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Sedimentological Signatures of Extreme Marine Inundations

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Sedimentological Signatures of Extreme Marine Inundations Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Geologia Sedimentological signatures of extreme marine inundations Pedro José Miranda da Costa Doutoramento em Geologia Especialidade em Geologia Económica e do Ambiente 2012 I Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Geologia Sedimentological signatures of extreme marine inundations Pedro José Miranda da Costa Doutoramento em Geologia Especialidade em Geologia Económica e do Ambiente Tese orientada pelo Prof. Doutor César Augusto Canelhas Freire de Andrade e pelo Prof. Doutor Alastair George Dawson, especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de doutor em Geologia, especialidade em Geologia Económica e do Ambiente 2012 II Sedimentological signatures of extreme marine inundations Resumo A identificação e diferenciação de depósitos de invasões marinhas extremas (i.e. tsunamis e tempestades), é essencial para a reconstrução da sua distribuição espacial e para a determinação de tempos de recorrência de eventos desta natureza. As características de depósitos de paleotsunamis podem variar de local para local com as características geomorfológicas e sedimentológicas do sector costeiro em análise, bem como, com a deposição e/ou erosão associadas à inundação e ao retorno das ondas. Estes factores tornam o reconhecimento de paleotsunamis, numa sequência sedimentar, uma tarefa ousada. Além de que, existem também variadíssimas similaridades entre depósitos sedimentares de tsunamis e de tempestades, o que pode restringir de sobremaneira a precisão no seu reconhecimento e, consequentemente, na determinação de períodos de retorno para invasões marinhas extremas. Esta trabalho tem como objectivo fundamental contribur para mitigar estas dificuldades, focando-se sobre a aplicação de análise litoestratigráfica, textural, morfoscópica, microtextural e de composição mineralógica, para identificar depósitos de inundações marinhas extremas e determinar as suas prováveis fontes sedimentares. O trabalho aqui apresentado emerge do estudo de uma variedade de locais (Salgados e Boca do Rio - Portugal; Lhok Nga - Indonésia; Voe of Scatsta e Stoneybridge - Escócia) e considera eventos de diferentes cronologias e fontes distintas (tsunami: AD 1755, 26 de dezembro de 2004 e Storegga; e a Grande Tempestade, de 11 de Janeiro de 2005) que afectaram, e deixaram registo sedimentar peculiar, áreas com diferentes ambientes sedimentares e condições oceanográficas regionais. Os métodos usados nas amostras de cada área de estudo foram: interpretação litoestratigráfica, granulometria, análise e interpretação de dados texturais; caracterização de populações sedimentares através de análise morfoscópica, caracterização microtextural de grãos de quartzo usando imagens de microscópio electrónico de varrimento e estudo das associações de minerais pesados. A costa Sul do Algarve caracteriza-se por um regime de agitação de baixa energia e é raramente afectada por tsunamis ou tempestades muito intensas. O tsunami mais devastador que afectou a costa portuguesa em tempos históricos foi o de 1 de Novembro de 1755. Vários estudos discutiram a sedimentação associada a este evento no Algarve em contextos rochosos do Barlavento (Furnas, Barranco, Martinhal e Boca do Rio) e num único caso do Sotavento (Ria Formosa). No presente trabalho descreve-se uma nova ocorrência sedimentar detectada na depressão dos Salgados (Algarve central) cuja caracterização original, enquadramento na sequência de colmatação holocénica, datação e origem se apresentam e discutem. A depressão dos Salgados localiza-se na baía entre Armação de Pêra e a ponta da Galé. Este troço costeiro contém uma praia arenosa intermédia-reflectiva com 6 km de comprimento, marginada por um cordão dunar múltiplo, vegetado (cota apical entre 3 e 17m acima do nível médio do I Sedimentological signatures of extreme marine inundations mar), que reveste um afloramento alongado de beachrock e eolianitos holocénicos. Obtiveram-se 145 sondagens curtas (< 1.5m) e 13 “longas” (2 a 4.5m), no enchimento sedimentar da Lagoa dos Salgados. Onze amostras de lodo orgânico foram datadas por 14C e um testemunho sujeito a análise de 210Pb e 137Cs. Foi possível caracterizar 6 unidades litoestratigráficas fundamentais, acumuladas na segunda metade do Holocénico ao abrigo de uma barreira já estabelecida e contemporâneas de um nível do mar próximo do actual. As unidades denominadas A, B e a C, depositadas pós ca. 5900 BP são constituídas por areias com intercalações vasosas e vasas com intercalações arenosas, com transição lateral de fácies frequente. Estas unidades correspondem ao preenchimento da depressão em ambiente subtidal a intertidal inferior, com crescente influência