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Comparison of the Barnacle, Balanus Amphitrite, in Different Environments Loma Linda University TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects 3-2006 Comparison of the Barnacle, Balanus amphitrite, in Different Environments Katsura Mastuda Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons, and the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Mastuda, Katsura, "Comparison of the Barnacle, Balanus amphitrite, in Different Environments" (2006). Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects. 713. https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/713 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects by an authorized administrator of TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY The School of Science and Technology in conjunction with the Faculty of Graduate Studies Comparison of the Barnacle, Ba/anus amphitrite, in DifferentEnvironments by Katsura Matsuda A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements forthe degree of Master of Science in Biology March 2006 © 2006 Katsura Matsuda All Rights Reserved Each person whose signature appears below certifies that this thesis in their opinion is adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree Master of Science. - 41111111 ''' JAN.- 1110 Chairperson Stephen G Dunbar, Assistant Professor of Biology Paul H. I uchheim, rofessor of Geology David A. Hessmger, Professor of Physiolo 111 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project would not have been possible without the support of many people. Many thanks to my advisor, Dr. Stephen G. Dunbar, who read my numerous revisions and helped make some sense of the confusion. Also thanks to my committee members, Dr. David A. Hessinger and Dr. Paul H. Buchheim, who offered guidance and support. Thanks to Loma Linda University for giving me the opportunity to study in the United States and for providing me the financial means to complete this project. Finally, my thanks cannot fully be expressed in words to my parents and sister who endured this long process with me, always offering support and love. I wish to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to numerous friends; Jonathan Fong, Keiko Goji, Koji Iizuka, Paul Ueda, Rie Sakata, Roland Sosa, Sam Yamamoto, Victoria Iizuka, and Zia Nisani, who suggested various clever ideas and participated in the field investigations undertaken during my project. I also wish to acknowledge, in particular, the assistance and helpful suggestions of Dr. Toshiyuki Yamaguchi of Chiba University, Japan, and Dr. William Newman of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Without their support and scholarly advice, this investigation would not have been possible. iv CONTENTS Approval Page iii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents List of Tables vi List of Figures vii Abstract ix Chapter I. Introduction 1 Objective of the Study 1 Controversy Over Balanus amphitrite saltonensis 3 History of the Salton Sea 4 How the Salton Sea Has Changed Over Time 5 Destruction or Preservation of the Salton Sea 10 Background and Significance of Specific Experiments 12 II. Materials and Methods 19 Project Location 19 Collection and Care of Animals Before Experiments 19 Oxygen Consumption Experiment 25 Survival Experiment 30 Morphological Experiment 33 III. Results 39 Oxygen Consumption Experiment 39 Survival Experiment 59 Morphological Experiment 71 IV. Discussion 77 Oxygen Consumption Experiment 77 Survival Experiment 90 Morphological Experiment 93 Ecological Application 99 Future Study 102 References 104 TABLES Table Page 2.1. Eighteen combinations of experimental conditions for the Salton Sea and San Diego Bay barnacles 21 3.1. Means and standard errors with statistical difference between groups for weight specific oxygen consumption rate ([11/h/g) of B. amphitrite tested in 18 combinations of temperature and salinity 40 3.2. Results of a three-way ANOVA on oxygen consumption for B. amphitrite from the Salton Sea and San Diego Bay 41 3.3. Results of a two-way ANOVA on oxygen consumption experiments for B. amphitrite from A: the Salton Sea and B: San Diego Bay 42 3.4.A. Correlations (r) among variables for the Salton Sea population (n = 270) 56 3.4.B. Correlations (r) among variables for the San Diego Bay population (n = 270) 57 3.5. Means and standard errors on scutum resistance measurements of live versus dead barnacles 70 3.6. Results of a one-way ANOVA on scutum resistance for "state" alive and dead) for barnacles 70 3.7. Results of a one-way MANOVA on morphological differences of B.amphitrite from the Salton Sea and San Diego Bay 73 3.8. Comparison of mean test thickness of B. amphitrite