and recognise the value of other civilizations than their own. 3. They form friendships with people of other nations, which friendships help to improve the relations between different nations. 4. They learn to understand some of the obstacles thatprevent good international relations, and at the same time grow in deter* mination to overcome these obstacles. There are many examples which serve to illustrate the above points - to cite a few From the Unites States parties of American Students have in the last two years visited Europe, and the effect of their visits has been seen in a new interest in other countries growing up in the Universities to which they belong. This year parties of American :tudents are going to visit Japan and fcexico as well as Europe. These tours have been arrangea under the auspices of the student .Department of the Y.M.C.A*, and in Europe through the European Student Belief and the federation. i'enmark, Holland. Sweden. Finland, for three years have invited stuuents from Central Europe for summer holidays. In this way under standing between peoples of these countries has increased and personal relations of great value have been established. *in the United states, r Swiss and Hungarian tuocnfo aave exchanged visits. rhere ui e nuroberuuo example# of Indians, Japanese, > o >manians, Cgechs, hun^arians eLc. veno xiave discovered .osaibtlities of new anti better relati-us between their nations through meeting student» of different countries in the Univereities. It lauot be recognised, ut the s-iae time, that conditions for foreign dtudentc &rc not ideal, anu that there are car.ee where tituaents return tu their own cuuntry thoroughly eabitterca by their experience!). iixchan£e_ is important from the p»lnt of .view oi s tudy. i. ior countries which have suffered frora isolation *.s a result of wax and t*.a consequent economic dislocation, Students tinti the need of renewing intellectual intercourse.' with o 1-i.er countries. --. I or countries which do not oifer co;.u»e te advanced Courues, lor example, the Universities in the Kingdom of the erbs, Lruatiunc and :.loveues -.o not proviue adv-ueed Coarsen in . every subject, and.it iç neceei^ry for ctudei.ts lo abrtiMr stuutrntc iron i.ne ‘.rient alr.o vielt the west cc *s x-o taie advantage of certain Course» of Instruction. 5. for special work in uei tain departments of science, and for the study of the history ox other countries, exchange i» of great importance. The tudent will profit »aost by studying in another country af ter he hag completed a University Course in his own country, or af ter doing at leaat two >eara of university work tile re. As a rule it aeeiuc uoubtlul whether & student can gain the full benefit from hie University work abroad before he has reached the a, <• of 22 years It seems aeoe*;ary that students ehvula be carefully chosen to work abroad ano character as well as ability should be taken into account Knowledge of the language of instruction should aleo be made a pre-requisite. Before going abroad It seems advisable for a student to hate studied at a University in hie own country, that he may be able to compare and contrast the life and culture of the countries and tliat hie critical faculty may be eufficiently developed to profit by the change of environment. The experience gained in the ïhodes oholars, in the Japanese Government loholarship, and in the Boxer indemnity i cholorships for Chinese students in the U.S.A. goes to prove this. a. It is advisable that a stuuenû decide in advance on the Uni versity to which he is ^oing.and make sure that he has the qualiiicationo required for entrance. Much time h s been lost through lack of proper information about the require ments of the different Universities. b. orne rosponsiule person or committee should be notified of his arrival so that his enrôlement may be facilitated, and uuvice Liven both about nia course of study and about liv ing conditions. It is important lo r:ake arrangements for meeting otuiientiu on arrival, ex: Meeting of Chinese î tudents in Gan Francisco oy the Friendly delations Committee of the :.! .c.A. Different voluntary organisations, for instance, the . tudcnt Christian x.lOveraents in many countries, are trying to help foreign stuuents by giving them information about conditions in the countries to winch they are going. It is worth not- > ing that in some countries the Government is alive to the necessity of auvislng stuuents, for example, in ngland ad visors to the Indian stuuents lu.ve been appointed. 2’he uost feasible plan seems to be chut each country should have a Univsisity Bureau which should furnish Information about : a. Je virements for University entrance. b. Bes*. Institutions in the country for the study of specified subjects. o. the relative stunuing of each institution of learning (For inti tance, in the United States a list of accredited instàtu- tiuns it. neoestary. j It is Important Vu.t. this bureau should ahow discrimination ln the information given, and nut merely furnish whet le rovided for them by the différent institutions of learning lu the country. In planning Kltional Bureaux consideration of what co-operation has already been established between different countries and dif ferent '-'nlvereltlen should be talcen Into aocount. Hie report on the present poeltlon of International relatione between Universities whloh way drawn up by the International Committee on Intellectual Co-operation ln May 1922, ehowe the variety of lnstltutlone existing to-day in different countrlee, and Bakes It clear that some of private as well as of government origin arc doing effective work. A handbook of information is badly needed but to give all the Courees in all the different Universities Mould Mean that a retpmlarg» volume would have to be issued, which would be far too ponderoue for general use. It Might be more feasible to compile a series of hand books whloh would deal with territorial groups, for example. Latin, lav, German, etc. 1 osslbly the departments of education in dif ferent countries Might be able to furnish information which could be used for such handbooks. Private organizations could undoubtedly supplement this information. A Provisional Card of Admission m y offer certain advantages ln giving the student an opportunity of becoming accustomed to the life of the country and of perfecting himself In the language. It Is. however, doubtful that these advantages counterbalance the dangers of such a plan. People who are not Vona-iide students isay ask for such Cards, obtain proviselonal admission to a University and then find that they have not the necessary nualifloations for uatrloulatlon. There are at the present time toe many cases ol students e tranded In foreign countries without the necessary ueuns ol support and such a Card mlyht enliance this undesirable situation. jgch W g» 1» valuable a, it KiYe, the student • naAiunal social life in the country of hie adoption. Hie impor tance of thia cannot be overestimated. une of the Host serloue pro blems in connection with the life of foreign ctudente is the lack of any natural social Inter courue with the people of the country. ^udsiit foyers are very important and may serve to make natural eooial life possible. but it le necessary that these foyers should not be limited to foreign students but should be used also by students of the country. "agrégation of foreign students is one of the groat difficulties which has to be met- In Parle and in London, one finds foreign students who have liad no natural Intercourse .ilth the peojile of the country. The eooial life ol the Indian student in England presents the problem in an acute form. A good deal of experience lias been collected on this subject in connection with student foyers which have been started in various University centres - in this connection, re ference should be Made to the student Movement House In London, to the joyer International dee étudiantes In Purls, to the c tudantslcy bomov In Prague, to the new International Club which io being started In New York. SSJfiSiM are also extremely Important In large cities as students"' of other countries and races find It very difficult to get proper accommodation. 'Out Indian Student Hostels In London established by ths Y.k.c.A. have proved of value. The consensus of opinion seem, to be that students of the country ehould live with foreign students In the ne Hoe tele, anti that It le not a t-ood plan to have oruy foreign etudente liviut. In them. 2n countries where racial and national feel ie strong this presents a difficulty, but uompromiee on this point provide» no eolution, for the principle of social segrega tion 01 etudente of different races and nations who are studying in the same University is an impossible one. nt the same time in considering the i iûâa JniverBlvalros ana residential l)nl,Yer.ll- ties such as Cxford and Cambridge and many of the American Col leges, it is well to remember that too large an influx of foreign etuaente may destroy the aistinctive character of these institu tions. Some regulation of the number of Horeign students entering a fciven institution at a ^iven time may be neccceary. Co-operative ventures are important both in reducing the coot of livlug for the etuuents anti in making for good relationship® between students who take part in Uicoe schemes, for example, (a) the co-operative restaurant at Zurich has proved successful (b) the enclosed report on the .«îuropean ' tucent Relief shosrs the variety of co-operative schemes which are now on foot in various Universities. a. educed matriculation unu laboratory fees have been furnished at the requeht of the Kuropean .lucent relief. üovermusttt scholarships are useful anti private loans ur gifts are advisable in certain cases. A loan fund which advances email sums to sup plement inadequate allowances or earning capacity ie worth consid ering. (N.M. Allowances or scholarships should Le estimated in a stable currency if the currency of the country in which the student is studying is fluctuating). 6 . b. An agreement between Governments by which students could ob tain reduced railway fares would be a great helÿ. c. The provision of textbooks at reduced rates, the establish ment of lending libraries and the renting of textbooks for the term should be considered. d. The provision of summer schools and language institutes will facilitate the attainment of the necessary standard by students go ing to study abroad. e. The overcrowding of students in low.exchange countries should be guarded against; possibly fees might be regulated so that the students from the high exchange country pays in proportion to the rate of exchange in his country. This would prevent some of the overcrowding which exists to-day in some of the Universities and so improve conditions- f. Co-operative schemes which reduce the cost of living for all students are important, such as kitchens, cooperative hostels, built by the students themselves,(for example, the Letna Colony at Prague, hostels in the University of Graz, the Mining School, Leoben and in Zagreb,)Wholesale purchasing departments(- ex. that for Food Supplies in Germany) co-operative bookshops, wholesale cloth ing stores and workshops wtare clothes and shoes may be repaired / 1 see tne enclosed report of the European Student Belief). g. ifixchange of commodities between the student societies of different countries may reduce the cost of living (ex: German students have redeived agricultural products from Hungarian students in return for books)- h. The provision of facilities for earning a living: - the attitude of students towards manual labour h&a changed sinoe the war (ee- Information in -ncloeed reporte on f’elf-î'.elp) and employ ment bureaux wttloh give information about possible work are of great value (Uote the emphasis oij self-help rather than un doles in the enclosed reporte?. 10. fituaent belief has proved important from the International point of view :~ a. tuoents of different r&cec and nations worked together in the v -ri j u b University centree (ex: the * c^lef Coznralttee in Iraeue 1» made up of 14 national!tien). b. tiro up® of foreign a tudents have been brought ir.to touch with the national student ore*-nia*tien» of the country, cuon an the fcirtshaitshilfe der jOeutschen tuaentenehuft. At the present t-licti ne-.otiatione are on foot hleh will make the 1 uesian Student self-help oi>animtion In Germany i s depurtmep.fi of the -irtnhafte- hilfe uer .'-eutBchen fitudentenehaft; in this way the f o r eign students have not only the benefit of the reduced prices obtained by the national organisations out good relationsnips are established. c. .liruut ' h ustiiun iudent !^e»ief, Tuseian Btudenta in different centres are getting Into uuch with each other vhrough Conference». The Trace ohooln started by the Y.iV-.C.A. in Sofia and in Neuensdorf, uermany, are examples of an effort to m k e these refugee utuoents Belf-Bupportiny; by teaching them a trade, artM this is helping to solve the international problem of the refugee. The Correspondence 1 chool started by the /.M.C.h . nas 3u00 stucentu scattered in dif- itèrent pa.rts of the world. d. international conlerences, both those hexd for the consideration of economic conditions in the Universities and under the auspices of the uropean Stuoent îellef and those held by the orldfc Student Christian Federation for members of National '-tudent ttovenents have developed friendly relationships between otuoente of many nations, and a better understanding of the problems with which the different nations are faced. National Conferences of Student Christian oreraents at which there are many foreign guests are also useful. These Conference» result not only develop personal intercourse between students of different nations, but maice it possible for groups of^oreign students in different countries to know and understand each other better, e. "ince the establishment of the !uropean Student belief students of different countries have shown a zaarkeü desire lor the developments of further intercourse, ana for the breaking down of barriers created by national .v..d political difficulLies. This new spirit is a very important result of cadent lelief (see Ksports enclosed). The enclosed reports shew (a) Ihe principles and general development of the world’s tudent Christian Federation (see "A Brief ' tatement of the History and policy of the World's Student Christian Federation*' "Under Heaven vne family" j (b) The principles and development of the !*uropean tudent belief which is a department of the v urld'e Student Christian Federation (see 5e p o n on the European 'tudent elief). a. There has been a marked development in interest anti in atudy of international relations from a Christian standpoint both in Con ferences arranged by the Federation, anti in the work of the Hatlouai Student Christian Movements which are affiliated in the Federation. Ihe resolutions on the international object of the Federation drawn up at the Pekin Conference, 1MI2, illustrate this. These resolutions form the basis of study groupa in the National ntudent Christian Movements, some of which have published leaflets and booklets to encourage »uch study, (see enclosed leaflet published by the British Student Christian Movement "The Challenge of the V.orId’s rtudent Christian federation on International uestions" which is oeing used in the British Universities as the basis for etudy and discussion»). 1 aeial questions are receiving special ctudy in some oi the Movement» in groups composed of two races. The federation holds a small International Student Discussion Confer ence for the purpose of considering the international implication» oi Christianity (ex: Ic-gro anti white in the United States Move ments y . Delegates to this Conference come from different countries anc report to their National Movements (see enclosed report of the Liselund Conference) . ( This eport ). is not been prepared for public circulation anti is simply notes of inïormal discussion in a Confer ence largely composed of undergraduates). •nterest in and work for foreign students is receiving much thought in the different national Student Christian .-ovexuents. The french ana German Movements each have a foreign rtudent secretary on their Staff, the Britisn Jiovemei.t has several and the United States has a special department (see Article in the "Stuuent world" January lfrffO, "irinciplee, tiethods and vims of Work among foreign ttudents", and the federation Directory and Sxchange List and Hostels and foyers, and Directory df loreign Students in the United î'tates com piled oy the friendly ! elation» Committee there). oreign student Foyers were started in Switzerland nearly 16 years ago. foyers h«vc been luunued in Lonaon ( Ihe Ltudent ovement House) and in faris (The foyer International ces -tudiantes) 10. oy the . tu tient Christian :,.ovezaynt» of these countries unti ? oveyiente in otner countries are «tartina »uch loyero also. It le possible in a snort report to give only a mere indication of work or this kind âhich le beinc done. Intercourse with the tudent Christian iiovonent* In astern 1» nde le increasing. The contribution to the thought of the federation by the Indian Gtudent Christian Loveaer.t is of value and the work of X*. &oo, a Chinese, us one of the Travelling eoretariee of the ieueratlon ie Incre feint understanding between tlie ’ ovemente of the act and the .eat. ; lane for the future Include further study oi the Implications of Christianity in international and social relations. ihret sc-all International Conferences, on*in the $*ar :,-aat and two In urope under the auspices of the V.orld,s : tudent Christian Federation, representing frox b to of the National iioveaents, will laeet in the course of the next- year and tfati. na. : tudent Christian ; ovecients are planning to con tinue their supp rt of the uropean ; tudent relief Jund? any are laying speclul mphaeis on the importance of knowing students of other countries, and on the Importance of having large foreignt delegations at the National ïearly Conferences of the kovezaents. b. rhe enclosed report on the European tudent I elief shows what h^s been dune in the past. The extensive development of self-help and co-operative scheme» and th# attitude of stuaents to xmnual labour ek&Blé be noted. With better financial resources self-help ,nd co-operative schemes co-id be uevelopeti on a larger scale - nutut ameliorate conditions considerably without destroying 11. the Independence and self-reliance of otuuento. !he co-operation of foreign student groupe in national self-help and co-operative sohemes le stgniflcant us is the lowering of racial and national barriers in the face of economic pressure. The growing aenae of solidarity amongst students all over the v,orld is ahown In the reaponee to appeals for Belief, -nd in the intercouree which hae grown up In connection with el inf o«tween . tudcnta of different countries. There is a narked deuire for further deeelopment of ihls intercourse ana for a bet tar under s landing between students which io shown in a variety of ways, and very clearly in the Con ferences of the European .'tudent îelief on conditions in the Uni versities (see enclosed report oi iurnov Coiuerence). 12 a. kis uniiication is l£u.£ossicle in tne Unix ex si ties because it hn.u nut vet taken place in the secondary schools. L. .’here 1# great neeu oi the stucy ol the condition» of equiv alent -iuaHficatlons. ïhis subject has not yet been thoroughly gone Into a*nd it is a very complicated one; more inveatigation and attempts to formulate equivalent qualifie*tiens would probably tend to raise the u w n u a r d oi university Instruction in some of the newer Universities. 13 a. Ir . this connection exchange of professors n uuld be consider ed and -of scientific and other publications. b. aOu eurl> specialization in University Courses, particularly in wuientiiic Courses, should be buaruod against. It is important to btè that emphasis is placed upon the stuuy of the Humanities 12. and parLicuiarly of ihiloaophy In such Courues. Emphasis upon the moral and, spiritual signifloanee of education 1b also Important. (see i e. or ta of Troisième Contrée International d*éducation Morale)» The advantages of travelling fellowships ana oi the study of the eivilization of other countries should be considered from the point of view of their influence on the country to which the students belong. : cholarahips given definitely for the study of the Humani ties and particularly for the study of ihilooopliy ;»y also be of use. The establishment of more research fellowships and of scholar ships ior advanced students vyhich will make it possible for them to undertake advanced study, will make research an end in itself end help to counteract the tendency to uliHtarianinm. In tills connec tion it is neceseary to recognise that the necessity of finding material mean» of support sometimes tends to produce a materialistic view T/nich regards the University Course merely as the qualification lor a professional career. It uee..,s, therefore, essential to relieve tne extreme pressure from which îaany students are suffering if the standard of university etuuy is to oe maintained. As impcrtant factors in tMs connection unould be considered a. The excnauge of profeseoro. b. 