marinha para o topo. As unidades D e F, com cerca de 1m de espessura, são constituídas por vasas mais ou menos arenosas. Intercalada entre as unidades D e F, e aproximadamente a 0.40m de profundidade, ocorre uma lâmina lateralmente contínua, formada essencialmente por areia média com abundantes bioclastos e intraclastos de lodo, com espessura variável entre 0.8m e alguns milímetros, diminuindo para terra. Na sua região distal o calibre da areia diminui e observou-se granulotriagem positiva nos testemunhos com maior espessura. O contacto basal é erosivo e a transição a tecto bem marcada. O depósito apresenta-se em forma de gota alongada e estende-se para terra até um máximo de aproximadamente 800m. O perfil vertical do excesso de 210Pb e 137Cs indica uma taxa de sedimentação de 2.6mm/ano nos 0.30m superficiais. A extrapolação deste valor localiza a base dos lodos a tecto da unidade E na primeira metade do século XIX e as idades radiocarbono do sedimento subjacente à unidade E sugerem ablação de espessura considerável de lodos aquando da deposição das areias. Estes resultados são consistentes com um evento raro de inundação marinha extrema e muito intensa de um espaço lagunar muito assoreado, com injecção de sedimento exótico a grande distância da linha de costa, excedendo a capacidade de transporte das correntes de maré e do galgamento por tempestade. Trata-se do único registo deste tipo de evento detectado nesta coluna sedimentar nos últimos séculos e compatível com o tsunami gerado pelo sismo de 1 de Novembro de 1755, do qual existem testemunhos documentais nesta região. Para a determinação de prováveis fontes sedimentares foram recolhidas ainda cerca de 30 amostras sedimentares de análogos actuais (i.e. praia, duna e fundos submarinos), foram ainda detectadas evidências de um possível depósito arenoso de tempestade intercalado na unidade lodosa de topo e constrangido espacialmente à zona adjacente à barra. Outra área de estudo foi a planície aluvionar de Boca do Rio (também situada no Barlavento algarvio, próximo da Praia da Salema). Nesta localização uma unidade litoestratigráfica associada ao tsunami de AD 1755 foi reconhecida anteriormente por diversos autores. A área aluvionar é constituída por uma planície de inundação supratidal que é periodicamente sujeita a inundações fluviais. Esta encontra-se separada do mar por uma barreira de cascalho e areia e por um esporão rochoso que, juntos, impedem o galgamento durante as tempestades mais frequentes. Amostras de sedimentos depositados pelo tsunami e de análogos actuais foram recolhidas nesta área e analisadas neste trabalho. Três amostras de tsunami II Sedimentological signatures of extreme marine inundations (correspondente a um perfil normal à linha de costa) foram detalhadamente estudadas. Adicionalmente, 11 amostras de sedimentos (cinco de fundos submarinos, três de duna, uma praia e duas recolhidas na planície aluvial) também foram recuperadas e utilizadas neste trabalho para caracterizar ambientes sedimentares actuais (possíveis fontes sedimentares do tsunami). Nas ilhas Shetland (Escócia) uma lâmina arenosa intercalada em turfas tem sido comummente associada ao tsunami provocado pelo deslizamento submarino de Storegga que terá ocorrido à ca. 8000 BP. Esta unidade litoestratigráfica composta por areia média a grosseira caracteriza-se pelo contacto erosivo basal, incorporação de clastos de camadas subjacentes e pela sua granulotriagem positiva. Quatro amostras, recolhidas nesta unidade, a partir das paredes de duas trincheiras escavadas na enseada de Voe of Scatsta (Sullom Voe), separadas por menos de 50 m, e alinhadas transversalmente, foram estudadas em pormenor. Cada par de amostras estudadas contém uma amostra correspondente à base do depósito de areia e uma segunda amostra, localizada perto do contacto superior da unidade tsunamigénica. Por sua vez, Stoneybridge localiza-se na costa oeste da ilha de South Uist (arquipélago das Hebrides, Escócia). Sedimentos depositados por ondas de tempestade foram recuperados imediatamente após a denominada Grande Tempestade de 11 de janeiro de 2005. Este evento provocou extensa erosão nalgumas localizações costeiras e noutras (e.g. Stoneybridge) depositou uma contrastante e espessa camada arenosa (areia média a fina) a consideráveis distâncias da costa. Quatro amostras sedimentares deste tempestito foram analisadas neste trabalho. Lhok Nga Bay (Samatra, Indonésia) é uma praia contínua em baía, quebrada por pequenas fozes de ribeiros sazonais, que foi fortemente afectada pelo tsunami de 26 de Dezembro de 2004. As amostras utilizadas neste trabalho foram recolhidas algumas semanas após esse evento. Estas correspondem a um perfil normal à linha de costa sendo importante notar que nalgumas localizações mais do que uma amostra do sedimento tsunamigénico foi recolhida por forma a avaliar as variações
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