THE AMERICAN 2 O c • MA

MAGAZINELEGIO

Brief History 8DAGK MEDICINES America

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THE UNTAPPED MINERAL WEALTH OF THE SEA BOTTOMS • SHOULD THE PANAMA CANAL BE PLACED UNDER INTERNATIONAL SUPERVISION ? • WHY DO PEACE AND PROSPERITY ELUDE BLACK ? ONE WEEKEND A MONTH THEY STILL TALK ABOUT THE GINZA AT THE 411TH. An £^6 with over 4 years can pick up $73.36 (less tax) for a weekend with us. And that adds up to more than $1,000 (less tax) a year count- ing summer camp. But we offer something else you just can't measure in dollars and cents. A chance to talk over the good old times with guys who were there. Guys who know the great duty stations of the world, the great leave towns. Guys who appreciate how hard you worked to get those stripes. Because they remember how hard they worked to get theirs. We think you deserve a lot of appreciation for what you've done for your country.

And you'll get it with us. Appreciation and respect. See for yourself. Before you join, drop by your local Reserve Center some weekend, meet the guys, swap a few stories and reminisce. Ask about the new PX privileges Reservists now can get every meeting day. You'll have plenty to talk about. THEARMY RESERVE. ITEWSTO GOJOAEETINGS.

Interested in more information? Write:

Army Reserve Opportunities P.O. Box 6834 , Pa. 19132 a : : ;:,

THE AMERICAN

MARCH 1975 Volume 98, Number 3 National Commander LEGION James M. Wagonseller CHANGE OF ADDRESS MAGAZINE MARCH 1975 Subscribers, please notify Circulation Dept., P. O. Box 1954, Indianapolis, Ind. 46206 using Form 3578 which is available at your local post office. Attach old address label and give old and new addresses with ZIP Code number and current membership card num- ber. Also, notify your Post Adjutant or other officer charged with such responsibilities. Table of Confenfs The American Legion Magazine Editorial & Advertising Offices 1343 Avenue of the Americas New York, New York 10019 Publisher, James F. O'Neil Brief History of QUACK MEDICINES IN AMERICA . . . A Editor BY PEGGY ROBBINS Robert B. Pitkin look at the "pretenders to medical skills" who sold our Assistant to Publisher A John Andreola people cure-alls just about every affliction, for human Art Editor real or imaginary, with little restraint until 1906. Walter H. Boll Assistant Editor James S. Swartz Associate Editor SHOULD THE PANAMA CANAL BE PLACED UNDER Roy Miller Production Manager INTERNATIONAL SUPERVISION? 12 Art Bretzfield Two Sides Of A National Question Copy Editor Grail S. Hanford pro: rep. DONALD M. FRASER (D-MINN.) Editorial Specialist con: rep. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI (R-ILL.) Irene Christodoulou Circulation Manager Dean B. Nelson Indianapolis, Ind. WHY DO PEACE AND PROSPERITY ELUDE Advertising Sales Robert Redden Associates, Inc. BLACK AFRICA? 16 P. O. Box 999 BY THOMAS A. HOGE Teaneck, N.J. 07666 201-837-5511 A review of the circumstances and conflicts that have frustrated the ambitions and hopes expressed by 37 former The American Legion African colonies when they achieved independence Magazine Commission

in the years since 1957. Benjamin B. Truslcoski, Bristol, Conn. (Chairman): Milford A. Forrester, Green-

ville, S.C. (Vice Chairman) ; James R. Kel- ley, Radnor, Pa. (National Commander's

Representative) ; Billy Anderson, Miami, Fla.;

Lang Armstrong. Spokane, Wash ; Norman THE UNTAPPED MINERAL WEALTH OF THE . Biebel, Belleville, III.; Adolph Bremer, SEA BOTTOMS 20 fl inona, Minn. ; B. C. Connel ly, H anting-

ton, . BY HARVEY ARDMAN W Va. ; Andrew J. , Gulf Shores, Ala.; Raymond Fields, Oklahoma A group of minerals, vitally important to all the world's City, Ohio,; Cliris Hernandez, Savannah, Ga.; James V. Kissncr, Palatine, III.; Russell H. nations, lie untouched in limitless supply on the oceans' Laird, Des Moines, Iowa: Henry S. Lemay

bottoms. To date, thanks to international bickering, Lancaster, Ohio ; Loyd McDermott. Benton, little has been done to harvest them. Ark.; Morris Meyer. Starkville, Miss.; J. H. Morris, Baton Rouge, La.: Robert F. Mur-

phy, Chelmsford, Mass. ; Frank W. Nay lor,

Jr.. Kansas City, Kans. ; Harry H. Schaffer,

Pittsburgh, Pa. ; George Sinopoli. Fresno,

Calif. ; Wayne L. Talbert. Delphi, Ind. A LIST OF VETERANS WHO OWN UNCLAIMED Frank C. Love, Syracuse, N.Y. (Consultant), "E" BONDS 51 Edward McSweeney. New York, N.Y. (Con- sultant) .

The American Legion Magazine is owned and published monthly by The American Legion. Copyright 1975 The American Legion. COVER: DRAWING BY BOG CLARKE by Second class ])ostage paid at Indianapolis, Ind., 46204 and additional mailing offices. Price: single cojiy. 20 cents; yearly sub- scription, $2.00. Direct inquiries regarding Deparfmenfs circulation to: Circulation Department, P. 0. Box 1954, Indianapolis, Ind. 46206.

A LOOK AT OUR MAIL 4 DATELINE WASHINGTON 34 Send editorial and advertising material to The American Legion Magazine. 1345 Avenue LIFE IN THE OUTDOORS 24 PERSONAL 36 of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10019. VETERANS NEWSLETTER 25 LEGION SHOPPER 53 NEWS OF THE AMERICAN LEGION 27 PARTING SHOTS 54 NON-MEMBER SUBSCRIPTIONS Send name and address, including ZIP number, with $2 check or money order to Circulation Dept., P.O. Box 1954, Monuscripts, artwork, cartoons submitted for considerotion will not be returned unless a self-ad- Indianapolis, Ind. 46206. dressed, stamped envelope is included. This magazine assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material. POSTMASTER If undeliverable, please send Form 3579 to P. O. Box 1954, Indianapolis, Ind. 46206.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 — )

A letter from MSgt James T. Dens- ford advises that a 50th anniversary history book of the 111th Fighter In- A LOOK AT OUR MAIL terceptor Squadron, Texas Air Nat'l Guard, entitled "111th Squadron 1923- 1973," and subtitled "From Jennies to Jets" is available for $15 by writing to have a touching letter of grati- find by other means, if at all. We "Other him at Hq. 147th Fighter Interceptor tude to the Legion from a veteran's means" includes us. Maybe you didn't Group, Texas Air Nat'l Guard, Elling- wife in Pennsylvania who shall be notice that in our January issue 1975 ton AFB, Texas 77030. nameless here. Her husband had suf- we ran 92 last names and serial num- fered a serious psychiatric disability bers of missing bond owners. get We A letter from the Australian Tour- after WW2, and received private the names the VA can't get results ist Commission contains further de- treatment. Ten years after he was dis- with. In February, we ran 320 more. tails on the assembly of war veterans charged from care and sent home, still Starting on page 51 of this issue, we from all over the world in Sydney in bad condition, she first discovered publish 368 more names and serial next August 11-16, to commemorate that he was entitled to VA care and numbers. the 30th anniversary of the end of compensation, as his disability was WW2. service connected. "I didn't even un- As space allows, we expect to keep Australia's major veterans' organi- derstand that there was such a thing running them, if you'll keep looking. zation, the Returned Services League as the Veterans Administration and If you run your eye over these lists as of Australia, is sponsoring the event, compensation until one of your men they appear, see if you spot a name "to enable veterans from all theaters came here and signed him in The something like yours with your ser- of war to get to know each other in American Legion, and the magazine vice serial number after it. We are relaxed and enjoyable surroundings." started coming. sure that a lot of the names are prob- There will be a program of social "Had it not been for your magazine, ably spelled a little wrong, what with events and sightseeing, with hospital- which I started to read, we would bad handwriting and a host of clerks ity by individual R.S.L. clubs. A high- relief rolls," she said. have been on they've been run through over the light will be "an informal outdoor From the Veterans Newsletter in this years. If your name is Shanahan, and Australiana Day where veterans and magazine she first learned of her hus- you see "Shanaman" followed by your their guests will see displays of sheep band's entitlement and what to apply old serial number, take a chance that shearing, parades of Australian wool for. The compensation saved them maybe it is you and write in, following fashions, boomerang throwing, from abject poverty in which "we the directions. Even if it isn't you, chopping contests, etc. chicken backs at 5(i per pound lived on they can't bite you. "There will be a variety concert at and rice and macaroni and what little If it weren't that our costs have Sydney Opera House, an Australian I could earn." gone up so much that we can't afford surf carnival, a cruise in Sydney's har- to print extra pages at $1 a year sub- bor and visits to R.S.L. centers." a result of exchange of let- As an scription per- member, we'd run these These are equivalent to Legion posts. ters with the Treasury Dep't, we are names by the thousands in each issue. The assembly will have a serious running serially, when space permits, As it is, we will just stubbornly keep side, with symposia at which "lead- the names of thousands of veterans running however many we can find a ing personalities" will discuss the for the Treasury Dep't has been whom little space for. Maybe none in some problems of veterans and of war and holding Series Bonds for years E issues and a few hundred in others. peace. Foreign veterans organizations' but it can't find the guys or gals who Dust off your old serial number and representatives will make formal calls own them. keep an eye open. And it would be at the capital in Canberra, and there You just might own some of these great if we heard from somebody that will be a parade of world veterans bonds, have forgotten all about but he'd gotten his bond(s) thanks to our through the streets of Sydney. them. Maybe the Sergeant (or Chief notices. It would sort of make it all The announcement adds that vet- or Colonel or Captain) lined you all up worthwhile. ( Continued on page 50 during a lull in the battle and said: "All right, you guys, we gotta sign you up for allotments for War Bonds." "But sir," you said, "I can't carry these bonds around here in the Battle of the Bulge (or Pusan or Leyte Gulf or Omaha Beach or whatever)." "Not to worry," said the old Sarge (or Chief or Colonel or Captain). "Uncle will hold them for you. Just send the Treasury your address when you get home. Sign right here, Mac." Well, dear reader, there are some- thing like 87,000 war veterans who bought bonds, had the Treasury hold them, then didn't claim them when they got home, if they got home. The Treasury still has their bonds (and cash for them) and it doesn't know who or where the owners are. This goes all the way back to 1941. We suppose a lot of the missing bond- holders are dead, while more are alive and kicking but just didn't remember. Or they remembered but didn't know who to write to, to get their bonds. The Treasury told us that the Vet- "Look Ma, we're treading water!" erans Administration can help it find perhaps 47,600 of the missing, and the THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE VA is trying. That leaves 39,400 to

4 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 **When we foundout what AARPdid forpeople over S3, my wife didn't mind telling her age"

"After a friend of ours told us about AARP, I said to my luife, 'Irma, everybody's having fun but us.' So I clipped out a coupon, just like the one on this page. And got our AARP memberships. I ivish lue had done it 5 years earlier." What's AARP? (irma and Peter McNulty AARP is the American Association of Retired Persons. A non-i3rofit association of All you have to be is or over. more than 6 million jDeople. Rich people. 55 Poor people. People on the go. People who We don't care who you are, where you live, like to stay put. It's one of the few or what you do, if you're 55 or over you can organizations that offers you the opportunity be a member of AARP. And find the purpose to give so much of yourself, and at the same and involvement you've been looking for. time provides so many benefits and services. So tell us your age. Because joining AARP is the best way we know to start feeling What does it give? younger. Primarily it gives you the opportunity for a new kind of life. A way to explore new interests. To save money on medicines, travel, auto and health insurance. To Join AARR strengthen the voice of older Americans in federal, state and local government. The new social security But, most of all, it's a way to maintain your for people 55 and over. individuality, and your dignity.

How does AARP work? I American Association of Retired Persons To become enrolled in all you have AARP I 1909 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006 to do is clip and mail this coupon. Your I Gentlemen : I am 55 or over. costs year. it. I membership you $2 a That's Please enroll me as a member of AARP. I under- I stand that it makes me eligible for all AARP What kind of benefits or services? I benefits and privileges. I Enclosed find : $2 (one year dues) Well, there's AARP's travel service. I $5 (3 year dues) Bill me later. There's information about a recommended I Life Insurance Plan and an Auto Insurance I Name Plan designed for mature persons. Eligibility I (Please Print) DCZN I Address. for a Group Health Insurance Plan to help I supplement Medicare. There's a home- I City_ .Birthdate_ delivery pharmacy service. There are over I 1600 local chapters where you can meet new I State. -Zip Code- in I people and get involved community One membership entitles both member and spouse I programs. There's Mature Temps, a service to all AARP benefits and privileges. I to help you get part-time work. You even (Only one member may vote.) I receive subscriptions to Modern Maturity magazine and the AARP News Bulletin. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 ' —

A Brief History of talent for salesmanship, and a ready grasp of human hopes, weaknesses and gullibility. Quackery has a long and success- ful history, for it stands on the firm QUACZ MEDICINES foundation of a powerful fact: Be- lieving that something helps you may make you feel better, even if you are In America actually getting worse. Our early settlers brought with them a well-developed art of quack- ery from England, where royal pat- Until the first Food and Drug Act of 1906, peddlers ents and monopoly privileges had of quack medicines had 200 years of easy pickings. long been granted for all sorts of nostrums. Charles II regularly downed Goddard's Drops (a cure-all By PEGGY ROBBINS quackery, though even today many a bone distillate) for his rheumatism licensed physician will prescribe per- until his death in 1685. IF THERE is something people want, fectly useless concoctions to promote Not long after the American col- there is always someone to sell it a patient's belief that he is being onies were well settled, our own cure- to them. When our country was set- helped. In such cases, an MD may all dealers developed promotional tled there were not many medicines feel that he is doing the right thing techniques never dreamed of by Eu- that were sure cures for anything, for the particular patient. Pure ropean quacks. They were our first though there was a great desire for quackery, on the other hand, is a great advertisers, and a gullible pub- sure cures for everything. The trick, money-making art requiring no lic fell for their "miracles" with en- then, was to sell folks potions which knowledge of medicine, of the pa- thusiasm. It was not until the early they believed would cure their ills. tient, or of his complaint. What it years of the 20th century that there This general field is a part of calls for is a good imagination, a were federal laws to control the con-

SY SEIDMAN AND GRANGER COLLECTIONS

|>iLPWEN*SBODY BATtERY! MAGNETIC FOOT BATTERY- NATURE'S PHOMPT REMEDY." ''''VfflkMAN'N'*"'WOMAN - -:r- IT IS IMPOSSIBLE to overestimn fc^t .at this se^ongf NEW DEPARTURE IN J r" . thlyear We bare Thousands of win C-reJ|£RVgUSDf

K.tdney l>l»e.-»»e«. Pain Mind and & BELTS.1 Affections of the - ^m^csTc.^ $1.00,Sl.OO.Xl .'in ups suit any complaint. The connected directly to the M lusted that by the means of O' can be carried to any part 01 This is the I ease is located. w eearesr nient ever niadeln aoplyinii i o,scomr cure of disease. By removi family can ute the s.tme belt tei-y Belt containing 10 Gal strength, except our Ao. Belt, which co Oalvunlc CelU tlve and neitall rent can be reverb /y ^ > - I. nit a chain, wire. Voitaic. or Pad coniolamis curable^^^^f by ele"i1city or a K tery. It .vill cure all and iswoj rpntran be tented by anyone before ii is applied, to give a Ciirrerit| Six hours clay or i^pht, and guaranteed Ilehl, simple, and superior to ai ZONK, gives prices! SENT FREE! inm iind Aimnte ADDnC F5_ D-'Tho^ias' .ame ;'on{>1 lloarJ

old^ —...... JOHN WILSON GIBBS' Worth its WeIght Sore and Deafi Wllf EjLECTRfCURA thei fReiieve Rheumatism .^'«^r'^C'';:;;:;^r;:::;,:^.^ < Elei ,„e o„„ „.«..s„.. rain e battecf in the heol of one s seei and npfalive battery id the other keep s rentle curr.^.. IT DONE 'lertriiMty (lowing through tlie x>dy WHAT HAS ho a. tou< looras they are on the wearer', feet. Rheiiniali >nd neuralpic pain, are quickly relieved Nev r It worn lejularly. permanent relief i. certain Jehavethemin suBy leathers and>nd rtylejformenstTle^ for or «mn,0n Pri..A a*, ;j WHAT IT WILL DO. fail! men or women. Price. t5 00. einrex Dreoaid Croup i' aiie. • -• Sand • Ear .tyleand width when orderinr. Writa for free— illustrated" ' Iwoklet.- nee as TWt " CLtCTRICUIIA • cure an IT POSITIVELY CURE Vlg. WILL Vita « in-

6 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 - —

testimonials to his remarkable effec- tent, labeling and claims of medicines testimonials from folks who had been and so-called healing devices. Before "cured," which were read aloud to tiveness. asset to the exploit- then, quacks could make any claims the large numbers of customers who An enormous in America they wished—and they ran wild. could not read. ers of patent medicines In the early days, none of them Among their wares were "sym- was the development of newspaper periodical advertising. In the claimed to be a doctor. Everyone pathy powders" for healing cuts. and knew there were hardly any trained Such powders would work faster if Almanac as early as 1692 physicians in America. The people some were dusted on the instrument there was an announcement about depended for their best medical ad- which caused the wound, and it was "That Excellent Antidote against all anti vice on the most learned of their touched to the cut again. This, of Manner of Gripings called Aqua countrymen, no matter their field of course, was the invocation of magic torminales, which if timely taken, it learning. In the struggling new set- —the oldest "medicine" of all. not only cures the Griping of the tlements, most learned men were There were "secret" Indian herb Guts, and the Wind Cholick ; but pre- woeful Distemper of preachers. Samuel Fuller, who ar- and root cure-alls ; there were licorice venteth that rived on the Mayflower, was so busy extracts for coughs; snuffs for head- the Dry Belly Ach. Sold by Benj at London-Coffee House caring for the ill that he was pressed aches, and an array of "tonics" which Harris the for time to attend to his church were nothing more than sweetened, in Boston." A Latin name was as to duties. His wife helped out by serv- flavored, colored spring water. good as an Indian name promote ing as a midwife. A most ingenious and "honest" cures, even if the medicine were molasses and alcohol. But it wasn't long before a crop of tonic was one guaranteed to see that branch water, itinerant medicine men appeared on a baby soon to be born would be a Not until the late 1940' s was an the scene. No, they were not doctors, boy. It was sold with a money-back effective medication for pulmonary early in but what they had to sell had been guarantee. Every customer swore by tuberculosis discovered. But the century "sure and positive" they said—brewed by very learned it, for if a girl were born, the peddler 18th doctors. They carried copperplate cheerfully refunded the purchase cures for consumption (as TB was Certificates of Genuineness signed by price, while if a son were born (as commonly called) were first adver- the "doctors" who had prepared their was the case just about half the tised. One of the earliest was called formulas. And they carried glowing time) he got gratitude and sworn "Tuscarora Rice." Consumption was