'ihe exchange oi scientific publications. b. The study of other civilisations and cultures in National Univei sities. d. Consideration of the objective rather than the apologetic teaching of hia tory. e. An investigation and revision of books and methods used both in the teaching of history and in the teaching of political science. f. The publication of bibliographies giving guidance on reading about the life and culture of different uountrieu. The establishment of an internat! onal Bureau is very impor tant. This Bureau ehould a. Co-ordinate information gathered in different countries by the variouc organizations of private or government origin which exist. b. Be in touch with the -epartments of Education of the different countries. c. in a poeltittiFto refer students to the national organisations which wtll be able tu give then the information they requires ti, Be able to give advice about the relative value of the Courses offeree on definite subjects in different countries and Jnivernlties. e. Give information about . marner : chools anti about tours of tutients from one country to another. f. Ciive information about societies which deal with the social and material well-being of utudente, ana have atits dis posal addrefsuee of tutient . oetelo anti loyers in .the lar^e Jniveisity centres. 1L should in snort b** in touch not only with official government sources of information, but wit;: the various unofficial organisations which are inter ested in the migration oi" Rtucente and in their social life. g. Collect cate .,n the need of foreigners lor language teaching in the various countries. At the pretent time these ponts are often not very s tisfactorlly filled, particularly in countries of low exchange, and such an International Bureau could communicate with national organ!sationr. with a view to rinding suitable candidates. h. j ublish a yearly handbook of information dealing with phases of the above questions. It is of course essential that such a Bureau ehould be impar tial in its administration and free from untiue political influence. a. This questionnaire seems to be primarily or ited with a view to .uropeun conditions, but exchange of students with the Orient needc special investigation, for example, Chinese and Inaian students in the Universities of the United Mates, Great Britain ana * ranee present special problems. b. t would seem well to extend the junctions of an international Bureau to include information abuut University appointment» us out lined above. o. great deal of personal and unofficial assist.-nee le being rendered tu foreign students, and can be given in the future, through ouch societies as the orld'n tudent Christian Federation ana itu affiliated f;tudent Christian I ovemrnto. \he tonfùdéaation Internationale den étudiants, the lax Komana, the Cosmopolitan Cl-bs and the new International Jewish "tudent organisation should ale® be considered in '.hie connection. d. It ic evident that there its need of co-operation between the different organizations which touch the life of etudent». e. Xurther data ie, needed on the migration of otuaenta. r.phaBiB ehould be laid on ühe deoire for moral mid spiritual unity which has oeen very clearly emphasized by students who are mcobere oi the . orld'a turent Christian 1'ederation ano alao oy many students Anotuuch wi ch .uropean tudent T.elief. The development of a spirit of fellowship and unity among students, and a clearer récognition of the necessity of this spirit for a solution of international difficultiea will alone cake for a satisfactory exchange of students and for good international relatione. 1 ome of the enclosed reporta will show how strongly students have expressed themselves in this connection during the past few years. The findings submitted are offered "by the delegates at the JvA.V4-4. 2i ^ Par ad Conference's an expression of their "best thought on the subjects involved. They are not to be regarded as final legis lative agreements definitely binding the student bodies of the respective countries, but rather as carefully prepared suggest ions for possible adoption by the various student organizations as a basis and policy for future, student relief work and allied activities. / 1 OOMaiMRIOB REPORTS. Commission I Questions for consideration: Lines along which Student belief in Europe should be oonducted In 1922/24. le What still is necessary in material help ■ food, clothing, housing - and how shall it be administered? Shall such help be given directly to students or indirectly through other organizations? - Relief Measures. 2. Intellectual help: What relative emphasis shall be placed on meeting the intellectual needs of students - books, laboratory equipment? How shall those needs be determined? How shall the he>.p be adminstered, internationally and locally? What shall be relation to Commission on Intellectual Cooperation of the Le age of JSationa? S. Financial Help: What does expense show to be the best ways to give financial help - loan banks and international and national credits, etc. What axe the chief needs? 4. Sanitary and Medical jsoeds: What canbe done tohelp in tern at ionaHiTlm’theRe"? What can be done for capitaliza tion and utilization of special help? 5. Reduoinfl Student Living Costs: (All those activities which serve to “cheapen the oost of living l'or students) ô) Personnel: Should foreign personnel be withdrawn in near future? The following report was submitted by the Commission to the Plenary Session of the Conference^ ai,d was accepted with amendments which have been incorporated in the original report. 1 Economic Relief. Bote must be taken of the fact that in thote countries where the European Student Relief is at work the economic situa tion has developed in /évery different ways during the last year e.g. in some countries, viz. Chechoslovakia and Austria, the economic conditions have become more stable, while in other countries espeoially in Germany and Poland, the conditions have become far worse. It must also be noted that the national stu dent organizations in most of the countries where help has been received have built, up their own self-help organizations with the aid of the European Student Relief, while among the refugee students there is an almost complete lack of any such system. The principle to be followed in continuing relief should be to give to those countries where the system of self-help has been carried out and to provide capital in the first in stance to support and increase this organization» In those coun tries where the economic conditions have become more stable if any further help is needed, it should take the form of loans. Besides capital for self-help development, there is the most urgent need for the promotion of buildings and the construction of student hostels in certain countries, espeoially Germany and Poland. Direct help to individual students should onljr be given in the most urgent and exceptional ciroumstanoes, although money is very much desired for the student loan banks. In the countries of South Eastern Europe, with the exception of Jugoslavia, there is scarcely any self-help organization. The need for economic relief is less in these countries but they desire to promote the building of student dwellings. The economic relief of refugee students in all oohntries may be given individually in the first instance and take the form of clothes, provisions and money. The relief as a rule should be narrowed down to those students who are in their last years of study. In every case the refugee students should be encouraged to build up a self-help organization# It ie further reoommended that those refugee students who have not the opportubity to study in the places where they are, as for example Russians in Constan tinople or Ukranians in the eastern districts of Poland, should be helped to reach a suitable university. The collecting and securing of clothing and food is an im portant task of the European Student Relief especially for Russia, where there is great need of warm and durable clothing. II. Intellectual Relief» Intellectual needs can only be provided for after the most urgent material wants have been satisfied, although for those student organizations not possessing sciebtifio libraries (for example students from the Soviet Ukraine, Ikrainian students in eastern districts of Poland, and Georgian students) the need for printed or hectographed books is extremely urgent. Help may take the form of setting up and working printing presses in the districts thus affected. Among the refugee students and also among students in the countries of South Eastern Europe there is great need for scien tific books and scientific instruments. Here, first and formost, it is recommended that loan libraries be started so that the students may borrow books and other requisites for studying. It would be a good thing if the direct transport of boots and other student requirements could be organized between these countries and those of Central Europe in consultation with the European Student Relief headquarters through the national student organi zations . - 4- Tho European Student Relief is naked to prepare lists of goientifio books needed in the different countries rod to send these lists to nil the relieving oountries. The stndent organ!satiocs in some countries have taken into their own hands the problem of their Intellectuel need and have set up printing presses, book shops and lending libraries. The beat way to give intellectual relief in theae oountriea is to support these enterprises by granting working capital. III. *at,Ion of the Belief Work of the European Student Relief^ In general it is reoommended that both the eoouomlo student organizations and the refugee student eooieties phould ehnre in direction of the work of the European Student Relief. With regard to foreign field repreaentatlvea of the European Student Belief in the different oour:Wee, the following resolution is submitted* Ihe student economic organizations ir. mont of the lands receiving relief have developed to such an extent that it seems feasible for them to take over the receiving and distributing of the relief given by the European Student Relief. At the atune time it is urgently desired that a field representative should remain for each of a group of countries in order to keep up the close personal connection and to carry on the vital ideals of the European Student Relief. It is further recommended that two secretaries, one in Ber lin and one in Prague should be appointed for the refugee stu dents with the understanding that these secretaries would co operate with the .central refugee organizations• It is further recommended that in those countries where the work of the European Student Relief has been carried on by Y.k, C.A. and Y.fll.C.A. personnel, this co-operation should continue. IV. The relative needs of different countries. Ihe principle of the lurnov resolution should be maintained in whdoh the needs of Russia are put first, those of refugees second, and then the need» of other countries. But, in vie® of the increased need in some other countries, especially in ttormany and Poland, it ip recommended that althr.ugh the game order should be maintained, the percentage of funds granted to Rusnia should be diminished mid an innreased percentage given to these countries and to the refugees in then as well as to the most needy refugees elsewhere• Comml -slon II Questions for consideration: Self-help (This includes actual employment of students and stpdent-nin enterprises where they earn money) What is being done and should be done to get students to go and work for themselves: How can we conserve the earnings of students and keep them from suffering from the depreciation of currency. What are the possibilities of an International Employment Bureau and how should it be conducted? The following report was submitted by the Commission to the Plenary Session of the Conference and was accepted with the amendments which have been incorporated in the original report: As a result of experience since the Turnov Conference the following recommendations are made: 1. Individual Self-help (A distinction is made between ii.dividual and co-operative self-help) By individual self-help is meant the help a student obtains through his own efforts outside the student economic organization. To further these efforts employment exchanges should be instituted, if possible in connection with the professional advisory bureau and that which dells with giving information to prospective stu dents. It is recommended that all students should pass through - 6 - this employment exchange office in order to guarantee that they receive the full reward of work done and ot the same time make it possible to collect valuable statistical information. The employment exchange office and medical aid should work in such connection with each other that the student who is not physical ly fit should not run into danger through the work giver» to him. The employment exchange office should take care that whatever work is given should not be detrimental to the student's free time or to his studies. Students, especially women students, should be encouraged to take courses offered by self-help or ganizations to enable them to become self-supporting. Where health makes it necessary they should be encouraged to fit them selves for office work ratner than for heavy manual labour. Loan banks and in those countries suffering from an unstable currency, departments for conserving students' earnings should be encouraged in order to support and cower individual self-hip. Cooperative self-help is preferable to individual self-help both ir the interest of the student economic organization and of the individual student's university career. 11• Co-operative self-help. By co-operative self-help is meant the centralizing of the work student," activities which are embodied in the functions of economic student organization. Co-operative self-help is divided into the following categorien: îl ï° dlmll2lah the student’s cost of living create facilities for student production and increased earning capacity "S4 " * ® * 1»®® for the purpose of increasing the income of the student economic organization. - 7- 1) Cost of living may be rocnioect by a) The organization of student oanteens b) The organization of departments for selling clothes, provisions and all student requisites. o) The organization of barber shops, laundries, shoe re pairing shops, tailoring shops, etc. These should be undertaken because of their vital importance. Students should not be permitted to undertake work of an uneconomic nature which leads to nothing. 2) In creating facilities for stiilent production and increas ed earning capacity, the various facilities and the needs of the university and university life with regard to time method rod manner of production should be taken into account. Good quality work should bo preferred to a shoddy quantity for a higher reward can thereby be obtained. The setting up of central offices for the exchange of private work done by Senior students and by women stu dents is recommended. Suâhÿi work includes translations, typewriting, advertisements, sewing and all sorts of ar tistic work, etc. The setting up of workshops for junior students is also recommended, for example printing presses, bock binding shops, shops for the preparation of zoological specimens, shops for artistic work of all sorts and che mical work-ahops. 2. Capitalist undertakings for the purpose of increasing the income of student economic organizations should be established so that the student ecohomic organizations may be independent of charity. Such undertakings may in clude cinematographs, factories for making soap, shoe polish, etc. In view of the above, the following resolutions are submitted: 1) Help should be limited to the "work students" to war in valids, to students who are ill and therefore cannot take part in self-help activities, to students who are unable to obtain employment because of economic depression25 and to students who can give evidence of valuable achieve ment in scientific research. xlf it can be proved that they have made genuine efforts to obtain tho same. 2. After a thorough study of the question of an international employment exchange for students and of an employment office for students who have completed their university career and of an international advisory and information - 8- r bureau concerning professional and academic opportunities, the oonferenoe recommends that a) the European Student Relief study these questions and bring them before the Committee on Intellectual Co-operation of the League of Mations if the European Student Relief feels itself unable to deal with them effectively itself* b) The individual countries in which there are already existing student economic organizations should place their expnrier.ee at the disposal of others and invite each other to a temporary course in student economic organizations. c) the student organizations in countries with high ex change should act as middlemen for selling goods made in countries with a low exchange (d) the student economic organizations should ask for space in the proposed European Student Relief news paper according to their position and importance. (e) money given should be expended for sèl#£help enter prises rather than for individual aid. (f) the European Student Relief should help only those organisations which are taking every opportunity to develop self-help schemes. Commission III. titieationa for consideration: ^lj-B t l n g t he Oo-operatlon of the Students of the loss needv lands In E73TÏÏ7 t The problem la to aelure the money ana at the aame time con serve the educational poealbllltlea in International bonde and good-will arid mutual understanding. 1) How oan the countries where relief la being administered help the countries where the relief money la being secured? E) la it wiae to aeek to link particular colleges with special European univeraities or countries? So or do not the advantages of special appeal through the more localized Interest offset the disadvantages of the o?r the appeal?'1*1001' f°r Btlllle,lta ai,ft tl’e restricted nature 3) What shall be the motive to which appeal is made in raiaing funds for relief work? What the real aim or ideal? 4) la a atudent friendship week desirable? 5) How oan we better interest tourists who come to E.S.R oountrlea? n" The following report was submitted by the Commission to the Plenary Session of the Conference and was accepted with amendments which have been incorporated In the original report: 1 ' S i* °f the appeal for European Student Belief. In faoing the question of raising funds for the assistance of our fellow students the following issues were discussed: a) The difficulties of further appeals b) The amount of money likely to be available M moult le a: The conference feels that owing to the very great and ever increasing difficulty of raising funds that they recommend with regret that the European Student Relief administra tion should take into aooount the fact that subscriptions will In all probability be very seriously diminished from most of the - 10- countries here represented. This, however, does not preolude the possibility of spécial appeals Id certain countries after 19Ü4 Bhould any new and serions oriels arise. But the oonferenoe feels it only fair to the relieved countries to put on record the fact that it is inadvisable to rely too much on the possibility of such an appeal being successful. In view of the situation the oonferenoe suggests that relief be distributed as far as possible in support of self-help organiza tions and only in very exceptional oiroumstanoes that emergency relief should be given; such emergency relief should be confined to the last two years. The interpretation of this principle should be at the discretion of the Kxeoutive of the European Student Re lief. II. linking of Universities. The oonferenoe considers that the linking of one university to another be decided by the Committees of the different countries but that any such arrangement should be made only in consultation and oo-operation with the European Student Relief headquarters who should at once notify all other countries. III. Student friendship Beek. The oonferenoe considers that in spite of the difficulty of organizing a world student friendship week the eoheme is one which would be most valuable and it should if possible have the support of all countries. Assistance by Relieved Courjtrlea. The oonferenoe disoussed means by which relieved oountries could help relieving countries in their money raising campaigns. - 11 - The following points were agreed to; a) that the help of the relieve* countries is needed in making known to the whole student world all facts concerning the work and aims of the European student Relief 1») that relieved countries should do all in their power to seek the assistance and co-operation of the Sovernments and richer classes in their respective countries. full details of the results achieved in this way should be furnished to the European Student Belief since such information will consider ably strengthen the appeal in the relieving countries o) that relieved countries should furnish details concerning problems of special difficulty which would strengthen the appeal in the relieving countries 41 ÎÜÜÎ Par5<» definitely appointed in eaoh student or- t the relieved countries to give special attention to this and to all other pertinent natters. V . Motives. The conference realises the numerous motives to which appeals for help should be imite. it also realises that the strength of the various motives varies considerably between country and country and even between university and univ&rsity. It Is therefore impossible to tabulate a scheme of motives, but the conference would draw at- tBBtion to the following points and would leave the question of rela tive stress to the national and local organizations; a) Physical need and relief from starvation, illness, etc. etc. question ^f1mentalt !'eêd!andSthe‘i e s lr e i to<,mai f ' T ÏÎ ls the oountries?