10120981 1 Air Quality Management Review
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University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk 04 University of Plymouth Research Theses 01 Research Theses Main Collection 2018 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT REVIEW: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE STUDY OF LOCAL AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (UK) Shenton, Amanda http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/12827 University of Plymouth All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. Student Number: 10120981 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT REVIEW: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE STUDY OF LOCAL AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (UK) By AMANDA SHENTON A thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth in partial fulfilment for the degree of Research Masters through the School of Nursing & Midwifery May 2018 1 Student Number: 10120981 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author's prior consent. 2 Student Number: 10120981 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to my supervisors Professor Janet Richardson, Doctor John Rieuwerts and the University of Plymouth, without their understanding, continued support and wealth of knowledge this paper wouldn’t have ever been finished. I owe a debt of gratitude to the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health in supporting this research project and NBCUniversal in encouraging my further education, most pertinently Lee Dunworth. To my Mum and Dad, thank you for letting me talk at you and your unbreakable belief in my abilities. Daniel Wall, thank you for ensuring I ate and solving all life’s problems along the way. 3 Student Number: 10120981 AURTHOR’S DECLARATION At no time during the registration for the degree of Research Masters through the School of Nursing and Midwifery has the author been registered for any other University award without prior agreement of the Doctoral College Quality Sub- Committee. Work submitted for this research degree at the University of Plymouth has not formed part of any other degree either at the University of Plymouth or at another establishment. This study was financed with the aid of a studentship from the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health. Word count of main body of thesis: 23,761 Author’s signature: Date: 22/06/2018 4 Student Number: 10120981 ABSTRACT Shenton. A AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT REVIEW: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE STUDY OF LOCAL AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (UK) Advancements in the scientific understanding in the associated health implications of air pollution, coupled with raised public awareness and media coverage has brought this ever evolving public and environmental health issue into the forefront of society’s agenda, within the UK. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact the current Local Air Quality Management framework has had at reducing air pollution. The research project was designed in two phases: The initial structured literature search and review appraised the current body of knowledge in this area, developed an understanding of the known successes and shortfalls of Local Air Quality Management and highlighted areas were further understanding was required. The second phases built upon the established comprehension of Local Air Quality Management by apprising generalised theories against a local authority’s implementation, highlighting unseen influential factors and providing a quantitative analysis of empirical data to evaluate the impact this management system has had upon air pollution. 5 Student Number: 10120981 The conclusion outlines key factors for consideration moving forward in the changing political climate and mounting public health burden this intangible toxin presents to the UK’s future wellbeing. LIST OF CONTENT Contents Chapter 1 Air Quality & Local Air Quality Management in Context ............................... 23 Chapter 2 Air Quality Management review: Systematic Literature Review of Local Air Quality Management in the United Kingdom (UK) .......................................................... 20 2.0. Aim .............................................................................................................................. 21 2.1. Search and Appraisal Methods ................................................................................. 21 2.2. Search Terms ............................................................................................................. 21 2.3. Additional search ....................................................................................................... 22 2.4. Filtering ....................................................................................................................... 22 2.5. Inclusion Criteria ........................................................................................................ 22 2.5.1. Type of study attributes ...................................................................................... 22 2.5.2. Type of study (exclusion) criteria ....................................................................... 23 2.6. Findings ...................................................................................................................... 23 3.0. Management ............................................................................................................... 53 3.1. Politics: Conflicts and Competing Interests ............................................................ 57 3.2. Air Quality Objectives/Standards .............................................................................. 58 3.3. Consultation Process ................................................................................................ 60 3.4. Intergovernmental Communication .......................................................................... 61 3.5. Public Communication .............................................................................................. 62 3.6. Air Quality Action Plans ............................................................................................ 63 3.7. Ozone (O3) - Climate Change ..................................................................................... 64 3.8. European Union (EU) ................................................................................................. 66 4.0. Discussion .................................................................................................................. 67 5.0. Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 68 6.0. Future Research ......................................................................................................... 68 Chapter 3 Case Study of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) in the UK ................. 69 7.0. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 70 8.0. Research Question ................................................................................................. 71 8.1. Aim .......................................................................................................................... 71 8.2. Objectives ............................................................................................................... 71 8.3. Philosophical Perspective ..................................................................................... 71 6 Student Number: 10120981 8.4. Methodology ........................................................................................................... 72 8.5. Data Source ............................................................................................................ 74 8.6. Data type ................................................................................................................. 74 8.7. Documentary Analysis ........................................................................................... 75 8.8. Quantitative data .................................................................................................... 76 8.9. Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................. 76 8.10. Description of location for the case study .......................................................... 79 9.0. Documentation ....................................................................................................... 81 Findings: Documentary Analysis of Plymouth City Council Reports ........................ 82 Monitoring ...................................................................................................................... 82 9.3. Consultation - Communication .............................................................................. 88 9.4. Benzene (C6H6) ........................................................................................................ 89 9.5. Particulate Matter (PM) Background Levels & Hotspots ...................................... 93 9.7. Planning Developments ........................................................................................