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every reader * : 1 how you can

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: i afflicted with

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THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 J CONTINUED Prior to that time, the only means of great quack." Dr. Perkins was a A brief history of training doctors who could not afford highly regarded physician and sur- to go abroad to study was a system geon—until his claim that the cure of Quack Medicines in America under which a lad was apprenticed disease lay in the proper use of metal to an established doctor for from rods to draw sickness from the body the most feared disease in the United four to seven years. It did make rea- was proven false. In 1796, he was States for 12 to 15 decades, during sonably competent doctors of the few granted a patent for what he called which an endless stream of "sure, who were apprenticed to fine tutors. "Perkins' Metallic Tractors," along positive and proven" cures for it as- In fact, the level of medical training with the exclusive right for 17 years sailed the public. Editors so w^el- was higher as the new United States to manufacture them. The tractors, comed the paid ads for those and ended the 18th century than it was which Perkins made himself in a fur- other nostrums that they published a few decades later, when the ap- nace secreted somewhere in his here and there in the news columns, prentice system had been abandoned house, were sold in "sets," each con- without extra charge, the so-called and proprietary schools were spring- sisting of two metal rods three "reading notices" (or fake news sto- ing up all over the country. Grad- inches long. One rod was supposed ries) supplied by their patent-medi- uates of the few fine medical centers to be an alloy of copper, zinc and cine advertisers. Such a notice told, that developed were limited in num- gold, and the other of iron, silver usually in gruesome detail, how a ber compared to the sea of practi- and platinum, but there is some particular concoction had restored to tioners who poured from some 400 question as to whether either con- health some pain-racked soul on the "quick-course" institutions. tained precious metal. Rubbed, one brink of death. By 1880, doctors' diplomas were after the other, over the diseased In the 1730's, publications in all being issued by "diploma mills," portion of the body, the rods would the Colonial population centers car- which did not make a pretense of "pull out the ailment"—any ail- ried ads for Dr. Bateman's Pectoral requiring, or even offering, instruc- ment. Directions for their use, fur- Drops, a widely used medicine for tion of any kind. Their basic equip- nished by Dr. Perkins, varied some- consumption. An announcement in ment was the printing press. The what for each malady. the New York Weekly Journal in diploma-mill industry was a perfectly The Metallic Tractors and their 1733 explained that Dr. Bateman's legal enterprise. The medical degrees creator were a public sensation marvelous cure was "An Abstract of issued were within the means of even within weeks. Perkins worked day the Patent Granted by His Majesty the poorest quacks. One of the busi- and night making rods to fill the King George." It is believed that such est of the diploma-mill businesses in demand, and his customers included royal patents in Colonial days fos- the 1890s, a Michigan operation that George Washington, congressmen, tered the wide American use of the called itself a hospital although it judges, ministers, and three distin- word "patent" as applied to medi- never had,a patient, sold a "heavy guished university professors who cines. It is a term which has for Royal Linen Paper Diploma" for $5, gave testimonials of cures by "trac- nearly two centuries been generally an "Imitation Parchment" job for toration." While Perkins attended to misinterpreted to mean that the rem- $7.50 and a "Genuine Sheepskin his thriving business in America, edy has been approved by the United Document" for $10. his son Benjamin went to England States Patent Office. Few had any The absence of legal regulations in and made a fortune selling Metallic more legal status than registered all fields of medical treatment and Tractors. names and trademarks. medical advertising gave free rein to But the Connecticut Medical So- Long before the American Revolu- the most ruthless commercialism by ciety, of which Dr. Perkins had been tion, the quacks were calling them- a great number of quacks and frauds one of the founders, was displeased selves "doctors." In 1775, there were who made the 19th century in the with him. The tractors were, of an estimated 3,500 so-called physi- United States a golden age of quack- course, "faith medicine." After cians in this country, but only 400 ery. some of the members secretly made of them held university medical de- Dr. Elisha Perkins, of Norwich, dummy tractors of wood and dem- grees. The first medical school had Conn., has been called by medical onstrated that they were just as ef- been opened in Philadelphia in 1765. historians "America's first really fective as Perkins' metal rods, the CULVER PICTURES Society expelled him as "a patentee and user of nostrums." In a few THE GRANGER COLLECTION years the tractoration fad died out. "Magnetism cures" by "animal Mr. and Mrs. SNOW. electricity" generated through the

I. ELIZABETH SNOW, of Plainfield, in the use of galvanic devices, however, Rate of Conne6ljcut, certify that in the, month of had only begun. The widening field June, 1795, I was forely a(Bi£led with pains in the ancles, which had fc. '.lcd there after a fcvere fit of included galvanic bracelets, neck- Ccknefs, and had troubled me to fuch a degree that I laces, rings and belts, "ideal" for re- became very weak and emaciated. In this unhappy fituation I continued about three months, until in tlic lieving all bodily pain, restoring month and year above-mentioned, I applied to Doflor sexual vigor and increasing lon- Elilha Perkins who vifitcd me and operated on the pained part of my ancles, with his Metallic Inflru- gevity. One imaginative quack did ments. Immediately the pain ceafcd and has never well with a "galvanic fluid proven Cncc returned. I am peruiaded a radical cure was at that time eSe£led. perfect to cure all nervous diseases." ELIZABETH SNOW. As time passed, there were "stretch- Plainfield, Augujl 3, 1796. ing devices" for increasing height, scalp 1 the fubfcriber, fully concur with my V fe, in the suction pumps for the which above natement of faiit, produced "a luxuriant growth of ABRAHAM SNOAV. hair in ninety days," and other gim- micks with which the ailing were encouraged to shake, pound and A caricature of Dr. Elisha Perkins (a real doctor) using his "metallic tractors," wire themselves into radiant good a one-time international "cure-all." Inset, a testimonial for the good doctor.

8 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 THE BETTMAN ARCHIVE health. None of these products be- came such a national fad as had Dr. Perkins' Metallic Tractors, but they gulled a lot of people, and put a lot of money in swindlers' pockets. Throughout the 19th century, liniments, salves, oils, sarsaparillas, celeries and tonics were sensational- ly advertised on barns and fences as well as in pubUcations. A surprising number of them were cure-alls sold for use "both internally and ex- ternally and by horses, oxen, mules and dogs as well as people." A few. Doc Hashalew's Elixir of Life among them, "guaranteed" that no illness of any nature, "Including Secret Problems of Men," were be- yond their healing and corrective power. But some, such as "The Doctors' Formula For Sprains and Head-Aches," had a more specific purpose. There were several brands of pills which promised only to RESTORE MANHOOD. Dr. Motts' Pills included a written guarantee, Candid photo of a "medicine man" peddling his wares in Tennessee in 1945. with each $5 purchase of six boxes, to perform this service. Dr. Mott in- cluded in his ads before-and-after pictures of his customers. The beam- FIFTH YEAR IMMENSE SUCCESS ing faces of the gentlemen after OP THE taking, in contrast to their woebe- Kickapoo Man Medicine Company,

HEALY & BIGELOW, Agents.

For the Summer fteafon i DE Iniltan medicine CBmpa, each party to

toft. > India ! luHii In tlieir iraitn. cuatoma and )ihbil,< In the Far %eat. Thr«e €nn claas apeclalty perfu It ileiiend on niiwlc for iheir act; one able and convinclntt medlclDe talker or lecuirar aa manfl flCh partv. The otitllt to conaiat of alx Indian tepeea or wlKmama lart'e twentv mot portftt>[e-co CP. (ialeal Patent H<'ai;on Lljriila. Balloon aHcenalona every day antj flre«ork» at nlK'it. The ki dvartiainjl attraction in tlio world, $ltlU,«)U capluil Inveated, The whole coniiminity for mttea t to viMt yiir utriiuine Indian caiuiia or trlllajtea tu buy Indian tj«Ji»a, iDdiuD Oil, Indian Worm ki Kicl>iipoo Hullatii salve. Doctura and performera of tiX|>6rlence In the

above line can altraya Unil nIi ( tiie year round witli ua; alao oerforntera who can work out iif diaira lit Iree ojieu air ciiterlainiu make ihetnaelrea (teoeralty oaef^l, eau tlnd ateatly

employ meol at good Mtlury. Honeaty and aobrietj demanded I all. Address JOHN E. HEALY, 87 West street, New York City.

Above and at left, some of the hoopla of the greatest medicine show of them all, the Kickapoo Indian Medicine Co. Its road shows entertained, "medicated" millions.

gone looks before, made the power mustard and cloves but also ether, of Dr. Motts' Pills so dramatic that opium and alcohol. "before-and-after" became a stand- The ad for a popular salve. Dr. ard sales gimmick for countless prod- Trask's Magnetic Ointment, listed ucts. 33 maladies and an "Etc.," including Best sellers in the liniment line Ear-Ache, Cholera, Baldness and included Dr. Steers' Chemical Hemorrhoids, for which it was "es- Opodeldoc, a medical marvel that pecially efficacious in curing." Typ- was "remarkably pleasant to ical of the oils were Renne's Pain-

smell" ; Whitwell's Chemical Em- Killing MAGIC Oil, which was "The brocation, which contained "the World's Great Destroyer of Pain," three most important articles in the and Dr. Hoofland's Greek Oil, which, entire circle of medicine"; and Wol- applied externally, effected "light- cott's Pain . Then there was ning cure" for everything from H ^Jtlade from Buffalo Tallow, conibiiietl with, Mexican Mustang Liniment, "Best Toothache to Ringworms, and, taken o UealiDg Herbs and Barks. for Man and Beast, Penetrates Mus- internally, rectified, also lightning- U if & perfect 0tll6.ali in Sltin DiaeAfleH—for tile various forms of cle Fibre to the Bone, Tetter, dry, Bcaly. moiflt or itchy, for Krysipelasi, recent and Cures fast, 26 unhealthy conditions and j

or cbroDio ; Pimples or Blochcs the on r.icc, i Swinney, Saddle and Harness Sores "etc., etc., etc.," varying from Kid-

Scald Head» Barber's Itch, and all annoyiDg, I in Horses and Mules, Cures Piles, ney Complaints to Asthma. Dr. nnrigfatiy empUoDa of the skin ; also, paiofal aoft j Corns, and Burns an

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 9 CONTINUED The first Patent Medicine King in could hold an audience spellbound A brief history of the United States seems to have just with the story of his ability to been Thomas W. Dyott, of Philadel- "make all sorrow and tears and pain Quack Medicines in America phia. Dyott, tired of manufacturing disappear forever," a tale he em- compounds, some were "perfect lax- liquid shoeblacking in the basement phasized by tosses of his long, silky atives," some "nerve soothers," and of the boarding house in which he hair, which fell gracefully about his all were supposed to "Cleanse the rented a room, gave himself the title shoulders and down his back in Blood and Make the Weak Strong." "Doctor" on the strength of the fact great curls. But most traveling medi- Munyon's Blood Cure, a popular that he'd once been a druggist's ap- cine shows were group operations. remedy for years, which was even- prentice in London, and started By 1875, there were several hun- tually analyzed and found to con- making medicines. About 1835, he dred of these outfits, with perfor- tain nothing but water and sugar, was at the height of his career, with mances varying from a combination was advertised as a "positive cure a line of Family Remedies which in- of magic tricks and medicine pitch for all forms of Scrofula, Erysipelas, cluded 13 patent medicines he sold presented in the open back of a Salt Rheum, Eczema, Pimples, in a drugstore he opened in Phil- rickety wagon to elaborate and Syphilitic Affections, Mercurial adelphia and in wholesale lots to talented med-shows. Among the Taints, Blotches, Liver Spots, Teeter traveling quacks all over the coun- largest during the last three decades and all skin diseases." try. He even made his own bottles in of the 19th century and into the There were Sulphur Bitters, The the shapes of trees, flags, and the 20th was the Kickapoo Indian Medi- Great German Remedy; Magic likenesses of well-known people, in- cine Company, which called itself Swamp Oil; Chinese Life Pills; cluding Dr. Dyott himself. He also "The King of Road Shows." Founded Gargling Oil to "keep blood in good founded an unchartered bank, which in the East by two veteran troupers, order" ; Clover Blossom Extract failed in 1836. Found guilty of fraud John E. "Doc" Healy and Charles Blood Purifier and several brands of in his banking operations, he was H. "Texas Charlie" Bigelow, the Love Powders. One ingenious medi- sent to the penitentiary. Released Kickapoo Company for many years

BLACK STAR CULVER PICTURES

FRAUD THE GREAT AMERICAN THE GREAT AMERICAN FRAUD : THE GREAT AMERICAN FRAUD

SAMUEL HOPKINS ADAMS By SAMUEL HOPKINS ADAMS

Samuel Hopkins Adams and three of his Collier's Magazine series in 1905-06 that led to the first nat'l food and drug laws. cine man made and sold variously from prison at the age of 67, he maintained in New Haven, Conn., a shaped and sized bandages loaded went back to making cure-alls, and large headquarters building called with his worthless "Healing Mix- had acquired considerable wealth by "The Principal Wigwam," from tures." Another did well with "Liver the time he died at 90, after being, which it sent shows, sometimes 20 Pads" fashioned from gauze, pepper himself, for some years the best at a time, throughout the country. and . testimonial for his wares. Doc Healy was in charge of hiring One cancer quack claimed he Since quackery was pure sales- Indians and white performers—jug- could diagnose cancer from a speci- manship, what you needed on the glers, acrobats, dancers, musicians, men of urine sent him through the road was a crowd. Free entertain- comedians—and Texas Charlie man- mail—a procedure precedent to the ment can always draw a crowd. So aged the medicine business and the sale of his cancer cure. This "doctor" there developed the traveling medi- "Doctors" or "Professors" who gave was finally put out of business by cine show as a vital part of the "Medical Lectures." postal inspectors who sent him a nostrum industry. The costumes of the members of "specimen" of weak tea and got a In the years just after the Civil all medicine shows were distinctive. quick reply with the sad report that War, a few panacea peddlers who The Indians in the cast were loaded "the patient has cancer of the kid- could perform feats of strength, jug- down with beads and feathers of all ney and liver." Patients who relied gling and the like, traveled alone, kinds and colors, and trailed weap- on quack-cures for cancer and other usually on horseback. They con- ons and furs and strings of uniden- progressive diseases were often be- cocted their remedies on the road, tified hairy objects about as they yond help by the time they sought as needed. Some, like "Doc Mc- moved. Some of the lecturers wore professional care. Bride, The Great King of Pain," high silk hats, frock coats and fancy

10 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 medicines were made at the Kick- apoo factory in Connecticut in vats so huge the mixers had to stand on ladders and wield long paddles. The leading product of the Kickapoo line was "Sagwa, the wonderful remedy for catarrh, pulmonary consump- tion, and all of the ills that afflict the human body. It is made from roots, barks, gums, leaves, oils and berries gathered by little Kickapoo children from God's great labora- tory—the fertile fields and vast forests. Sagwa, Nature's own great secret cure, now available to all mankind!" (At 500 and $1 the bot- tle.) Dr. C. M. Townsend, sole proprie- tor of the Wizard Oil Company of Lima, Ohio, spent the winters bot- tling his cure-all Wizard Oil, his Cholera Balm, and his King of Cough Cures. When spring came, his company hit the road in a caravan of sturdy, gaudily painted wagons to tour the Midwest. As the wagons approached a village, the chief musician announced their arrival with a couple of loud blasts on a shirts. Others wore tight western- and opera houses in winter. On coaching horn and the musicians style leather clothes and shiny boots some nights the show was free to formed ranks and noisily led the with silver-capped toes. The most all, on others a fee of 100 was procession into town. colorful member of the Kickapoo charged each adult. The big money Dr. Townsend gave two lectures group was Ned T. Oliver, a spieler came from the medicine sales. And each day. As he extolled the virtues known as "Nevada Ned, the King of it was a very lucrative business. of his products a performer drew Gold." He wore a huge sombrero There were many wonder-work- cartoons and sketches on a black- from the brim of which dangled 100 ing Kickapoo remedies, all "com- board. For several seasons, the art- gold coins, and a splendid suit, the pounded according to secret ancient ist, who also played bass drum in coat, vest and cuffs of which were Kickapoo Indian tribal formulas" the band and gave poetry readings loaded with buttons made of gold from "blood root, feverwort, wild and played the violin as part of the pieces. poke berries, sassafras, slippery , show, was the future Hoosier poet, The Kickapoo shows operated in wintergreen, white bark, yellow James Whitcomb Riley. tented "Kickapoo Camps" during bark, dock root, sarsaparilla, Eugene Field, the versifier and summer months and in town halls and other Natural Products." The pioneer American newspaper col- umnist, was also in his youth a member of a traveling medicine show, and according to the Dictionary of American Biography, the father of the first John D. Rockefeller gave up farming to sell patent medicines. As the 20th century got under way the panacea peddlers were at peak operation. Joining the scene were several female "doctors" and a few man-and-wife teams, some of whom offered cures either by mail or in their own offices. In 1906, one of the leading man-and-wife quack teams was "Dr. and Mrs. D. Chamlee," who advertised their can- cer cure as "The Greatest Discovery and Wonder of the World, Without Knife or Pain." Mrs. Violet Blossom, sometimes called "The Queen of Female Pitch Doctors," began her career as "A Chinese Girl Named Lotus Blossom." As such, she sold two products. One was Tiger Fat, a salve for "eczema, ringworm, sores, burns, rheumatism, Doc Pierce, about 1903, used an electric auto to sell his Pleasant Pellets. (Continued on page JfO)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 H .

Opposing Views by Congressmen on The Question . . SHOULD THE PANAMA CANAL BE

"YES" WHENEVER we considcr the Panama Canal, we Perhaps a bilateral must never forget what United States interests treaty arrangement with require. Panama satisfactory to First, we want the canal to be open continuously the United States is pos- —to ships of all nations, but especially to those ships sible. This apparently is essential to our defense and our economy. the hope behind present Second, we want the canal to be operated effi- U.S. policy. But I believe ciently and economically. internationalization is a The interesting thing is that the international more attractive alterna- community has the same concerns as the United tive, recognizing that the 1^ States: an open canal, effectively operated. Panamanians are not To date, however, the future of the Panama Canal going to be enthusiastic Rep. Donald M. Fraser has been primarily the subject of an intramural about internationaliza- (D-Minn.) controversy between the United States and Pana- tion. ma. Neither of these nations has been elected by Placing this controversy in an international con- anyone to be trustee for a world-wide interest in text will highlight the real interests of the world this vital link between the Atlantic and Pacific community in the canal. This will deny Panama the Oceans. The United States and Panama have ap- opportunity to exploit the anti-United States ani- pointed themselves as the protectors of the canal, mus that exists among other nations. It is unfortu- and today, these two self-appointed protectors are nate that such an animus does exist, but it does. battling like an estranged couple over an only child. The result of bringing the international community Neither the accident of geography nor a now suspect into the picture would be a stronger treaty, for that treaty ought to determine the future of the canal. community can drive a harder bargain with Panama And while it may seem to be a contradiction, U.S. than can the United States. interests will be more secure if we cease to depend So long as we insist on unilateral control over a only upon our own ability to protect our interests canal in a foreign country we are headed for trou- in the canal. As we discovered in Indochina, no ble. Our choice really lies between turning the country, not even a superpower, can unilaterally canal over to Panama or to the international com- enforce its writ in the face of determined opposi- munity. Thus the choice is clear. tion. This is especially true in the case of a highly vulnerable, man-made waterway with its lock- complex such as the Panama Canal. International supervision of the canal becomes an attractive alternative given the fact that U.S. sovereignty in perpetuity over the canal is no longer possible. We have neither the resources nor the means to operate the canal in the face of determined Panamanian resistance.