^ °U aB* fomoue 8eatB °f Earning V tL Variks'11" 01 «.oSs;«SiS'f?:wo;ssStty"Sthus to meet their immediate ri thelr feet and This motive is the more nowerfn? h ° ”,lltural development. be able to progress by th e ir own i n i t i a t J e T C0Uljtrlee help is granted to them in itia tiv e once preliminary - 12- d) the necessity of satisfying the hunger of the postwar re- to day" 06 °f leftrnlne whloh lB p o marked throughout Europe e) the motive of brotherhood, world-friendship, world eervioe and the good of humanity In view of the physical and intellectual need of the stu- dent olasses and in order to further the ideals of world eervioe and friendship the conference oalle on the students of the world to unite in meeting the continued distress of students in Euro pean countries. Commie el on IT Questions for consideration: Raolal and national C.rouplnKB In Belief Work 1) % r?irot?ti01' alnorlty Jrouplnps: What shall be their relation to national committees? How shall relipf for them he administered? relief funds 21 Refuses and P,migrant Students al jj™ ?“ relief be standardized so as to many refugee ï t S M b6tWe™ Wtl™ s Kith — fc) B00thatt?? f/S.E.establish a Bureau ofsis Information**w111 cot 0) TulT* SiiySiSf8" an4 emleraiit d) Sui"StSSnt: s n ^ o s ^ î 00 ietweec » - 61 c o n s i C ?16" 8 ln Btnflect deration should this conference f) Special character of the problems of refugee students. The following report was submitted by the Commission to the Plenary Session of the Conference and was accepted with amend ments Which have been incorporated in the original report: !• Minority Orpuns. The conference considers that for the practical pUrp08ee of L 13 - the European Student Relief a minority croup In any land la oompoaed of atudenta who have a different language and belongto a people different from that of the majority of the population. The Conference ooneldera that a) It la neoeaaary that In all oountrlea minority groupa be helped to form their own independent economic organlzatlona. b) That in the caae of minority groupa which already have auch organlzatlona the Conference reoommenda that the European Student Relief aupport them directly while conatituting itaelf a link between all auch organlzatlona. o) Where the minority groupa have no auoh organization, and where auch an organization la deaired by the atudenta in queation, the Conference reoommenda that an effort be made to found auch organlzatlona and by inaiatance upon aelf-help activitiea to try to make them independent. d) That where minority groups are too amall for independent organiz ation, they ahould be taken Into account and helped by their native atudent economic organlzatlona. e) That where poaaible economic organlzatlona of native and of minority atudenta ahould have meetinge together in order to exchange ideaa and experiences and to learn from one anothes. In this matter the European Student Relief ahould alwaya be informed and kept in touch. f) That the direct aupport of individuala ought to be avoided, but the Conference realizea that thia la not alwaya poaaible. 11• Refugee and Emigrant Studenta a) The conference la of the opinlpn that the problem of refugee atudenta la one of the moat preaaing which the European Student Relief haa to meet in the year 1933/34. Reporta from the variaua countries ahow that the number of refugee atudenta, far from decreaaing, ia,e on the contrary, lncreaalng. It la alao evident that the circumatancea of refugee atudenta are all the more difficult and painful when we consider them in contraat with the progress of aelf-help achemea by native atudent organizations. Since, therefore, the native atudent organlzatlona wllln ±a not olalm so large a part of the European atudent Relief budget aa fan the paat year, the Conference reoommenda that the European Student Relief concentrate ita help more on refugee students. — 14 — b) The conference recommends that in the caae of refugee students alao the leading thought in all relief be the idea of self- help in order that the relief may take a more permanent form and that self-dependence may be developed. o) Because experience in relief teaches that in the case of refugee students direct material help ia often essential, the Conference recommenda that in such caaes the needs should be regarded in the following order: Food, lodging, tuition fees, books and intellectual help. d) In the administration of relief the conference recommends that students who are already studying ahould be considered first and among these the students who are in their last two years of study. Especially to be helped are the students who take théir final examinations in a few months. e) In order to give these last mentioned students the chance to devote themselvea excluaively to their studies for at least three months before their final examinations, the Con ference recommenda that the help of a loan bank be made avail able for them. Thia loan bank ahould be eatabliahed, if possible, at the head quarters of the European Student Relief. f) The Conference considers it very important that the refugee students migrations be regulated ao far aa posaible and re commend a therefore that an effort be made to control and aystem- atize the movementa of refugee students, and to give them advice and information about conditions in different countries concerning refugee students. To thia end the conference recommends a central emigration office be organized to deal with the following matters: 1^ To collect information and statistics about the numbers and general conditions of refugee students in the various countries. 2) To endeavour in co-operation with Governments and native student organ!zationa to aacertain if it ia possible to transfer refugee students to any given country and on the baaia of such an arrangement to ayatematize the movements of refugee students by informing them and advising them of favourable centres where they can study and by helping them to travel to theae centres.* 3) To obtain from the proper aource# evidence or copiée of academic papera or certificates which refugee students may have lost and which they require in order to continue their university studies. - 16 - g) The Conference repeats the recommendations of Commission of the Turnov Conference I.e. that the European Student Relief should encourage refugee student groups and national student organizations to co-operate in all matters relating to the relief of refugee students. h) With regard to the distribution o f relief, it i s not c o n s i d e r e d ?ossible to state any methods which will hold for all countries» ngeneral however, it may be recommended that where refugee student groups are already properly organized, any relief designated for them should be handed to them directly by the European Student Relief. In cases where they are not suffici ently well organized, the European Student Relief should work through the national student organization. But in every case the European Student Relief should receive proper reports about the carrying out of the relief. i) The Conference recommends that the European Student Relief make clearly known to student groups its principle and its programme and insist upon such groups being non-political in all matters which in any way affect European Student Relief. 4) The Conference wishes to draw the attention of the European Student Relief to the fact that many refugee students still remain in concentration camps and recommends that the European Student Relief endeavour to help these students to leave these oamps and that the European Student Relief should help refugee students in general with their visas and other such matters. * In this matter the European Student Relief should enlist the co-operation of organizations such as CESUS, ORESO and the Refugee Department of the League of Nations. Commission V Questions for consideration: Women students 1) The place of women students in the national student self- help organizations. 2) Student Exchange between women students. 3) Student Self-help Organizations for women students. The following report was submitted by the Commission to the Plenary Session of the Conference and was accepted with amend ments which have been incorporated in the original report: In the following recommendations the conference deale with these problems which concern women students especially. I. Lodging The Conference considers the lodging of women students a matter of primary importance and asks that special consideration he given to the needs of women students in this respect accord ing to the percentage of women students in each country. It advises that separate homes be provided for women students where ever possible. The conference appeals to women students of different countries to raise money for this particular purpose* II. Women Students Self-Help The conference recommends that women students should deelop their own self-help schemes and that they should have reasonable representation on the central commission of the national self- help organizations. It is suggested that arrangements should be made by which needle work and works of art may be sold in other countries. III. Women Refur.ee Students The Conference wishes to emphasize that special attention ahould be given to refugee women students in respect of lodging sanitary conditions and food and that provision be made for the support of these students during the vacations. The conference recommends also that women refugee students should have a fair representation on the committees of the hoval organizations of the refugee students. IV Moral Duties The conference recommends that the women students of - 17 - different countries should realize their responsibility to : eaoh other in meeting moral and social as .veil as physical needs# V» Fellowship with Men students The conference recommends that women students should take a more active part in the national student organizations representing the Interests of women on these organizations and that the women leaders should be supported by men as well as by women students in seeking to bring about a more real fellowship between men and women students through working together. VI. International Relations The conference recommends that with regard to the transport of finished goods made by women students fron one country to another, there should be a central Information Bureau at the European Student Relief headquarters which Bureau shall put the national self-help organizations of the producing countries in touch with student organizations in the countries willing to buy the products which are manufactured. L Oomral salon VI Questions for considération i What is the Significance of the International Co-operation in fihe European student Relief (Organization to International Relationships?"" 1) In what ways oan the E.S.R work promote International Relations? Student -Exchanges - Study as well as Summer hospitality Student Pilgrimages. Some guarantee that Student Self- help Unions meet internationally. 2) What should be its relation to the International student organizations in the local fields such as the C.I.E., Pax Romana, the Committee on Intellectual Co-operation of theLçague of Nations? 3) Would conferences of student self-help organizations be desirable even after Relief work is overt 4) What is the motive to which appeal should be made? Have we a common motive? 5) Should the European Student Relief organization be abandoned in 1924/25 or is some permanent organization to meet student emergencies and for international friendship desirable? The following report was submitted by the Commission to the Plenary Session of the Conference and was accepted with amendments which have been incorporated in the original report As some important points were brought out in discussion in the Commission a synopsis of the discussion is given as well as the resolutions passed by the conference. UJ (a) Student Exohanp;e The opinion was expressed In i-he Commission that student exchange was a very good way of promoting international friend ship and it was also pointed out that students from relieved countries are often weak in health & in need of recuperation. The conference recommends that the European Student Relief together with co-operating agencies make a thorough study of international exchange of students between all nations and that such steps be taken as are necessary to make this exchange possible. c The Conference expresses its belief in the value of summer entertain ment of students such as that whioh has been carried on successfully by Denmark and other countries. The conference believes the value of this form of relief to be not only in the recovery of health of individual students but also in the formation of lasting international friendship among students. The conference therefore recommends to the European Student Relief the continuance and development of this work. !• (b) Student Pilgrimages The Conference welcomes the institution of student pilgrimages as these contribute very much to the knowledge and understanding of the position of individual student bodies and countries if they are orried out in full consciousness of the aim. Nevertheless the conference wishes to point out that these pilgrimages should only be undertaken after thorough preparation and when the choice of the students is such as to answer the purpose aimed at. The conference thanks the countries that have up to now in an examplary manner instituted such pilgrimages and recommends that EhBopean Student Relief should negotiate with its various national student bodies with a view to developing such pilgrimages. 1» (c) Publications The Conference recommends the publication of a Directory of student periodicals and literature for the benefit and regular exchanges and of all student papers, brochures, prospectuses etc. whieh have a connection with student affairs. The Conference also recommends the publication of a trial number in three languages, English, German and French, of an inter national student paper edited and published by the European Student - SO - Relief for the purpose of enabling the Individual nations through this trial number to form a judgment of the practical use of a three language paper. 11. Relation to International Student Organizations The Commission felt that ae the situation has not changed since the Turnov Oonferenoe, there was no need to depart from the resolution of Commission VI of the Turnov Oonferenoe. The oommlssion felt that the door should tie left open for organ izations which are willing to co-operate in raising money to admin ister their own funds, having in mind particularly the Pax Romana. The words "as far as possible" are therefore put in the resolution. The question of relation with the Committee on Intellectual 0o-operatLon of the League of Nations was fully discussed before resolution 11 (b) was passed. German and Austrian delegates refrained from voting. 11. (a) The Conference expresses the wish that the European Student Relief continue to work on the lines adopted by Commission Vl of the Turnov Conference, i.e. to co-operate with existing national and international organizations and that the European Student Relief be as far as possible the channel through which the ! work is organised. 11. (b) The Conference recommends that in case the European Student Relief be appreached by the Committee on Intellectual Co-operation of the League of Nations with a view to co-operation it should then bring a concrete proposal with regard to relief work and international cultural questions of students. - 21 - III. Oonference The Conferebce recommends that Conferences like the European Student Relief Conferences at Turnov and Par ad tie continued as long as the European Student Relief is in existence. The Conference makes the following suggestions for the next conference which it believes would make the work still more valuable and effective* (a) That the different delegations be requested to send in proposals for the programme to Geneva. (b) That the reports from the different countries should also be sent to Geneva beforehand and a copy containing the chief contents be delivered to each delegation at the conference. (c) That Commission reports and other Important documents should be provided in typewritten copies at the Plenary Sessions of the Conference. (d) That the Programme Committee of the Conference should arrive before the other delegates at the place of conference that they may have time to work out tentative suggestions for the programme thus eliminating waste of time. IV. The Motive There was some discussion in the Commission as to whether the European Student Relief had any further aim than material relief work. The motives of the European student Relief were in the first instance based in the primary moral duty of bringing help to those in material need. As the work went on, a feeling of responsibility for European culture developed and also a feeling of brotherhood between students of different nations. It is thoroughly understood in the Commission that although the European Student Relief is a sub-committee of the World's Student Christian Federation, the World». Student Christian Federation has no wish to use the European Student Relief as a means of propaganda. On the other hand it was pointed out that it was only through the relief work that those who are not members of the World’s Student Christian Federation have worked in the European Student Relief and that they would not Join longer anyway if material relief oea-ied to be the cliief aim of the European Student Relief. The Conference passed the following resolution : That the European Student Relief is based on the comradeship and mutual responsibility of students* The European Student Relief has helped Students irrespective of their nationality , to help themselves and to co-operate on a basis peculiar to their respective nationalities. The conference wishes to emphasize the necessity of continuing this comradeship and mutual responsibility of the students of all nations. V. The Future of the European Student Relief This question gave rise to a very lively discussion in the Commission. All agreed tliat a date could not be fixed for the closing of the European Student Relief but that it would havr to continue as long as there was need among students In any country which required help from abroad. The majority of the Commission were of the opinion that the European Student Relief was so valuable and it so proved its ability to brin fctiuntries were particularly anxious that the European Student Relief should continue and should try to meet intellectual needs, arrange student exchange and publish a student paper. Thosr who did not wish the European Student Relief to continue when material relief had ceased to be its chief aim, raised the following argumentsi (a) That an organization without relief basis would have no reason for existence. (b) That there are already two