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Pesticide Aquatic Risk Indicators

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Pesticide Aquatic Risk Indicators Pesticide Aquatic Risk Indicators - an examination of the OECD indicators REXTOX, ADSCOR and the Danish indicators FA and LI based on Danish sales data from 1992-2000 by Flemming Møhlenberg DHI, Water & Environment Kim Gustavson DHI, Water & Environment Peter B. Sørensen, National Environmental Research Institute Denmark 2 Index 1 Background.............................................................................................................................................................4 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................5 3 Description of Indicators ........................................................................................................................................6 3.1 Frequency of Application ................................................................................................................................6 3.3 REXTOX.........................................................................................................................................................8 3.4 ADSCOR.........................................................................................................................................................8 4. Quantitative evaluation of pesticide indicators......................................................................................................9 4.1 Data sources.....................................................................................................................................................9 4.2 Principles of indicator calculation .................................................................................................................10 4.3 Temporal variation in Indicators....................................................................................................................11 4.4 Pesticides dominating Indicators ...................................................................................................................13 4.5 Quantification of input variability..................................................................................................................15 5. Qualitative analysis..............................................................................................................................................18 5.1 REXTOX.......................................................................................................................................................18 5.1.2 A simpler version of REXTOX ..................................................................................................................19 5.1.3 Effect of buffer zones in reducing pesticide transport to streams ...............................................................21 5.2 ADSCOR.......................................................................................................................................................23 5.3 FA – Frequency of Application .....................................................................................................................24 5.4 LI – Load Index .............................................................................................................................................26 6. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................................27 Annex A. Sale of pesticides in Denmark.................................................................................................................29 Annex B. Standard dosages of pesticides. Kg ha-1..................................................................................................31 Annex B. Standard dosages of pesticides. Kg ha-1..................................................................................................32 Annex C. Calculated Sprayed area (1000 ha) using standard dosage levels............................................................33 Annex D No-spray zones (m) required for risk mitigation......................................................................................35 Annex E. Data availability and gaps........................................................................................................................37 Annex E. Data availability and gaps (continued) ....................................................................................................38 Annex F. Fate data DT50 (days)..............................................................................................................................39 Annex F. DT50 Continued.......................................................................................................................................41 Annex G. Fate data Kd .............................................................................................................................................42 Annex F. Kd Continued............................................................................................................................................44 Annex H. Acute Toxicity. Fish96hrLC50 (mg l-1)...................................................................................................45 Annex I. Acute Toxicity. Daphnia 48hrEC50(mg l-1)..............................................................................................48 Annex J. Acute & Chronic Toxicity. Algae96hrEC50 ............................................................................................50 Annex K. Chronic Toxicity. Fish21dayNOEC ........................................................................................................53 Annex L. Chronic Toxicity. Daphnia 21day NOEC................................................................................................54 Annex L. Chronic Toxicity. Daphnia 21day NOEC................................................................................................55 Annex M. Fraction of missing data for acute indicators..........................................................................................56 Annex N. Fraction of missing data for acute indicators...........................................................................................56 Annex O. Example of random selection of input data of acute fish toxicity. ..........................................................57 Annex P. Min - Max risk indices for fungicides......................................................................................................58 Annex Q. Min - Max risk indices for growth regulators..........................................................................................59 Annex R. Min - Max risk indices for herbicides......................................................................................................60 Annex S. Min - Max risk indices for insecticides....................................................................................................61 Annex T. Scaled risk indices for Insecticides & Herbicides....................................................................................62 Annex U. Scaled risk indices for Fungicides & Growth regulators.........................................................................63 Annex X. Indicator agreement on trends. ................................................................................................................64 Annex Y. Trend analysis for Indicators during the period 1992-2000. ...................................................................65 Annex Z. Exposure estimation of REXTOX in field studies...................................................................................66 Annex AA. Effect of buffer zone width on spray drift and run-off .........................................................................67 Annex BB. Modelling relation between FA and Pesticide Effects on Aquatic life. ................................................68 Annex DD. Toxicity function in Indicators .............................................................................................................69 Annex EE. Calculation of FA.................................................................................................................................71 Annex FF: Calculation of LI....................................................................................................................................72 3 1 Background As a respond to the recommendation, that OECD develop “systems to measure progress in risk reduction”, made by the OECD/FAO workshop on pesticide risk reduction in Sweden 1995, a workshop on pesticide risk indicators was held in Copenhagen in 1997. The workshop recommended that the Pesticide Forum should undertake work to facilitate development of pesticide risk indicators. It was estimated that the indicators could help national governments to obtain baseline information about pesticide use and risk and then track risk trends over time. The workshop did also recommend that it would be better to have a set of indicators dealing separately with risks to human health and to different compartments of the environment, rather than to have one single indicator of pesticide risk. OECD Pesticide Forum did on that background initiated the Aquatic Risk Indicator Pilot Project in spring 1998 as a effort to help OECD countries to monitor risk trends over time and evaluate the effectiveness
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