Senators know how you feel on If you wish to let your Congressman or one of your

12 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 PLACED UNDER INTERNATIONAL SUPERVISION ?

NTERNATiONAL Supervi- Detractors ignore the fact that Panama receives I I sion of the Panama over half the net profits from the canal and that the Canal would jeopardize U.S. does not take even one dollar from tolls. The a vital element of the remainder after payment of operating expenses and U.S. defense system. The $430,000 of the annual indemnity is plowed back into military importance of the canal for capital improvements. Despite bearing the canal is easily recog- the burden of the expense of operation and mainte- nized when one realizes nance of the canal, the United States is flexible with that the distance around respect to revenue distribution. is several Discussion is already under way concerning the weeks sailing time fur- need to increase the capacity of the canal. It is folly ther than the route across to expect the American taxpayer to support a major Rep. Edward J. Derwinski (R-lll.) the isthmus. Our Navy expenditure for the benefit of all the users of the stresses smaller and fast- canal, without assuring that his government retain er ships, as the Panama Canal is a key in our ability absolute control over its own access to the canal. to maintain mobility. Internationalization would The major user nations, for their own practical serve to confuse and even paralyze the canal's oper- purposes, are satisfied with the current state of ation and maintenance. International supervision affairs and believe that the operation of the canal would not be compatible with efficient administra- is primarily a U.S. responsibility. They are unlikely tion. to wish to be entangled in U.S.-Panamanian rela- The historic political instabilities in Panama are tions. If the opportunity were to arise, the Pana- another reason to avoid internationalization. It is manian government would undoubtedly prefer not known to what extent external powers may continued U.S. operation rather than to go the influence the political forces in that area; however, questionable route of internationalization. we must be assured of access to the canal no matter what the political climate. In the event of an un- favorable atmosphere, internationalization offers no assurance whatsoever of U. S. access to the canal. Since 1914, the United States has faithfully exer- cised its historic responsibilities on behalf of world maritime commerce by ensuring an efficient and secure interoceanic waterway open to the ships of all nations. While the United States continues to ac- cord paramount importance to the interests of world 1 maritime commerce, we consider for the present I have read in The American Legion Magazine for March the arguments in PRO CON: Should Pan- mutually & The such interests can best be protected by a ama Canal Be Placed Under International Supervision? satisfactory bilateral canal relationship between the IN MY OPINION THE ANSWER TO THIS QUESTION IS: United States and Panama. YESQ NOD SIGNED

issue, fill out the "ballot" and mail it to him. ^ ADDRESS TOWN STATE-

You can address any Representative c/o U.S. House of Representatives, Wash- ington, O.C. 20515; any Senator c/o U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C. 20510.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 13

Year of Energy Action

''Hard-hatted"decisions are needed now.

There's good sense under those hard hats. Because the working man keeps his eye on basics. Like holding his job. Keeping his car going. Feeding his kids.

And more attention to basics is what this country needs. Fast.

Because the good life will lose its goodness unless the economy gets growing again. Fast.

Which is why more and more labor leaders are saying: let's put environ-

mental protection in proper focus. Keep trying, of course, to make air and water

cleaner, and protect the landscape. But don't let environmental alarmism pigeonhole industrial projects urgently needed for the economy.

Such as deep-water for oil and gas off the east and west coasts. Why buy so much high-priced foreign oil when America can produce more

of its own? Such as building more nuclear power plants. A needed alternate source of energy.

Such as getting at those big coal reserves. There's coal enough for 200

years, so why not use it? Some of these actions could mean setting back environmental timetables

a little. But what's the alternative? As our government's Project Independence

report points out, reducing energy waste cannot by itself solve America's energy problems. Only by developing new U.S. energy supplies can this coun-

try get growing again.

It's that basic. As we say, Washington should listen more to the working

man. And make 1 975 the Year of Energy Action. YEA '75!

Mobil Why Do Peace and Prosperity Elude Black Africa?

local chiefs had always controlled the review of the trials of independence that have A lives and beliefs of most black Afri- beset 37 new nations in Africa since 1 957. cans, who had supported themselves largely by nomadic or local agricul- ture. With independence, large num- By THOMAS A. HOGE switched from white to black oppres- bers of them flocked to the cities to sors. The civil war in Nigeria and the try to go on a cash economy, bring- starving of her Biafrans is of recent ing with them neither skills nor edu- years ago, Britain's SEVENTEEN memory. cation. Meanwhile, education is being African colony of Gold Coast be- With the sole exception of Britain, resisted by practitioners of witch- independent black nation came the the colonial powers left their former craft. the tune of a great of Ghana, to native charges with little or no Many marketplaces in Africa are In the years that fireworks display. schooling and woefully unprepared to dominated by the sale of charms, such African colonies followed, 36 more manage any organized and prosper- as monkey skulls, dead birds, powders Hardly a shot was became nations. ing society, let alone create one under and voodoo potions. When supersti- of securing inde- fired in the process the conditions then existing in Africa. tion, witchdoctors and tribal chiefs pendence. Even today, despite efforts to pro- dominate the lives of most citizens, were filled The new African nations mote education, only about 28% of national governments have a hard with their sudden with hope that the school-age population of black Af- row to hoe. would come quick riches and freedom rica is attending classes. And when a nation is comprised of respectability. For a instant political Witch doctors, tribal folkways and tribes that maintain traditional en- while, signs of economic progress and efforts to educate Africa's illiterate millions spurred hope that the dream might be realized. But the aftermath of independence, as one European colonial empire after another pulled up stakes, brought dis- illusion and an orgy of bloodletting. From 1960, when unrestrained vio- lence exploded in the Belgian Congo (now Zaire), right down to the pres- ent when Ethiopia is in turmoil, 29 politically unstable African govern- ments bit the dust, while the eco- nomic picture was characterized by under-employment, lagging produc- tivity, feeble economic growth, and populations that grew faster than the food supply. Why, on a continent where vast natural resources hold promise of al- most limitless wealth, do peace and prosperity elude these young nations? Of course the most obvious an- swer all along has been that it was too much to expect Utopia to flow automatically from political inde- pendence. It never did anywhere else and hasn't in Africa. Far from being the quick road to social happiness and economic riches—which were so joyously expected—independence brought to an immediate focus a host of fairly obvious problems that could never be solved overnight. And it cre- ated even more, as internal struggles for power and civil wars simply re- placed the former struggles against colonialism. Hundreds of thousands of black Africans have merely A map of the nations of modern Africa.

16 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 TEN YEARS FROM HOPE TO DESPAIR mities, the nation itself may govern only to the extent that it can wield raw power over its own people. Then, the continuation of power rather than the improvement of the nation may be the central occupation of the na- tional government. In many African countries, tribal rivalries that existed for centuries threaten national unity. In some na- tions, such as Kenya, leaders rely on the strongest tribe to establish one- party regimes. In others, like Tanza- nia, where a number of small tribes exist, each tribe insists on getting its share of government jobs, regardless of ability or merit. In two-thirds of black Africa to- day, political stability is maintained by military rule under dictators whose power in some cases is pre- served by repression and mass slaughter and whose passing may result in new tribal wars to establish the next regime. Progress against illiteracy is slow. When the colonial powers first pulled out, the Belgian Congo, with 16 mil- lion people, could boast only 13 native college graduates. The present level of nteracy may seem low indeed by Western standards, but on a continent where the written word was virtually unknown a couple of generations back, 28% literacy is something at least. Some adult Africans have such a respect for learning that many men work in the cities at menial chores to get money to send their children through school. As a result, some black professors have begun appear- ing on the faculties of young African universities, but they are still a mi- nority. And yet, the rewards of edu-

Above: 1962. The ceremonies marking the independence of tiny Burundi. cation are diminishing. A few years ago, a college graduate could get job quickly in Below: 1972. Living and dead refugees in Zaire, who fled slaughter in Burundi. a government or private enterprise in nations like Kenya. But now, the enormous com- petition for jobs on a political or tribal basis, or as a source of relief from poverty, often makes education a poor qualification. A recent survey showed that although 15,000 new jobs are created in Kenya each year, there are 150,000 new candidates for them, thanks to the rush of rural Africans to the cities. Kinshasa, capital of Zaire and the site of the recent Ali-Foreman heavy- weight title fight, has five times the population it had at independence, when it was known as Leopoldville. The population of Lagos, capital of Nigeria, has doubled. Shanty towns with no electricity or sanitary fa- cilities are mushrooming around the capitals. To further complicate matters, a time-honored African custom known as the "extended family system" has

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 17 CONTINUED Lagos has no sewage system for its Why Do Peace and Prosperity Elude Black Africa? million-plus inhabitants, and the odor of human excrement hangs over the city. Each night, an army of munici- brought near chaos in many urban fields around the delta of the Niger pal workers goes through the sprawl- areas. According to this code, if a rel- River, making Nigeria the world's ing mass of slums, collecting buckets ative, no matter how distant, knocks seventh largest petroleum producer. of "night soil" from each shanty and at your door in search of help, you Oil is expected to bring the govern- trucking it away. are morally obligated to care for him ment about $2 billion a year by next In Zaire, where superstition and ig- as long as he wishes to stay. Thus, year. Black tycoons ride through the norance rival the nation's mineral many low-paid clerks and govern- streets of Lagos in air-conditioned wealth, Mobutu Sese Seko is an un- ment workers are burdened with a limousines, but it remains the ugliest, disputed dictator—and most foreign dozen or more unwelcome kin living most evil-smelling city on the conti- observers believe that a strong hand off their meager pay. In Nairobi, nent. at the helm is a necessity in a land that were things got so bad guards WIDE WORLD posted in front of government build- ings to keep out relatives in quest of a handout. If black Africa could get an in- ternal economy and business system of its own under way, it might begin to provide a better livelihood for its vast numbers of people who give up their old way of life to look for wages and salaries. But, time and again, the best black African economic success stories are tied to foreign trade, foreign aid, for- eign management and the overseas sale of natural resources—all as self- defeating as the recurrent philosophy that the world owes Africa a living. The new nations have set up com- mercial ties with both Western and Communist states. But trade inside Africa is carried on with little rhyme or reason. Tanzania sells honey to . Zambia, her neighbor, buys it from Australia. In Tanzania, her offshore island of Zanzibar sells cloves to the United States. Mainland Tanzania buys them from the United Above: Beginnings in Ghana were promising, as in this scene in 1962, when efforts to educate villagers in proper diet made a show window scene of social progress. States. Africa's system of communi- cations and trade routes is hopelessly inadequate, while she has only a Below: By 1966, the excesses of Ghana's dictator, Nkrumah, led to wild outbursts of protest and his eventual overthrow by the military when he was out of the country. relative handful of able native busi- nessmen. And their initiative is often stifled by dictatorial regulation and political venality. Kenya, ruled by shrewd octogenar- ian Jomo Kenyatta under a mixed system of private and state-controlled enterprise, has been enjoying con- siderable economic growth. Interna- tional tourism has been yielding about $70 million a year in Kenya, but there is much pessimism in this picturesque land of 12 million people. Main beneficiaries of the country's current boom are said to be foreign businessmen and the new black bour- geoisie. Kenya's urban population is soaring at about 10% a year and rising unemployment and crime are causing concern, while the gap be- tween rich and poor is as wide as it ever was under British rule. Nigeria, with its 60 million inhabi- tants, has made spectacular strides. Western companies have invested more than $2 billion in the vast oil WIDE WORLD 18 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 where the departing colonial power Tanzania and Zambia, is nearing com- reached this same conclusion. It soon gave the blacks no preparation for pletion. A United Nations report is- advised the foreign businessmen, self-government. sued last spring expressed suspicion mostly Belgians, Lebanese, Portu- The financial stability of Zaire de- that Peking has a military base on guese and Greeks, that they would be pends largely on the state of the Tanzanian soil, though indignant de- compensated over a ten-year period world copper market. The country nials came from both Peking and Tan- if they stayed on as managers, to also has important deposits of zinc, zania. ensure a smooth transition. cobalt, uranium, cadmium and silver, There has been a long-standing be- In its more extreme form, "Afri- but copper accounts for 60% of lief that Red China seeks to foment canization" is a slogan to suit what- Zaire's total exports and nearly half revolution on the dark continent, to ever power ambitions a leader may of her national budget. Mobutu en- build up the hostility of African have. When he assumed the leader- courages foreign investment which states toward the West and Russia. ship of Ghana at its start, Kwame has totaled more than $1 billion since "Africanization" has been a by- Nkrumah preached extreme black 1969. But there are obstacles to rapid word of many of the leaders, but it racism in a drive to form a single development in Zaire. The country's means different things. In its mildest union of all black African nations, 905,000 miles have only 3,000 form, it means getting rid of Ameri- with guess who as the leader of the miles of railway track and Zaire de- can, European, Indian or other non- continent. This never got off the pends on slow-moving river traffic as black managers and businessmen as ground, since the leaders of the other it has for centuries. soon as possible. Many cannot settle new nations weren't about to hand As Kwame Nkrumah used to do in for a gradual process that sees to their new freedoms and powers over

Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya Joseph Mobutu of Zaire Idi Amin Dada of Uganda

For better or worse, nothing works like dictatorships in the new nations. Kenyatta governs Kenya with an iron hand. The strong one-man rule of Mobutu stabilized Zaire, the old Belgian Congo, after years of anarchy. In Uganda, Idi Amin Dada emulates Hitler, enforces racial, religious and tribal prejudice, has slain tens of thousands to hold onto power.

Ghana, Mobutu makes his presence the education and training of their to Nkrumah. He was finally tossed known with pomp and blaring pag- black successors. Ghana, Kenya and out by Ghana's military in 1966 for eantry. If he were to die, all that he Uganda have been hustling out non- oppressive rule and financial ex- has accomplished could be swept Africans who had served as the key- cesses. away in a new power struggle. stone to their business enterprises. Uganda's Moslem dictator-presi- Tanzania is regarded as a testing And in Zaire, in 1973, Mobutu—while dent. Gen. Idi Amin Dada, has used ground for African-style socialism. wooing foreign investment—suddenly Africanization to justify anti-Semi- Key industries and services are state- required that all foreign owned agri- tism, anti-Asianism, and the slaugh- controlled and rural life is being re- cultural and commercial activities ter of his internal political enemies styled through the founding of more would have to be sold to citizens of or potential enemies. He attained a than 2,000 cooperatives involving 2 Zaire within three months. sort of fame in 1971 by ousting million people, or about 15% of Tan- Many of the new owners didn't Israel's Embassy and Aid Mission zania's 13.6 million population. Tan- bother to pay their workers. Others from his soil, and then summarily zania has received a good deal of its collected union dues from their em- expelled 50,000 Asians who had aid from the West. Still more comes ployees and kept it. A number of new chosen British over Ugandan citizen- from the Communist nations and owners sold off existing inventories ship when his country became inde- there's little doubt that a great deal with no apparent plans to replace pendent. Amin further shocked the of foreign help is politically identifi- them or even stay in business. outside world by announcing in a able as a new form of colonialism. One Greek businessman who had message to U.N. Sec'y-Gen. Kurt Red China's most admired project operated a string of stores in Zaire Waldheim that he approved of Hit- in Africa is the 1,200-mile Tanzam before the takeover, said privately ler's WW2 extermination of some 6 railway running from Dar es Salaam that he had no choice but to stay on million Jews. in Tanzania to Zambia's copper fields. and run them for the new owners if During his four-year reign, Amin The line, built with a $400 million he had any hope of getting his money is believed to have purged at least interest-free loan from Peking to out. Mobutu's government apparently (Continued on page 38)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 19 KENNECOTT COPPER CORP.

and many other items, coins to While the nations exhaust their mineral ores on from rechargeable batteries. "In 1970," he land, they bicker over limitless supplies at sea. noted, "the United States imported 100 per cent of its high-grade nickel By HARVEY ARDMAN On June 17, last year, the impor- consumption, mostly from Canada, tance of these nodules as strategic at a cost of $426.5 million." materials for the United States, if Copper, he continued, is "second Tpis IS the very special story of not the whole earth, was read into only to iron in the amount and va- a group of minerals that are the Congressional Record by Sen. riety of its uses." While the United vitally important to the United Paul J. Fannin of Arizona. He put States now produces vast amounts of States and every other nation. What in the record an article by retired it, the exhaustion of our high-grade is special is that enormous untapped Navy Commander and oceanography copper ores is in sight, he said. There quantities of these minerals exist in expert Merle Macbain, which had is plenty more overseas, and we im- a self-renewing source beneath the originally appeared in the Navy ported 6% of our copper at a cost of seas, while attempts to harvest them League's Sea Power magazine in $71 million in 1970. Our dependence are bogged down in international Feb. 1974. Macbain was obviously on overseas copper is increasing and bickering and indecision. sick at heart over inaction in har- may be expected to do so indefinitely. They are found in "nodules," mil- vesting the nodules. There is no substitute for cobalt, lions of them about as big as your Manganese, Macbain pointed out, Macbain noted. It is most important fist and smaller, at the bottom of the is the fifth most widely used metal "for the manufacture of permanent sea. They are commonly called "man- in the world, vital to the manufac- magnets. Without it there would be ganese nodules" because they con- ture of steel. When you can do with- no modern communications systems. tain so much manganese. But they out steel, said Macbain, you can do It is also used in guided missiles, jet also contain important amounts of without manganese. The only man- aircraft engines, gas turbines and copper, nickel and cobalt, as well as ganese produced in the United States high-speed steels." In 1970, he other valuable minerals. is of low quality. In 1970, we im- said, we imported 92% of our cobalt So far as is known, the nodules ported $66 million worth, which was at a cost of $26.5 million. Principal just grow by gathering in minerals 85.7% of all we used and 100% of sources of cobalt ores are Zaire (the that find their way into solution in the high quality manganese we used. old Belgian Congo), Zambia and Mo- water, in a sort of natural collecting Nickel, Macbain noted, is necessary rocco, though there are billions of and recycling process. to the manufacture of stainless steel tons of it in the underseas nodules.

20 THE AMERICAN I.EGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 Above, manganese nodules in the Pacific being hauled to the left, a photo of the nodules that lie on the bottom. The firm surface In a research program of Kennecott Copper Corp. At believes that copper alone justifies nodule exploitation.