international student societies. The World's Student Christian Federation and the Confederation Internationale des Etudiants, and that there is not room for a third. They also thought that even if the Oonfetieration Internationale des Etudiants has many faults, it cannot be done away with and we should try to make it stronger and better. As opinion differed so widely, the following minority and majority reports represented the conference: Minority Report The Parad Conference wishes to express to the World's Student Christian Federation its great appreciation of the work of the European Student Relief and wishes the European Student Relief to continue its work as long as real material need exists among students anywhere. Furthermore the conference wishes to declare that it fully trusts that the World's Sttdent Christian Federation and the Con federation internationale des Etudiants will find ways and means of making fruitful the results and experience gained by the European Student Relief in international relations and fellowship. Majority Report The Conference expresses its gratitude to the World's Student Christian Federation for the decision to continue the work og the European Student Relief until 1934. It also requests that t)iis work should be carried on, as already aske for In the resolution of the Tumov Conference beyond this time if there should still be urgent need. Furthermore the Conference is convinced tliat even if the economic poaition should have become better, the European Student Relief should nevertheless continue to exist as a permanent and unifying agency to contribute to the mutual understanding and friendship of the student bodies of the world. In this connection the conference considers It good to recommend the following! (a) Intellectual Help. (b) Making it possible for students to enter universities in foreign countries. (c) Exchange of students. (d) Papers and periodicals. (e) A yearly conference. These reports were submitted to the Plenary Sessions of the Con ference and after frank discussion both were withdrawn and the follow ing resolution was passed unanimouslyi That inasmuch as this conference recognises that the European otudent Relief is the only existing organ which at the present time can unite students of all groups and nationalities in a spirit of Impartiality and trust, this conference requests the European Student Relief to continue at least until such time aa some organ ization or means be found or created (be it the Confederation Internationale des Etudiants or some other mean») which can per manently take the place of the European student Relief. ;-x rA STUDENT SERVICE Published under the European Relief Scheme of the W orld’s Student Christian Fed DR. REINHOLD SCHAIRER, DR. JOHN R. MOTT, Chairman, Wirtschaflsliilfe der Deutschen Stud 347, Madison Avenue, New V ^echnlsche Hoclischule, Bismnrckpl MISS KATY BOYD OEOROE, MISS RUTH ROUSE, Advisory Secretary, 600, Lexington Avenue, New York City. 28, Lancester Road, Wimbledon, DR. INAZO NITOBE, London, S. W. 19. League of Nations, Geneva. CONRAD HOFFMANN, lr„ Executive Secretary, DAVID R. PORTER, 16, Boulevard des Plnlosophes, Oeneva,Switzerland. 347, Madison Avenue, New York City. Cable Address : Uncomil, Geneva. DR. H. C. RUTOERS, Hardenbroek, Driebergen, Holland. POST-WAR STUDENT ACTIVITIES IN BALTIC COUNTRIES WORTH SERIOUS CONSIDERATION BY WESTERN NATIONS. To many persons living several thousand miles from the “ New Europe”, which is rising somewhat phoenix-like from the ashes of her Som ew here in Russia. predecessor, Esthonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are “The problem is solved, Michael! You words of little or no particular significance. To have shoes and / have a pair of trousers. others they are geographical names which po liticians have invented as an added misery to Now find someone who has an overcoat, and the small boy just beginning the study of the three of us can each go to classes two geography. As a matter of fact, however, these days a week." names mean much more than “ only a geograph Which statement, were it not so ical designation." They represent three countries filled with grim tragedy, niight rcmiiid anc which in future days are going to stand forth of the old joke, "If we had a couple of eggs as a congenial nursery, if not the birth-place, of some very important twentieth century in we could have some ham and eggs if we tellectual movements. had some ham.” All through Central Europe there are today springing up numerous student organizations, could turn for help. Some have been able to the history and experiences of which are go find their way back home while others have ing to be worth much to the leaders of cor preferred to seek an education wherever the responding movements destined to spring up war left them. In neither case has their lot been eventually in the so-called western nations. Old a happy one. Even the returning ones found mother necessity has been credited with many themselves to be almost strangers in their own children commonly designated as inventions, country. The grooves from which they had and among her more worthy off-spring may be been jerked by the war were closed and the roads classed these intellectual enterprises. back to a normal condition of life were barred. No country in the. world at present is with When reduced by circumstance to a life of out its numerous post-war problems, but, com privation and poverty all men w ill do one of pared to those of the Central European nations, two things; either they will turn anarchists the problems of other countries are simple in and try to take from their more fortunate neigh deed; and far from the least of them are the bors by force or else they will band together problems of education. The war left Central and by cooperation overcome the economic Europe’s intelligentsia in a predicament which obstacles with which they are faced. This latter can be described only as horrible. Students course is the more intelligent of the two, and had been taken from the universities and con it is the one which students throughout Central scripted as soldiers. The armies to which they Europe are trying to put into practice. It is were assigned had marched and counter the “ plan of campaign” adopted by the students marched here, there and everywhere for five of Latvia, Lithuania, and Esthonia, and it is or six years. Some students had been left for the purpose of furnishing “ artillery” for this wounded in one country and others as pri campaign and others of a similiar nature that soners elsewhere. Cessation of hostilities found the European Student Relief continually needs thousands of them in foreign lands and w ith gifts in even more generous quantities than out money, friends or relatives to whom they have been received to date. I 2 STUDENT SERVICE BULLETIN As a typical example and a concrete illus parture from Prague, is typical of many others tration of the cooperative movements by which received by her and by her fellow-workers at students in these three countries are getting on various times and places : their feet, there are given herewith some signi “ Dear Miss Marshall,” writes the represen ficant extracts from the constitution of The tative of the Prague student world, “ we are Lithuanian University Society of Mutual Assi very sorry to say you goodbye now. At this stance. Latvia and Esthonia have-similiar or occasion you will permit us to thank you in ganizations either functioning or in process of the name of 4300 students for the great help formation. Each of these three countries has and support they have always had through caught the new spirit of self-help, the pivot your kindness and your understanding for point around which E.S.R. revolves, and in each their needs. of them the intelligentsia are making great strides “ We the Studentska Samosprava (Student toward economic indépendance. In part the Autonomy) of this Students’ Home, we never constitution of the Society reads: shall forget that we have had the honor to “The aim of the Society is to exercise a material sup work with you and under your leadership. port to the effective (active) members of the society in Your kind example of impartiality and kind order to enable them to study, to have sick benefits in cases of illness, and to live when temporarily out of work. understanding for everybody in need who asked “The resources of the Society consist of running you to help him will be a fine example for all cash and of stock. They are obtained from member o f us too. Yours very respectfully, etc., etc.” ship dues, gifts and profits from cooperative schemes The thousands of persons who witnessed undertaken by the society from time to time. the Passion Play at Oberamagau during the “With a view to attain its purposes the Society assigns exhibitions, foundations, money assistances and past summer had, almost of necessity, to pass short-time loans ; it opens dining rooms, boarding through Munich. Most of them w ill recall with houses, clubs, reading rooms, libraries and various distinct pleasure the very courteous and capable cooperative stores, gardens, etc.; it publishes needed editions of books, arranges concerts, social evenings, young guides which were placed at their dis and lectures ; it maintains an employment office ; and posal by the E.S.R. information and guide ser through a permanent and well-organized bureau it vice which had its headquarters in the railroad furnishes information concerning Lithuanian and foreign station. Few of them w ill be able to recall, universities. however, the small amounts which they paid "THE SPHERE OF ACTIVITY OF THE SOCIETY INCLUDES THE WHOLE TERRITORY OF THE LITHUANIAN REPUBLIC. for this service nor the donations placed in “The Society consists of honorary, patronal, and ac Student Relief Boxes scattered here and there tive or effective members. Of these only bona-fide stu throughout the city. dents of the University enjoy the right of voting or Gifts deposited in these boxes usually were otherwise determining the policies of the Society.” small in individual amount, but the sum total The society “ owns the rights of a judicial has meant a very appreciable addition to the person,” and it has been approved by the proper E.S.R. general relief fund. To Miss Helen Kirk authorities. It therefore is established on a firm wood a very hearty vote of thanks is due for basis and promises much for the future. Di the energetic and capable way in which she vided as individuals, the students would have managed the guide service and the general been able to accomplish nothing toward ob campaign for funds among the Oberamagau taining an education ; united they compel re visitors. As a Canadian girl who possesses a cognition at all times and show themselves as very broad education, Miss Kirkwood has a unified economic factor with which one must visualized the great need for relief work among reckon. May success attend them and all others Europe's students and has devoted her talents who are w illing to help themselves say the E.S.R. to this work for many months. Her valuable authorities in assisting them. When aid is with work should be an inspiration to other edu drawn from the Baltic states this and similiar cated Canadians and should make an irre- organizations will remain as a monument to sistable appeal to them for financial support. the far-sightedness of persons who contri That those among whom she has worked buted to “ the good cause” in 1922—23. appreciate the value of her work, and that of the European Student Relief in general, is shown by the following memorial addressed to her Is Reward W orth the Sacrifice? on the eve of her departure from Munich: “ Most Honored Miss Kirkwood,” reads this W ithout exception, whenever E.S.R. workers memorial, “ The Praesidium of the Verein Stu- are transferred to more needy fields or for some dentenhaus feels itself called upon on the oc other reason are compelled to give up work casion of your departure to express its deepest in a center where they have served, showers thanks to you as representative of the Euro of letters and other tributes of thanks always pean Student Relief, to which Munich is so are their portion. The following, addressed to thankful, and to you personally for your un Miss Lida Marshall on the occasion of her de selfish service in the information Bureau of the STUDENT SERVICE BULLETIN main station in behalf of the suffering students equally impossible to carry the needy Russian of Germany.’’ student to other nations of the world. Making Miss Kirkwood is now “ carrying on” as the best of a bad situation, one can only recount Secretary for Refugee Students in the E.S.R.- a few of the many thousands of stories which national headquarters for Germany at 17 Tieck- are poured into the ears of E.S.R. workers strasse, Berlin. each day. Here they are, everyone a tragedy to all persons who possesses the power of Relief work of any kind is probably the most visualization. nerve-racking of all occupations. Few persons “ Father too old to work. One brother an invalid. can stand the strain, and no one for a very Three sisters teachers on pay which barely keeps them long continuous period of time. To see so much alive. Give lessons or do any work which comes to hand. suffering, physical as well as intellectual, and Seldom dine, eat only dry food. Suffering from catarrh of the lungs and anemia." be able to alleviate so little because of in sufficient funds is a task more trying than any “Father died few months age. Mother has heart disease other one imaginable. But, are workers there and is unable to work. Means of support are occasional fore down-hearted and gloomy? Not a bit. The bits of medical work, massaging etc. Mother prepares dinner daily consisting of few potatoes and cereals money at ones disposal may be only a mite in (when I can get them). Have anemia owing to chronic comparison with the job ahead, but judiciously underfeeding." spent this bit goes a long way, and always there are letters such as those here given to “Father dead, mother lost since entrance into army remaind one that vast efforts have not been several years age. Tw o sisters both of whom are students. Have a corner in a room occupied by four other persons expended in vain. Much work, little play, and not students and therefore a hindrance to studying. no financial reward is the usual life of one Too weak to do manual labor. Live by selling medical engaged in relief w ork; but in comparison with books and instruments left by my father. Cook my own thousands of grateful hearts what are a few food, which usually consists of potatoes and bread." thousand dollars anyway? And yet short-sighted “Father a workman unable to support me and my persons the world over refuse to give to relief, mother. Live with strangers in room with five others. putting money into banks instead. Losers? No stove in room and no water." Yes, everyone of them. To be censured? No, rather pitied instead. “Parents both unable to work because of age. Have a brother who supports them but who cannot support me. Live in room with my sister. I spend on my meals Several Million Magic Carpets Needed whatever I am able to get, but am always hungry. Have heart trouble also." Immediately by Student Relief Workers of 41 Nations. From Constantinople Student Goes to Once upon a time, runs the fairy tale, there Prague, Walking a Thousand Miles in lived a prince who possessed a magic carpet Quest of an Education. etc., etc. W ould that the maker of such carpets were alive today. On one side of this old In 1914 L. was a student of Natural Science planet thousands of persons educated, refined, I at Kharkov University in his second year. He cultured yes, several hundred thousand left for his vacation in May of this year and of the world’s most choice people are starving j never returned. He served in the army during intellectually and existing physically amid sur the whole of the W orld War and during all roundings and on rations which would be the civil war. After the evacuation of the Crimea repulsive even to an animal. Great numbers he went to Constantinople and was quartered live thus while only a few thousand miles away at Tuzla Camp from Nov. 1920 to June 1921. other so-called human beings daily throw away When the other Russians left for Prague he on worthless trifles enough money to place was ill with spotted typhus and missed his the multitudes of unfortunates on a decent examinations. On his recovery he was deter plane of living and to supply them with equip mined to leave but had no visas and could ment wherewith to carry on their studies. not afford to get any. However, he joined Why is such the case? It must be lack of some Cossacks who were being transferred realization on the part of those who refuse to to Serbia. In Constantinople he worked in a put their money where it could do so much brick factory for a short time for a Turkish good. A magic carpet would change all this. pound a day. This paid his fare. He left the A few million of them kept in operation for Cossacks at Sofia, and went to a Bulgarian border. only a brief period of time would bring home As he had no visas, he got off at the last station the real facts. But wishes are neither horses and crossed on foot. He then started to walk to nor carpets, and one must use such means Belgrade. The villagers were nearly always as are at ones disposal. It is impossible to kind to him and gave him food, drink and a bring potential donors to Europe and it is bed. Early one morning he met a policeman, 4 SUIDENT SERVICE BULLETIN who asked where he came from. L. said from L. next went to a place on the borders of Hungary for fear of being sent back if he said Czechoslovakia and Hungary. When it was Constantinople. He was sent to Belgrade and found out that he was a Russian, he was told locked up for three days, after which he was of a Russian shoemaker who was very kind sent to the Hungarian border with a party of to him and helped him over the border at night. prisoners, where he met a former officer of his However, in the morning, to his horror, he dis regiment in Russia who had the job of night- covered that he was still in Hungary. Soon watchmen at the station. His ex-officer persuaded the police arrived and accused him of trying the chiefs to allow L. to remain at the station. to cross the Czechoslovakian frontier without Here he got the job of looking after the rails. a pass. He was afraid of being sent back to After about a week he started to walk on. Budapest to prison and quickly left the town. He found a boy who showed him the way to He climbed a long hill and arrived at a town. the Hungarian border, which they crossed at In fear and trembling he asked where he was night in safety. A Magyar who spoke Slav got and to his great joy found that he had reach him a post as gardener’s assistant at a con- ed Decin in Czechoslovakia. valscent home. Here he stayed one month and The people were more than kind as soon as the owner was very good to him, protecting they heard that he was Russian, procured per him from having no visas. When he left, his mission for him to live in Czechoslovakia, and master gave him food for his journey and ar bought him a ticket to Prague, where he arriv ranged that his pass should not be asked for ed after travelling for six months, walking most at the station. He went to Budapest but arrived of the way. He has begun his studies in this there literally without a farthing. He got work city and the European Student Relief is helping in a wheat store, carrying sacks of wheat, for him to help himself. In spite of all his hard which he was paid Kr. 600. a month, but of ships he is still facing life with a smile. If a which he paid Kr. 200. for lodging, all the rest man who has shown the determination of going for food, but even so he nearly starved. L. is not worth educating, who is? RUSSIAN UNIVERSITY VISITOR'S BOOK TELLS OF GRATEFUL AID RECIPIENTS. In order to record their thanks for the money Great is the feeling of gratitude, and every time we contributed, often at a sacrifice, by students in step over the threshold of the stolovaya (kitchen) a keen sense of gratitude overwhelms us. And I know for sure other lands, for assistance administered im that we shall carry away with us into our graves the partially by kind and interested workers, and radiant feeling of thankfulness to our transoceanic bro for the wisdom displayed by E.S.R. in applying thers, who have stretched their hand to us. its funds where they would be of most per You came to save us at a time when we were in manent value and lasting benefit to mankind distress. Your gift will never be forgotten by our country in general the students in many universities I vow and thank you most sincerely for it. have