between the Salton Sea and San Diego Bay populations 74 3.9. Results of a one-way ANOVA on test thickness of B. amphitrite from the Salton Sea and San Diego Bay 74 3.10.A Correlations (r) among variables for the Salton Sea population (n = 100) 76 3.10.B Correlations (r) among variables for San Diego Bay population (n = 100) 76 vi FIGURES Figure Page 2.1. Map of animal collection sites at A: Salton City at the Salton Sea, CA. B: Bayfront Park at San Diego Bay, CA 20 2.2. Water temperature (°C) of animal collection sites for Salton City at the Salton Sea and Bayfront Park at San Diego Bay 22 2.3. Salinity (%0) of animal collection sites for Salton City at the Salton Sea and Bayfront Park at San Diego Bay 23 2.4 Strathkelvin 928 6-Channel Dissolved Oxygen System 26 2.5. Monthly water temperature (°C) of the Salton Sea over 2003 and San Diego Bay over 2002 28 2.6. General barnacle anatomy from Ruppert et al., 2004: A. External view. B. Internal barnacle anatomy 31 2.7. A: Overview of Balanus amphitrite from the Salton Sea. B: Overview of Balanus amphitrite from San Diego Bay. 34 2.8. A: Lateral view of Balanus amphitrite from the Salton Sea. B: Lateral view of Balanus amphitrite from San Diego Bay. 35 3.1. Comparison of mean weight-specific oxygen consumption rates (Whig) between barnacles from the Salton Sea and San Diego Bay at 15 °C 43 3.2. Comparison of mean weight-specific oxygen consumption rates (pd/hig) between barnacles from the Salton Sea and San Diego Bay at 25 °C 44 3.3. Comparison of mean weight-specific oxygen consumption rates (jil/h/g) between barnacles from the Salton Sea and San Diego Bay at 35 °C. ....... 45 3.4. Comparison of mean weight-specific oxygen consumption rates (µ1./h/g) between barnacles from the Salton Sea and San Diego Bay in 0 %o. 47 3.5. Comparison of mean weight-specific oxygen consumption rates (pd/big) between barnacles from the Salton Sea and San Diego Bay in 15 %o 48 3.6. Comparison of mean weight-specific oxygen consumption rates (1.1/h/g) between barnacles from the Salton Sea and San Diego Bay in 30 %o 49 vii 3.7. Comparison of mean weight-specific oxygen consumption rates (Whig) between barnacles from the Salton Sea and San Diego Bay in 36 %o 50 3.8. Comparison of mean weight-specific oxygen consumption rates ([1.1/h/g) between barnacles from the Salton Sea and San Diego Bay in 45 %Jo 51 3.9. Comparison of mean weight-specific oxygen consumption rates (ti/hig) between barnacles from the Salton Sea and San Diego Bay in 60 %o 52 3.10. Comparisons of mean weight-specific oxygen consumption rates (µ.1/h/g) between barnacles from the Salton Sea at 18 experimental conditions 53 3.11. Comparisons of mean weight-specific oxygen consumption rates (p1/big) between barnacles from San Diego Bay at 18 experimental conditions 54 3.12. Comparisons of percent survival (%) for barnacles from the Salton Sea (SS) (n = 234) and San Diego Bay (SDB) (n = 234) at 15 °C 60 3.13. Comparisons of percent survival (%) for barnacles from the Salton Sea (SS) (n = 234) and San Diego Bay (SDB) (n = 234) at 25 °C 61 3.14. Comparisons of percent survival (%) for barnacles from the Salton Sea (SS) (n = 234) and San Diego Bay (SDB) (n = 234) at 35 °C 62 3.15. Comparisons of percent survival (%) for barnacles from the Salton Sea (SS) (n = 234) and San Diego Bay (SDB) (n = 234) in 0 %o 64 3.16. Comparisons of percent survival (%) for barnacles from the Salton Sea (SS) (n = 234) and San Diego Bay (SDB) (n = 234) in 15 %o 65 3.17. Comparisons of percent survival (%) for barnacles from the Salton Sea (SS) (n = 234) and San Diego Bay (SDB) (n = 234) in 30 %o 66 3.18. Comparisons of percent survival (%) for barnacles from the Salton Sea (SS) (n = 234) and San Diego Bay (SDB) (n = 234) in 36 %o. 67 3.19. Comparisons of percent survival (%) for barnacles from the Salton Sea (SS) (n = 234) and San Diego Bay (SDB) (n = 234) in 45 %o 68 3.20. Comparisons of percent survival (%) for barnacles from the Salton Sea (SS) (n = 234) and San Diego Bay (SDB) (n = 234) in 60 %o 69 3.21. Comparisons of mean morphological measurements of the Salton Sea (n = 644) and San Diego Bay (n = 644) barnacles separated by diameter (mm), height (mm), and test thickness (mm) 72 viii ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Comparisons of the Barnacle, Balanus amphitrite, in Different Environments by Katsura Matsuda Master of Science, Graduate Program in Biology Loma Linda University, December 2005 Dr. Stephen G.. Dunbar, Chairperson The Salton Sea is a saline lake located centrally in the Colorado Desert, California. Salinity as well as nutrients of the Sea have been increasing since 1907, thus it is currently facing ecological collapse.
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