The nodules in the oceans contain- motu Archipelago in the South tons of titanium, 25 billion tons of ing these and other minerals in vast Pacific. And in the Atlantic, there's magnesium, more than 5 billion tons quantities were first discovered by a heavy concentration on the Blake of cobalt and sizable, though smaller, the British oceanography ship HMS Plateau, off the U.S. East Coast. amounts of several other important Challenger during its 1873-1876 According to Dr. Frank Mann- metals. world cruise. It dragged up nodules heim, of the Hole Oceano- "Assuming that only 10% of the from the floors of three major oceans graphic Institute, about a quarter of nodule deposits prove economic to ". at depths of from 5,000 to 20,000 the deep ocean is littered with nod- mine," Dr. Mero writes, . . there

feet. In Britain, they weren't even ules. "Some parts of the Pacific floor are . . . sufficient supplies of many analyzed, but stored and forgotten in are literally paved with them," he metals ... to last for thousands of the British Museum. adds. THE GRANGER COLLECTION Over the next 70 years, nodules Dr. John L. Mero was the first to were found in almost every large point out the value of the nodule de- body of water, fresh or salt, from posits in studies he published in the Scottish lochs and Lake Michi- 1952. In the next 13 years he under- gan, throughout every ocean, except took many voyages on behalf of the in the deep trenches of the Pacific University of California at Berkeley and on the shallow continental to further evaluate their value and shelves. The main supply is the figure how to mine them. oceans, and most of it is in no-man's- His 1965 book, "The Mineral Re- land beyond the presently estab- sources of the Sea," was a scientific lished limits of any nation's sover- sensation and caused several giant eignty. Though sparse in some seas, mining firms here and abroad to in- in other areas nodules practically vestigate deep-sea mining. carpet the bottom. One lush field Dr. Mero estimated that the Pa- runs from Mexico, past Hawaii, to cific nodules alone contain 358 billion the Marshall Islands. Here, nodules tons of manganese, 207 billion tons occur in densities of two pounds to of iron, 43 billion tons of aluminum, the square foot. Another rich con- 8 billion tons of copper, a similar The British Challenger above, w/hich discovered centration is centered on the Tua- amount of nickel, almost 10 billion the nodules in 1874. Then they were forgotten.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 21 —

SUMMA CORP. CONTINUED The Untapped Mineral Wealth of the Sea Bottoms years at our present rates of con- sumption." "In many cases," Dr. Mero said, "the elements are accumulating in nodule form faster than we could consume them . . . three times as fast in the case of manganese, four times in the case of cobalt and just as fast in the case of nickel." This presents . . the very interesting situation of working deposits that grow faster than they can be mined." While this great mineral treasure exists in a self-renewing form, the world's supply of such strategic min- erals from usual sources is being rapidly diminished. Macbain cited a little-read, 722-page study of them by the U.S. Geological Survey called "Professional Paper 820," which said Above, Howard Hughes' deep-ocean ship the Glomar Explorer and, below, his huge submersible barge for sucking up nodules. They are operated by the Summa Corp. that the rate of exhaustion of many ore supplies places world civilization "in jeopardy." Nodules are "the only perpetually self-renewing treasure since Aladdin lost his lamp," says Commander Macbain. None of their wealth is being har- vested commercially today. Several large firms say they are ready to get started, having invested large sums to work out the technical problems of pulling the nodules up from the sea floor and refining the metals from them. The fly in the ointment is end- less international haggling about who cally imposed delay. This is also true The nodules vary in their chemistry "owns" the nodules (nobody does) from the point of view of conserva- and mineral content with the nature and on what terms they should be tion, for the nodules replace them- of the bottom and the water. The mined. selves (at a rate of about 15 million huge deposits in the mid-Pacific are Certainly from our point of view, tons a year in the Pacific alone) while among the most potentially reward- and that of many other nations, the the mines ashore which are being ing. work should proceed without politi- tapped for the same minerals do not. The consequences would be grave to the United States if our present DEEPSEA VENTURES supply of any one of these vital raw materials were suddenly cut off. If new sources were not found quickly, our factories would soon begin to shut down and the supply of finished products to the marketplace would stutter and stop. Eventually, our military security would be endan- gered, since all of these metals are important in arms manufacture. Even if none of our present sup- pliers takes a mind to play the oil game with minerals, our vast im- ports of manganese, nickel, cobalt and copper hurt us in another way in the pocketbook. We spend more than $650 million a year abroad to import these materials, a substantial contribution to our balance-of-pay- ments problem. According to a recent Interior De- The research vessel Prospector, operated by Deepsea Ventures Inc. which researches ocean mining in the Pacific. It is based in Chesapeake Bay at Gloucester Point, Va. partment report, just three large

22 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 UNITED NATIONS ocean-floor nodule collecting opera- tions could go a long way toward solving these problems. They could cut U.S. dependence on manganese imports by 12%, on copper imports by 41%, on nickel imports by 54% —and produce three times the cobalt we now use. In some ways, notes Dr. Mero, deep-sea mining will be easier than mining land deposits. "[At the sea bottom] we have materials available without removing any overburden, without the use of explosives, with- out expensive drilling operations," he writes. "With cameras, the complete de- posit can be explored prior to mining —every ton of ore can be directly ac- counted for. . . . There will be no drifts to drive, shafts to sink or town-sites to construct," Dr. Mero says. Furthermore, he claims, about 75% of the material mined and han- dled will be saleable, in contrast to the 2% or so of the material taken nickel from today's copper and The UN Law of the Sea conference in Caracas last summer, which came to no conclu- mines. The nodules lack sulfur, whose sion on ocean mining rights. As a result, moratorium on nodule mining continues. presence in many dry land ores is that several American companies Second only to Summa in terms of causes pollution problems during re- and a number of foreign firms and commitment and technological capa- fining. governments have invested hundreds bility is Deepsea Inc., Engineers have come up with two Ventures, a of millions of dollars in exploration Tenneco subsidiary. Deepsea has systems for getting the nodules up, and technical development, and seem spent about $10 million on ocean floor with different opinions about which to be straining at the leash to get to mining since 1968, most of it to out- is best. One sucks the nodules up, work on production. Some of them fit an old Great Lakes freighter, the vacuum-cleaner style, from the ocean now have 13 years of experience. research vessel Prospector, now out floor. The other scoops them up in Howard Hughes' Summa Corp. is of Chesapeake Bay. buckets on a continuous heavy loop generally acknowledged to be leading The Prospector is not a mining of cable. In either case, one or more the pack. Summa's 618-foot, 36,000- ship, but an exploratory vessel. On "mining" ships loads the nodules ton ship, the Glomar Explorer, to- its bridge is the latest electronic onto barges or ships which carry gether with its 324-foot submersible navigation gear. In its belly is an them ashore for refining. ore-carrying barge, is believed ready enormous winch, encircled by 25,000 The refining is also a special prob- and able to begin mining operations feet of thick cable. At the end of the lem, unlike any used for ores mined whenever Hughes gives the go-ahead. cable: a TV viewing system and a from the ground. There is a lot of Summa hired Global Marine, Inc., sampling dredge. speculation about just how practical which operates the deep-sea drilling The Prospector has made dozens (or impractical) either the mining ship Glomar Challenger for the Na- of 30-day cruises into unnamed re- methods or the refining possibilities tional Science Foundation, to design gions of the Pacific, bringing back may be at present. Since those most the Explorer (a suction-type mining tons of nodules to the company's in the know aren't talking very ship). Lockheed Missiles and Space pilot processing plant at Gloucester much, the best clue to the prospects Co. (which has impressive credentials Point, Va. DEEPSEA VENTURES in underwater technology) designed The firm is also reportedly de- the submersible barge and its suction veloping—or has developed—a hy- mechanism. draulic recovery system similar to The Glomar Explorer houses a hy- Summa's, but less complicated. draulic nodule recovery system and Deepsea Ventures has publicly said perhaps 16,000 feet of 16-in. diame- it can go commercial at any time. ter steel pipe. The barge would serve "We have already processed about as an underwater stage in the opera- 100 tons of manganese nodules," tion. The exact details are secret. says James J. Victory, director of The Glomar Explorer operation is materials. Mining and processing believed to be designed to recover nodules, he says, "is not a technical about three million tons of nodules problem any more." a year. But, so far as is known, The third large American company Summa has not yet built a plant to involved in deep-sea mining is the process them. According to one of copper giant, Kennecott—manager his competitors, Hughes is even con- and 50% interest holder in an inter- sidering a joint arrangement in which national nodule development group. will provide the nodules and "The big lure in Nodules on ocean bottom, seen by TV Summa manganese nodules viewing of ocean floor by the Prospector. others will process them. {Continued on page Jf6)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 23 then. To satisfy them, reports Francis LIFE IN THE OUTDOORS Crawford of Greensboro, Ala., take along a child's inflatable swimming pool. It's quick to set up, takes little Novel Fish Lures water, and will make everyone happy. FEMALE campers will appreciate a few plastic dry-cleaning bags on their to Margaret Weiss VETERAN anglers suggest that for more the toy counters; one angler caught a outings, according of Beach, Cal. One will keep a fishing fun, try making your own near-record bass on a rubber duck. Long hairdo dry in an unexpected rain- lures. It's an extra thrill to catch a Just use your imagination. storm. Can be used for carrying cos- lunker on a contraption you've made metics, too, as well as a lot of other yourself. There are many odds and COLD weather bird feeder can be camping duffie. ends and 5&10 items that will serve as made from a large cone, accord- good fishgetters. Experiment, and if ing to M. Y. Wilcox of East Lansing, you discover a world-beater, send a Mich. Mix bread crumbs, corn meal or CUT a piece of indoor-outdoor carpet to fit the inside floor of your tent or description of it to this column for bird seed in melted, unsalted fat and possible printing. pour into the pockets of the cone, then camper, suggests Kathy LeDane of For bass and the pickerel family, hang from a tree limb. It's attractive Dickinson, Pa. It will keep the floor dry, make cleaning easier. Also cut try the shiny pop-tab from a soda or and practical; birds love it. up a square to be used as an outside foot beer can. Tie it by its ring to the line lenses of his mat. above the hook, bend the fiat end so FOR COVERS for the rifle scope, David Augenstein of Up- it will flutter. A plastic picnic spoon, plastic caps in colors, can become a wobbler. Cut per Sandusky, Ohio uses SERIOUS hunters will bag more game aspirin or prescription bottles. if let their off most of the handle and with a hot from they beards grow before the trial and error. or small bit make a hole in Find the right size by hunting season, reports S. Miller of place. the remainder and in the tip of the Scotch tape will hold them in Washington, D.C. A beard is a perfect spoon. Run the line through both holes face camouflage. No glare to spook CAMPING recipe from Barbara deer, varmints, in-coming waterfowl. and tie a hook on the end. For a Green, Lake Tomahawk, Wis.: Mix Besides, beards are in style. larger, heavier wobbler, do the same pancake flour the usual way, drop with an old tin soup spoon; use a ham- gobs of it into hot broth or soup, and mer and nail to make the holes, and A PLASTIC food bag will melt on your fit for a the result will be dumplings grill or if it file them smooth so they won't cut the hot portable cooker should gourmet. Barbara first used the idea line. For frog-type lures, dye a plastic accidentally contact it. When this hap- for duck soup in Alaska. spoon green and cut it to shape with a pens, Ruth Helton of Banning, Cal., razor blade; with a knitting needle waits until the appliance cools, then MOTOR home and trailer owners are from front to back to take rubs it with acetone. The plastic soft- poke a hole bothered by having canned goods, metal leader. lady's curved hair ens and can be removed easily. a A food and kitchen items, glasses, shift- colors or metal (even with clip, in ing back and forth on the shelves as rhinestones) will catch fish; twist off AN OLD ski pole makes a good wading they travel. The simple remedy, ac- the clip part, tie the hook to one end staff for stream fishing, writes J. Gor- cording to John Mottram of Concord, and the lure to the other. On a fast don Vance of Leaburg, Ore. Remove N.H., is to blow up some toy balloons retrieve it will whirl and flash. the metal ring from the bottom, and tie and stuff them among the items. Wooden handles of old resem- a loop of nylon cord on the handle without whit- strap, long enough to go over your ble plugs, some even GUYS aren't so particular, but gals handle shoulder and let the pole trail in the tling, such as the fish-shaped on a camping trip aren't comfortable metal water while you're casting. of a cheap paint brush. Fasten a unless they can take a bath now and leader to the outside lengthwise with staples, add a large treble hook to the FOR outdoor biscuits, put a ball of end. Enamel the body any color; white ready-mix dough at the end of a six- body and red head are recommended, inch sharpened stick, wrap foil closely with fingernail-polish eyes. Plastic around the stick so it won't burn, then toothpaste and cosmetic tubes, the rotate the dough over the glowing coals kind that won't fold flat, can be - of your fire. When cooked through, ing plugs. Fill with water if sinking they're delicious, writes Mrs. Geneva Mai of Coaldale, Colo. is preferred. Fasten leader and hook the same way. If you want the plug to dart, cut a chin scoop from an out- YOU can use a plastic bleach bottle dated plastic credit card and glue it in for a minnow bucket, accordmg to place. Or use aluminum from a can. Daniel Fogal of Mankato, Minn. Makr These materials also make realistic a large U-shaped cut opposite the han- dle, large fins and tails. enough for your hand to For a fly-rod popper, punch a hole pass through. The plastic gives when in the middle of the concave top of a you reach inside, springs back when toothpaste or shaving-cream tube and you take out your hand. A similar rig, but with holes in it insert the line through it, or fasten the punched halfway leader on the outside. Glue on yarn or from the bottom and all around can be lowered into feathers for a tail. When jerked on the water alongside your boat. the water, it will pop. Trout lures also can be made of pipe cleaners (wooly worms), cigarette filters, also small If you have a helpful idea for this feature legs colored buttons to which yarn send it in. If we can use it we'll pay you look like can be added to make them $5.00. However, we cannot acknowledge, re- earrings from a nov- spiders. Jeweled turn, enter into "It's been a rough week, but this elk or correspondence concern- elty store can serve as fine spinning makes it all worthwhile." ing contributions. Address: Outdoor Editor, lures. AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE The American Legion Magazine, 1345 Ave- A trip through the 5&10 will give THE nue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10019. you a thousand ideas. Don't overlook 24 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 . :

VETERANS A DIGEST OF EVENTS WHICH ARE NEWSLETTER OF PERSONAL INTEREST TO YOU

MARCH 1975

DIVIDEND PAYMENTS GOING OUT TO provides that the automobile assistance WWl, WW2 AND KOREAN WAR VETS payment cover state, local and other taxes POLICIES: HOLDING VA INSURANCE (4) establishes a driver-training program As you read this , dividends on G. I at VA facilities and makes it available to insurance policies held by veterans of WWl, eligible vets and servicemen, and (5) pro- WW2 and the Korean War which were previously vides authority to carry out an expanded scheduled to be paid out on policy anni- program of research and development in the versary dates over the entire year have been field of adaptive equipment, conveyances ordered sent to policyholders before the end and rehabilitation devices. of this month. . . The action was taken by PL93-602, which increases benefit rates President Ford on Jan. 31 in an effort to by 3.8% for vets receiving vocational get more funds into the economy and give a rehabilitation training, flight training, boost to public spending. . .Total amount PREP training, correspondence courses, of payments is $335.6 million of which about apprenticeship or on-the-job training and $191 million will go out in the form of for wives, widows and children pursuing checks and the remainder credited toward certain courses. payment of future premiums or used to buy PL93-597, which provides some income extra insurance. . .Dividend payments will tax relief for military and civilian average about $169 for WWl vets whose personnel returning from the Vietnam War policies bear the letter "K" ; about $83 for and families of MIA' s. WW2 vets whose policies bear the letter PL93-257, which authorizes funeral "V" and about $11 for Korean War veterans transportation and living expense benefits with "RS" and "W" prefixes. for families of a deceased member of the The amount of dividend a veteran receives armed forces who died while classified as depends on the face value of the policy, a POW or MIA and his remains are returned to age at time the policy was issued and the the U.S. after Jan. 27, 1973. number of months in force during the 1975 PL93-533, which provides for the develop- dividend year. . .Around 4.5 million veterans ment of a single standardized form for the are affected. statement of closing costs on G.I. home More than 350,000 veterans died during loans and others under VA and Housing &

1974—at least 200,000 of them with WW2 Urban Development programs . It also pro- service. . .Veterans carrying G.I. life vides for other controls to protect certain insurance—or any other insurance—should borrowers when purchasing property and make certain their papers are in order and prohibits "kickbacks" and certain referral that the proper beneficiaries or dependents fee arrangements. are aware of the benefits to which they PL93-416, which permits federal employees may be entitled. or survivors to receive benefits adminis- tered by the VA while receiving employee A LOOK AT SOME LAWS ADOPTED IN THE compensation as long as that payment is FINAL HOURS OF LAST YEAR'S CONGRESS: not for the same Injury or death. When the 93rd Congress closed its books on 1974, there were laws adopted in the NEW LAW STRENGTHENS VETERANS final hours which affect some Legion REEMPLOYMENT RIGHTS PROTECTION: mandates and which Veterans Newsletter was Little noticed in the excitement last unable to report. . .Here are some of them December over the passage of the Vietnam and brief notes on important points in each Era Veterans Readjustment Assistance Act PL93-538, which concerns automobiles was the authority given the U.S. Dep't of and automotive adaptive equipment furnished Labor under that law to enforce re- severely disabled veterans and service- employment rights of veterans who worked men... The act (1) increases the basic for state or local governments and who automobile grant from $2 , 800 to $3 , 300 were separated from the service on or after

(2) authorizes payment by the Veterans Dec . 3 , 1974. . .Previous law protected vets Administration for certain power assist coming back to j obs in private Industry equipment required for the safe operation . . .The new law also specifies that postal of vehicles , including air conditioning, service workers are to be considered power seats and power window lifts (3) federal employees for re-employment rights

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 25 . . . ss . .