established “ visitor’s books”. These books Is it for long? Shall we be able to keep up our are not signed by casual tourists anxious for energy any longer ? It is terrible to think of the sufferings the world to know that they have visited some we have gone through during the famine. famous place but by students who have been The thrill of satisfaction which an intelligent helped and who wish to have their benefactors person receives from reading messages such know of their gratefulness. The following as these is equalled by only one other. To extracts from one such book of a Russian talk personally with the students who have university can be multiplied into thousands, written them and to enter at times into the and these thousands will include students re very innermost recesses of their souls is an presentative of every religion, nationality and experience comparable to and excelled by social belief to be found in Europe today: nothing else in this world. If those persons I tender my heartiest thanks to the brothers that have in every nation who have contributed nothing assisted us, and shake this hand that was stretched out or who have contributed very little from their to us in a nightmare hour of our lives, and I fully believe that we shall be able to return this help with thanks. comparitive abundance, if all who have not yet realized the full significance of our E.S.R. Re 1 think it useless to write in an ultra pathetic tone construction Program could have this ex expressions of gratitude. Sincere gratitude is speechless and never eloquent or exhuberant. Suffice I say: a perience, banks would have difficulty in hand heartfelt Russian "spassibo" for the brotherly help. ling our funds. Russia s 150,000 Students EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF WORLD’S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION juhich every E.S.R. worker has become only too r m i l i a r during the winter months of 1922-23. Many umes they have heard the story of these clothing part nerships, strange indeed but necessary if the Russian students are to carry on. The old joke, “If we liâcl some eggs we could have some ham and eggs if “'T'echnical students in your country destroy each we had some ham,” is in this country a reality only I day many thousand sheets of drafting paper too grim. Tw o students often are found living in the 1 which has been used on but one side. By no same room and using the same clothing, one remai means whatever can my comrades and I obtain ning in bed while the other attends classes. similiar paper in this country. Do you suppose there is any way in which w e can persuade your “SERVICE” NOW THE SLOGAN. student friends back home to send us their half-used sheets?” According to the latest government statistics, there Thin from hunger and shivering from the effects are 148,336 students registered in Russia’s Univer of a long walk in zero weather without an overcoat, sities and Schools of Higher Education. Of these one of the technical students of a Russian University approximately 120,000 are in the schools of engineer recently introduced himself thus to an E.S. R. Field ing, medicine, agriculture, education or one of the Representative. To say that this particular relief other schools in which the students are prepared for worker was quite taken aback by the request would professions “economically reconstructive in nature," be a great understatement of his suprise. Dum- professions in which Russia needs at once a thousand founded is hardly a strong enough word to use. men and women for each hundred that she now From one so obviously underfed and insufficiently has at her disposal. clothed he had expected an appeal for food or a in Russia, as in many other European countries, request for some article of wearing apparel. For a few years ago students for the greater part looked such an appeal he had a ready answer, one which upon an education primarily as a stepping stone to frequent use has reduced almost to a formula: “1 am some form of easy life “in the government.” Students sorry, but an insufficiency of funds prevents me from of the present university generation are interested, increasing the number of food cards, and for the however, to a very remarkable degree, in a life of clothing now enroute here 1 already have an excess service to their country. (From Berlin and Prague, number of applications." But an appeal for second each of which cities is the home of many thousand hand drawing paper; this was something new indeed. Russian refugee students, reports of a similiar nature “And where is your overcoat?” have been coming for several months past). The paper situation had been discussed at some “Getting ready for a job,” has been replaced almost length, the E.S.R. man had promised to do what he universally among Russian students as a slogan by could to remedy the situation and the student was on “Desire to help in the rebuilding of Russia." the point of departing. Preparing for a life of Service; but under what “Oh, this is Michael’s day to attend classes. I had conditions! The E.S.R . is feeding an “existance" it yesterday." . ration to 30,000 students through its kitchens for 16 “The question had been put more from a desire university centers in Russia, and another 30,000 pro to be friendly and sociable than from any need of bably have outside sources of income sufficient for eliciting information. The answer was one with the necessities of life. Relative to the other 88,000, 2 3 the less one thinks about their plight the better ojm UUron had been begging daily at a local child feeding will be able to sleep. Generally speaking, the 'ter for the refuse food from the tables and cook- ditions of life faced by them as well as by all students ruom. A pride which restrained them as self-respec in Russia today are as follows! ting persons from all kinds of begging and a natural HUNGER: — Few students indeed ever have a human antipathy against eating such unpalatable really satisfying ineal, and many at times exist for morsels were both overcome by an all-powerful several days consecutively on dry crusts of black bread. hunger. At Minsk, Krasnodar and Irkutsk, institutions The lucky 30,000 fed by the E.S.R. are allowed only a still without kitchens, conditions are just as bad as one-meal-per-day ration of 1500 (in some kitchens at "pre-kitchen" Astrakahn. 1200) calories. Meagre as the allowance is, however, W ORK: — It goes without saying that Russian it makes in the physical condition of its recipients students will do any task that comes to hand. In a difference as great at that between midnight and one port city the men and women students alike noonday. work on the piers, the men serving as longshoresmen The cost of this daily student meal averages less and the women repairing the sacks. They consider than five cents (American money) per day. A student themselves fortunate when a sack is torn too badly may be fed for a whole month on less than #1.50, to be repaired because they are allowed to use this or six English shillings. /1 ,000, approximately Ï2 1 0 , burlap as “lining for their overcoats.” means more than 20,000 meals, a month’s food supply for almost 700 students or a daily ration for 85 students SICKNESS: — Among persons who are weakened' during an entire academic year of eight months. To by continual exposure and lack of food pneumonia each student who is privileged to receive this co and tuberculosis always demand a heavy toll. The veted ration a food card is issued; but it is hardly toll thus exacted among Russian students is not ever necessary to call upon a student to produce it decreased by the fact that few of them have the because his appearance tells whether or not he has money necessary to pay for even an occasional bath. been receiving this meal regularly once each day. In all Russia it is simply a case of the surival of The plight of the non-card holders is desperate those physically most fit. In this connection the students indeed. On the bare chance that some of their more have adopted a somewhat novel system of helping fortunate comrades may be kept away from the meal the weaker ones among them. As in other European by sickness or other causes, large groups of these countries, the Russian students have established students gather daily outside tne E.S.R. kitchens. cooperative shoe and clothing repair shops and other After the card holders are fed they receive whatever self-help enterprises; but they have gone also a step is Jeft; but more often than not their patient wait further. Only the weaker and more sickly students of hours receives not even a crust of bread as a are allowed to work at these “easy" tasks. The reward. And these students are just as needy, just stronger ones are eliminated as ineligible because as brilliant in their studies, just as necessary to they stand a better chance of getting odd jobs outside. Russia’s rehabilitation as are their comrades who COLD : — The cruelty of a Russian winter is beyond receive the ration. They receive no cards simply even the imagination of persons who have never because there is not enough food for all; and a line experienced it. Yet, in unheated living quarters and must be drawn somewhere. class rooms, without clothing that is even half warm For several months previous to the beginning of and without food enough to satisfy hunger much student help at Astrakahn, the latest university to less furnish any great amount of body heat, approxi receive an E.S.R. kitchen, the students of this insti- mately 150,000 students have held on to their studies. HOUSING : — In Moscow an E. S. R. representa^e in alm ost every library is in use every minute that recently found two women living In a poultry h o i f l r tlfT b r a r y is open. That few students yield to the feet wide, 10 feet long and not high enough fo ra temptation of carrying off one of these most valuable person to stand erect. The previous occupants not books for their own private use is well illustrated by having been very tidy housekeepers, they were the library of one medical institute. In this library compelled to “clean house before moving in.” the students do all the work, and that without pay, Freight cars on side-tracks are very common as student but so honest is their administration that less than residences. Any place that will keep off the cold rains 100 books have disappeared from the shelves during and the snow is all that some ask, and many have the past twenty years. hardly this much. As a gift to one specified university “an inter CLOTHING: — It is impossible in many cases to ested friend" in Japan has just donated 2535 Swiss distinguish between a student and a common street Francs for the purchase of scientific labratory supplies. beggar, both being in rags, and often dirty rags at This amount, however, will hardly relieve the situation that. Old army uniforms are now threadbare, of this one university; and a dozen other schools of few students have any other clothing and none have equally high standing are in just as destitute cir the funds for an outright purchase of clothing. In cumstances. In view of these facts it is hardly ne the distribution of food parcels, writes one E.S.R. cessary to say that the government is only too glad man, “preference is given to barefooted students to let books and other kinds of educational equip because it is obvious that they would not have ment enter the country free from customs duties. exchanged their shoes for food had they not been SOCIAL CONTACTS: — Economic hardships faced with the alternative of starvation.” Many stu have deprived students of all opportunities for meeting dents have no underclothing whatever, and the pos together in social, debating, and literary societies. sessor of a change of linen is a wealthy plutocrat indeed. During the few hours that he can spare from earning TEXT BOOKS : — By means of a recent liberal his own living each student is compelled to bend donation for this special purpose E.S.R. has been all energy toward finishing his school career. Many able to send into Russia 5,000 of the latest scien students still several semesters from graduation be tific text books on various subjects, but this ship gan their university work in 1914 and 1915. It is ment is hardly more than a few drops of intellectual probable that many of them will be compelled to knowledge in a great desert of book-need. For each celebrate the 10th anniversary of their entrance into of these books in most of the universities there is* the university by taking their final examinations. Ten a waiting list of five months already signed up; years spent in finishing a four-year course! Under and even thus, the student to whom the book is these circumstances it is not suprising that the stu lent shares it with a number of his fellow students. dents find very little time for the cultivation of in In order that such an invaluable treasure as a timate friendships and participation in social activi book may always mean the greatest good to the ties, two things which many persons consider the greatest number, study clubs, comprising 20 or more most valuable part of a university career. students, have been formed. Each one acts in turn In the near future E.S.R. representatives in Russia as reader, and half the members of a university class hope and expect to see this one-sided education thus prepare their lessons together. remedied at least slightly. A series of social evenings To see three and even four students bending have been inaugurated already in some of the larger over one book is no uncommon sight in any uni centers, and, if success attends them, the idea will versity library in Russia. Every book in every course be extended at once to the smaller provincial uni- 6 7 versities. W ithout support and some kindly incentive STUDENTS from E.S.R. such evenings would be an impos*mty in Russia, and what is commonly known as a " e l l - f DETERMINED TO CARRY ON. rounded university career" would be forever lost to In spite of all odds, however, the students seem the present student generation. certain of at least one thing. They are determined to carry on. The following extracts taken from a very typical student letter applying for help will il PROFESSORS ALSO IN NEED. lustrate this feeling of determination very well: For every 1000 students being helped by E.S.R. "I find myself in a very critical material position as, following today at least another thousand need help just as the course of Higher Medical Science, I am unable to earn enough badly, and two or three thousand more are little to buy the first necessities of life. I have absolutely nobody to help me as, at the age of fourteen, I parted with my relatives be better off: and this evil plight is further aggravated cause they prohibited me taking Instruction and refused to support by the fact that professors have been reduced to the same circumstances. Lack of food, clothing, books mC " My choice of the Medical Faculty was determined by the poor sanitary conditions of my country. . and general supplies confronts these men at every "In my search of work I have offered my services to hundreds turn; and in addition they must not only spend of citizens on the streets and in their places of business, and often in return for only a piece of bread. From one of these persons, three or four hours daily in the lecture room but when he noticed my weakened condition. 1 received as an answer more often than not must do manual labor for five to my request, 'Forsake the Science’. But never shall I forsake or six hours additional in order that their families that whlcli has been the chief object of my life, and for wh eh may not suffer too bitterly. This means, of course, I nearly lost It ; I shall die therefore within the walls of the Higher school with a knowledge that I die In a sanctuary. that they must perforce come into the class room without preparing their lectures and that their re search work must stop altogether; all of which means that the students will ultimately suffer the more. What heat is to steam, what water power is to HAVE GREAT HOPES FOR THE a dynamo, what so-called “energy units" are to any FUTURE. mechanism professors are to a university. Let the fire beneath a locomotive boiler die down and the Even in their present plight, however, the Russian train will cease to move; reduce its necessary “head students are looking forward expectantly to the time of water" and the dynamo will no longer generate when they will be giving rather than receiving, when electric current: likewise reduce the efficiency of its they will become active factors in spreading abroad teaching staff and a university will continue to exist a feeling of international brotherhood and of pro only in name. So the E.S.R. representatives in Russia moting international iriendships and world culture reasoned; and, as a result, 250 of the mest needy through service to a fellow student in some other and most brilliant of Russia's professors have been land. The students of one School of Mining already given food, clothing, and other relief by our orga have given proof of this spirit. Although living from nization. Nor have the students themselves been hand to mouth themselves, these students saved back inactive in extending a helping hand. In one school a small amount from the relief money allotted to 1700 of them (who receive a government piok) divided them and proposed that it be sent to the E.S.R. head their meagre supply of food with the families of quarters in Geneva as their first return contribution. their professors in order that classes might not be Needless to say, the representative of E.S.R. to whom suspended. this was proposed advised them to use it themselves. From another school comes a letter sotituüng a — . _ .. . f Kazan similiar note: f > “ t B n t « m ...... ( sam ara "The pain and suffering of the past years withered our soul, Holland and Belguim . . . Krasnodar weakened our brain, and almost destroyed our body. The energy J u g o s la v ia ...... Irkutsk for mental work Is gone away. Wc are in the chains of pauperism hunger, cold, and maladies. The struggle for life now In Russia New Zealand ...... Tomsk is very hard, and many of our colleagues have gone forever to the Norway and Sweeden . . . Veronesh Best World. But wc do not capitulate. We arc going, deadly tired, South A m e r i c a ...... Rostov forward to the sun of free science and ait. Feelings of sympathy and thanks to our benefactors warm our hearts. We shall never Switzerland...... Saratov forget the support given us In our most difficult moments. Soon I Ekaterinoslav la coming the happy day when we too can add something to the Kiev treasures of mankinds' culture." United States of Amerika . . { Moscow I Odessa I Petrograd E.S.R. FUND MERITS SUPPORT. ,, , t Minsk U nassigned...... | Novotcherkask Of such calibre are the students whom the Euro pean Student Relief is helping. And how ? By ad This adoption is to be complete; food, clothing, ministering the funds raised in America through spe books, labratory equipment and all other supplies cial channels obtained in coordination with the for both students and professors are to be sent direct American Relief Administration and the non-Ameri from the adopting country to the relief committee can funds through a similiar arrangement with the of the university adopted. Personal contacts between Nansen Commission, E.S.R. representatives in Russia faculties and individuals in each country are to be are able to employ the advantages connected with encouraged. The supervision of the work of relief, each organization. This double advantage possibly as far as possible, is to be put in the hands of accounts for the fact that our kitchens have been a native representative of the adopting country. referred to as the most efficient relief centers in Russia today. Since E.S.R. funds come from almost every country From the beginning of E.S.R. work in Russia all in the world, it has always been the policy of the funds from the United States have been concentrated Executive Committee to draw workers from as many on 5 university centers. By special request, another nations as possible. In Russia, for example, there university was assigned to New Zealand. In other are representatives from Denmark, Holland, England, words, these two countries asked for and were given Switzerland, Norway, Germany and the United States. the privilege of "adopting" certain specific institutions. These men and women work in harmony with local This plan worked out so successfully during the past student self-help organizations in each university year that other countries have expressed a desire to center. In this way the European Student Relief has adopt some school. The following adoption program built up an organization which has a very inter for future relief in Russia has been worked out, national character, and which is in very close and therefore, and, subject to a few possible modifications sympathetic touch with the students being helped. soon will be put into use. It is thus able to work most efficiently and on the strength of such an organization does it solicit con C a n a d a ...... Astrakhan tributions to its treasury “UT OMNES UNUM Denmark and Japan .... Kharkov SINT." France...... Simferopol 10 11 During the post few months three rather and very noteworthy contributions hove bee^JL ceived by the European Student Relief for the con tinuance and possible enlargement of the present program of reconstructive intellectual relief in Russia. From the English and American Baptists cam e a donation of /15,000.00, from the Jewish Joint Distribution Committee / 50,000.00 and from another internationally famous private foundation for intellectual advancement throughout the world, the name of which cannot be mode public, $ 30,000.00. Each of these gifts was made only after our relief methods had been investigated thoroughly by per sonal representatives of the organisations. They stand thus as unqualified commendations of E.S.R. Also included in our program of relief are the students and, in some localities, the professors of Germany, Russia^ Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Latvia,' Esthonia, Lithuania, Hungary, Roumanie, Bulgaria, Jugoslavia, G reece, Turkey, and refugee students scattered here and there in a number of other countries. Further information concerning the intellectual needs of Central Europe and Germany will' be sent gladly to interested persons or organi zations. Contributions to meet these needs may be made to National Student Relief Organizations or sent direct to The Comptroller, European Student Relief, 16 Boulevard des Philosophes, Geneva, Switzerland. JOHN R. MOTT Chairman 3 4 7 Fifth A venuf. N ew Y ork C ity RUTH ROUSE CONRAD HOFFMANN Advisory Secretary Executive Secretary 2 8 L ancaster Ro a d 16 Boulevard des W imbledon. S. W . 