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Key to Arthropods 1

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Key toarthropods

  • 1. Does it have wings/wing cases?
  • 6. Does it have pincers?

YES

►go to 28

NO

►go to 2

YES

►go to 7

NO

►go to 8

  • 2. How many legs does it have?
  • 7. Does it have a tail?

(It’s possible that legs have broken off)

  • 6
  • 8
  • MORE THAN

8
YES

Scorpiones (scorpion)

NO

(+fangs and/or
Pseudoscorpionida
(pseudoscorpion) pedipalps)

  • ►go to 14
  • ►go to 3
  • ►go to 10

  • 3. Does it have a segmented abdomen?
  • 8. Does it have spiny pedipalps?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

  • ►go to 6
  • ►go to 4
  • Ambly pygi
  • ►go to 9

4. Is there a constriction between the head and the abdomen?
9. How many fangs (chelicerae) has it got?

  • YES
  • NO
  • 2
  • 4

  • Araneae (spider)
  • ►go to 5
  • Schizomida
  • Solpugida

5. How long are the legs?
VERY LONG

Opiliones

SHORT

Acari (mite)
(harvestman)

1

Key to arthropods

  • 10. Does it have a long thin body?
  • 12. Does it have fangs?

YES

►go to 11

NO

►go to 13

YES

Chilopoda
(centipede))

NO

Symphyla
(symphylan)

11. How many legs on each body segment?
13. Is the body segmented?

  • 4
  • 2
  • YES

►go to 13A

NO

Decapoda: Brachyura
(crab)

  • ►go to 11A
  • ►go to 12

  • 11A How many pairs of legs does it have?
  • 13A. In which way is it flattened?

  • 11 OR LESS
  • 12 OR MORE

DORSO-VENTRALLY

(TOP TO BOTTOM)

Isopoda

LATERALLY

(SIDE TO SIDE)

  • Amphipoda
  • Pauropoda

(pauropod)
Diplopoda

  • (millipede)
  • (woodlouse)
  • (sandhopper)

2

Key to insects without wings
14. Does it have at least two appendages 18. Does it have pincers? projecting from the tip of the abdomen?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

  • ►go to 15
  • ►go to 24
  • Dermaptera

(earwig)
►go to 19

15. Does it have long hind legs with wide femurs?
19. Are any of its legs spiny?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

Orthoptera
(grasshopper or cricket)

  • ►go to 16
  • ►go to 20
  • ►go to 21

16. How many abdominal appendages does it have?
20. How many of its legs are spiny?

  • 3 OR MORE
  • 2
  • FRONT TWO
  • ALL 6

  • ►go to 17
  • ►go to 18
  • ►go to 20A
  • Blattodea

(cockroach)

  • 17. Does it have large eyes?
  • 20A. How long is the first thoracic

segment?

  • YES
  • NO
  • LONG
  • SHORT

Archeognatha
(bristletail)
Zygentoma (silverfish)
Mantodea
(praying mantis)
Mantophasmatodea

3

Key to insects without wings
21. Are the tips of its forelegs enlarged? 24. Is there a strong constriction between the thorax and abdomen?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

Embioptera
(web spinner)

  • ►go to 22
  • Hymenoptera:

Formicidae (ant)
►go to 25

22. Does it have a long thin body with elongated thorax?
25. Does it have a narrow thorax?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

Phasmatodea (stick insect)

  • ►go to 23
  • Probably Isoptera

(termite)
►go to 26

  • 23. Does it have eyes?
  • 26. Is the body laterally compressed

(Flattened from side to side)?

YES

Collembola (springtail)

NO

Diplura
(two-tailed bristletail)

YES

Siphonaptera
(flea)

NO

►go to 27

27. Does it have a proboscis?

  • YES
  • NO

  • ►go to 52
  • Another wingless

insect (adult, nymph or larva)

4

Key to winged insects I
28. How many wings does it have? 32. Do the cross-veins form a ladder-like pattern towards the posterior?

  • 4
  • 2
  • YES

Plecoptera (stonefly)

NO

  • ►go to 61
  • (Including wing cases)

►go to 29
►go to 48

  • 29. Do all four wings look the same?
  • 33. Are the wings scaly, hairy or neither?

