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The Archaeology of Manx Church Interiors: Contents and Contexts 1634-1925

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The Archaeology of Manx Church Interiors: Contents and Contexts 1634-1925 The Archaeology of Manx Church Interiors: contents and contexts 1634-1925 Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Patricia Truce McClure May 2013 © Patricia Truce McClure, 2013. All rights reserved ii The Archaeology of Manx Church Interiors: contents and contexts 1634-1925 by Patricia Truce McClure Abstract Despite the large amount of historical church archaeology carried out within English churches, the relevance of British regional variations to conclusions reached has only been recognized relatively recently (Rodwell 1996: 202 and Yates 2006: xxi). This offered opportunities to consider possible meanings for the evolving post- Reformation furnishing arrangements within Manx churches. The resultant thesis detailed the processes involved whilst examining changes made to the Anglican liturgical arrangements inside a number of Manx and Welsh churches and chapels- of-ease between 1634 and 1925 from previously tried and tested structuration, and sometimes biographical, perspectives for evidence of changes in human and material activity in order to place Manx communities within larger British political, religious and social contexts. Findings challenged conclusions reached by earlier scholarship about the Commonwealth period in Man. Contemporary modifications to material culture inside Manx churches implied that Manx clergymen and their congregations accepted the transfer of key agency from ecclesiastical authorities to Parliamentary actors. Thus Manx religious practices appeared to have correlated more closely, albeit less traumatically, with those in England and Wales during the same period than previously recognized, although the small size of this study could not discover the geographical extent of disarray within Island parishes. Amendments made to the material culture after 1665 which indicated the status quo was soon re-established in Man probably reflected a shared, compliant paradigm. Alternatively, in England and Wales the official exclusion of dissidents from the Church of England in 1662, visible in the landscape in Nonconformist chapels from the beginning of the eighteenth century, signalled the beginnings of the Church’s loss of full judicial authority. In Man, hierarchical acceptance of moderate religious dissidence within the Anglican Church after the Restoration of the Monarchy, traditional cultural iii practices, and changed relationships between clergy and parishioners visible materially within the two Island parishes studied, reflected the Manx Church’s more successful strategy to maintain power. A number of sections within chapters focused on material evidence of the unusual relationships between Castletown communities and their parish church between 1704 and 1925. Consideration of seating arrangements also highlighted the effects onto various Manx communities of the sale of the Island to England in 1765. Throughout, the contents of the Welsh churches provided informative, comparative contexts that informed the hermeneutic processes undertaken. To conclude, generally this project placed previously unexplored material culture within wider church archaeology and revealed regionally-specific habitus, human agency, and material activity and trends. The structuration approach taken identified a number of issues suitable for publication, and raised unanswered questions that would benefit from further research. iv To my beloved daughter Anna v Acknowledgements I am indebted to Professor Harold Mytum for providing the training in historical church archaeology that prepared me to undertake research to doctoral level, and his many suggestions about the direction my studies might take. Dr Anthony Sinclair’s support facilitated the completion of this project. Both informed my enquiries by guiding me in discovering and utilizing appropriate social theories, in discussing particular aspects of ecclesiastical material culture, and in offering welcome advice. I am beholden to the generous assistance of church officials in Wales and the Isle of Man for providing access to buildings and to records, to friends for their encouragement, and to the many un-named others who were liberal with time, information and support. Angela Atkinson and Gillian Gray provided unsparing access to their extensive libraries. Frances Coakley’s website was a very useful resource. Staff in the various archives involved all patiently dealt with my many queries and requests. I owe special thanks to the Church Recorders and CPAT staff whose collective works facilitated access to relevant archaeological data. I am particularly grateful to Kate Chapman for her encouragement, and advice, to