19 Philosophes I-ondon, England G eneva. Switzerland 12 September 25th, 1983. Dear i-ilee rong, following our conversation on edneaday laet I have re- celved w ith much pleasure and Internet the Informât I on with hloh you have bean so good ad to supply m. I have pertlon- la rly notod the details to »hloh you have referred oeallng w ith the peculiar proble.-ieol' refureo atuoantc In which we nave eo constantly had the helpful co-operation of the European Jtudonta ;q11q£ '«deration. I note « 1th satisfaction your kind ofilcea with your coraaltteee In B.J.k. and Canada In connection w ith Dr. l.ansen's visit there. I tihall be pleased at any 6lno to meet Lr« legate on hie v ia lt here In Oetouer and to disouae with hia future oo-uperation In our joint work for refugee students* with many tnanka for your ua-iful information und lo r the kind offer of further help, and with best wiuheti for a t,uooeae- ful mission to Vienna. X re iu a in , ■ iyours. Àealatant tigh cocimlüaloner for telugeee M uUS s id.ii. rong, uropoan student .lolief yedoratlon, 1G, -Jld. des Philosophes, G UROPEHN STUDENT RELIEF WORLD'S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION AUSTRALIA - BRITISH WEST INDIES - CANADA - CHINA • CZECHOSLOVAKIA ■ DENMARK ■ EGYPT ESTONIA • FINLAND - FRANCE ■ GERMANY - GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND - HOLLAND INDIA AND CEYLON - ITALY - JAPAN AND KOREA ■ LATIN AMERICA • NEW ZEALAND - NORWAY - PORTUGAL - ROUMANIA - RUSSIA SOUTH AFRICA - SWEDEN - SWITZERLAND UNITED STATES Cable Address — 13, Avenue de Champel LINCOMIL, GENEVA GENEVA. SWITZERLAND TELEPHONE. STAND 1100 16, Bl>. i'l ' "" " I i, | ; s E V A October 25, 192s ri’o the Secretariat League of nations Geneva Gentlemen : - 1 ’Ze herewith beg to aoknowledge receipt of the following circular- letters concerning specia^ facilities for Russian refugees: Letter Ur. C 676.M.273.1923 (G.R.R. 62) dated October 22nd " Nr* A.V,/lO.1923 dated September 10th ” Nr. A.V*/l9/1923 dated September 1923 " Nr. A.V./ll/l923 dated -eptember 10th Report of the 'ligh Commissariat for Refugees (a) Russian refugees (b) Bulgarian inhabitants expatriated of western Thrace No. A 107 1923 IV Report on the work of the ‘ ligh Commissariat for Refugees No. A 30 "Résumé" As all this material has been sent to us in French, v/e would be much obliged if you would kindly forward us these papers in the English edition as to my regret I cannot read French. very sirhc/erely /ÿoura H IEGAl! Acting Executive Secretary 5. . .., W.S.C.P, ( l i f î ' L . [ 4- r •- Geneva, October 31st 1923. n 40/IftT38/16782. I beg to send you, horawith, the various doou- mentB asked for in your letter of the 25th Inst, concerning Rueelan and Bulgarian Refugees. Yours sinderely, p.p. Assistant High coimlesioner for Refugees. I Hey H. Legate, Esq., European student Relief, 13, Avenue de Chnmpel, 0ÜBB7A. EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF WORLD’S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION AUSTRALIA - BRITISH WEST INDIES - CANADA - CHINA • CZECHOSLOVAKIA - DENMARK EGYPT - ESTONIA - FINLAND - FRANCE-GERMANY-GREAT RRITAIN AND IRELAND HOLLAND - INDIA AND CEYLON - ITALY - JAPAN AND KOREA - LATIN AMERICA - NEW ZEALAND - NORWAY - PORTUGAL - ROUMANIA RUSSIA - SOUTH AFRICA - SWEDEN - SWITZERLAND UNITED STATES Cable Address ------13, AVENUE DE CHAMPEL LINCOMIL, GENEVA GENEVA, SWITZERLAND TÉLÉPHONE STAND 11-00 16, 151). I - ' 1 Fovemoer r 192? ?o the rijh Coiiuni: fo r -.efuyeQs League of Hâtions Gen eva 7e take; pleasure in acknowledging receipt of the various documents concerning .iuai-.ian end Bulgarian Refugees. : no :ish to express our than lew to you for them. "1 The Story o f European Student Relief o f the W orlds Student Christian Federation in financial terms. September 1, 1920 - July 1, 1924 Source and Amounts of Contributions COUNTRIES 1920/21 1921/22 1922/23 1923/24 Swiss'Frs. 45,665.45 Argentine...... 1,820.65 37,938.45 6,006.35 Australia 82,510.10 13,259.55 A u s tria ...... Belgium . . . - 1.097.34 Brit. West Indies . . . C anada...... 9,050.85 16,513.15 31,064.65 33,012.85 89,641.50 Czechoslovakia...... 4,964.06 8,406.20 2,207.20 2,022.35 4,845.55 D e n m a rk ...... 4,399.10 6,573.80 15,446.90 1,094.40 Estonia...... 1,464.40 F in la n d ...... 9,142.64 9,674,64 F ra n c e ...... 14,031.84 2,825.70 28,900.14 G e rm a n y ...... 5,875.43 5,599.75 12,657,88 G reece...... 2,851.05 Hungary...... 2,242.49 2,503.19 India-Ceylon ...... 3,390.10 5,546.50 3,329.15 19,393.75 1,545.55 42,632.45 53,007.14 Jugoslavia...... - Netherlands...... 71,024.50 115,105.65 599,389.15 New Z e a la n d ...... 3,201.37 47,045.50 28,109.90 78,356.77 N orw ay...... 20,444.06 30,223.05 P a le s tin e ...... 1,064.95 - P o rtu g a l...... 1,239.85 P o la n d ...... ■ R o u m a n ie ...... South Africa 69,460.19 5,183.90 69,324.90 151,151.94 Sweden . . 11,755.23 3,222.90 14.174.40 227,554.20 256,706.73 Switzerland...... 13,184.05 54,025.80 85,738.55 T urke y...... United Kingdom 514,349.89 600,202.81 459,242.81 482,102.65 2,055,898.16 Uruguay...... 6,068.85 649,215.28 1,280,759.60 1,019,170.15 2,303,925.90 5,253,070.93 U. S. A., A. R. A. Feeding . 1.725,000. 1,725.000.— N ansen...... 24.420. 24,420.- T o lI, ...... 3,070,785.99 2,116,710.06 2,193,342.71 3,361,711.30 10,742,550.06 Interests ...... 2,297.12 4,513.02 2,934.65 10,214.34 Sundry Receipts 2,227.80 £ _ 2,835.80 Grand T o t a l ...... 3,073,083.11 2,121,223.08 2,198,505.16 3,362,788.85 10,755,600,20 I. Above figures represent cash, plus value of gifts in kind sucli as food, clothing, books, etc. II. While we estimated the value of clothing at Frs. 6. per kilo we realize that the actual value, particu larly of the clothing sent to Russia is much higher. Distribution Asia M inor...... 35,000. 53,440.38 7,116.40 - 95,556.78 A u stria...... 374,815.70 181,858.54 140,578.12 16,110.20 713,362.56 Bulgaria...... - 5,025.95 4,232.20 Czechoslovakia...... 16,293.97 218,645.13 209,933.60 26,850.55 471,723.25 Estonia . . 19,832.85 8,403.05 11,710.65 1,463.45 F ra n c e ...... 908.60 26,971.94 10,645.60 42,709.09 Germany Foreign Students 45,598.35 45,598.35 > German Students . 209,976.90 348,361.26 255,193.90 1,411,185.15 2,224,717.21 G re e c e ...... 44,824.94 10,484.50 55,639.84 Hungary...... 61,414.50 157,436.73 53,483.35 5,623.70 277,958.28 jougoslavla (Refugee Students) 41,025.95 62,613.95 103,639.90 1.620.30 13,069.05 6,492.25 21,181.60 L ith u a n ia ...... 2,432.20 3,891.95 P o la n d ...... 141,847.63 303,063.75 87,674.20 553,730.68 R o u m a n ia ...... 2,275.60 2,275.60 Russia, Non Am. Section. 6,533.28 694,235.86 174,652.90 875,422.04 Russia, American Section. 1,205,462.89 1,469,140.55 2,674,603.44 Sundry R e lie f...... Switzerland...... 87,726.65 13,600.65 13,981.60 21,970.98 44,510.10 3,836.45 81,299.13 A. R. A. Feeding . j Austria, Czechoslovakia . i 1,725,000.— Hungary, Poland, Baltics. . 1 Refugee Students England 13,187.05 Dutch Clothing (Distributed various countries) 150,000.— Total distributed 2,656,182.05 1,429,270.89 2,986,322.21 ; 3,279,828.80 10,351,603.95 Exchange adjustments 1,253.20 12,165.83 Books distributed by U. K. 5,104.- 5,104.- Geneva Headquarters Expen 44,890.44 ! 57,058.35 85,278.60 280,373.39 London Office Expenses 15,934.10 i 20,552.20 60,282.77 London-Oeneva Equipment 6,451.92 j Advances to be accounted for 23,778.24 23,778.24 Balance Cash o/h Geneva June 301,1 .... 15,215.30 15,215.30 2,723,458.51 1,556,286.94 ! 3,063,932.76 ] 3,411,921.99 10,755,600.20 HI The fjgUres of Holland, Sweden and Norway include sums of money collected by organisations other than E. S. R. but about which we received full reports. IV. For ascertaining value of the above figures in Dollars or Pounds use the following approximate average rates for the period : i 1.00 Frs. 5.70 ■£ 1.0.0 » 24.65 -J * r > * r h Wé t Annual Roport Europoun Studont Roliof World’s Studont Christian Fodorution for tho collogo your 1923 - 1924. Proparod for und submittod at tho onforonoo of tho World’s Studont Christian Fodorution, August 7-21, 1924 by Conrad Hoffmann, Jr. Introductory. 1 The European Studont Roliof of the World’s Student Christ ian Federation complocod four years of successful operation July 1, 1924. During this poriod its activities have circled the globe. First culled into being early in the sunnier of 19*J0 to meot a condition of emergency need among the students in Austria, the work rapidly spread until at its pea.: m 1922-19* » relief activities were being conducted in 19 countries with funds raised in 36 countries. A ycai ago a detailed report embracing the first three years’ activities, i.e. 1920-1923, was issued aid readers are referred to it for the record of that period of activity, ino present report deals primarily with the work in tho college year just past, 1923-1924. r~;':3rovenant of Conditions during 1927» - 1924. During tho past year a gradual improvement in the condi tions of intellectuals, notably in the case of students, has occurred. This has been a more or less direct result of the I'oneral economic improvement and stabilization of currencies in European countries. Indeed in some countries a return to approximate normalcy has taken place. It would therefore seen as though tho ora of emergency student need to moot which n,.S.:t. had been created, is now past, With tho possible exception oi the refugee students, tho students in Russia and to a less ex tent, the students in Germany, one can no longer speakof emer gency need. Cn the other hand, those who know, agree that Eu rope faces a state of more or les.; chronic impoverishment oi the intellectual life. It is an open question as to "hother E.S.R. has any responsibility to face in the light of this situation. The Elmau European Student Relief Conference, July 24 - 31 and High Leigh must decide this question which is essentially a question of the future of E.S.R. he Budget for 1925 - 1924. Those who have followed the work of the organisation will recall that the budget for the college year 1923 - 1 9 2 4 as adopt ed at the Crans meeting of tho 3.3.?.. Committee arid the Exeeuti... Committee of the V.3.C.F., called for a total of •) 362,500.00 apportioned as follows: Russia S 175,000.00 Rofiigoe Students v e.*, 500.00 Native Students 0 50,000.00 Self-Help 3 35,000.00 Administration » 35,000.00 Contingent v 15,000.00 """"Total """ ~ j 362,500.00 * * For further details regardire thiR budget see Minutes of the Heating of the Executive Commit tee of the '''. 3 - C « F.., Crans, l.Iav 19-29 A. The Prcblcr.-i of Relief A dministration in Russia. Possibly a vord of e:r,)l-r;.tio.i regarding the above budget may not be ; in:ss. Joncorning the sur appropriated for Russia, it wc.s understood that by far thu larger share would come from America. In -jev of reports from several of the European repre sentatives of 2 . 3 . in Russi"., the non-nmerican countries were r diôinclinod to underwrite or to uttonpt to raise any consider able sun8 for Rusuian student relief, a s a matter of fact, the Cormitteo authorized the early liquidation of the non-American section of the work in Russia. The following is quoted from the Minutes referred to above "The Committee gave prolonged and most careful con sideration to the desirability or undesirability of con tinuing Relief Work in Russia. The facts already in the possession of the Committee made it clear that material relief is no longer practicable in those parts of Russia where the non-American section has been at worlc, in justice to the principle of impartial distribution, in which prin ciple the Relief Work of the Federation has always been conducted; but that such material Relief is without jeopar dizing this principle, ctill practicable and desirable for the time being in certain of the larger cities where the American section has been working." This decision called forth vigorous protests from a number of the non-American workers who maintained that there was no cause for such differentiation between the two sections. They submit ted such convincing facts to support their protest, that a spe cial meeting of members of the È.S,R. Committee was called to meet with representatives of both sections of our work in Rus-:-:ia. This meeting occurred in Vienna, October 1-3, 1923. It result ed in a decision rescinding the action taken at Crans and author izing continuation of the non-American section of E.S.R. in Russia until February 15, 1924. The question of continuance be yond that date was to bo decided later, a s a matter of f-ct the Committee at its meeting in Geneva, January 1924, requested the Executive Secretary to proceed to Russia and in consultation with the representatives on the field to decide the question of further continuance. As is Irnown, ho recommenced continuation until closo of the collegiate year in all centers so far as funds were available. It was ae a result of this sequence of ne gotiations that the non-American section continued its activities in Charkov and Kazan to the close of the year, although the work in all the other centers under its jurisdiction ceased much earlier because of lack of adequate funds. The American section on the other hand, was able to continue its activities in all centers, and by virtue of a special anonymous gift, to include an extensive relief project for professors. Details of the actual work done are given in the special section dealing with Russia. B. Ti.o B.idget for Germany. The mount budget ted for Germany seemed adequate at the timo, but subsequent developments (..11 know of the disastrous currency depreciation during the summer and early winter months of 1923) necessitated a reconsidoration of the Gorman budget -nd an attempt to secure additional funds over and -bove th j ..mount originally appropriated. Fortunately many countries either through the S.3.R. committee or through newly created special committees, wore able to rais j considerable funds to meet the calamitous situation in Germany. As a result, instead of j 50,000.00 for Germany, ) «52,000.00 were actually raised and sent to Germany through ^ . 5 channels, with other relatively large sums s-ent directly by the contributors. These additional funds helped to save thv- German students fro1:: what seemed cer tain and complete disaster. J C. Actual Suns raisod In 1923 - 1924. 1 Consultâtion of tho Crans budgot with its total of 3 362,500.00 and tho actual receipts for tho yoar 1923 - 1924 indicates a vory largo surplus ovor and abovo tho forrnor ( yoe table). I. utoad of 3 362,500.00, tho sum total raised is $ 600,000.00 or 3 237,500.00 more than tho yoar’s budget oallod for. T : groat emergency need of Gjrmany ovidently proved to bo a groat challenge to the contributing countries. A largo sharo of tho total raised represents a number of large indivi dual gifts from Foundations, individuals and special organiza tions, particularly in the States. These large gifts boar testi mony of the confidence which the respective national Committees as well as tho European Student Relief Committee have inspired. The confidence and support of such individuals and organizations is an asset which should be conserved for tho future. The contributions from Hew Zealand, Canada, Australia and South Africa are especially noteworthy, whereas tho relatively large sums from Holland, Sweden, Croat Britain and the United States are all tho more remarkable when it is remembered that tho past year was tho fourth in which appeals for E.S.H. wore made. A specially noteworthy contribution was $ 185.00 from th j students of Beirut College. Considered in the light of the se rious economic conditions particularly of those circles from which the monoy has oomo, it is little short of miraculous. Ho greater demonstration of sacrificial giving as an expression of international good will could be desired. The sums raised prove conclusively the peculiar qualifications of E.S.R. sponsored by the '.'.S.C.F. to secure support for its activities from external as woll as internal sources. Notwithstanding the largo surplus raissd over and above tho budget requirements, we were unable to meet all budget obligations On first thought this appears paradoxiaal but is easily explained The extensive earmarking of funds practised by the contributing countries during the past yoar has diverted most of the money raii ed to two or throe budget items, notably Germany and Russia, and loft relatively little for other items in the budget. Comparison of the Crans budgot allocations with the sums actually distribut ed will quickly roveal what happened. The Crans Budget appropriated for: Germany 50,000.00 252,000.00 Russia 175,000.00 307,960.00 Refugee studonts in Jugoslavia 11,380.00 whereas for Poland 2 ,000.00 Austria 3,000.00 Refugee students in Germany 10,000.00 8,140.00 The Geneva Hoadquarters fully appreciates the dosiro of di rect relation between donor and recipient as woll as tho many ad vantages of such direct contact. It hopes, however, that if E.S. R. is to continue, the contributing countries will provide ade quate unearmarked sums to enable Headquarters to moot all budget obligations. J "orI: in Russia. A. Organisation. It will bo remembered that wo had organisai tho work in Russia on a dual basis - tho american Section working undor the suoorvision arid protoction of the ^morican Relief Admi nistration and tho non-^morican Soot ion undor tho Hanson Mis sion. Both soot ions enjoyed tho advantugou of tho agreements which tho sponsoring organisations hud made with the Soviet authorities. In tho Spring and Sumnor of 1925, tho Hanson Mission and tho American Relief Administration ceased oporat ion in Hussi -. Tho agroononts which thoy hud with tho Oovornmont terminated on liquidation of thoir work. This loft our two soctions in Russia without any agreements, and nocossitatod independent diroct negotiation with tho C-ovammont. fortunately both soctions woro able to socuro Government sanction for continua tion of thoir activitios on virtually tho sumo t o m s as under tho Hanson iiission and tho a.S.A. respectively. Kowovor in viow of tho now oconomic policy of tho Oovorn- nont to curtail Stato oxponaos, we no long.r secured fro3 transportation of eoods and porsonrol nor froo overhead ad ministrât ion. These two factors among othors havo served to ïncrousa greatly our administrative costs. To covor ovorhoaJ o:roonsos of tho kitchons, all students roc eiving noals, wor.. asked to - small monthly foo, which ranged from 50 kopock'e to 1.50 Roubles dependent upon tho center under consideration. (25 to 75 cents a month) Evon with this very low foo, r,-.any students wore unable to pay. Approximately 10 /» of all stu dents receiving moale paid nothing. Thor- wore many difficulties with the trade unions and tho Communistic student organisations who endeavoured to se cure discrimination in favour of their own members. Org-Jiisu- tion of tho work locally centered in the various student cor- r.iittoos, largely Communistic, with supervisory control and the right of" final voto in the h-nds of our local reprosont=..