(If you are not sure then try both answers

YES

►go to 30

NO

►go to 36

SCALY

Lepidoptera (moth)

HAIRY

►go to 34
(Including all insects with wing cases)

NEITHER

►go to 35

30. Do the wings have a lot of cross- veins?
34. Is it small
(body length less than 2 mm. or 1/16 in)?

YES

►go to 31

NO

►go to 33

YES

Thysanoptera
(trips)

NO

Trichoptera (caddis-fly)

31. Does it have short antennae and a long thin body?
35. Are the ends of its forelegs enlarged?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

Odonata
(dragonfly or damselfly)

  • ►go to 32
  • Embioptera

(web spinner)
Isoptera (termite)

5

Key to winged insects I
36. Are the hindwings smaller than the 40. Is the body hairy? forewings? (If you are not sure then try both answers)

YES

►go to 37

NO

►go to 43

YES

►go to 65

NO

►go to 41
(including all insects with wing cases)

37. Does it have a constriction between the thorax and abdomen?
41. Does only one vein originate from the base of the wing?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

Hymenoptera:
Apocrita

  • ►go to 38
  • ►go to 42
  • Psocoptera

(barklouse)

  • 38. Does it have at least two long tails?
  • 42. Is the vein unbranched?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

Ephemeroptera
(mayfly)

  • ►go to 39
  • Hymenoptera:

Chalcidoidea
(chalcid wasp)
►go to 54

  • 39. Does it have lots of cells in the wing?
  • 43. Does it have pincers?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

Hymenoptera:
Symphyta
(sawfly)

  • ►go to 40
  • Dermaptera

(earwig)
►go to 44

6

Key to winged insects I
44. Does it have a proboscis? 48. Does it have branching antennae, like antlers?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

  • ►go to 56
  • ►go to 45
  • Strepsiptera

(stylopid)
►go to 49

45. Does it have wing cases that meet down the middle of the body?
49. Do the wings have no veins and a fringe of hairs?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

Coleoptera
(beetle)

  • ►go to 46
  • Hymenoptera:

Mymarommatidae
(fairy fly)
►go to 50

46. Does it have long hind legs with wide femurs?
50. Does the wing have only two unbranched veins?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

Orthoptera
(grasshopper or cricket)

  • ►go to 47
  • Hemiptera: Coccoidea

(scale insect)
►go to 66

47. Which of the legs are spiny?
FRONT 2 only

Mantodea
(praying mantis)

ALL 6

Blattodea
(cockroach)

7

Key to bugs
56. Does its proboscis originate at the front or back of the head?
51. How many wings does it have? 0

►go to
47

  • 2
  • 4 (includes tegmina)

FRONT
Heteroptera
BACK

  • Homoptera
  • Coccoidea
  • ►go to 47

  • ►go to 57
  • ►go to 58

  • 52. Is its proboscis longer than its body?
  • 57. Does it have very long legs?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

  • Aphidoidea (greenfly)
  • ►go to 56
  • Reduviidae
  • Another bug

53. Are the hindwings smaller than the forewings?
58. Does it have a greatly enlarged head- shield?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

  • ►go to 54
  • ►go to 56

(includes all bugs with leathery forewings)
Membracidae (treehopper)
►go to 59

54. Does the forewing have a pterostigma?
59. Does it have very spiny hind legs?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

  • Aphidoidea (green fly)
  • ►go to 55
  • Cicadellidae
  • ►go to 60

55. Does the main vein branch once near 60. If it has wings, do the forewings have the centre of the wing? converging anal veins?

YES

Aleyrodoidea

NO

Psylloidea

YES

Fulgoroidea

NO

Cercopoidea

8

Key to winged insects II
61. Does it have an elongated thorax? 63. Does it have a rostrum that points downwards?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

  • ►go to 62
  • ►go to 63
  • Mecoptera

(scorpion fly)
►go to 64

62. Are the front legs spiny and do they originate near the head?
64. Do its wings have thick, black veins?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

Neuroptera: Mantispidae (mantis fly)
Raphidioptera
(snake fly)
Megaloptera
(Alder fly)
Neuroptera (lacewing)

65. Does it have scaly or hairy wings?
SCALY

Lepidoptera
(moth)

HAIRY

Trichoptera (caddis-fly)

9

Key to true flies
66. Are the antennae much longer than the length of the head?
70. Does the wing have many equally spaced, parallel veins?

YES

►go to 67

NO

►go to 72

YES

Psychodidae
(moth fly)

NO

►go to 71

67. Does it have slender or rounded wings?
71. Does it have long, beaded antennae?

  • SLENDER
  • ROUNDED
  • YES
  • NO

  • ►go to 68
  • ►go to 70
  • Cecidomyiidae

(gall midge)
►go to 72

  • 68. Does it have a cell in the wing?
  • 72. Does the radial sector reach the wing

tip?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

Trichoceridae (winter gnat)

  • ►go to 69
  • ►go to 73
  • ►go to 74

69. Does it have a long proboscis and scaly wings?
73. Do the cubitus or radial sector branch?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

Culicidae
(mosquito)
Probably
Chironomidae
(midge)
Bibionidae
(march flies)
►go to 75

10

Key to true flies
74. Does the cubitus branch? 78. How many cross-veins does it have?