CONTINUED VETERANS NEWSLETTER

purposes and gives the U.S. Civil Service type of construction. . .A national Legion Commission responsibility for enforcement mandate urges barrier-free buildings and

. . .Vets in need of this kind of help should transportation to make life easier for the contact the Office of Veterans Re-employ- handicapped ... In many communities ment Rights in any of the 24 offices of the handicapped persons — if they can find Labor-Management Services Administration suitable work—must pay heavily for in the U.S. private transportation in order to get to places of employment. MOST VETERANS BENEFITS EXEMPT FROM FEDERAL INCOME TAX PAYMENT: VA EXECUTIVE PERSONNEL SHIFTS: Veterans preparing their federal income Odell W. Vaughn, Chief Benefits Director tax returns should note that the following of the VA since March 1973, has been veterans benefits are exempt and need not moved up to the No. 2 spot under VA Ad- L. . . The be reported as income : compensation, ministrator Richard Roudebush. pension, G.I. Bill and other educational new Deputy Administrator has been a career assistance, grants to service disabled VA employee for 27 years, garnering all veterans eligible for specially adapted sorts of honors on the way to his present homes and cars, and clothing allowances for post... Mr. Vaughn is a double amputee as a of veterans wearing prosthetic devices. . result of WW2 combat and is a member Also covered, dividends and proceeds from The American Legion, the VFW and other government life insurance policies. . major veterans organizations. Taking Mr. s Chief However, federal estate tax applies to x Vaughn' place as insurance proceeds and interest earned on Benefits Director will be Rufus H. Wilson, government life insurance dividends left on 49 , until recently Director of the VA' deposit or credit with the VA is considered newly formed National Cemetery System. . income and must be reported. The new benefits chief previously served in that post back in 1969-70 and returns to a BILLS TO RETURN VETERANS DAY TO position that now supervises an annual NOV. 11 INTRODUCED IN BOTH HOUSES: appropriations budget of nearly $12 billion A number of bills have been introduced in and accounts for nearly 75% of the VA' . .This both Houses of Congress to return the yearly expenditures. department has responsibility for, among other things, observance of Veterans Day to Nov. 11. . As of now, 43 states have legislation on the G.I. Bill education and training their books to observe that time-honored program, under which Mr. Wilson received college training as a young disabled Marine date. . .Seven others have not yet enacted vet following WW2 service. . .He was Nat ' 1 legislation. . .Hearings on the measures are hopefully scheduled for some time this Cmdr of the AMVETS in 1954 and is a member of month. If adopted in this session of the Legion and other veterans organi- Congress it will probably not take legal zations . effect until 1977 so as to allow calendar SWINDLERS REPORTED TO BE PREYING makers and others to gear up for the changes. ON MIA FAMILIES AND EX-POW'S: Reports have cropped up in the news LEGISLATION INTRODUCED IN CONGRESS media about attempted swindles of ex- TO PERMIT PRAYER IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS: POW's and some families of servicemen Several House Joint Resolutions were missing in action in Southeast Asia... It introduced in January calling for an seems some securities dealers have been amendment to the Constitution to permit the working over the lists of ex-POW's —who've offering of prayer in public buildings. . accumulated large amounts of back pay and The Legion has long had mandates favor in of disability compensation— by offering to this position and has asked Congress for invest their funds invarious stock and an opportunity to testify when hearings are bond operations ... The Securities and held. Exchange Commission is reportedly

investigating. . .Relatives of MIA' s have BARRIER-FREE ENVIRONMENT URGED: reported paying fees to so-called "private

Legion posts considering construction investigators" for leads to missing men. . of a new post home or remodeling of an MIA families and ex-POW' s should be wary old one might keep in mind a barrier-free of this kind of "help. "

26 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 NEVI^S AMERICAN LEGION AND VETERANS AFFAIRS

MARCH, 1975

VA Report Cites Need For Legion Disappointed By Clemency Extension

Nat'l Cmdr James Wagonseller is- More Funds to Run System sued the following statement follow- ing President Ford's one-month Special survey teams visit 33 VA hospitals; say system extension of his clemency program on Jan. 30: strained to limit but health care still good though "The American Legion is disap- many areas are deficient. Needed: More $$$ to attract pointed and dismayed by President Ford's decision to extend the provi-

doctors, dentists, nurses and build new facilities. sions of his clemency plan . . . We feel that sufficient time has been A recently released 523-page report management, employees, facilities and given ... to allow these men to work by the Veterans Administration on the budget to the utmost. Marginal space their way back into American so- quality of patient care in its 171-unit and staffing deficiencies have rapidly be- ciety. We see no useful purpose hospital system points to insufficient come clearly inadequate to the task served by this extension ... At a time when honorably discharged funds to recruit and retain adequate they face. Needs for facilities and other veterans are having a difficult time staff as the principal reason for any de- resources, projected for one to five years finding employment we believe the cline that may have occurred in that hence, have suddenly become critical efforts of the government should be service. Over-age and inadequate facili- and immediate." directed toward helping those who ties—also stemming from the need for Recent changes in laws affecting eligi- served their country in its time of more funds—was listed as the next im- bility and certain types of care have also need rather than those who chose to portant reason for any deficiencies in contributed to rising pressures. For ex- abrogate their responsibility as citi- patient care. ample, in Fiscal Year 1970 there were zens."

The report is a frankly self-critical 1,175,041 applications for care. In appraisal made by special VA survey Fiscal Year 1974, those figures had 2. In every hospital, the quality of teams which conducted visits to 33 VA climbed to 1,790.000. the care of certain patients, or certain health care facilities around the nation Some of the report's findings; types of patients, is less than satisfac- during 1974. 1. The majority of patients in VA tory due to staffing, equipment, environ- Noting that the overall complexity hospitals and clinics receive health care mental, or space deficiencies, i.e., the and productivity of the VA's medical of a level of quality which meets or capacity to assure timely care or satis- care system has increased tremendously exceeds the standards of nationally rec- factory quality is compromised. in recent years, the report states that ognized professionals. In a number of 3. Staffing and space deficiencies se- the need to keep pace with the rapidly instances, the quality of care that is verely compromise the VA's ability to changing medical world has "'produced provided has been categorized as out- meet the current and projected de- a workload which has taxed the VA's standing. mand for ambulatory care. (Cont'd.)

National Membership Cor fiiittee Points Way For Legi< I Future At Winter Meeting "One of our major programs must Legion post "becomes more important Conferees also heard that national continue to be in leadership training. as a social and community service cen- enrollments stood at 2,041,658 at that We need increased emphasis on action ter" in hard times. "Post officers who point—87,611 ahead of the target figure type recruiting. We can't wait for vet- realize the increased importance that for Jan. 6. By presstime, membership erans to come to us. It's not going to their post home will have, can actually had climbed to 2,194,200—9,421 ahead happen. We need more "how to sell" benefit from a recession economy. Any of the same date in 1974. In addition, 35 presentations. In fact, our entire selling membership promotion for 1976 must departments were running ahead of last approach needs to be more on the "hard stress the social outlets available year's pace, two departments had al- sell" side." through the post at a very reasonable ready reached their goal, and the March The words were those of National rate," he declared. 31 national target of 2,489,112 enroll- Membership Chmn William F. Gorm- Membership committeemen got the ments seemed assured. ley (Pa.) and were delivered to the news that 20 new posts had been char- A progress report on the Legion's winter meeting of the Nat'l Member- tered and $1,400 paid out in prizes up Spirit of '76 program activities for the ship & Post Activities Committee at to that point under National Com- nation's 200th anniversary reminded Nat'l Hq, Jan. 9-10. mander James M. Wagonseller's new committee members that the Legion is Keynoting the conference Chmn post formation and membership incen- committed to a role of leadership in Gormley emphasized: (1) the need for tive program begun last fall. They were appearances of the American Freedom a more aggressive attitude toward re- also told to spread the news that under Train, which will carry the Freedom cruitment of new members (2) the the program 25 post commanders, 15 Bell, a bell cast twice the size of the need for establishment of new posts to district commanders and about 35 de- Liberty Bell and in the same pattern. meet community needs and (3) the partment commanders soon will be se- The Freedom Train, is scheduled to need for a better utilization of existing lected as winning recipients of paid trips start its country-wide tour in April and post facilities and programs. to the National Convention in Minneap- continue through 1976. Legion posts are He cited worsening economic condi- olis, Minn., Aug. 15-21, 1975, for their planning community events to coincide tions in the nation and said that the stellar efforts at attracting membership. with the train's arrival.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 27 NEWS^ ~ The Patton Museum of Cavalry and Armor The famed Sherman tank of WW2 shown going through its paces at right is part of a "Living History" demonstration which took place at The Patton Museum of Cavalry and Armor located at Ft. Knox, Ken- tucky, 35 miles south of Louisville on U. S. Highway 31-W. The demon- strations are given periodically dur- ing summer months and feature armored vehicles crewed by soldiers in the uniforms of the period. The Patton Museum portrays the evolu- tion, history and traditions of the U. S. Army Cavalry and Armor. Also featured are small arms, uniforms, flags and other military equipment of many nations along with personal effects of the late Gen. George S. Pat- ton, Jr., including his famous ivory handled revolvers. Open weekdays 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. all year, Sat. and Sun. 10:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. (October-April) and 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. (May-September).

4. Legal restrictions on the veterans' Legion Employment Awards N.H.; White Sands Missile Range, White eligibility for medical care, unrealistic Sands, N.M.; Library Bureau, Sperry professional salary schedules, and spe- For their good employment practices, Remington, Div. of Sperry Rand, Herk- cific national health manpower shortages 49 employers around the nation were imer, N.Y.; North Carolina Finishing each contributes its own limitations to awarded American Legion citations in Co., Salisbury. N.C.; Lubrizol Corp., the quality of care the VA can provide. 1974. Awards for hiring handicapped Wickliffe, O.; Sentry Mfg. Co., Chick- However, the agency still considers workers went to 25 employers and those asha, Okla.; Beaverton School Dist. No. itself to be delivering overall care as for older workers went to 24 employers. 48, Custodial & Maintenance Dep't., good as can be obtained anywhere in The national awards are made by the Beaverton, Ore.; Craft Associates, Inc., the world despite its problems with over- Legion's Nat'l Economic Commission Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; S & J Machine. Val- crowded facilities and depleted staffs. on a calendar year basis following the ley Springs, S.D.; CABCO, Inc., Corpus

Chief recommendation is that legis- recommendations of Legion department Christi, Tex.; Food-Machinery Corp., lation be sought to increase pay ceilings organizations which nominate employ- Nitro, W. Va.; County Farmco Coop., for physicians, dentists and nurses so ers each year for the National-Hiring- Lancaster, Wis. the VA can compete in the medical the-Handicapped Award and the Older Worker Awards Recipients: marketplace and attract a stable and National Older Worker Citation. Wal-Mart, Mena, Ark.; Keebler Co., well-qualified full-time staff. Handicapped awards are usually Denver, Colo.; U.S. Post Office, Cald- Other recommendations include (1) made in connection with the annual well, Ida.; Abex Corp.-Amsco Div., simplifying and streamlining rules for Employ the Handicapped Week and Chicago Heights, III.; McGill Mfg. Co., both eligibility of care for veterans and represent part of the Legion's partici- Valparaiso, Ind.; Fetter Bros. Alumi- restrictions faced by VA personnel in pation in the programs of the Presi- num Mfg. Co., Jeffersonville, Ind. (for attempting to provide that care and (2) dent's Committee on Employment of Kentucky); Fedders Corp., Muskegon, improvement and updating of VA phys- the Handicapped. Older worker awards Mich.; General Mills Coupon Redemp- ical facilities. are usually made in conjunction with tion Center, Minneapolis, Minn.; Bill- Writers of the report were not un- the Legion's Hire the Older Worker ings Bench Water Assoc., Billings, aware of the human angle. With a bow Week program. Mont.; Electric Hoist & Rubber Co.- to the people who make the vast sys- Handicapped Awards Recipients: McCook Div., McCook, Neb.; Dorr tem run, they said: "This report would Emperor Clock Co., Fairhope, Ala.; Woolen Co., Guild, N.H.; Hoffman La- not be fair nor balanced if we were to Dickson Electronics Corp., Scottsdale, roche, Inc., Belvidere, N.J.; City of ignore the superb care of which our Ariz.; Goodwill Industries of Arkansas, Farmington, Farmington, N.M.; H. Wa- hospitals and their staffs are capable, Little Rock, Ark.; Omeric, Inc., Sepiil- terbury & Sons Co., Oriskany, N.Y.; and which the great majority of our veda. Calif.; M. L. Foss, Inc., Denver, Fisher Nut Co.,—Albemarle Mill, patients receive. The survey teams re- Colo.; Lyman Gunsight, The Leisure Edenton, N.C.; Mon-Dak Chemical & peatedly commented on examples of Group. Inc., Middlefield, Conn.; E. I. Supply, Minot, N. Dak.; Marion Power outstanding performance by VA em- du Pont de Nemours, Wilmington. Del.; Shovel Co., Marion, O.; Ponca City ployees at all levels, and in all hospital Walker Arms Co., Inc., Griffin, Ga.; Re- Hospital, Ponca City, Okla.; Norcrest areas. They were impressed, as we are, gal Mfg. Co., Twin Falls. Ida.; Echlin China, Portland. Ore.; H. Freeman & by the large number of competent, de- Mfg. Co., Litchfield, III.; Calumet Auto Son, Phila, Pa.; Capitol Grocery, Cebu voted, hard working people who care Wrecking, Inc., Hammond, Ind.; United City. Philippines; Wall Drug Store, for our patients and operate our health Hydraulic Corp., Hampton, la.; World Wall, S. Dak.; Burns Int'l Security Ser- care facilities. The VA and the nation Wide Press, Inc., Great Falls, Mont.; vices, Inc., Houston, Tex.; NASCO, Ft. are enriched by their efforts." Ben's Auto Body, Inc., Portsmouth, Atkinson, Wis.

28 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 The Meaning of The American Legion Emblem

by Professor ROBERT W. HART, Kansas State Teachers College 1. THE RAYS OF THE SUN form the Reprinted American background of our proud Emblem, and from The Legion Magazine, March 1956 suggest that the Legion's principles will in response to continuing requests. dispel the darkness of violence and evil.

EVERY part of the American Legion Emblem has a meaning, a rich sym- bolism that a glance does not . The Emblem is laid upon the rays of the sun, giver of life, warmth and cour- age; foe of the cold, of the darkness, of fear, or apprehension. In turn, each of the Emblem's many parts signifies a meaning which no American Legionnaire who wears the Emblem should take lightly, and which he should know from the first moment that he puts his Emblem on. Why does the star signify constancy of purpose? Because the stars are fixed in the heavens, while the planets, the moon and the sun wander. As the stars do not wander, so should The American Legion not wander from its fixed pur- poses. Here, in pictures, the meanings of all the symbols of The American Legion Emblem are indicated. The Emblem is fully copyrighted, 2. THE WREATH forms the center, in 3. THE STAR, victory symbol of WWl, patented and protected federal law loving memory of those brave comrades signalizes honor, glory and constancy. by who gave their lives in the service of the The letters U. S. leave no doubt as to the and cannot be used without permission United States, that liberty might endure. brightest star in the Legion's sky. of the National Organization.

4. TWO LARGE RINGS. The outer one 5. TWO SMALL RINGS set upon the star. 6. The words AMERICAN LEGION tie the stands for the rehabilitation of our sick The outer pledges loyalty and American- whole together for truth, remembrance, and disabled buddies. The inner one de- ism. The inner is for service to our constancy, honor, service, rehabilitation, notes the welfare of America's children. communities, our states and the nation. child welfare, loyalty, Americanism.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 29 NEWS

A Veteran's Home is Saved Dearborn St., Chicago, III. 6060L The officials, Nassau and Suffolk County of- telephone number is 312-Fi 6-9300. ficials, members of the Had not Legion posts in Lehigh Armed Forces and the York County, Pa., come to their rescue with New City Board of Edu-

¥. . -.-^7^ cation, mostly members funds, Mr. and Mrs. Nevin Maury, Jr., of the Fort Wadsworth Committee, would have lost their Allentown home were repre- sented at the interfaith ceremony. It at a sheriff's sale. Sheriff Joseph Bakes was a follow-up to a previous was concerned over the plight of Maury, Students Pe- tition Day at the for a Marine Corps veteran wounded in UN MIAs and novembermT POWs. Vietnam, who has been recuperating from spinal surgery. He had also been a ARMISTICE DAY Post 412, Woodstock, 111., turned over patient previously for two months in AND REAL $2,012 to the Woodstock Rescue Squad. Wilkes-Barre VA Hospital for an ail- DAY In the photo, President ment not related to his current illness. VETERANS' WRS Ronald Anderson, center, receives the check Bakes got in touch with Legion offi- from Mrs. Leon Rahn, Unit 412 pres- cials. John Zweisdak, 14th District Campaign in South Carolina to return ident, left, and Post Cmdr, called an emergency executive Veteran's Day to Nov. 11 is sparked by Cmdr Dwayne this sign placed by Woodrow Britten, Raney. meeting of Allentown Post 576 (he's the chairman, District 1 Americanism Com- Past Cmdr). Post 576, to- immediate mittee, in front of his Charleston home. gether with Fullerton Post 367 and Hokendauqua Post 739, pledged their The $500 won by Mrs. B. M. Jarrett, assistance to the veteran, his wife, and immediate Past Nat'l President of The their two-year-old daughter, who were American Legion Auxiliary, in a mem- about to lose their home. bership wager with Immediate PNCmdr The original requirement was for a Robert E.L. Eaton, will go to help a mortgage payment, but it later $500 was drive to build a Veterans Memorial discovered that fees and penalties Baseball Park in Shelby, N.C. All local doubled the amount. The Legion de- veterans groups are aiding this effort. livered a check for $1,000 to the at- The allocation is especially fitting in torney for the savings and loan asocia- that Dr. Jarrett was instrumental in Post-Unit 412, III., aids Rescue Squad. tion which scheduled the foreclo- had starting Legion baseball in Shelby. sure. Assisting the District Cmdr in the A record check for $40,778 was pre- fund raising was County Cmdr William POSTS IN ACTION sented by Post Louisville, Ky., to Bandura. 201, the Jefferson County Council for Re- Said Sheriff Bakes, "If we can help tarded Children. The post has con- criminals with free legal services, I fig- tributed proceeds from its annual Child ured there was no reason we shouldn't Welfare Carnival for 21 years to the help someone who's never been in Council. The current gift was the largest trouble and who served our country as of any year, topping last year's by more well." than $2,500. A total of over $380,000 BRIEFLY NOTED has been given by the post. Among the Council's projects are the Leroy Stevens School for Retarded Children, the Oc-

American Legion Life Insurance Post 342, N.Y., throws a dinner party. Month Ending Dec. 31, 1974 Benefits paid Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1974..$ 2,173,516 An annual project of Post 342, Free- Benefits paid since April 1958 17,706,942 Basic units in force (number) .... 146,903 port, N.Y., is the taking to dinner of New Applications approved since Jan. 1974 6,606 20 senior citizens 1, or more on Christmas New Applications declined 1,115 Day. In the photo, Fred Hager and New Applications suspended (applicant failed to return perennial chairman C. Howard Larsen, health form) 751 Insurance is an official Legion Nat'l Sgt. at Arms, distribute American Legion Life program of The American Legion, adopted individual bags containing oranges, ap- by the National Executive Committee, 1958. It is decreasing term insurance, issued on ples and candies to one of the tables. application to paid-up members of The ew Jersey winner gets his Ford. American Legion subject to approval based on health and employment statement. Death with ranging from a One of the four winners cars benefits decrease age, of Ford An Interfaith Day of Prayer for our maximum of $40,000 for four units up through age 29 (age 25 in Ohio) to a mini- presented by Seagram Legion posts in MIAs and was held in POWs January 8 mum of $250 for one unit at age 75 or over. drawings at the recent Nat'l Conven- the Fort Wadsworth Post Chapel in Protection no longer stops at age 75, cover- age may be carried for life as long as the tion in L. June, Miami Beach was John Staten Island, N.Y., by the Fort Wads- annual premium is paid, the insured re- Post 446, Alpha, N.J. Here, he (second mains a member of The American Legion, worth Committee for a Living National and the Plan stays in effect. Available up to from right) gets the keys and a Certifi- Park Memorial. (The Committee's aim four units at a flat rate of $24 per unit a year on a calendar year basis, pro-rated during cate to of Ownership a 1975 Ford is, among other things, to preserve this the first year at $2 a month per unit for in- Gran Torino from John Plank, Sea- surance approved after January 1. Under- oldest continuously manned military written by two commercial life insurance gram's N.J. State Supervisor. At left is base (1663) as a living national park companies, the Occidental Life Insurance Co. of California and United States Life Insur- John Smith of Smith Ford Motors; at memorial under the Nat'l Park Service.) ance Co. in the City of New York. American right, Don Gillis, N.J. Dep't Adjutant. Legion Insurance Trust Fund is managed by Chairman of the Committee is Leo trustees operating under the laws of Missouri. Boiler, of Williston Post 144. Clergy No other insurance may use the full words "American Legion." Administered by The The American Legion Life Insurance from all faiths, Senators Javits and American Legion Life Insurance Division, P.O. Box 5609, Chicago, Illinois 60680, to Plan office has a new address: 222 N. Buckley, Mayor Beame, New York City which write for more details.