- tivos either American or Europeun. Studont co-oporativos exist, but in view of party politics end C-overnment restrictions, efficient administration by them is difficult if not impossi'.l ;. Ho national self-help organization, such as .-re found in oil. ,v uU rope an countries o;:ists. Distances and difficulty of communi cation rendor a national organization well-nigh impossible. Local self-help committees with activities such as are -.promot ed in ‘'uropoan countries exist, but havo great difficulty of success largely in viow of trade union control -nd regulations. Interest in self-help methods is keen and in duo time offici _rv co-operative enterprises are sure to be established, (tovernrvnt officials and student committees havo requested ^.S.R. to supply information on solf-holp methods and experiences in Ruropoan countries. B. Relief Activities. iimphasis during tho past /ear was fourfold: £. Clothing 3. Intellectual Relief 4. Medical assistance. These activities wore carried on by both sections. In addition, the American Section \v_s able to ergunize a most holpful uer- vico on behalf of university professors fâado possible by a nost generous gift from an anonymous American sourco. 1 1. Feeding. In 1922 - 1923 both soot ions together ware fcoding some 31,000 studonts. In tho past your tha corresponding figuro ranged fron 12,000 to 19,000 studonts as follows: -U.iERICAiT SECTION: I. Moscow 4.000 studonts 2.400 " III. Odassa 1.400 IV. Leningrad 3.000 V. EkaterinoSlav 1,200 " EUROPEAN SECTION: I. Novocherkasl: 950 " II. Charkov 2,000 " III. Rostov 950 " IV. Surutoff 1,250 " V. Simferopol 750 " VI. Astrachan 350 " VII. Kazai 800 " 19,050 studonts Number of moals served: AliBRICiill SECTION: Up to July 1, 1923 4,636,642 July 1, 1923 - July : N0N-AH;:RIC.i1J SUCTION : Up to July 1, 1923 3,010,000 July 1, 1923 - July 1, 1924 800,000 ! Oru,nd total number of meals 10,368,928 estimated dis served oontained 1100 to 1500 calories, A typical w; k ’e nenu follows: Holiday - Russian Borsch (a soup with a little moat, cabbage and bouts) Buckwheat caretvl and cocoa. Tuesday - Soup with macaroni Cereal (millet) with fruit sauce. ’"ednosduy - Soup (with millet) Cutlet with byans. Thursday - Borsch Barloy cereal with sunflower oil. Friday - Soup (cabbage _nd vegetables) Cereal with fruit s-uce Cooou. Saturday - Joup (beans) Outlet a;id peas. Sunday - Closed, which moans no meal at all for many. The average iost ;> r jal ' is loss than 5 cents. Overh., . ministration per student per month -aried fron 25 cants to 75 cents, and was ol.-v.rgid the student. The higher oausod by the fact that in certain cantors wo word subject to trade union regulations necessitating a i a r g o r nanber of sn- ployoos in tho kitchen than were actually required for eiticiei and oconomic administration. At Charkov some 400 students paired off in teams of two, each pair sharing but ono meal a day. Funds At certain kitchens it has boon common to see 50 to 60 students stand in line at closing time.,- eagerly hoping for any left overs. 2. Clothing. America, Great Britain and Holland all contributed larg® quantities of second-hand clothing. In many respects this oloth- ing was the most valuable assistance given to R u s s i a n students bv us last years. Photographs show students before and aiter receipt of clothing bear striking testimony to the value of clothing relief. This need will continue. Its scopo is Wvli illustrated by the following figures taken from a survey of 3600 students (about l/2 the entire student population)in Odes 8£X‘ 17 $ had but one sot of underwear 6 fo were without overcoats 52 fo needed shoes 24- $ needed a complete clothing outfit. Of these students 30 $ had not had any heat in their rooms all of last winter. Good substantial warm clothing without frills is needed. Suits of clothes, overcoats, stout boots or shoos, sweaters, scarfs, all if possible without silk trim of any kind aro to be preferred. Heavy white lawn or cambric for underwear is morj desirable than old underwear; tho Russian is not accustomed to wear union suits (combinations) and much prefers a two-piece style quite different from that worn in western countries. In case boots or shoes are sent, mates should be tied to gether. During tho past year we had hundreds of individual shoos for which we could not find the mate. Value of Clothing distributed by EUROPEAN SECTION ® 1. Second-hand clothing for students 11,000.00 2. New clothing from Belgian Red Cross for professors 12,000.00 AMERICAN SECTION 1. Second-hand clothing essentially for students 95,000.00 Estimated, total value » 118,000.00 A socond-hund suit of clothes is easily worth 3 25.00 or nore to a student in Russia. Corresponding values hold for over coats , shoos and other wearing apparel. S»_In_tcllf3o tuai Relief. Students stand in line hoy re before tho libraries anxiously hoping their Ion- «oit will to rewarded by securing a covotod needed reference Hook, Others club together, pool their meagre resources and purchase 1 copy of some much-needod book; they then appoint a reader v/ho reads tho ' ' others take notes. Prices of books are '7ell-nigh prohibitive Few university books in Knssian hava bean ^ of foreign tooks is well-nign impossible. These are factois which make our book relic:: one of the most h^ h l y valuou. Starving professor? will oxten request a book food. What we have dono has been considerable, but entirely inadequate. tho EUROPEAN SECTION distributed 4901 books 401 kilo of laboratory equipment & reagents 1454 kilo of paper (a special gift from Sweden) Aside from books and journal3 contributed, » 1,500,00 was spent for the purchase of now books. AMERICAN SECTION: Books, journals, etc, for professors and students valued at # 5,200.00 have do en distributed. 4. Msdioal Reliof. Seme S. m IQO-JX1- »r t t erf 'medical supplies were left to the American Section by tho Amerloan Relief Administration when tho latter licuidated it3 work m Russia, ffitn thuse supplies and others purchased directly, an expensive system of medical relief for students has been organized in most of the larger centers. Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev Odessa and Khar kov all have clinics and dispensaries _or students. Tho work in Kiev ^nd Kharkov is perhaps, best developed. The following extract from a report or. the activities of medical service at Kiev illustrates their scope: In the period May 1, 1923 - February 1, 1924 28393 patients have been treated 19789 prescriptions filled 28 $ of the cases were classified as surgical 2A 4 " " " " " " dental V h h ii h ii " diseases of oar, nose, eye and throat «J4 e’ n ■■ ’* v u v i olH°sif ied as internal dis eases of which 50 fo were tubercular. This service at Kl>v alone is conservatively estimated as worth $ 35,000-00. Actual money investment by the American Section in all center.’- was i 11,600.00. Tn Ghe-fcoT io.-TOC- oatVmtr. rocoiv.id troatiaont including hospital servie1? dv.ruv" tde pt-st jear. Tho medical service or ganisation include:-, dt.'yyr';.'r':/vs f <" r Su-v-roiv "venereal diseases Tubernulosic Dentistry (10 chairs) Prescript4onr. Xroy A Roentgen Consultâtion Internal diseases Skin disease*. and stuio"‘? roeeivod madical oxanimitions ana yo suro„U5 Ï L Ï Î Ï 2 S„8tTOl?”tS Î s" Tl0° loading mcdioal non In- rôïdoroiL trolltront Blth relatively low charges for services ro£lE ïïïsi Jrugs, such as quinine, nodical instru- monta, till aro still badly noodod. dJ°£ no“ls for slok studonts - at Churl»v 10 0 such b o £ provided ” T 004 llT ” 011 for th0 h o sp itals - have Tho following statistics givo solonn testimony of tho so- riousnoss of tho health problon of Russian studonts: ft.t Odessa where 3600 students representing practically 5C/> of the student body, replied to a rather exhaustive questionnaire on personal health, these facts were gleaned: More than 60$ of tho 3600 stu d en ts had nad w ith in the last five years at least one infectious disease, somo two and in several oases three or moro. 65$ of the men students and 53$ of the women students had been victims of some epidemic or other. 31.1 $ had had recurrent typhus 25.7 $ had had spotted typhus 24.0 % had had abdominal typhus 3.5 $ had had some other epidemic disease This wave of epidemics combined with the famine and other privations ttould not fail to tear down even the strongest c o n s titu tio n s . Of the 3600 stu d en ts 54 fa complained of bad health. Most common complaints were those resulting from malnutrition such as exhaustion, anaemia, scurvy, faintness. ?°llowi«S classifications on the basis of percentages of all the students are significant :- ... . , , Men students /omen students malnutrition diseases 24.5 °L 3 3 .9 cl Internal diseases 18.1 '5 1 7 * 4 Tuberculosis 6 . 3 & 7*8 ^ Vener-,*! 2.0 fa o !s fo Another interesting medical survey was made at Kiev, This 2 personal medical examination of the individual students 1833 of whom were included in the survey. Those examined were grouped into six categories depending on the condition of health round. These categories were as follows : Group I - p e rfe c t health " II - slight weakness " 111 - weakness in health which if not neglected OcOi easily bo cured. " IV ~ serious weaknesses or diseases requiring svstr- mutic treatment " V - sick - requiring long special and systematic treatm ent " VI - with diseases which are contagious for other students- Tho survey gavo tho following: ijoroontage Total studonts examined 1853 100 In Group I 87 5.5 In Group II 248 14.5 In Grou,> Ill 565 31.5 In Group IV 514 & .0 In Group V 333 19.0 In Group VI 30 0.5 a s thoso results are summarized one finds that 20 $ of tho s'udents examined were in categories I & IT ^ b „ :: :: :: - - m » rIV 47 part of IV, -■ ", VI. A hoalth situation as serious as the above statistics indicate immédiate attention. Segregation of those with open tuber culosis and other infectious diseases is imperative. Continued medical surveillance with special provisions to be made for tnose with chronic diseases on the one hand and for those in a still curable state of disease on tho other hand must be under- mk0ampaign of h0tilth and personal hyeiene would not be amiss. These measures nay be government responsibilities, but results00"090 l0n ln 800 Iring government action will hasten 5. belief for University Professors. ,v,.. spi]:° °£ General improvement, life still deals severely üo. University teachers. In the last seven years about half tho names have disappeared from the register of active scientific workers, by death, emigration and release. The department of en gineering, mathematics, physics and chemistry have lost about one-third of their number ; those of the liberal arts and other theoretical subject about two- thirds. , ** is largely among teachers of theoretical subjects that v .-o îfÏÏLneod. of them are poorly paid. Even those who are working have a comparatively small numbor of hours service be cause of the limited demand for theit subject. In tho worst + r, • ar® tf10 retired group, ,vho, of course, have lost tneir savings and whose pensions, averaging perhaps Rs.15 monthly are scarcely enough to buy food for two persons.. + h«+ P£nnSd\ th! pr°b^®m m°re clearly before us, we should note îînnflfS Qal°ria® daily of the simplest food on the "black bread ® costs about Rs.7 monthly per person. The minimum bu;- J°°4 *?d quarters for two people is about Rs.30. Of S J h * w ? S 1 S° f°r food and R8-10 for fuel, rent and light, books s oan ma,:a no allowance for illness, clothing or .. this standard for comparison it is interstinr to nnh. f°r îh0 of Leningrad. In iljoh; 198* (th° monthly salaries below are for six lecture hours weekly, which is normal service) : 1UI1 rrofossor Rs. 40 - 42. lecturer " 37 - 40. Instructor " 28 - '32. Assistant " 22.50. î?° T2voniv!?0d thtit the majority of these mon are h, rried, so that with children and dependents the average teach - has three others to support. wnjI In other words, the normal university wage is on the minimum "1 level for existent.: I A rv f.t.r in tho Moscow "Pravda" has stated that the m ajority cf Moscow prof outers receive wages loss than tjrj minimum for livin g set by the unions. The result is that every teacher trie s to make money outside his university, usually w ith detrimental -results to his own work. Those who can earn money privately do so. Many have two or throe positions of several hours ?a.ii wesscly; anA.aany wives are emplo ya A study of 1500 cases in Leningrad shows that probably half of 4,000 scien tific workers registered earn loss than Rs,60 monthly; i n Mo so 07/ a sim ilar group earns about Rs. 75; in the other pro vincial cities rather loss than Es,50, The chief problem faced by these fam ilies is that of illness. Of 1500 oases appealing fo r help in Leningrad, about 65$ have some sort of illness in the family» usually ohronio. About 20/= nave cases of tuberculosis. Part of this extremely d iffic u lt situation is caused by the poverty of the m inistry of education as compared w ith other m inistries. But a arge part is due "to the reluctant acceptance of the orofessors' group as workers. In the same month that a professor's normal wage was Re=40, a stenographer w ith a Govern mental trust received R s80, and a union master baker Rs.90. To help meet the peculiar d iffic u ltie s of professors and men of science . the Govern menr, maintains special organization known as the ICubiir O riginally this hoi" was given in food — now by grants of money. Those whc are qualified are liste d in six groups, the minimum requirement for In a ll Russia about 12,000 people receive this grant, or per haps half "he scientific our of this country. Of those 12,000 about 60$ are in Moscow end Leningrad, and about 15$ more in Odessa, Kiev, and flfcatoviaoelav. ’vhore tho A.S.” .9.B. is also o p e r a t in g . To g iv e Guppomentary aid to th is group, an anonymous donor k.s placed at our disposal the cnn of ; 3 00,000.-- enough to use I about ) 10 fo r cQ'vi of the fam ilies registered w ith ICubu in tho • f i v e cities wo are ipe-eting, The average veluo of tho help given by us is about’ ,,! £5. so that wn have boon enabled to assist about 40 r r-:: oho « ,000 nr. dy scientists in our cities, or one-third of tno ’.2,000 '.io.'.pc6 b y :.he K u u a . Tho a v e ra g e m o u n t givon is approximately the equivalent of one month's salary. This help hr?/., be jr. dis jrib ut.-i. as follow s: 35 .000 32.000 10.000 1 .1,000 P. 000 11 1 The relief has been administered in each oity by a mixed Commission, including otie member from the governmental coramitto.;- for foreign relief, one from the local Kubu, and one from our organization. Since local needs vary so widely fro-i Leningrad ù. Odessa, the local commissions have been granted full froedo-" i' the use of the money within the limits set by the donor. Of the total relief, about two-thirds are being devoted to feeding, in kitchens, rest homes, sanatoria, and hospitals. Iù special cases, usually of tuberculosis, food parcols are issuo-;. One-third of the fund is being spent for clothing, shoes and About 3 20,000 is being spent in feeding professors and their families in kitchens. This has proved extremely useful in Odessa, Kiev and Ekaterinoslav, where the institutions are few and con centrated. The kitchens in the three southern cities have given help to about 800 families, including about 1,200 individuals. In Moscovv_and Leningrad, where kitchens are not practicable be cause □'f- the distances betv/een the institutions, food packets have been given to about 500 people. In the course of the year 950 professors received 139,665 meals. In Moscow and Leningrad there has been a great demand for clothing and boots. About 500 have received suits, and another 500 shoes or material for underwear. The European section distri buted 400 suits of clothing from the Belgian Red Cross to professors in Rostov and Novocherkask, and considerable supplies of books and laboratory equipments. An additional ,■> 5,000 from our studont funds has been spoilt for the purchase of the latest scientific journals and books for the higher schools. Most of these we re selected especially for the professors. New Foreign scientific literature is welcomed by the Government and by professors alike. Since the import of boo!’s has been simplified, this form of assistance should stand first in any future program. It was a matter of regret to us that tho specifications set by the donor of the 100,000 did not permit any of the money to be* used for the purchase of books. One of the most heartening features of our year’s work has been the observation thj.t professors, no matter how needy, always inquire about the possibility of getting books. The total expenditures for the work in Russia during 1925 - 1924 exceeds 5 300,000.- of whi*h 10,000.- was spent by the American section for relief of professors. Tl.ere is general reaognit ion in Russia that E.S.R. through its two sections has rendered a service of incalculable value to Russian students and professors. 12 .Vork in G j ma n y . Germany is tho othor country where li.S.R. hue done most dur inc tho past y oar. Over » 250,000.00 have gone directly or indirectly through E.S.R, ohannoIs to Gorman students in tho 71 college yoar 1923 - 1924. With tho closo of oho colloge yoar 1922 - 1923, all foroign representatives of E.S.R. were withlrawn from Germany and full rosponsibility for administration of roliof placed in tho hands of tho Wirtschaftshilfe of tho Gorman National Studont Union at Dresden. This organization owos its existence very largoly to E.S.R. which has sponsored and financod it m its oarly days of organisation. At present it ic nation-wide with local coranittees in 55 centers. It enjoys the support of, all olaesos of the gensral public including governmental, in dustrial, agricultural and labour interests. Full statistical data for 1923 - 1924 have not yet boon compiled. Those are to bo submitted in a later report. Its essential activities in- fa) Maintenance and expansion of student kitchens. An aver age of 45,000 students take their meals in those kit chens^ (practically 50 $ of the entire student popula- (b) Student Employment Bureau, In co-cporation v/ith tho Trade Unions, employment for 60,000 students was secur ed during the summer holidays. (c) Maintenance of student hostels and homos. I:’ course of time it is hoped that each local center will have its own hostel or homo for students. (d) Student Go-operative Shops and Canteens. (0) Student-run enterprises such as shoe and tailor repair shops, stenographic and translation bureaus, etc. (f) Wholesale purchasing department and warehouses. (g) National Student Loan Bcaik. (h) Propaganda or Publicity Department. (1) student exchange, scholarships and student travel de partment . These and other aorviee enterprises have been so successfully conducted that they have very materially lowered the cost of living for students. Indeed a studont by virtue of these en terprises can live more cheaply than any other class. Tho or ganization has been built up on a permanent basis and will continue as a great studont welfare project for German students It holds an annual training course on self-help methods To train now leadership for its enterprises. Whereas other coun tries have organized their own self-help co-operative enter prises, tho German organization is more or less tho pioneer and model for all others, with possible exception of tho Jugo slavian organization which has just celebrated its 50th anni versary of sucocsnful endeavour. (Soto: It is tho German iggenSzation waieh has developed the "Work studentidea ae well -.e the plan of national organi zation. Austria. H’ir.gary; Poland. Czechoslovakia, Estonia J and Latvia, ull huvo similar national organizations now, nost 1 of whioh woro largely holpod by E.S.R. Bratnla xomoo.of 1 lijid it is true, is a vary old organization, revised in ro oont'yoars and not expanded and roorganizod in ordor to moot present needs bottor.) Shortly beforo Christmas, Amorican students sont ovor somo 3 30,000.00 worth of food supplios to G o m a n students as a tokon of sympathy and friendship. The ^ r°f tho ion from tho Gorman students give convincing testimony groat material and moral valuo of this fnondly gif • Croat Britain concentrated most of her offorte on of Germany, and was able to send very largo gifts in ltma as wo11 as in cash. Poland, Austria, Hungary. Estonia, Czechoslovakia and Jugoslavia^ Unfortunately, in view of the extensive Germany, Russia and refugee students