  • YES
  • NO
  • 0
  • 1

Ceratopogonidae
(biting midge)
Scatopsidae
(scavenger fly)

  • ►go to 79
  • Dolihopodidae

(long-legged fly)

2 or 3

►go to 80

  • 75. Does the wing have many cells?
  • 79. Does the radial sector reach the tip of

the wing?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

  • ►go to 76
  • ►go to 78
  • Simuliidae

(black-fly)
Phoridae
(scuttle-fly)

76. Does it have veins running close to the posterior margin?
80. Are the cross-veins together near the centre of the wing?

YES

►go to 81

NO

►go to 77

YES

Empididae (dance fly)

NO

Probably Cyclorrapha
(fly)

77. Does the cubitus converge with the anal vein?
81. Does vein M1 end at the wing tip?

  • YES
  • NO
  • YES
  • NO

Probably Rhagionidae
(snipe fly)
Empididae (dance fly)
Pollenia (bot fly)
Syrphidae (howerfly)

11

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    Estimating Parasitoid Wasp Assemblages on Fragmented Land : Do Habitat and Trap Type Matter?

    Montclair State University Montclair State University Digital Commons Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects 8-2020 Estimating Parasitoid Wasp Assemblages on Fragmented Land : Do Habitat and Trap Type Matter? Matthew Charles Christopher Havers Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons ABSTRACT Parasitoid wasps are a hyper-diverse monophyletic group of Apocrita (Hymenoptera) that typically oviposit inside or on an arthropodal host, whereafter the wasp larvae obtain nutritional resources for development. Although some species are well-studied as agents in biological control, little is known about the biology of the less diverse and less abundant superfamilies; and even less about assemblages of parasitoid wasp taxa within a given habitat. The aim of the present study was twofold: to estimate parasitoid wasp assemblages within two habitats common in central and northern New Jersey, USA, and to develop a protocol to increase the yield and diversity of parasitoid wasps collected through the use of different trap types, across different months, and in different habitats. Specimens of Chalcidoidea and Ichneumonoidea were most frequently collected; with more Chalcidoidea collected than Ichneumonoidea, which was surprising for the latitude of the study location. Meadow habitats yielded more parasitoid wasps than wooded habitats, and yellow pan traps captured more specimens than flight intercept or malaise traps. Potential factors underlying these outcomes may include availability of hosts, competition, developmental time of the parasitoid offspring, temporal dispersal of adults, and gregarious oviposition. A trapping protocol is suggested, in which strategically utilizing yellow pan traps in a meadow habitat during July would give the highest trapping success in terms of count by unit effort.
  • 1 Inter-Species Variation in Number of Bristles on Forewings of Tiny Insects

    1 Inter-Species Variation in Number of Bristles on Forewings of Tiny Insects

    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.27.356337; this version posted October 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 TITLE: 2 Inter-species variation in number of bristles on forewings of tiny insects does not impact clap-and- 3 fling aerodynamics 4 5 RUNNING TITLE: 6 Clap-and-fling with bristled wings 7 8 AUTHORS: 9 Vishwa T. Kasoju1, Mitchell P. Ford1, Truc T. Ngo1 and Arvind Santhanakrishnan1,* 10 11 AFFILIATIONS: 12 1School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 13 74078-5016, USA 14 15 CORRESPONDING AUTHOR’S E-MAIL ADDRESS: 16 [email protected] 17 18 KEYWORDS: 19 Thrips, Fairyflies, Bristled wing, Fringed wing, Clap and fling, Aerodynamics 20 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.27.356337; this version posted October 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 21 SUMMARY STATEMENT 22 Integrating morphological analysis of bristled wings seen in miniature insects with physical model 23 experiments, we find that aerodynamic forces are unaffected across the broad biological variation in 24 number of bristles. 25 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.27.356337; this version posted October 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
  • Zootaxa,Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera

