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Plymouth Sound and Estuaries (Candidate) Special Area of Conservation Special Protection Area

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Plymouth Sound and Estuaries (Candidate) Special Area of Conservation Special Protection Area Characterisation of European Marine Sites Plymouth Sound and Estuaries (candidate) Special Area of Conservation Special Protection Area Marine Biological Association Occasional publication No. 9 Cover photographs: Environment Agency Site Characterisation of the South West European Marine Sites Plymouth Sound and Estuaries cSAC, SPA W.J. Langston∗1, B.S. Chesman1, G.R.Burt1, S.J. Hawkins1, J. Readman2 and 3 P.Worsfold April 2003 A study carried out on behalf of the Environment Agency and English Nature by the Plymouth Marine Science Partnership ∗ 1 (and address for correspondence): Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB (email: [email protected]): 2Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth; 3PERC, Plymouth University, Drakes Circus, Plymouth ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are due to members of the steering group for advice and help during this project, notably, Mark Taylor, Roger Covey and Mark Wills of English Nature and Nicky Cunningham, Sacha Rogers and Roger Saxon of the Environment Agency (South West Region). The helpful contributions of other EA personnel, including Ian Warden, David Marshall and Jess Pennington are also gratefully acknowledged. It should be noted, however, that the opinions expressed in this report are largely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of EA or EN. © 2003 by Marine Biological Association of the U.K., Plymouth Devon All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Marine Biological Association. ii Plate 1: Some of the operations/activities which may cause disturbance or deterioration to key interest features of Plymouth Sound and Estuaries cSAC, SPA 1: (left) The Tamar valley is highly mineralised and has a history of mining activity. e.g. Gawton mine (now disused) in the Tamar Valley 2: (above) Marsh Mills STW, the A38 and other busy road traffic routes 3: (above) Devonport Dockyard. The Sound is subject to heavy shipping activity, including naval, commercial and pleasure craft. 4: (right) Run-off to the Plym from Chelson Meadows waste disposal site Photographs: 1: 2: 4: Steve Johnson (Cyberheritage) 3: Ian Britton, Freefoto.com iii Plate 2: Some of the Interest Features and habitats of Plymouth Sound and Estuaries cSAC, SPA 1: (left) Mudflats in the River Tamar 2: (below) Saltmarsh near Antony, Torpoint 3: (left) Shore dock Rumex rupestris 4: Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta 5: Little Egret Egretta garzetta 6: (above) Allis shad Allosa alosa 7: (right) Zostera marina beds Photographs : 1: Cornwall Wildlife Trust 2: Steve Johnson (Cyberheritage) 3: Roger Mitchell, English Nature 4: Eric Isley 5: Keith Regan 6: Willy Van Cammeren 7: Keith Hiscock MARLIN iv 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Environment Agency and English Nature are currently undertaking investigative work in order to review permissions required under regulation 50 of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations, 1994. Phase 1 of this exercise is the characterisation of designated European marine sites. In the South West these sites include the Plymouth Sound and Estuaries Special Area of Conservation (cSAC) and Special Protection Area (SPA). This project, undertaken by the Plymouth Marine Science Partnership (PMSP), (comprising Marine Biological Association (MBA), University of Plymouth (UoP) and Plymouth Marine Laboratories (PML)), has two main objectives. Firstly, to characterise the site in terms of environmental quality (water, sediments and biota), both current and over recent years (up to 2002), and to identify areas where conditions might result in effects on habitats and species for which the site was designated. Secondly, to consider permissions, activities and sources, either alone or in combination which have, or are likely to have, a significant effect on the site. Brief descriptions of the site’s physical setting and uses, major pollutant inputs, and biological communities are also given. Site characterisation has been accomplished by review of published literature and unpublished reports, together with interrogation of raw data sets, notably that of the EA (this does not include recent compliance data and other forms of self-monitoring for Integrated Pollution Control sites, which was not available). Key findings are; Parts of the cSAC, principally the Tamar and Tavy Estuaries are influenced by past mining activities which continue to affect the area via mine drainage discharges, run- off from spoil heaps and remobilisation of metals from sediments. Organotin contamination is probably still of significance. The principal sources, from marinas and Devonport Dockyard were probably stemmed in the late 1980’s, although sediments now also contribute significantly to the overall burden. Parts of the system, notably the upper estuaries, are subject to nutrient enrichment. Although the majority of nutrient inputs in the system may be due to diffuse sources such as agricultural run-off, sewage discharges constitute additional loading and result in chronic contamination of the affected areas, and nutrient-associated water quality problems. For example low levels of dissolved oxygen have occurred periodically in the upper Tamar and may be responsible for salmonid deaths. PAHs, and certain pesticides are reported to be relatively high in parts of the system, notably in some sediment. PAHs, principally from urban run-off, combustion and dockyard activities, may occasionally exceed probable effects levels. Concentrations of phthalates in Plymouth Sound are also reported to be high, though at present the evidence for endocrine disruption is equivocal. These principal findings are discussed in detail, together with implications for key habitats and species. The ecological significance of potential effects on major interest features of the site is also summarised. Unfortunately, however, many of the studies relating to environmental quality of Plymouth Sound and its estuaries are now over 10 years old, were typically of short duration, and covered limited geographical areas and ranges of contaminants. Recommendations are made which may improve v understanding of the system and assist Regulatory Authorities in their statutory responsibilities to ensure the favourable condition of the site and its features. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.....................................................................................v 3. REFERENCE LISTS AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION...............................1 4. THE SITE: FEATURES AND THREATS.............................................................2 5. STUDIES ON CONTAMINANTS.......................................................................11 5.1 Toxic Contaminants...........................................................................................11 5.1.1. Metals.......................................................................................................11 5.1.2. TBT..........................................................................................................28 5.1.3. Hydrocarbons (Oil, Petrochemicals, PAHs) ............................................45 5.1.4. Pesticides, Herbicides And Endocrine Disruption...................................50 5.1.5 Radionuclides...........................................................................................63 5.2 Non-Toxic Contaminants...................................................................................65 5.2.1 Organic enrichment..................................................................................65 5.2.2 Nutrients...................................................................................................67 5.2.3 Chlorophyll a ...........................................................................................72 5.2.4 Turbidity and siltation..............................................................................72 5.2.5 Dissolved oxygen (DO) ...........................................................................73 6. STUDIES ON BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES.................................................75 7. WATER STATUS AND QUALITY STANDARDS ...........................................91 7.1 Toxic contaminants............................................................................................91 7.1.1 Metals......................................................................................................91 7.1.2 Organotins..............................................................................................102 7.1.3 Pesticides and Herbicides ......................................................................106 7.1.4 PCBs ......................................................................................................110 7.1.5 Hydrocarbons (Oil, PAHs)....................................................................110 7.2 Non-Toxic Contaminants.............................................................................112 7.2.1 Nutrient Quality Criteria........................................................................112 7.2.2 Phosphate .............................................................................................117 7.2.3 Nitrate ...................................................................................................120 7.2.4 Ammonia................................................................................................123 vii 7.2.5 Dissolved Oxygen ................................................................................128 7.2.6 Chlorophyll a
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