in Jugoslavia, Practical ly no funds were available for the above countries, . o ^ d ro ceived 3 2,000.00 to aid in the completion of a aornitor/ “V Warsaw for 400 women students. Austria was given some $ 3 ’°°, for self-holp enterprises and a number of sP°°iaJ ° ^ o § , It is intoresting to note that Austrian students by voluntary, pelf t^ation raised over 3 2,000.00 for relief of German jtMjntB, Thus Austria joins tho ranks of contributing countrios,W though scarcely recovered from her very sorious economic crisis of the past years. What her students have dono is worthy of th? highest praise. Hungary received 3 1,000.00 to holp harvuri°l«) oo-oporative and self-help enterprises, notably printing and publishing plant. Already they have published 6Ç university text books at a saving of 50 # to ® % ^ f t a To Estonia 3 100.00 was sent to help finance a hanalcraits shop whloE tho women students woro organizing. In oaoh of tho first three countries, tho roepectivo eelf- holp organizations are on a national scale and on a firm and independent basis, able to cope with their local problem» as permanent student welfare organizations. Co-operation and Self holp are their watchwords. Austria’s demonstration A^diOs that in case of emergency among students in other lands, they will cone to their assistance in the same manner ae they woro helped in their own period of emergency need» fiKflfihns-lovakia and Jugoslavia also have self-help organi- zationB developing~ programnos oiPstudent welfare similar to those of the countries above mentioned. They received no help from ua this year. Indeed in Jugoslavia tho eelf-help organiza tion recently celebrated its 50th anniversary. Those eeonomic nationally-organized self-help organiza tions are one of the great heritages loit in tho wake of tho E.S.R. work of the past four years. Refugee students in Jugoslavia. During the past year E.S.R. has spent ovor 62,500 Swiss Francs (3 11,380.00) in work on behalf of rofugoo students in Jugoslavia. Aotual cash sent Swiss Frs. 32,989.80 Gifts in kind sent 5 tons oi coooa and books valued at over 3 500,00 J 1 22 large balos 4 casoB of clothing• v'oxk was dono in Belgrado, Zagrob and Ljubljana. Relief ao tivitios havo includod: (a) Low-pricod or free moals (b) Distribution of clothing (c) Asaistanoo in equipment and renovation of stud ont hostols for men and xvoraon students. (d) Installation of libraries (o) Provision of médical and dental equipment. With spocial assistance from Groat Britain and Switzer land, a complete portable dental equipment was pro vided which was sont from center to cantor in cure of dentists who gavotheir services froo of charge. A limited quantity of medical supplies from Switzer land were similarly distributed. The methods employed in Jugoslavia, ably and generously supported by the Jugoslavian students and Government, have made our relief activities there the m ost economical of any country. Money contributed wont further and rendered grvator service than anywhere else. Much credit is duo our represen tative, Lir. R. H. Legato, for this efficient piece of work. He is universally loved by all whocame in contact with him. Rtifu~ca 3tudonts in Greece. All funds wore used for refugee students including GroeL ana. Armenian rofugoas Iron Asia Minor and Husaian rofugoaa. E.S.R. actually spent 171,212,80 aracnmas distributed as follows: „. . , For meals, rooms, etc. t’elo’pn dra°hmJ8 For books and equipment For tuition and fees 4,^45,00 For medioines For transportation »,04B,0U 1.1 iS CO ll a n o OUS n n î a î n Administration 1,763,40 The funds from New Zealand especially earmarked for refugee students in Greece made it possible to do the work represent ed by the above expenditures. Rofugoo Students in Czechoslovakia. As in Greece, all funds from E.S.R. wore used in relief aotlvitios on bahalf of rofugoo atudontu.and inolulod anbal- dies to the Russian Library in Prague and various self-help or co-operative enterprises organized by the different rofugoo student^groups. The following tables give a statistical sum mary of the roliof activities carried on by E.S.R.: Form of relief No. of s;Indents receiving holp Russians Ukrainians Others Total 1 Feeding 140 95 5 240 Loans 33 39 16 Modical Help 10 1 Dental Help 53 1 Extra fooding 4 9 Living exponsoa 1 Miscellaneous 12 .1.5 253 150 425 Total Amounts apont;- Feeding Ors. 45,591,50 Loans 52., 962,00 Modical Holp 6,074,40 Djn;al Holp 3.825,00 Extra feeding 3,343,50 living exponsos 4.609,90 Miscellaneous 1,951,80 fire. 118,158,10 Special cases 28,021,55 Or?, 146,179,65 For books and bhe Russian 37,500,00 Total Cra 183,679,65 The oo-op^rative 3hop opon to all students and bogun bjr B.S.R. three years ago oontiraos to operate now under super vision of the Qtuc'-nntsky Doraov Committee. It has ar. average of 3000 customers* a monüh end save a the students approximately 23 % on all purchases. Refugee Students in Germany^ E.S.R. contributed 5 8140.00 to their support during tho past yoar. In co-operation with other organisations a dormitory project in BorV.'.n lias becn maintained with uccommodationa for 50 students. Monthly allowancos to help cover living costa have been given to ID 5 refugee b 1 .riants including Russians, Ukrainians and Georgians. further help has been given to individual students whoso casos wore oepeolally worthy. Clothing has bo an given to all refugee atudenta who have applied. In conjunction with tho P.ucelan Department of the American Y.M.C-A., much aeHictance v-ec giver to I’usQian students to en able them to get to Franco whera further help in finding work was made possible. Over 300 etuionto have thun been placed. Funds to pay board ?.r a iv.rnber o ? ta a s-udencs in the "'uensdorf school wero provided as 3ons v.j t'.:n ri'.l'ool oz*sten. v ' i t h V in h is ? ) n e s v.'!ii.'Y> ‘ÇcûVv.reC. e t f t t t ' . i a p t io n o i mn ne.A. me.-.s trfv ttjla n sa- àout.î -hc-vo '-ait :*o any; tha roittgo?- prob] r.» •'.* -nmi>* le thovo force no j o n ç o r s o lavejo es In pî*-r- iv.r a /op**s- n R efu^oo. s^M taj/i.ptae?.• • n ia . Br.Lg*ïjj», r » ’''ivl'ov acA M u Linor, Franco, Switzcrloaâ v-'i i'c-rÂau.r;iû. 6 u:ij :u y n i :cv su.?.» “^.vû f.xc . jgÿ ti*rS oû p.,1 ' j ’1 W05?k. l u y H 3 18 " • t '. 'K V'.iâ ro ts w r o j i v c '. -r; n.;n=;.-' a3c,iF.cari',i L'or i-o rcta K o ^i t o Jn X iï-o - 3x '.-l4.vv p r o j a '. , i - urior way ior r/i - M' Ru-, A»- dM ^nU stlir. lu Romania. In B’ll eik-’i." ccvc.4.*'.! •.•.tv.:-'.•. :.-v <• ‘•-.•..vh v i 1 ' ? r.1.13 3- v or ti l ■;. 1r.Oi.l3 xo -?oor « :tn lo r*« e . I j« •r-noc l-jrlo raised iocvïly j-t C. vao fi ho s.-: v. vrcis-b'mo-; to the rcxUrfO* Buu •lor.t- . lu S'vitti.ïrlovA as 3 xs tœ-.co consisted xr. loane to 3 «v.c.ou • -« E£ " $o l=°™t , - " V. 'i- Cl 0 i o n f o r s a e e i c n àtuio-.'.- la C T « . t i t l t i i n t t e e e e e - cuo-ooar’-itloo ol the ün iT c- Vv ..r- ' 0,.. .■■■ -nd i- too m - a j 3 ; ' * f .“ i 1- t h o F r i o t i d l r R e l a t io n " -.vboo wiV. a c u o s -.« o S . u a o a - *••»,*4 ~ - Oomittoa a ffilia te wXVi ti : Vox 3tadontj.an._ Tn accordance w i t h th o 'oan^eEtu-tlons of tho Pavad Con- fo ro n c o and v/j/on 3roc‘,iv . .>j i’-oj-i'-f Oo.^ai^.oo, •vo ouhüiflhoi' ti v o n 5.:M-«v rv.v~ "ci.v."*. -•= >*-«.< oî-pvz .'Ow.i ac <. - S tu d a n tiu m . N i - r.; tfcei-e r i ’ »* "ho 7ea7 T,b ^ s gorg ed as a BiûdiKT. 0 " a r i - h w - r , ^ ‘ ^ X - . „h r>lacc o f t h e r.'.lV " o _ ‘ s . • a P .Î 1 q.iAfV.-: i,/ 'V ' V.’if.OÏ Ti3 Tîr( t.OO ---- ^ >•- _ a r p c r lanc"o> ' o l 1 he ^ t ' ' • - " c ’ r , ” J ad" •=-> fvüv:.--»-. '■ .1. ' '•■•• "> ' - ' r '•■ ■ ’t'T" 1 5 ? ed itor, Hr, y .nu'v, •>a. t, ’:t .-‘ion mo='t 0 ?. ,hs ero-JA fo. t .10 tltO rape- I d I m v . » l t h < p!,a P a rt j o ^ o r o j h o visoF ôf" pr»:ottoj.:.:i.y v.i.L fir::- *5t\v .; .?* t h i s Is ir. aacor '.anua :.->m o r L^J-iCT r-it v"m or iadi^onon f 01? reepo.-iai'h? lit> ' .'or- tiv ro 1 " V ■•uf-.?i.: f ’-.e bo t r -3 3iqnidatior. ‘ ‘ on.: ra r roscntativep we", Kirume c:: ->- ™6 V lm 1; Tlevl,. -r. , V.e-i ^ had I-ri'j o f :i-' • ' : i •’■*.: tor.i:- coaao'/..a<" ’W!;n o u r w ort, ali’o Xaavoc n;- r-vv. . f> . -y VO '«*iV rr-orfa.irR ,v- ; '■.t-iHx’ j.«nvi:iona, o f jf j- , • r:-'".:..: lv :n ’.,:p w ith aoi*^ j o v/i.a vi tii-nhc fo*" io:> alo n o nsaf.o p o c a ib la •vhatoi .r ' _-a’ ic ? aroue. ïrdooâ ■ ota .f unite :>cm kho Donald Grant and Conrad Hoffauna, Jr. romain in Europe, and in Russia Mr.FroV-orikeon, Mr.1,lac Naughton, ili.sc r3rodin and iïr. T jar noli will continue. Putu ro Outlook. A groat tasl: has boon c o m 1 at od. Emergency nood on a vast soalo no longer oxista. E.S.R. has fulfilled the rospon sibili- tios for which it -v.-ac called into existence. Is thcro any fur ther service to raider? The rocomr.-.ondations concerning a social service de.iartr.ient would seem to indicate that there is vor): for.' it still to do. At the time of this writing we do not know what the students at Elmau will recommend, but wo believe wo can pre dict a unanimous request for continuance of E.S.R. in sor.io more or loss permanent form. « In May, the London meeting of the E.S.R. Comnitte : consider ed the following proposed budget for 1924 - 1925. No action was taken as it was felt that tho ratification of any budget for E.S.R. for the coming year must wait for tho decision of High Leigh with reference to the proposed social service department, indeed that tho General Committee meeting at High Leigh could alone decide on any budget. (See pago 19 for budget) A s wo look back Oij tho past four years of E.S.R. activities on the one hand and on the other look to the future, no more apprpriate remarks could be made than those used by Hr.Legato in tho devotional period which opened the Genova r.ieeting of tho E.S.R.Committee in January 1924. They are given herewith : ;.Iark VI 54-43. "And he cane forth and saw a great multitude, and he Had compassion on them, because they wero as sheep not hav ing a shepherd: and he began to teach thorn many things.And when tho day was now far spent, his disciples came unto hi-: and said, The place is desert, and the day is now far spent send them away, that they may go into the country and vil lages round about, and buy t hens :i Ives somewhat to eat. But he -nsvTi-ed and said unto them, Give ye them to eat. And they say unto him, Shall wo go and buy two hundred shillings worth of bread, and give them to eat? And he said unto the;:, How many loaves have yo? go and see. And when they knew,they say, Five, and two fisiies. And ho commanded them that all should sit down by companies upon the green grass. And thc.y sat down in ranks, by hundreds, and by fifties. And he tool: tho five loaves and tho two fishes, and looking up to hea ven, he blessed, and brake the loaves; and ho gave to the disciples to sot before them; and the two fishes divided ho among them all. And they all ate, and wore filled. And th--y took up broken pieces, twelve basketfuls, and also of tho fishes. And they that ate wero five thousand men." "The Master was out amongst His People. There wero "Much People and it was a "desert place". Some voices were calling to"send thorn away" . But the Master of Lion said "give yo them to eat". They had only five loaves and two fishes for five thousand men not to mention tho women and children.Tho Master was a man of action. He ordorod operations to bogin at once. The people were organised. The small amount of food was blessed and distribution commenced. In the and ttny were all fed and of tho"fragments twelve baskets full wore collected." This is the story of our relief enterprise. To-day wo are to bogin collecting tho fragments. Our five loaves and two littlo fishos wore blessed, tho students wero organized and moro than o.i 18 hundred, thous-nd woro fad. It wus a aorvloo of friendship .-nd goodwill in which tho studonts of 42 nutions -nd many r-cos participated. Tho fragnonts will fill "tho twolvo bunlcots to ovorflowing." Hâve wo faith to launch forth couragoously in tho light of tho now challenge which confronts us1' High loigh must docido. 19 PROPOSED BUDGET FOR 1924 - 25. 1 nRGINOY xT.Lni-1 Ruaaia - not leas than ...... ? ] Clothing - to bo oollooted Feeding ~ 25,0C0;- Hedioal - 2 5 ,000.- Intelleotual - 50,000.- A spoolal fund for profeaaors Germany- F,mphaaia on aaaistance to moat meritorious atudenta... Refugee atudenta ...... France Germany Poland United Übates Jugoslavia Great Britain Other Countries F7.RMAN3NT PROGRAMME _= RECONSTRUCTION Poland - partial subaidies to dormitory enter p rises now under way in ,'araaw, Karlcow, Lemberg - or in promoting enterprises sim ilar to Prague Studentaky^Domov_^. Student Co-operative vlnterprisea ... 35,000.- Laundriea, shoe, tailor repair shops, book b in d eries, book pub- liahing planta, aaaiatanoe in machine equipment, purohaae of raw materials. Publication of self-help literature for circu lation among countries just de veloping self-holp. Special activities ...... 5 ,0 0 0 .- 13noouragement of book r e l ie f for Japan by Great B ritain , France, Germany, U.S.A. etc. Promotion of work student exchan ges... 10.00C of atudent hoapitala of international acholarahipa ADMINISTRATION S a la r ies, VOX Studentium 1------Conferences, office, travelling 20,000.- C0NTING3NT ...... 20,000. - ‘iri/ow }-r n U R O P E A N STUDENT RREL1 WORLD'S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION AUSTRALIA - BRITISH WEST INDIES - CANADA • CHINA • CZECHOSLOVAKIA - DENMARK - EQYPT w-* ESTONIA - FINLAND - FRANCE - GERMANY - GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND - HOLLAND INDIA AND CEYLON - ITALY - JAPAN AND KOREA - LATIN AMERICA - NEW ZEALAND - NORWAY - PORTUGAL - ROUMANIA - RUSSIA 3 3 SOUTH AFRICA - SWEDEN - SWITZERLAND UNITED STATES 16, BOULEVARD DES PHILOSOPHES Cable Address — FUACE, GENEVA GENEVA (SWITZERLAND) - TÉLÉPHONE STAND 34-20 October 20th, 1924. I.J.Johnson Esq., Commission for Ruse League of Nations, Geneva. Dear Mr Johnson, The European Student Relief is closely in touch with Russian refugees in the various countries where they form a. problem, e.g. Austria, Germany, Jugoslavia, etc. We find that more and more demands are being made by Russian refugee students who desire to travel from one country to another seeking to find better conditions. They receive meals and often clothing from our representatives in the various centres,(Vienna, for example?, and they are inclined to ask for money to help them continue their journeys. We are of the opinion that these migrations of refugee students from one country to another, without any arrangement having been made is bad policy from their own point of view,and to be discouraged. We should like to know what your own opinion in this matter is, and whether you think that steps could J® taken to advise refugee students not to embark upon their travels as they have been doing in the past two or three years. Yours sincerely, &an.xL-MVYlt?zr- Donald Grant. C.s-A- DG/BAB. EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF v'ORLD’ S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION 1 6 , Bd. des Philosophas Geneva, Switzerland i5.tTR.vCT PROU A LETTER DON .LU .- LO KIE, PR iGUE, CZEC OSIOV J'lA. dated Oct. 20, 1924 In this letter I want to give you a brief report of the funds received for the maintenance of Russian libraries in vSsa ià'.loViu.Au; receive' vrom E;S.R. v/ere as fol lows : Nl Prom E.S.R. direct -$1000. \ Special gift from New Zealand students -£50^ This totalled in Czech crowns lift.41.765 ahd has been expend ed O.S follows: (1) Library Rent („s previously) Kô.12.901.09 (2) Paid for books (agreed upon) Eft.21.860.82 (3) To be paid for books ordered and not yet received Eft. 7.003.09 -ith the amount of Kô.21.860.82 nearly 800 books have been purchased divided uo follows : Por the library in Prague253 volumes Por the Library in 3rno369 " U*or the library in Ptibram158 " ..11 of these books have been selected by Bommittees of pro fessors ^nd students working together ".’ftth the result that the three libraries we have are without question the most useful to students of any in this republic. The library in Brno has been particularly useful as it is practically the only one available in their own language for 700 Russian students. I enclose a translation of a little note of -ap preciation just received from Brno. Most of the books or dered and included in item 3 above (Eft.7.003.09) will also go to Brno. .,11 ol these books have one of the two enclosed book plates in them. I enclose several samples with translation. The effect erected by the gift of students from New Zealand is surprisingly great. New Zealand seems so far off that students here have bean very deeply touched by this very ma terial evàdence of the brotherhood of students throughout the world. In Brno practically every student in the University uses books from our library. In Prague the Library in which your books are included served 41,651 people during the year ending October 1st.1924. I do not think of anything which E.S.R. or the Federation could have done which has touched more uoople beneficially or roused any more sincere gratitude. 'ith all the machinery for our libraries or Geneva, Jotober »£nd I»£4. Dear air, ^ In ^.tjor Johnson's abtienoe» I have to aoknow- ledge z’eoe.L t of your letter of October :;.Oth* I fool oar te in that I at.: ox residing Major Johnson1a opinion In agreeing fully with you *hab migrations of refusée of uny category whatsoever from one oounUy to another without pruviau.B arrangements aa to their welfare having been made le certainly to bo diticoma^oiU Î ua uleo nitre that the delegatee that we have In the various oountiie»i noni ioned in your letter h,?ve fall inatruo liioae to fletor r >fu0uo8 from embarking on Journeys to other countries without eome guarantee nrs to tholr future welfare* Yours faithfully, C ^J h"\ iw u /c i J'or Asoistaut high uomiLlaeioner for Refugees* DonelA Grant, Esq., Suroper.n student Belief, 16, Boulevard doa .’hllOBophce, .'■'J.l.W A* ^EUROPEAN STUDE N T RELIEF WORLD’S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION AUSTRALIA - BRITISH WEST INDIES - CANADA - CHINA ■ CZECHOSLOVAKIA - DENMARK - EOYPT ESTONIA - FINLAND - FRANCE - GERMANY - GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND - HOLLAND INDIA AND CEYLON - ITALY - JAPAN AND KOREA - LATIN AMERICA - NEW ZEALAND - NORWAY - PORTUGAL - ROUMANIA - RUSSIA N 185. SOUTH AFRICA - SWEDEN - SWITZERLAND UNITED STATES Cable Address ----- FUACE, GENEVA TÉLÉPHONE STAND 34-20 October 24th, 1924. Mr V.Arnould \0 * High Commission for Refugees, ‘ — League of Nations, - Geneva. \ Bear Sir, ^ I must thank you for /lur .lerTlvr of October 22nd in answer to mine relating to refugee students. If it is at all possible for your delegates in the various countries to give some indication on the passport of the refugee student con cerned,(or otherwise^that the student is travelling with a defi nite purpose and according to some arrangement which has been made, it would facilitate very much the handling of them which our representatives in a few centres have to undertake. At the same time the presence of such an indication or stamp on the passport would enable our representatives to know that those who were not provided in this manner were likely to be travel ling at a venture. We of the European Student Relief would welcome co-operation in this matter if it is at all possible. Thanking you in anticipation, Sincerely yours, / w/ (F r^ -v J r . Donald Grant. d g /e a b . Oeneva. 45/l673P,/l6732X. Eoveroher 27th,19^4• Y'J'' Dear Mr.Grant, W1th reference to your le tte r dated tfotoher 20th and 24th, I should he pleased to disouse the auh ieot m atter oortained therein ith you i f you onn arranr-re to c a ll at the of floe of the High Commission. If you w ill kindly le t me k ow which day w ill be meet oonvenient for you I w ill arrange an appointment. Youra eitioerely. Assistant High Oommiseioner for Refugees. D.Grant F.eq, European Student 'flief, T6, Boulevard de» Philosophea, OKSKV:!. y j 'T' W ------— ------— ------ [Cette feuille est resérvêe à l'usage du R e g is try .] Section. Section No. D ocum ent No. WT. - "32 "3% Liste dea Pieces Contenues. Expéditeur. Date Destinataire. t - i r M 1 toh fy Kjjsit i 2 f- J r ti H4tj 3 i f 1 ( 1 .Ü , - M l ® — f W . ptXc^.1 5 s-n-u (■B *t u 6 ju/ 10 iW; fiit 11 *t1- ■I'A h \ u , ^ Z U J f ^ r U < / 13 3fi# L i/i\ 14 / */'u' m 15 ll/r/ns ( U s - a . 6 ^ ^ 2 T 7 -r-e i / c - £ ri S SOCIÉTÉ DES NATIONS. LEAGUE OF NATIONS. r [Cette feuille est reservee à l'usage du Registry.] 1 Section. Section No. D ocum ent No. Doaslor No. J t f a , x Liste des Pieces Contenues. Expéditeur. ! t /f W.f.0 ' l '^Hsiyuiju&u £ kd u J/& â t/ ZfftH-l I/. Zo -» M v t| 1 f. I*'^ k a / ! ÜL‘ —- ^K.eLvwV Î0'î$ A< I l I I zz ''y./f.^i „ Wwi/j 4 f i2<5 | t f ■ « ! i f