    Zootaxa,Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera

    Zootaxa 1668: 521–548 (2007) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2007 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera* MICHAEL J. SHARKEY S-225 Ag. Sci. Building-N, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA [email protected] *In: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (Eds) (2007) Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy. Zootaxa, 1668, 1–766. Table of contents Abstract . 521 Introduction . 521 Hymenopteran Diversity . 522 Phylogenetic Position Within Holometabola . 523 Monophyly of Hymenoptera . 523 Review of Classical Hymenopteran Classification and Phylogeny . 524 Phylogenetic (Cladistic) Studies of Hymenoptera . 528 Symphytan Studies . 532 Apocritan Analyses . 534 Morphologcial Character Systems . 536 What We Think We Know . 536 Best Guess . 539 Current and Future Research . 539 Key Innovations and the Evolution of life history traits, a phylogenetic approach . 539 Acknowledgements . 543 References . 543 Abstract An overview of recent advances in our understanding of the higher phylogeny and classification is presented. Molecular and morphological cladistic and pre-cladistic studies are summarized. A superfamily-level classifi- cation of the Hymenoptera is offered to reflect recent advances in our understanding of the phylogenetic rela- tionships of the Hymenoptera. It differs from most recent classifications in the recognition of the Diaprioidea, to include Diapriidae, Monomachidae, and Maamingidae. Key words: Diaprioidea, taxonomy, cladistics, life history, Insecta Introduction Much progress has been made in our understanding of the phylogeny of Hymenoptera since the advent of cla- distic methods. Here I summarize recent influential studies and pre-cladistic studies are also treated, at least cursorily.

  • Introduction to the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera)

    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 675: 75–96 (2017)Introduction to the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) of Bangladesh 75 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.675.12713 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Introduction to the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) of Bangladesh John T. Huber1, Nurul Islam2 1 Natural Resources Canada c/o AAFC, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada 2 Forest Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto,ON, M5S 3B3, CANADA Corresponding author: John T. Huber ([email protected]) Academic editor: M. Ohl | Received 14 March 2017 | Accepted 12 May 2017 | Published 22 May 2017 http://zoobank.org/F222D77B-9E8D-4316-B3DD-706DA8D6DC41 Citation: Huber JT, Islam N (2017) Introduction to the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) of Bangladesh. ZooKeys 675: 75–96. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.675.12713 Abstract An identification key to the 15 genera of Mymaridae found so far in Bangladesh is given, based on about 520 specimens collected using yellow pan traps placed in agricultural habitats and at the edge of ponds, mainly at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur. Species already re- ported from Bangladesh are listed and three more are added: Acmopolynema orientale (Narayanan, Subba Rao & Kaur), Himopolynema hishimonus Taguchi, and Mymar pulchellum Curtis. Keywords Mymaridae, Bangladesh, identification key, list of genera Introduction Ten named species of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera), representing four genera, have been recorded from Bangladesh: Anagrus flaveolus Waterhouse (Kamal et al. 1993, Sahad and Hirashima 1984), almost certainly a misidentification of A. nilaparvatae Pang & Wang (Triapitsyn 2014); Anagrus incarnatus Haliday (Sahad and Hirashima 1984, Gurr et al.

  • Bristles Reduce the Force Required to 'Fling' Wings Apart in the Smallest

    © 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2016) 219, 3759-3772 doi:10.1242/jeb.143362 RESEARCH ARTICLE Bristles reduce the force required to ‘fling’ wings apart in the smallest insects Shannon K. Jones1,*, Young J. J. Yun1, Tyson L. Hedrick2, Boyce E. Griffith1,3 and Laura A. Miller1,2 ABSTRACT all bristles are innervated. In this study, we investigated the – The smallest flying insects commonly possess wings with long aerodynamic role that bristles may play in wing wing interactions. bristles. Little quantitative information is available on the morphology The fluid dynamics of flow through bristled appendages similar of these bristles, and their functional importance remains a mystery. to those on the wings of small insects has been explored with In this study, we (1) collected morphological data on the bristles of 23 physical (Loudon et al., 1994; Sunada et al., 2002), analytical species of Mymaridae by analyzing high-resolution photographs and (Cheer and Koehl, 1987; Koehl,1993) and numerical models (Barta (2) used the immersed boundary method to determine via numerical and Weihs, 2006; Weihs and Barta, 2008; Barta, 2011; Davidi and simulation whether bristled wings reduced the force required to fling Weihs, 2012). Previous analytical studies, however, have only – the wings apart while still maintaining lift. The effects of Reynolds considered cases with 2 4 bristles, and most numerical studies have – number, angle of attack, bristle spacing and wing–wing interactions assumed Stokes flow and did not consider wing wing interactions. were investigated. In the morphological study, we found that as the Thysanoptera, Trichogrammatidae, Mymaridae, Ptiliidae, body length of Mymaridae decreases, the diameter and gap between Cecidomyiidae, Ceratopogonidae and Nepticulidae all include bristles decreases and the percentage of the wing area covered by species that have bristled wings.