Alan and Anna Cole for sharing their geological expertise, to Alan Cole for his editing skills and photographs of Welsh churches and interiors, to Kate Kewley for geological information, and to Jonathan Latimer for permission to use his photographs of Manx churches and furnishings. Thanks are also due to Dr Jennifer Platten and Michael Hoy for the many discussions that clarified a number of historical issues, and to Dr Platten, Helen Leigh, and Jacqueline Pontee for proof- reading my script. Lastly, but most especially, my daughter’s willingness to share her expertise in information technology, and her continuous encouragement and enthusiasm were pivotal in motivating me to embark upon, and persevere with, this undertaking. vi Table of Contents Page Abstract ii Acknowledgements v Abbreviations xiv Introduction 1 Chapter I Literature Search and Historiography 4 Historical research 5 Art history 9 History of architecture 11 History of archaeology 14 Structuration theory 22 Conclusions 30 Chapter II Methodology 32 Assessment of material culture 33 old Ballaugh 37 new Ballaugh 38 Kirk Malew 39 medieval St Mary’s Castletown 41 1701 St Mary’s Castletown 42 1826 St Mary’s Castletown 43 St Mark’s 44 Llansantffraid-ym-Mechain 47 Bwlch-y-cibau 48 Trelystan 49 Leighton 51 Methodology 52 Conclusions 63 vii Chapter III Historical Contexts 66 Governance 66 Language and education 73 Social issues 78 Conclusions 89 Historical Timeline 90 Chapter IV Material Definition of Liturgical Spaces 96 Maintenance of chancels 97 Chancel screens 98 Altar rails 103 Relationships between Pulpits and altars 109 Royal Arms 110 Roofs 112 Floors 114 Windows 119 Sizes of chancels and naves 120 Conclusions 121 Chapter V Chancel Furnishings 126 Positions of tables and altars 127 Materials and forms of tables and altars 128 Use of altar candles and crosses 132 Altar coverings 137 Plate 143 Conclusions 155 viii Chapter VI Biography of an Altar-slab 156 The altar slab 157 Historical contexts 158 This slab as a commodity 159 Arrival in Man 162 Loss of meaning 171 Some meaning regained 174 Conclusions 178 Chapter VII Clerical Dress 181 Textiles as commodities 183 Maintenance of surplices 190 Clerical dress as evidence of social status 193 Theological considerations 199 Conclusions 203 Chapter VIII Nave Seating Arrangements 205 Seating arrangements before the Revestment 206 The effects of the 1765 Revestment 211 Nineteenth-century activity 225 Pulpits 230 Use of sounding boards 233 Use of hour-glasses 235 Conclusions 236 Chapter IX Conclusions 242 Human agency and material activity 242 Habitus and expressions of regional cultural identity 246 Trends discovered 247 Opportunities for Manx historical archaeological research 250 ix Illustrations Figure 1: Irish Sea Basin 253 Figure 2: St Michael’s medieval chapel 253 Figure 3: Castletown from St Michael’s Isle 254 Figure 4: Castletown (King 1656) 254 Figure 5: Ancient Manx parishes 255 Figure 6: Map of the Isle of Man 256 Figure 7a: old Ballaugh Parish Church prior to 1717 257 Figure 7b: old Ballaugh Parish Church 1717-1849 257 Figure 7c: old Ballaugh Parish Church 1849-present day 257 Figure 8: old Ballaugh Parish Church 258 Figure 9: old Ballaugh Parish Church 258 Figure 10: old Ballaugh Parish Church 258 Figure 11: old Ballaugh detail of benches 259 Figure 12: old Ballaugh floor plan (Sharpe 2003) 259 Figure 13: old Ballaugh interior east end 260 Figure 14: old Ballaugh altar-table with detail 260 Figure 15: old Ballaugh altar candlesticks 261 Figure 16: old Ballaugh altar cross with detail 261 Figure 17a: old Ballaugh pewter plate 1710 262 Figure 17b: old Ballaugh silver chalices 1795/6 262 Figure 18: old Ballaugh Decalogue 262 Figure 19: old Ballaugh Parish Church seating plan 1740 263 Figure 20: old Ballaugh Parish Church seating plan 1830 264 Figure 21: new Ballaugh Parish Church 265 Figure 22: new Ballaugh Parish Church seating plan 265 Figure 23: new Ballaugh Parish Church Royal Arms 266 Figure 24: new Ballaugh Parish Church inside 266 Figure 25: new Ballaugh Parish Church floor plan 267 Figure 26: new Ballaugh Parish Church sanctuary floor 267 Figure 27: new Ballaugh Parish Church pulpit 268 Figure 28: new Ballaugh Parish Church altar 268 Figure 29: new Ballaugh Parish Church altar candlesticks 269 Figure 30: new Ballaugh Parish Church altar cross 269 Figure 31: Kirk Malew from the southwest 270 x Figure 32: Kirk Malew motifs 270 Figure 33: Kirk Malew medieval paten 271 Figure 34: Kirk Malew from the southwest c. 1700 271 Figure 35: Kirk Malew floor plan 272 Figure 36: Kirk Malew silver chalices 1781/2 272 Figure 37: Kirk Malew north transept seating plan c. 1781 273 Figure 38: Kirk Malew north transept seating plan 1845 273 Figure 39: Kirk Malew east end 274 Figure 40: Kirk Malew chancel from west end 274 Figure 41a: Kirk Malew altar candlestick with detail 275
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