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COVID-19, First Nations and Poor Housing

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COVID-19, First Nations and Poor Housing CANADIANCCPA CENTRE FOR POLICY ALTERNATIVES MANITOBA COVID-19, First Nations and Poor Housing “Wash hands frequently” and “Self-isolate” Akin to “Let them eat cake” in First Nations with Overcrowded Homes Lacking Piped Water By Shirley Thompson, Marleny Bonnycastle and Stewart Hill MAY 2020 COVID-19, First Nations and Poor Housing: About the Authors “Wash hands frequently” and “Self-isolate” Marleny M. Bonnycastle is an Associate Professor at Akin to “Let them eat cake” in First Nations with the University of Manitoba, Faculty of Social Work in Overcrowded Homes Lacking Piped Water Winnipeg and worked for five years at the Northern isbn 978-1-77125-505-9 Social Work Program. During that time, Marleny developed relationships with northern communities May 2020 that contributed to the development of her research. Currently, Marleny is a co-researcher of the Mino Bimaadiziwin partnership. She is also a research This report is available free of charge from the CCPA associate with the Canadian Centre for Policy website at www.policyalternatives.ca. Printed Alternatives – Manitoba. copies may be ordered through the Manitoba Office for a $10 fee. Stewart Hill is a PhD Candidate at the Natural Resources Institute who is also working as a Senior Research and Policy Analyst at the Manitoba Help us continue to offer our publications free online. Keewatinowi Okimakanak (MKO), the Manitoba We make most of our publications available free northern Chiefs organization. Mr. Hill is from the on our website. Making a donation or taking out a God’s Lake First Nation, and was born and raised membership will help us continue to provide people in northern Manitoba at God’s Lake, and is able to with access to our ideas and research free of charge. speak his Cree language fluently. His dissertation You can make a donation or become a supporter researches and asserts governance over land on-line at www.policyalternatives.ca. Or you can and water in the traditional territory of his home contact the Manitoba office at 204-927-3200 for community of God’s Lake First Nation. The input more information. Suggested donation for this and views shared in this article by Mr. Hill in no way publication: $10 or what you can afford. reflects views or opinions of the MKO, but rather, are the views, observations and opinions of Stewart Hill as an academic PhD student of the University of Manitoba. Shirley Thompson is an Associate Professor at the Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba. Dr. Thompson is the principal investigator of the Unit 301-583 Ellice Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3B 1Z7 Mino Bimaadiziwin partnership, which is building capacity and houses in Northern Manitoba thorough tel 204-927-3200 partnerships for community-led post-secondary email [email protected] education in Garden Hill and Wasagamack First Nations. Also, an Indigenous Food Sovereignty community college program was planned for Brokenhead First Nation to start in May 2020 but disrupted by COVID-19. For more information check: http://ecohealthcircle.com/. Acknowledgements We acknowledge Northern Manitoba First Nations communities, co-researchers, participants in our projects and friends for joining us in learning in your lands and territories. We are grateful for the opportunity to do this work on these lands. We pleased to acknowledge the generous financial support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada through the Mino Bimaadiziwin partnership’s Northern Teaching Lodge grant and the Manitoba Research Alliance grant: ‘Partnering for Change – Community-based solutions for Aboriginal and inner-city poverty’. Introduction Emergency measures are deemed universally nec- many systems, including the health care system essary to prevent the transmission and control of and the food supply system, have been seriously COVID-19. Around the world, people are asked to: disrupted. However, not only cracks but an abyss wash hands often, maintain physical distance and is visible in First Nation communities. Before quarantine in your shelter (WHO, 2020, Health COVID-19, government underfunding of housing, Canada, 2020). These are effective measures to slow water infrastructure, education, roads, health, down the transmission of the virus (WHO, 2020) and other services on reserve, compromised the but in communities with overcrowded homes that well-being of First Nation people on reserves for lack piped water and with no hospitals — how can many decades (Palmater, 2019; Elash & Walker, Canada make this pipe dream a reality? 