30 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 cupational Training Center, and the Daniel J. Doherty, 80, Legion Sheltered Work Shop. Past Nat'l Cmdr, 1937-38, Dies

Post 71, Hot Springs, S.D., donated in Winchester, active in the Legion. $3,000 to the Black Hills Boy Scout In high school he played on baseball, Center to build a campsite at the new football and hockey teams and earned a Medicine Mountain camp. The dona- letter in cross-country. He was captain tion was presented by Cmdr Myron of the hockey team. He attended Bur- Moen. The Scouting Center is located dett Business College in Boston, gradu- about 12 miles northwest of Custer in ated in 1913, and studied for one year the Black Hills. It is planned that the at Northeastern Univ. School of Law. Center will handle 200 Scouts per week, During this year he was the alderman or 2,000-3,000 per season. from Ward Three in the Woburn City Council. Doherty enlisted in the Navy in Sep- Sales of a cookbook will be utilized by tember 1917, rose to Warrant Officer, Post 4 and Unit 4, Juneau, Alaska, to serving in the pay corps, and was dis- raise funds to defray the cost of hosting charged in February 1919. He joined the next Dep't Convention. Author the U.S. Naval Reserve and became a of the book is Chef Andres Aquino lieutenant commander. Cadiente, who calls it "El Mundo, In- Back in civilian life, Doherty attended ternational Menu Cookbook & Bakers the Suftolk Law School, getting his Manual & Facts." Chef Cadiente is a Daniel J. Doherty, PNCmdr (1937-38) L.L.B. degree in 1922. In the same vice cmdr of Post 4 and has dedicated Daniel Joseph Doherty, a Past Nat'l year he was admitted to the Massa- his book "to the American Legion Commander of The American Legion chusetts Bar. In 1923 he was admitted Creed: Love for God and Country." (1937-38), died on Jan. 11, 1975. He to the Federal Bar. He was appointed by then Nat'l Cmdr would have been 81 on January 19. A During this time he organized and Robert E. L. Eaton to be a general native of Woburn, Mass., and the first became a charter member of Post 101, member of the Legion's Nat'l Ameri- New Englander to become Legion Nat'l Woburn, and served as its first adjutant. canism Council for the year 1973-74. Commander, he led the invitation pil- He married Mary Elizabeth Linehan grimage to France and Italy in 1937, of Manchester, N.H., in October 1925. In recognition of the approaching Bi- following his election to Nat'l Com- Doherty filled all the jobs in his centennial, Post 14, Jamestown, N.D., mander in New York City. Legion post, worked up through the has put up on the outside wall of its For the past 28 years he had resided Middlesex County Council to offices in post home a metal plaque weighing about 2,500 pounds and measuring SUPER 25 X 17 feet. Fashioned in bright colors ANATONE...The finest Health Belt for DELUXEi'^ and costing over $27,000, the plaque is STYLE made of bronze and stainless steel and BACKACHE RELIEF* 479 only $16 is partially chrome-plated. Included in 2 for the design are bunting, stars, stripes, STOMACH CONTROL and an eagle. The reflective background $28 gives a feeling of the big sky of North MADE OF THE Dakota. FLANNEL FINEST ELASTIC LINED AT FABRIC! BACK FOR SUPER DELUXE EXTRA SPECIALLY WARMTH & HIGH CONTROL REINFORCED FOR COMFORT TO WAIST SIZES-30" thru 48" FIRM STOMACH HELP EASE YOUR MewSiimshirt BACKACHE!-" CONTROL! takes Inches off! STYLE 2280 only $7.95

2 for Yes, now there is a medically approved new y^y^ $15 '* way to relieve nagging pain of backache! And * for $21 Anatone Health Belt by Magic Mold just may be the perfect way for you! Special design come true in elastic fabric aligns spine and Bicentennial plaque for Post 14, N.D. controls stomach paunch. Try it!

COMRADE IN DISTRESS MEN'S STYLE 2492 Readers who can help this veteran are urged to do so. Usually a statement is needed Waist Sizes 26" thru 52" Before After in support of a VA claim. Whtn spine is Notices are run only at the request of only $7.98 ea. 2 for $15. aligned (as shown American Legion Service Officers represent- in illustration on right) pain ing claimants, using Search For Witness 'Where llrm support & wirmth ire needei! disappears! C H EST_Sj ZE_S^22thru_4£ Forms available only from State Legion ail Coupon to: MAGIC MOLD, Inc Dept 5AL Service Officers. FREE PHONE SERVICE! \f;1^10 Hanse Ave . Freeporl. N Y 11520 USS Hornet (Oct. 25, 1942)—Need to hear In the following states! PREPAID: I enclose full pay- from Walker, Brown, Poole, Zimmerman Iment plus 85C for delivery t Conn.. Georgia. Illinois, Indiana. Kentucky, . Mass., handling. (Save C.O.D. charge.) and any other comrades recall that who Michigan. New Hampshire, New Jersey. North Carolina. Ohio. C.O.D.: I enclose $ de- Raymond J. Arnold, ID posit. (Minimum %2 per item.) who was on the signal Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, , bridge, suffered I'll pay postman plus postage burns and a nervous con- West Virginia, Vkfisconsin, _ _ _ and handling. POST i HANDLING. t% I dition during explosion aboard ship when TOTAL - Japanese crashed into smoke stacks. thru Friday 800-645-1292 NAME (PrinD- Monday I Write "CD251, American Legion Magazine, AOORESS 1345 Ave. of the Americas, New York, N.Y. N.Y. JA 6-7440 1. 1. (516) 868-0800 Icirr state zip 10019" ^^^^^^mmmh16 Day Return Privilege for Full Refund of Purchase Price (less postage). Proof of return may be required.— ^ J THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 31 NEWS

the Department, and served as Dep't a flier from 1917, when he served with Past Dep't Adjutant (1964-66), ap- Commander in 1933-34. He was elected the Aviation Section of the Army Signal pointed to the Board of Directors of the a Nat'l Vice Commander of the Legion Corps in WWl to his retirement from Maine Veterans Small Business Loan at the Miami Convention in 1934. His the Air Force in 1956, except from 1928 Authority by Gov. Kenneth M. Curtis. work on rehabilitation and war orphan to 1942. A WW2 veteran, Cobb is business man- committees of the national organization ager of the Morning Sentinel in Water- was climaxed by his appointment as Everett Deryke, 81, Kalamazoo, Mich., ville, and has been active in veterans chairman of the Legion's Nat'l Reha- Past Dep't Cmdr (1939-40). affairs for more than 25 years. bilitation Committee by Nat'l Cmdr Ray Murphy in 1935. It was in this job LIFE MEMBERSHIPS Norman L. Sims, Salt Lake City, Utah, that he made a reputation for himself The award of a ]ife membership to a Le- Nat'l Executive Committeeman in 1937- gionnaire by his Post is a testimonial by throughout the Legion. those who Itnow him best that he has served 39 and Past Dep't Cmdr (1934-35). The American Legion well. When he became Nat'l Rehab Chair- Below are listed some of the previously unpublished life membership Post awards man, he made an extensive tour of the that have been reported to the editors. They Veterans Administration facilities and Allyn Capron Donaldson, 76, Arlington, are arranged by States or Departments. Va., who held Legion membership in the Charles H. Wade, Waiter Darling, W. O. checked their performance on behalf of Garrison (all 1974) and Arthur Branch Post the disabled. His study convinced him District of Columbia and was Nat'l Ex- 21, Jonesboro, Ark. Jaussaud (1975) Post Hemet, ecutive Jules C. 53, that the VA at times was not sufficiently Committeeman in 1964-66. A Calif. veteran of WWl and WW2, he served as Parker A. Wllley (1974) Post 244, San responsive to the needs of the veterans. Francisco, Calif. He led a drive to speed up the process Nat'l Foreign Relations Commission Li- George E. Fehringer (1974) Post 134, Peetz, Colo. of getting ailing veterans from their aison Committee chairman in 1964-66. Thomas L. AValker (1974) Post 31, Wash- He was a retired State Dep't director of ington, D.C. homes to the hospital beds. J. I. Rose, D. Strickland, C. G. Van Doren special consular services. and J. J. Walden (all 1974) Post 22, Cocoa, During WW2, Doherty served on the Fla. War Finance Division of the Treasury Charles E. Fort (1975) Post 765, Strong- PEOPLE IN THE NEWS hurst, 111. Dep't in Washington. Toward the close James Merle Pomeroy and Alois Schreck (both 1974) Post 20, Dedham, Iowa of 1960, he was appointed chief attorney Erwin Stamp (1974), Ann Witt and Carl for the VA's Boston Regional Office. Boettoch (both 1969) Post 225, Ida, Iowa E. D. Munson (1974) Post 68, Hutchinson, As a Past Nat'l Commander, Doherty Kans. J. Leslie Bradley and Phillip L. Cannon was a life member of the Legion's Nat'l (both 1974) Post 91, Cambridge, Md. William L. Davis (1974) Post 61, Revere, Executive Committee, and was in at- Mass. Arthur F. Wheelock tendance at the Nat'l Convention last Domenico Vasile and (both 1973) Post 67, S. Boston, Mass. August in Miami Beach. John P. Swift (1974) Post 167, Boston, Mass. He leaves his wife, Mary E. (Line- Leonard Kulasavicz, John H. Nelson, Wil- liam F. Pellow, C. E. Richards and Henry han) Doherty, whom he married in Rizzie (all 1974) Post 27, Bessemer, Mich. Frank T. Camron, Frank E. Kowalcheck, son, Attorney J. 1925; a Daniel Doher- Crispino Liberate, Charles A. Miller and ty, Jr., of Bowie, Md.; four sisters: Arthur L. Pfeiffer (all 1974) Post 124, De- troit, Mich. Anna Doherty of Bedford, Bertha Do- Bert Moore, Henry Filter, Cyril Ulrick, Fred Spencer and Raymond Hannah (all herty of Carlisle, Mrs. DeC Mathers of 1975) Post 155, Britton. Mich. Hudson, N.H., and Mrs. James Gal- Frank V. Klarkowski (1974) Post 47, St. Paul, Minn. lagher of Medford; and four grandchil- Gerald H. Carufel, Lawrence J. Linke, dren. Richard M. McDonough, James C. McGee and John H. Leslie (all 1974) Post 599, St. Paul, Minn. American Legion services for Past Pat Roach (Deceased), H. P. Schaller (both Nat'l Cmdr Doherty were held under 1969), Willard Scott, (1965), and B. A. Zim- merman (1969) Post 8, Hardin, Mont. the direction of Dep't Cmdr George J. James R. Gourley and Joseph Campoli (both Post 238, W. Paterson, N.J. funeral at Councilman and Legionnaire John Fer- 1974) Powers. The mass took place William Stein, Emil Olasin and George raro, Los Angeles, Calif., of nine St. Mary's Church in Winchester and one Sayler (all 1974) Post 423, Milton, N.J. former college football players recently A. E. Denio, John A. Dwyer, John J. Fay- burial was in the family plot in Woburn. hee, Lawrence L. Sampica and William L. Chateaugay, Past Nat'l Chaplains inducted into the Hall of Fame by the Sampica (all 1974) Post 875, the Rev. Father N.Y. Nat'l Football Foundation and Hall of Edward J. Carney and Rt. Rev. Msgr Harry A. Ackerly, Thomas J. Bradsell, Fame, Inc. A former Ail-American Albert L. Engel, James Lombard and George John J. Twiss, participated in the church Petry (all 1974) Post 1038, Valhalla, N.Y. tackle, Polly and Edward Januchoxysk (both services attended by Legionnaires from Ferraro played at Univ. of So. Honl 1974) Post 1217, New York, N.Y. California in 1942-44 1946-47. all parts of New England. Nat'l Cmdr and He Ralph E. Simpson and Michael Maczko (both 1974) Post Akron, O. is only the seventh USC player to be 449, James M. Wagonseller was represented L. K. Vann (1974) and Allen L. Evans Post Ardmore, Okla. by Past Nat'l Cmdr James F. O'Neil. elected to the Hall of Fame. Others were (1968) 65, Zack H. Harrison (1974) Post 119, Boswell, Mort Kerr (1926), Morley Drury (1927), Okla. Ernie Frank J. Merges (1974) Post 91, Mt. Car- Pinkert (1931), Aaron Rosenberg Penna. Other deaths: mel, and Ernie Smith (1933), and Harry Harry W. Allen (1974) Post 308, Grove, Penna. Smith Edwin E. Aldrin, Sr., 78, Brielle, N.J., (1939). William T. Bates. John V. Gallagher and John Gabriel (all 1974) Post 343, New Castle, Past Cmdr, Air Service Post 501, Bronx, Penna. Dr. T. Davis, Jr., W. Russell Davi- N.Y., father of Aldrin," William Francis Polen, Nat'l Treasurer Edward "Buzz the son, Roland G. Haney, John C. Irwin and astronaut who piloted the Gemini 12 of The American Legion, selected by In- Louis W. Krechowski (all 1974) Post 498. Rochester, Penna. space flight and was the second man diana's 11th Legion District to receive W. Calvitt Bradwell (1974) Post 126, Moncks Corner, S.C. to set foot the in its Distinguished Citizen award for on moon the Apollo W.Max Ellis and Don M. Alvis (both 1971) 1 1 mission. The senior Aldrin was a re- 1974. An Air Force veteran of WW2, Post 21, Rogersville, Tenn. Edward F. Brown, Mahlon O. Murphy and is 1 District is tired Air Force colonel who was a Fran a Past 1th Cmdr. He Guy Wescott (all 1974) Post 18, Springfield, founder of the president of the Peoples Bank & Trust Vt. Aeronautical Engineer- Helen B. Francis (1974) Post 118, Norfolk, ing School, now the Air Force Institute Co. in Indianapolis. Va. Kenneth M. Schaeffer (1974) Post 180. of Technology. He died while visiting a Vienna, Va. James Solan (1956) Post 5, Aberdeen, daughter in San Francisco. He had been Nathaniel T. Cobb, Waterville, Me., Wash.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • 32 MARCH 1975 I John W. Kress, Erwin C. Monnel, William 406th AAA Gun Bat & 367th Combat Eng— Niedfelot, Edwin J. Saari and Max D. Sayner (July) Mrs. Russell Beverley, 105 View- (all 1975) Post 100, Sparta, Wis. mont Ct. Rt. 7, Charlottesville, Va. 22901 Ed Weideman, Harvey Celley and John 411th Inf, Co. M— (May) Vernon Silha, Box ^ New ^ (all 1974) Post 296, Brookfield, Wis. 178, Coon Valley, Wis. 54623 Life Memberships are accepted for pub- 471st Ambulance Co— (Apr) Nick Hatchett, lication only on an official form, which we 1636 Al Mara Circle, Louisville, Ky. 40205 provide. Reports received only from Com- 472nd Eng Maint Co (WW2)—(Aug) Melvin LAKEFRONT mander, Adjutant or Finance Officer of Post Misfeldt, 2238 Grove St., Davenport, Iowa 504th Ord Co— (June) Edward Bauer, Which awarded the life membership. HM DEVELOPMENT may get form by sending stamped, 510 Liberty, Clay Center, Kans. 67432 They 505th Reg't, self-addressed return envelope to: PIR Hq Co & Svce Co— (May) "L.M. Form, American Legion Magazine, Don Lassen, 4818 Riverdale Rd. F-1, Col- lege Pk., Ga. 30337 1345 Avenue of the Americas, New York, Beautifully Furnished 2 Bedroom N.Y. 10019." 509th Pcht Inf Bn—(May) Chas Doyle, 20 a corner of the return envelope write Wharf Lane, Kingston, Mass. 02364 On 543rd the number of names you wish to report. No Eng B&S Reg't, Co B— (July) Wilbur 60'x 12'PERMA MOBILE® HOME written letter necessary to get forms. Cooper, 1145 Arch Court, N.E., Canton, O. 44704 Including a Choice 551st MP Escort Guard Co— (June) E. Lita- OUTFIT REUNIONS ker, 721 Wen-Le Dr., Sumter, S.C. 29150 6000 Sq. Ft. LOT All For Only 556th AAA A-W Bn (WW2)— (July) H. Reunion will be held in month indicated. Lashhorn, SR., 3516 Williams Dr., Weirton, For particulars write person whose address W. Va. 26062 is given. 557th AAA Bn—(May) Louis Edell, 2904 Notices accepted on official forms only. Oakcrest Ave., Baltimore, Md. 21234 For form send stamped, addressed return 611th Eng Lt Equip Co—(Aug) William Pa- envelope to O. R. Form, American Legion jares, 3449 Don Lorenzo Dr., Carlsbad, Magazine, 1345 Avenue of the Americas, New Calif. 92008 York, N.Y. 10019. Notices should be received 622nd Ord Co (AMM)— (July) Mrs. Jill Mc- at least five months before scheduled re- Daniel, Liberty Meadows #3, Martinsville, union. No written letter necessary to get Ind. 46151 form. 692nd TD Bn, Co B, 3rd Plat— (July) Don Earliest submission favored when volume Crawford, Millville, Rd. #2, Penn. 17846 of requests is too great to print all. 705th TD Bn— (July) Woody Johnson, 902 Teal Court, Colorado Springs. Colo. 80910 ARMY 750th Tank Bn, Co B— (June) Charles West, 1st Conval Hosp Unit (Aug) Leslie DeHart, 312 Clifton Ave., Arnold, Md. 21012 — 897th Ord (July) 1580 Ruth St., Waterloo, Iowa 50707 HAM Co— Ellsworth Stein, 3rd Field Observ Bn—(Aug) Oscar Meschke, 48 Bonesteel St., Rochester, N.Y. 14615 240 Cravenwood Ave., Rochester, N.Y. 1913th Eng Avn Bn— (July) William Albert, 7th Div (WWl)— (May) Hobart Young, 1113-B 641 Lance Dr., Des Plaines, 111. 60016 3891st QM Truck Co—(May) Ralph Potteiger, Argyll Cir., Lakewood, N.J. 08701 Beai Hiqk CmI o| Lim^l 8th Arm'd Div (July) Henry Rothenberg, Box 307, RD 1, Carlisle, Pa. 17013 — Mexican Border (June) George Klein, 6032 134 N. LaSalle St., Chicago, 111. 60602 — Ideally situated— in the heart of the Orange —43rd Ave. No., St. Petersburg, Fla. 33709 11th Airborne Div— (July) Paul Brown, 3118 Samar Dr., San Antonio, Tex. 78217 Grove and Lake Section of Florida. Just 8 12th Arm'd Div— (July) Warren Maue, RR 2, NAVY miles from Leesburg—directly on U. S. High- Box 154, Germantown, O. 45327 31st Special Seabees (July) Charles Scharf, — way #441-27. The "Gateway to Disney World." 13th Field Obsv Bn (WW2)— (May) Fred 18 No. Colonial Dr., Hagerstown, Md. 21740 Ranalli, 2022 Spring St., West Lawn, Pa. 79th Seabees— (June) Arnold Rush, 1902 in mind you are not renting 19609 Story Rd., San Jose, Calif. 95122 IMPORTANT! Bear 20th Inf Reg't Co C— (July) L. Ziglar, 4642 302nd Seabees— (July) Paul Hendrix, 3127 the lot—YOU OWN IT OUTRIGHT! This quali- S. Walcott, Indianapolis, Ind. 46227 Oaklawn St.. Columbus, O. 43224 fies you for Florida Homestead Exemption— 32nd Div—(Aug) Malvin Wang, 1941 Wiscon- Destroyer Repair, 3115, Cub 10, Div E-5, G-2, sin Ave., Sun Prairie, Wis. 53590 T-12— ( June) Tommy Johnson, 7916 Garden thus affording you a BIG tax saving! 33rd Div—(May) Secretary, Rm. 2133, 176 W. Dr., St. Petersburg, Fla. 33710 Adams St., Chicago, 111. 60603 LSM 181— (July) Richard Racine, 1263 So. 15 FURNISHED MODELS INCLUDING 37th Div— (Aug) Jack Wander, 65 S. Front Ogden St., Denver, Colo. 80210 DOUBLE WIDES ON DISPLAY St., Rm. 707, Columbus, O. 43215 LST 653— (May) Richard Wilson, Houghton, 37th & 1906th Eng- (July) Arthur Burgdorf, N.Y. 14744 207 Wall St., Michigan City, Ind. 46360 Submarine Veterans (WW2)— (Apr) Dewey 41st Air Depot Repair Sqdn (WW2)— (June) Dalwitz, Box 172, Portage Des Sioux, Mo. Joe Dutton, Sand Springs, Mt. 59077 63373 45th Ord Co (MM)— (June) Donald Conner, VBIO Bomb Sqdn (WW2)— (June) George Protection 15 Union St., Oneonta, N.Y. 13820 Santulli, 106 Mohawk Dr., Cranford, N.J. .Security 50th Combat Eng, Co C—(Aug) Lloyd Ny- 07016 Service berg, Lamberton, Minn. 56152 V-7, V-12 Classes 1944-45-46 (Univ. of Louis- .Free Bus 63rd Div (WW2)— (July) Philip Lachange, ville, Ky)— (Apr) Will Morrison, Jr., Box 1521 So. Genesee Dr., Lansing, Mich. 48915 Sevjers 460, Dickson, Tenn. 37055 . Storm 64th Sig Oper Bn, 3112th Sig Serv Bn & 25th USS Ancon (AGC 4)— (May) Ed Horn, 174 So Co— (June) Frank Liuni, 968-B Argyll Osceola Ave., Deer Park, N.Y. 11729 .Paved Streets Cir., Lakewood, N.J. 08701 USS Barbero (SS317)— ( Apr) Bob Leesman, Street L&WS 67th Arm'd Reg't, Co H (WW2)—(May) Prairie Trls Motel, San Jose, 111. 62682 .Nlercurv Arthur Powell, Rt. #2 Box 429, Haines USS Bebas— (June) Judson Maynard, 605 W. Street Posts City, Fla. 33844 Riverside Dr., Ionia, Mich. 48849 • Corner 68th Medical Reg't (GP WW2)— (June) Wil- USS Escambia (AO80)— ( June) Martin Cun- .GarbageCollec'on liam Kuersten, 176 W. 27th St., Chicago ningham, Box 41, Ocean Shores, Wash. Heights, 111. 60411 98551 80th Div— (Aug) Robert Nathason, 45 Upland USS Leviathan (WWl)—(Apr) Lincoln Hed- Rd., Havertown, Pa. 19083 lander, 45 E. Putnam Ave., Greenwich, 93rd Arm'd Field Art'y Bn— (June) Wm. Conn. 06830 Cox, 2703 BrownclifE, Bloomlngton, Ind. USS Massachusetts— (June) Robert Grimes, 101st Coast Art'y Bn AAAW— (July) John 75 Federal St., Boston, Mass. 02110 Roth, P.O. Box 847, Thomasville, Ga. 31792 101st Inf Reg't^(Mar) Dan Hoar, 1137 Bea- AIR con St., Newton Hlds., Ma. 02161 102nd Div— (July) A. Mitchell, 2 McKay Rd., 3rd Strategic Air Depot (Watton, England Bethel, Conn. 06801 AAF505)— (July) W. Noble, 7266 Good- 110th MG Co (WWl)— (May) Richard Lucht, wood Ave., Baton Rouge, La. 70806 1836 6th Ave., Beaver Falls, Pa. 15010 5th Ftr Intcptr Sqdn (ADC)— (July) John 112th Inf, Co A (WW1&2)— (July) Frank Slover, Box 405, Sugar Grove, 111. 60554 DeLury, Rd. #2, Corry, Pa. 16407 31st Air Depot Gp— (July) Joseph Hickey, kfinanc>ng_ 112th Sig Radio Intel Co— (Aug) Donald 165 Warren, Hawthorne, N.Y. 10532 .Ran Wyo. 82414 Juby, Box 4220 RR2, Cody, 46th Air Depot Gp— (July) Will Harman, 119th Inf Reg't, Co G— (July) Richard Earll, 6862 Louisville St., New Orleans, La. 70124 Minimum base price. I^ot included but required: Box 288, Union City, Pa. 16438 487th Bomb carport and driveway, patio and utility room. 126th Inf, MG Co (WWl)— (July) John Gp H (WW2)— (July) William Scent, P.O. Paducah, Optional extras: air conditioning, landscaping, Wiarda, 2064 Godwin, S. E., Grand Rapids, Box 571, Ky. 42001 etc. Come visit us, one of the finest planned Mich. 49507 897th Sig Co Depot (AVN)— (June) Arthur communities in all of Florida! 222nd Inf Reg't— (July) James McNicol, 410 Molina, Drawer H., Angleton, Tex. 77515 Bentley St., Newell, W. Va. 26050 913th Sig Co (AVN)— (July) Dean Shields, 226th AAA SI Bn, Bat B— (July) Fred Har- 2308 E. Monte Rosa, Phoenix, Ariz. 85016 SEr^D NOW FOR FREE INFORMATION ris, 2927 Louise Dr., Nashville, Tenn. 37211 1906th AVN Eng Bn, H&S Co— (July) Arthur 59-J 258th Eng C Bn— (May) Philip Gallagher, Burgdorf, 207 Wall St., Michigan City, Ind. ORANGE BLOSSOM GARDENS, Dept 127 N.J. 08060 Evergreen St., Mount Holly, 46360 2148 N.E. 164th St., Miami, Florida 33162 264th Ord MM Co— (July) J. Reynolds, 1819 Olive St., No. Little Rock, Ark. 72114 MISCELLANEOUS Rush literature • No Salesman will call. 276th Port Co— (Aug) Paul Lehman, 1547 Wilshire Dr., Rochester, Minn. 55901 American Defenders of Bataan and Corregi- NAME 290th Combat Eng Bn— (July) Clyde Kiker, dor (Western States Ch.)— (Apr) William 1800 S. Chapman St., Greensboro, N.C. Sniezko, 2701 E. Brookside, Orange, CA ADDRESS_ 295th Eng Combat (July) George Brin- 92667 Bn— CITY dle, 423 Agatha St., Pitcairn. Pa. 15140 Iceland Veterans— (June) Dave Zinkoff, 2101 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 336th QM Depot Co— (July) Jack Wagner, 19103 STATE _ZIP_ Box 318, Arapahoe, Neb. 68922 Naval Gp China (SACO)— ( June) Carl 359th Eng, Co B—(Aug) Eric Hoyer, 6285 Divelbiss, 900 Luhrs Tower, 45 W. Jeffer- Office (30 5) 945 2641 Property Office (904) 753-2270 | Apache Lane, Poland, O. 44514 son St., Phoenix, Ariz. 85003

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 33 . s .

Dateline Washington

ANOTHER LOOK AT THE 25th AMENDMENT.

'jffiTiiMirrijf TV SETS CAN BE DANGEROUS. A NEW LOBBYING CONTROL LAW?

Under the 25th Amendment to the Constitu- were found to have a component which can tion, in the event of a vacancy occurring fail, emitting x-rays at an impermissible in the office of Vice President , the level. President nominates a successor, subj act to confirmation by Congress There ' a strong move in Congress, in the

Suddenly, the Amendment, adopted in 1967 wake of Watergate revelations , to make after years of debate, was put to the test lobbying the next target of reform in twice in some 18 months. President Nixon Washington. Leaders of the movement claim chose Vice President Ford, and soon after, they already have maj ority support in the the now President Ford selected Vice House to replace the 50-year-old lobbying President Rockefeller. control law—admittedly weak and ambiguous This unique situation, with both Presi- —with a statute that will be tighter, dent and Vice President in office without tougher and enforceable. benefit of national elections, has The new law would compel public disclosure stimulated new demands in Washington for of all kinds of lobbying, whether in revising the 25th through another consti- Congress or in the Executive Branch, with tutional amendment. respect to legislation or regulation, Proposals for changing the 25th include something the present act does not do, and a special election to fill the unexpected it would establish a federal commission to vacancy of either top office ; leaving the focus a public searchlight on the selection of the Vice President to the lobbyists and their interests. Failure to

Electoral College or Congress ; and even conform with the act could lead to fine and eliminating the office of Vice President imprisonment altogether, so that a new election for President would have to be held within 90 PEOPLE & QUOTES days, in the event of a vacancy in the AMERICANS LEAD equip young men and women White House. During the 90-day period, the "I think U.S. influence has for successful entry into the Secretary of State would serve as Acting world of declined. . . . But as far as work." Former U.S. President. we know and can see now, Educ. Commissioner Marland. the overwhelming leadership in world affairs still comes LAW ENFORCEMENT The TV set , that favorite home companion from the Americans." Ca- PRINCIPLE and baby sitter, injured an estimated nadian Prime Minister Tru- "... I have been guided 14,000 Americans last year, according to deau. always by the principle that the National Electronic Injury Surveillance lawless enforcement of the System, operated by the Consumer Product PROFIT INCENTIVE law endangers liberty no less than crime and subversion." "Our system is built on Safety Commission. FBI Director Clarence Kelley. profits, without which there Young children proved to be the main would not be enough incen- victims of falling TV sets, resulting from tive for the massive produc- SUPERPOWER PLAY unstable support stands. But the C.ommijgsion tion which we achieve in "If one of the superpowers industry sent its armed forces to the reports that other watchers werie: injur'ed and agriculture." J. Phil Campbell, U.S. Under oil-rich gulf countries, the or killed by TV-ignited fires arid electric Sec'y of Agric. other superpower would do shock, and tube implosions. In its investi- likewise and a great catastro- gation of specific cases, the Commission VULNERABLE GOVTS. phe would ensue." Iranian Premier Amir Abbas Hovey- found that "If some sets had already been turned current economic trends da. off when a fire broke out because of defec- continue . . . democratic so- tive components or design, leading to cieties could become vulner- U.S. DOMINANCE GROWS able to extremist pressures "The global overheating. ... to a degree not experi- upheaval we are experiencing places the Meanwhile, the Food and Drug Administra- enced since the 20's and United States, a major pro- tion recently ordered the record recall 30's." Sec'y of State Henry Kissinger. ducer of energy and raw ma- of 407,000 color TV sets to correct terials, in a position which is suspected dangerous radiation levels. The FROM more dominant than in the SCHOOL TO JOB past." Francois Xavier Ortoli, sets, made by a Japanese manufacturer for ". . . our society expects president, European Common the U.S. market under different labels. our schools and colleges to Market.

34 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 You can't be turned down

for this Insurance /

if youVe 50 to 80! i

Here is a life insurance policy that can be yours for the asking With PRIME LIFE 50 PLUS insurance . . . if you inquire before IVIarch 31, 1975. No ifs, ands, or buts! Not only is no physical examination required, but the policy ^ Everyone between 50 and 80 can get this life is actually issued to you without a single health question! insurance—no one will be refused!

... is an individual life insurance You receive a policy created for the needs of policy that guarantees to accept mature persons! every man and woman between 50 and 80 who applies during the Guaranteed Acceptance Period ^ There are no health questions! regardless of any other insurance carried. is physical This protection is recommended to their members by two of ^ There no examination! America's highly respected national nonprofit organizations for the mature: the National Retired Teachers Association ^ Your insurance cannot be cancelled for any (NRTA) and the American Association of Retired Persons reason as long as you maintain your premium (AARP). This policy is underwritten by Colonial Penn Life payments. Insurance Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, specialists in serving the specific needs of America's older population. You know that this policy has been recom- mended to their members by both the National A Protection Breakthrough for Every Older Person! Retired Teachers Association and the Ameri- PRIME LIFE 50 PLUS is a distinctive concept of life insurance, achieved as a result of the years of effort Colonial Penn has can Association of Retired Persons! devoted to meeting the insurance needs of mature people. REMEMBER— To take advantage of this guaranteed oppor- The goal was a life insurance policy we could make available tunity to obtain PRIME LIFE 50 PLUS without answering any to all mature people—even those who ordinarily wouldn't qual- questions about your health, please mail the coupon before ify for life insurance. A policy whose cost would be reasonable March 31, 1975. Full information and your guaranteed issue and whose benefits would be worthwhile. With PRIME LIFE 50 application will be on their way to you at once by mail. PLUS the Colonial Penn Life Insurance Company has suc- ceeded. Residents of Florida, Illinois and Missouri, the policy we offer in your state is described only in the information we will send you. Here's how it works: During the first two years that your policy North Dakota residents, acceptance is not guaranteed, but a few is in effect, your coverage is reduced. If you should die during health questions and liberal underwriting assume acceptance of the first policy year, the benefit paid to your beneficiary is most applicants. $100 for each unit of PRIME LIFE 50 PLUS you have pur- chased. If death occurs during the second policy year, your This offer is available in all states except: Alas.; Ark.; Ga.; Mich.; beneficiary receives $250 for each unit of PRIME LIFE 50 PLUS N.J,; N.Y.; Pa.; Tex.; Wash., D.C; W. Va. purchased. Once two years have passed, you are covered for will visit will the full face amount of the policy. No broker or agent you, and you be under no obligation to purchase the policy. PRIME LIFE 50 PLUS enables the older person to obtain worthwhile benefits for his insurance dollar—and, at the same Even if you are not old enough for this insurance, you may time, guarantees acceptance for all applicants. want the information for another member of your family or for a friend. The cost? JUST $6.95 A MONTH FOR ONE UNIT—$12.90 A MONTH FOR TWO UNITS! J5AE No matter what your age, your sex, or the condition of your ;PR1EUFE plus; health, you pay just $6.95 a month for one unit or $12.90 a h II month for two units. The amount of coverage you receive is s based on your sex and age. However, once you are insured Colonial Penn Life Insurance Company the amount of your insurance will never go down, and your 5 Penn Center Plaza, Philadelphia, PA 19103 payments will never go up!

I am interested in PRIME LIFE 50 PLUS Insurance. Please send full information and an application by Act Now—You Have Nothing to Lose! me mail. To obtain full information on PRIME LIFE 50 PLUS in time to take advantage of this opportunity to become insured, please I understand no salesmen or agents will call, and 1 will mail the coupon before March 31, 1975. Between future guar- not be obligated in any way. anteed acceptance periods, you may be required to answer several important health questions and meet the company's NAME. .AGE. underwriting standards to obtain this protection. (Please Print) ADDRESS. COLONIAL PENN LIFE INSURANCE CO. 5 Penn Center Plaza, Philadelphia, PA 19103 CITY. .STATE. .ZIP. 'Service Mark Colonial Penn Life Insurance Company * *Service Mark Policy Form Series 3-82-572

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 35 , —:

OUTFIT STARTS VOU IN BiGMONEY SHOE BUSINESS! PERSONAL

Run your own profitable 'shoe store' business from THE 1975 LABOR OUTLOOK. home in spare or full time. We give you —FREE —complete Starting Outfit BEWARE OF HARD-TIMES SHARKS. that makes you $217.00 EXTRA each month for DISEASE IMMUNIZATION ALERT. just 2 easy orders a day. You feature 350 fast-sell- The labor scene will continue to be murky in the months ahead, but the ing dress, sport, work odds are that the following will happen: shoe styles for men and women. Air-cushion shoes, WAGES: Rates for union members will go up because of 1) new con- many other special fea- tracts, 2) cost-of-living adjustments, and 3) pressure to reopen existing tures! Sizes to 16— 4V2 agreements, but gains will be tempered by cutbacks in working hours and widths AA-EEEE. Draw on 300,000 pair stock. Earn widespread unemployment. In non-union areas, prospects for higher wages prizes, bonuses, shoes for are only so-so—if that. yourself—even a new car STRIKES: Theoretically, there shouldn't be any in times like these. or color TV! Rush post- Moreover, only about 21/2 million union people are involved in new con- card for your FREE Start- tract negotiations this year. But if the unions demand strong job guaran- ing Outfit today . . . Now! tees, pensions and unemployment benefits, employers may balk and touch off sporadic work stoppages. MASON SHOE, Oepl. G-414, CHIPPEWA falls, wis. 54 7 29 STUDENTS: If your youngsters expect to work this summer, tell them to start looking for a part-time employer this minute. Also, advise them DON'T QUIT SMOKING not to be choosy; the competition for every job will be intense. before giving my pipe a 30 Day Trial GRADUATES: This year's college crop is in for some rough treatment unless the graduate is an engineer, accountant, finance major, insurance sales specialist, or versed in agriculture (starting salaries: about $11,000 or $12,000). The College Placement Council figures that the best bets are petroleum, metals, public accounting, and chemicals and drugs.