2019). Public health tenants of safe and healthy This article analyzes Canada’s directive to living conditions that meet basic needs for suf- isolate-in-place and to wash your hands to re- ficient water, shelter and food, etc., fall short on duce public health risks from COVID-19 con- many Canadian First Nation reserves (Ander- sidering the triple jeopardy faced by many First son et al., 2016; Pritty, 2018). This article looks Nations — health, health care and infrastructure. at the health of people on First Nation reserves Many First Nations in northern Manitoba are to determine their vulnerability to COVID-19 discussed, with a special focus on two remote in light of the existing health services and the northern reserves, Wasagamack and Garden available infrastructure. Further, the health risk Hill First Nations in Island Lake. Now is an ex- from housing and water infrastructure issues in traordinary time when COVID-19 has exposed First Nations are discussed before concluding the cracks in the fabric of globalized society. So with some policy recommendations. COVID-19, FIrst Nations and Poor HOusing 1 Health and Health Care of People on First Nation Reserves According to the Public Health Agency of Can- the risks, from overcrowded housing on First ada (PHAC), people with certain pre-existing Nation reserves for COVID-19 transmission, are health conditions and individuals with weaker great. Another example is viral hepatitis, which immune systems, as well as older people, are is spread by contaminated water and food, being more at risk of developing complications from universal on many reserves by age 20 (Minuk et COVID-19 (Statistics Canada, 2020). Disease rates al., 2003), linked to the inadequate water sys- on First Nation reserves are many times higher tems. The transmission of viruses from inad- than the rates for other Canadians. For example, equate infrastructure on First Nation reserves age-standardized prevalence rates for diabetes in for housing and water is very concerning for Canada are 17.2 per cent for First Nation people COVID-19 and was implicated in the high rates living on-reserve, 10.3 per cent for First Nations of H1N1 on reserve. people living off-reserve, and 7.3 per cent for Mé- The H1N1 crisis sent a wake-up call in 2009 tis people, compared to 5 per cent for the gen- of the deadly impacts of pandemics without ad- eral population (Crowshoe et al., 2018). As well, equate infrastructure on First Nation reserves. hospitalization for asthma and respiratory tract One of Manitoba’s 17 remote fly-in communities, infections are higher for First Nations people on Garden Hill First Nation (population 4074 at the reserve than other Canadians (Carrière, Garner time) (INAC, 2013), had hundreds of people sick & Sanmartin, 2017). from H1N1 and three of the 11 Manitobans (27 Higher rates of contagious diseases on First per cent) who died from H1N1. The government’s Nation reserves are linked to infrastructure issues immediate response to the epidemic was sending (Statistics Canada, 2020). The crisis of overcrowd- in body bags with only minor improvements to ed housing on First Nation reserves correlates improve water access, which will be discussed with higher rates of many diseases, including a further in this paper. 50 times higher prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) The health care needs of First Nations are for people on First Nation-reserves compared presently not met on their reserve or nearby. to other Canadians (ISC, 2020b). Considering Most First Nations located in isolated or remote COVID-19 is much more contagious than TB, areas have smaller health care facilities, such 2 canadian centre for policy alternatives — MANITOBa as nursing stations. Typically the lack of hos- The facilities to isolate sick people on First pitals and doctors necessitates people living on Nation reserves are limited, according to Gar- reserves to travel far distances to meet all but rison Settee, Grand Chief of Manitoba Keewati- basic health care needs (Statistics Canada, 2020, nowi Okimakanak (MKO), a political advocacy FNIGC, 2018). The lack of nearby hospitals, par- organization that represents 26 Northern Man- ticularly for communities lacking access roads, itoba First Nations. Chief Settee commented: are barriers to health care, with one in ten First “The overall shortage of buildings in which we Nations people living on reserve having unmet can set up field hospitals or self-isolation units is health care needs in the preceding 12 months coming up daily as a concern for Northern First (FNIGC, 2018). Those in remote communities, Nations” (Graham, 2020). who would need ventilators or acute care for Therefore, people on First Nation reserves COVID-19, must fly out for emergency medi- are in double jeopardy having more health is- cal care, presenting a bottleneck for not only sues but less access to health services (Statistics airplanes but also, in many cases, for helicop- Canada, 2020). With health vulnerabilities and ters to reach the airports. For
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