My now principle contradicts every idea you've ever had about pipe smokinK. I guarantee it to smoke cool and mild hour after hour, day after day, without rest, without bite, bitternp.s.s or sludRO. To prove it. I'll let you test smoke a A breed that flourishes in troubled times is the host of promoters, crooks Carey IMpe foj- ^lll days. Write today for FREE tilal offer. and con artists that preys on desperate people. Before you make any in- E. A. CAREY, Dept. 246C, 3932 N. Kilpotrick, Chicago, III. 60641 vestments these days, check out the following points (compiled by the BASEMENT TOILET gov't for gold buyers, but applicable to other types of financial transactions) Flushes up to existing sewer or sep- 1. Never follow up on unsolicited correspondence or phone calls from tic tank by povi^erful, self-contained pump operated by normal water pres- strangers. sure. No digging up floors. Clog 2. Buy through local firms which can't fiy the coop. resistant, easily installed. Make base- ment into game room, den, apartment 3. If you're promised fantastic profits, ask "Why are you offering me with private bath. Financing available. Dealer in- billionaire? are you so generous?" quiries invited. Write for free catalog. secrets that could make you a Why DOSS, Dept. J-17, Box 10947, Houston, Tex. 77018 4. Don't be rushed into decisions; take your time. 5. Beware of investments in new inventions. 6. Be sure the company whose securities you may buy is registered with RUPTURED the Securities & Exchange Commission or state securities agency. TRY MY NEW KIND OF 7. Before you buy, get a full rundown of commissions and other costs GUARANTEED TRUSS that could affect the purchase price substantially.

I wore 8 kinds of trusses in 5 years, none 8. Discuss your intentions with a knowledgeable friend or institution.

worked, so 1 designed my own. A Truss like you've always wanted. A Truss that won't slip or pinch no matter 9. Don't invest a nickel before you determine if you can afford the risk. how active you are. Now you too can enjoy this Comfort and Protection. Write for Free Literature to: SPORTSMAN. P.O. Box Be sure to tell your wife—or whoever can handle your money if some- 91, Dept. 63, Helmsburg, Ind. 47435. thing happens to you—not to make a move without competent guidance.

$10 to $20 in an hr \ Presumably we have wiped out most of the dread diseases that plagued INVISIBLE VINYL REPAIR the nation only a generation or so ago. But now there's a very real con- Big, fast earnings with amazing VIP old reappear. Invisible Vinyl Repair. Big profits, cern that some of the scourges may big demand — car shops, homes, The reasons are simple: Carelessness and ignorance about proper im- -imm» bars, motels, buses, etc. Easy, quick. munization. The most vulnerable groups are at the opposite ends of the age FREE details by mail. No salesman will call. and VIP, 2021 Montrose, Dept. 114, Chicago 60618 scale—^preschool kids (millions of whom don't have vaccinations) adults who just don't bother to get protection. In between, schools and the provide good defenses. As a reminder, here's the CHANGE OF ADDRESS military services pretty immunization schedule advocated by health authorities: When moving to a new address, YOUNG PEOPLE: From two months until age six, children should get please notify Circulation Dept., P.O. diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough) and polio vaccines with Box 1954, Indianapolis, Ind., 46206 boosters. Meantime, at age one, vaccination against measles, rubella using Form 3578 which is available at your local post office. Attach old (German measles) and mumps is necessary. At school age, tetanus and address label and give old and new diphtheria toxoids should be administered. addresses with ZIP Code number ADULTS: A combined tetanus-diphtheria shot is recommended every and current membership card num- protection in your ber. Also, notify your Post Adjutant ten years. Also, if you didn't have polio or mumps or other officer charged with such younger days, catch up now. By Edgar A. Grunwald responsibilities.

36 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 .

Plant Now.,, step Back,., and Watch Out! Amazing Super-Growing Species Soars Into A Magnificent Tree iHmroiuYEm

And if you think that's startling — just wait 'til you see the spec- tacular show when it starts to flower — Actually smothers itself in^ such lavish masses of bouquets, its branches appear to bend from the sheer mass and weight of the magnificent blooms.

That's the kind of wonderous results reported by the tracked down the one single tree in all of nature that hoists U.S. Gov't. Plant Research Stations . . . Botanical Gar- dens ... and University Plant Scientists on what is itself high, so fast you undoubtedly the most fantastic flowering shade tree can literally measure the ever introduced in America — the incredibly beautiful difference in both height Paulownia ... the only flowering shade tree in all of and spread from week nature that can do all of this and more: to week ... or take a yardstick and READ WHAT THE EXPERTS SAY ABOUT measure the in-

THE INCREDIBLE PAULOWNIA . . credible difference THE FASTEST GROWING FLOWERING in feet from month SHADE TREE EVER DISCOVERED! to month! HEIGHT: Gov't. Plant Scientists and Botanical Experts GROWS IN ANY report 18 to 22 feet of growth the very first year on SOIL — REQUIRES specimen trees. NO SPECIAL CARE — SOARS INTO A That's more growth IN JUST ONE SINGLE SEASON MASTERPIECE than even a fully matured 15-year-old flowering dog- OF LUSH, GREEN wood, or prize star magnolia. BEAUTY IN JUST ^^'ner SPREAD: University Researchers report beautiful orna- A MATTER OF MONTHS! Shade Trepc mental spread of nearly 40 feet at maturity . . . packed with thousands of magnificent flowers. of it. Think Best of all, unlike most trees that demand constant It not only surges skyward in the most spectacular pampering ... the only thing you do when you plant burst of beauty you've ever seen . . . but, also arches Paulownia is water it and enjoy it. That's why lead- out in a magazine-cover display of color-drenched ing botanical gardens . . . landscape artists . . . gar- branches. den editors . . . recommend it again and again for

EASE: Leading editors report: . . . grows in almost any home-owners who want a stunning display of both soil ... and below-zero root-hardy, too. Yes, because beauty and shade ... and with practically no more nature has endowed this landscape-artist's "dream- work than a couple of sprinkles a season. ce'n^^Je"'? '"^9""'- tree" with super-growing strength . . . because it is virtually resistant to most every common disease . . . requires practically no care at all. You simply plant Paulownia"'?i"'^,'''>Va/

It and forget it . . . it's as simple as that. A TOWER OF BEAUTY IN JUST ONE SINGLE YEAR! Yes, who says you have to spend a small fortune for a flowering shade tree? — and then spend half a life- time waiting for it to grow? It used to be that way — BUT NOT ANY LONGER. Not since we have finally Never Has There Been A Faster Growing, Flowering Shade Tree Introduced To America — Royal Paulownia

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Picture your patio bathed in the cool, fragrant growth and beauty of any shade tree ever brought to this beauty of this show-stopping miracle-tree from country. And it's so easy to grow even a child can do it. early spring to the first snows of winter. And Remember: Satisfaction is guaranteed. You must be thrilled in every way with this wonderous flowering shade ONLY LIMITED AVAILABLE A SUPPLY YET tree or RETURN AT ANY TIME within 90 days for a full How's this for a natural archway in front of your FOR RELEASE TO THE PUBLIC — refund of your purchase price. Use the No-Risk Coupon driveway — twin towers of flowering beauty in FULL SUPPLY WON'T BE READY UNTIL 1975 less time than you ever dreamed possible. ... SO ACT NOW! below.

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1 enclose $ in ) Cash ) Check Money Order by landscape artists as specimen planting for ( ( ( ) front lawn. SOIL REQUIREMENTS — Natural strength and vigor allow it to soar full forth in even poor soil. Name You can plant it anywhere. CARE — No special care whatsoever. No spraying. Address Apt. No dusting. No special feeding. Naturally resis- tant to most every disease, pest or insect. Here's a luxury sight you don't have to wait half City State Zip TAKES BUT 10 MINUTES TO PLANT — REWARDS a lifetime growing — a matched pair of flowering YOU WITH A LIFETIME OF BEAUTY STARTING showpieces, so strong and sturdy you can actu- ) SEND COD. I enclose $2 deposit. Same Money back Guaran- THIS VERY YEAR! ally sling a hammock between them. tee, of course.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 37 CONTINUED FROM PAGE 19 protest while Zaire and Tanzania WHY DO PEACE AND PROSPERITY ELUDE BLACK AFRICA? rushed military aid to the govern- ment that was doing the killing. 20,000 and perhaps up to 90,000 of Some of the victims included well- The plight of African nations has his enemies, both real and imagined. known political figures. Last winter, been worsened by a five-year drought To his friends he was magnani- Amin dismissed Michael Ondoga as that has scorched Ethiopia and the All choice posts went minister. later, mous. the army foreign A short time six nations of the Sahel—or sub- to semi-literate Moslems from his Ondoga was picked up while walking Sahara—region: Mali, Mauritania, own Kakwa tribe. through the capital of Kampala. His Senegal, Upper Volta, Niger and When Amin's long-suffering sub- body was later found floating in the Chad. With little or no rainfall since jects attempted to overthrow him last Victoria Nile. In September 1972, 1960, close to one-third of the 51 March, he struck back with savage gunmen marched into Uganda's high million people who live in this sun- vengeance. Hundreds of persons, court and hauled away Chief Justice scorched belt stretching from the mostly members of the largely Chris- Benedicto Kiwanuka. He was never Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea are tian Lugbara tribe, were executed. seen again. threatened with starvation. Crops Some were shot, others burned and A still more sweeping blood bath have been burned, and rivers that still others tossed alive to the croco- has been taking place in Burundi provided fish have dried up in their diles. where the minority Tutsi government beds. To many, the drought is a sign Any possible doubt about what recently tried to eliminate the entire of supernatural displeasure that must sort of regime Amin was running was elite class of the Hutu people, par- be borne without complaint. The removed in June when the Interna- ticularly those with schooling and Sahel's principal rivers, the Senegal tional Commission of Jurists issued those who were holding government and the Niger, have fallen to their a blistering report on his rule. After posts. Observers have placed the lowest levels since the start of the examining evidence for three years, death toll in Burundi as high as century. Lake Chad has evaporated to one-third its normal size and has split into four parts. The Sahara CA^HtTO Desert has been creeping southward, TELLER reclaiming huge areas of the Sahel which for centuries supported the cattle, camels and goats of such des- ert nomad tribes as the Fulani and the Tuareg. It also supported thou- sands of tiny villages that existed on subsistence crops of millet and sor- ghum. In 1973, the desert had ad- vanced 63 miles, leaving village after village mere clusters of abandoned huts, their millet crops buried be- neath the shifting sands.

TiHE scarcity of food and other re- ^ sources has sharpened existing tensions in the Sahel area. The gov- ernments of Niger and Ethiopia have fallen and observers agree that in both cases the drought contributed largely to the unrest. The ancient nomadic and peasant cultures of the Sahel were already un- der considerable pressure, however, "Mr. Benson, I'd like you to meet the author of my check book." as the national boundaries of new Af-

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE rican states slashed across their paths of migration, and as modern cash economies disrupted their normal the jurists concluded that Uganda had 200,000. The government, sitting in way of making a living. undergone a "total breakdown of the the capital of Bujumbura, does not Ironically, the effects of the rule of law." deny that mass killings took place. drought were heightened by well- the past The commission charged that Amin But it has sought to justify them with meaning aid projects. Over had allowed his army and special a white paper charging that a force 15 years, these programs have re- goon squad, the 3,000-man Public of 25,000 Hutu attacked Burundi in sulted in a soaring human and live- Safety Unit, to terrorize the country. April 1972 and massacred 50,000 stock population that strained to the ability of land to sup- As a result, it said, thousands of Tutsi. The paper claimed that only limit the the Ugandans had fled to other parts of the guilty had been punished. Foreign port them in normal times. Africa or to Europe since Amin had sources in Bujumbura have rejected In 1973, a massive international re- the U.N. seized power in 1971. It placed the this government version as grossly lief effort coordinated by Organization death toll of his victims in Uganda at exaggerating the original Hutu at- Food and Agricultural of grain and 50,000. The commission believed that tack and hiding the full horror of dispatched 471,000 tons Africa's starving the army carried out many killings the reprisal. $130 million to keep of that Amin never ordered. But the re- The killings in Burundi caused millions alive. But shipment much stricken points was port traced most of the executions to little stir in the outside world. Most of the aid to the the strongman himself. foreign governments made no public (Continued on page 40)

38 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 —

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THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 CONTINUED WHY DO PEACE AND PROSPERITY ELUDE BLACK AFRICA? community spent over $40 million on transporting food to Niger. Most of delayed by local incompetence and events of the political succession were that money [was spent] on the air- corruption. producing mass executions. The lift. For that kind of money we could In Mali some officials sold the grain whereabouts of the 82-year-old ex- have irrigated 11,000 hectares of land to local merchants who resold it at Emperor, Selassie, was unknown. A near the Niger River, which would huge profits to their starving country- military regime was summarily ex- have produced 110,000 tons of food. men. And, in Ethiopia, truckers ecuting members of the old aristoc- That is not far from our total needs. balked at transporting aid because racy and former officials, and on The economics of airlifts simply do they could make more money hauling Nov. 24, even the leader of the group not make sense." other goods. that ousted Selassie, Gen. Aman M. The Sahel nations set up their own Andom, was himself relieved of his The history of the new nations now emergency committee to coordinate duties after sundown and shot at mid- promises to repeat itself in the Portu- food deliveries and provide the link night, along with some 60 others, in- guese colonies of Angola and Mozam- between the bulk hauls of the donor cluding Haile Selassie's grandson, bique, where black guerrilla warfare, nations and the local transport. But Rear Adm. Alexander Desta. The new often aided by neighboring black na- the various Sahel governments, each junta was planning further trials and tions, has raged against the Portu- jealous of its own authority, gave the executions in the name of public an- guese army for decades. A revolution committee no real executive power. ger at the handling of the drought in Portugal has resulted in a determi- About all it did last year was to pre- situation. Selassie himself was then nation to end the warfare and find a sent the Western powers with a said to be a prisoner whose life de- suitable independent status for An- highly unrealistic list of unrelated pended on handing over money gola and Mozambique. Both areas are aid projects which would have cost largely held in Swiss banks, which now seething with dissension and billion. One U.S. aid expert refused to make payments based on about $1 rivalries for control, while a white said that the committee's fertilizer coercing their depositor. population of over 400,000 in Angola request would have called for enough drought also The triggered an up- shows no signs of running away. to poison the lands and rivers of the rising in Niger that unseated Presi- Potentially rich Mozambique is al- Sahel for a decade. dent Diori early this year. Hamani ready a shambles as a result of the times, the leaders seemed to re- Diori At may have had his faults but he long years of warfare. Anything can gard Western aid as an affront to was smart flaws in the enough to see yet happen to make independence their pride and an implication that costly program to airlift supplies to a source of new chaos, civil war and they were incapable of taking care of the stricken areas. Shortly before his repression by the ultimate victors, their own people. In Ethiopia, for ouster he ' told Martin Walker, a and there is no certainty that the example, the Agriculture Ministry columnist for Britain's newspaper. history of the Belgian Congo may not circulated a confidential report in The Guardian, that "the international repeat itself there. end. November 1972 warning that the drought and crop failures would ne- cessitate "major food imports" in A BRIEF HISTORY OF QUACK MEDICINES IN AMERICA

1973. The cabinet suppressed the re- CONTINUED FROM PAGE 11 port and virtually ignored it. Because etc.," which had been "first made by striped male turtles found only in the of the attitude of the Ethiopian gov- an ancient Chinese physician who remote volcanic regions of Outer ernment, the local U.N. aid agencies cured an injured and dying Prince Mongolia." were not able to mobilize any effec- by anointing him with rendered Tiger Lotus Blossom was a traveling tive relief. In August 1973, an ex- Fat and Marrow." The other was operator. She and her husband made Peace Corps and UNICEF official Vital Sparks, "God's Great Gift to her medicines on the road at what- presented a report saying that 60,000 Men," the main ingredient of which ever inns they stayed in. To make people had already died in drought- was "Quali Quah powder, the dried Tiger Fat, they melted petroleum stricken Wallo Province and that the and powdered pouches of golden- jelly in a bucket over a gas jet, area was devastated. The Ministry of added oil of wintergreen and euca- Health suppressed the report, saying lyptus, gum camphor and turpen- that such events could not happen in tine, shaved in a little paraffin to the great empire of Ethiopia. Fearful make the mixture set, then poured that adverse news would harm the it, still hot, into small round tin tourist trade, the government also re- boxes. It cost six or seven cents a fused to admit publicly that cholera box to package, and sold for $1. was raging in Wallo Province. Vital Sparks cost even less to pro- At the same time, the Ethiopian duce. That "Oriental Blessing for government accepted free cholera Men," Mrs. Blossom revealed many vaccine and proceeded to sell it to the years later, was pieces of small hard victims for two American dollars a round black candy called "buckshot shot. candy," which she dumped into an rpHESE events led to the explosion empty bureau drawer, sprinkled ^ of student and military wrath with water and bitter powdered aloes, early in 1974 that prompted Emperor and covered with a thin coating of Haile Selassie to dismiss the govern- the powder by vigorously shaking ment and put in an allegedly reform- the drawer. She packaged the result ist regime, only to be overthrown in tiny pasteboard boxes. Each box himself before the year was over. of Vital Sparks was priced on its "I'm at that awkward age—too old By last November, the Ethiopian to cry and too young for coffee." label at $5, but it was usually "pre- sented" for a token dime to each drought death toll was reported to THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE have reached 150,000, while the Tiger Fat customer. (Cont'd)

40" the: AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 ! ^

CASH IN ""^e WORLD SHOE CRISIS! There is no question. Shoe factories are in trouble, closing their doors all over the world. But our survey shows why: Tremendous price increases have crushed the market. Men have simply put off buying shoes they need Now Haband Company, a small private business in Paterson, N.J. has the solution. NEW IMPROVED EXECUTIVE SHOES in the very latest styles that can be ordered direct by mail AT A FRACTION OF THEIR APPARENT PRICE! Look at the pictures and imagine these deluxe executive shoes — good, useful, long-wearing street shoes — in a straight, direct -to-the-consumer deal.

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CONTINUED In 1905, when strong feeling A BRIEF HISTORY OF against patent medicine was de- QUACK MEDICINES IN AMERICA veloping in many quarters of the United States, a prominent physician, Mrs. Blossom later traded on the after a statistical study, stated that fame of Louis Pasteur by changing "more alcohol is consumed in this country in patent medicines than is her name to Madame Vi Pasteur, and concocted some new wares, dispensed in a legal way by licensed including V. Pasteur's Herbs. They liquor vendors, barring the sales of cured "All Recognized Kinds of ales and beer." Most of the nostrum Top Merlite Dealers manufacturers included in their lines Catarrh—catarrh of the stomach, prove it's possible! so-called "Liquor Cures" to "Save the of the lungs, of the bowels, of the They report cash regions." After Drunkard"—these products, too, con- pelvic and all other earnings of $25.00 a "Science Lecture," she held aloft tained alcohol and/or habit-forming drugs. ...$50.00... yes, a bottle of limewater which she de- In the early century, the even $100.00 AND clared to be pure water, with 20th traveling medicine shows, village MORE from just one nothing added. To prove it, she took a healthy swallow. Then she poured general stores, and newly developed hour of easy spare-time work! Their corner drugstores were not the only some of it into a glass graduate, "secret"? They show SELL-ON-SIGHT sources of patent medicines. The stuck a tube into it, and invited any- Merlite Jewelry to friends and custom- Sears Roebuck and Company cata- one in the audience who thought he ers - and earn a 200% PROFIT on logue in 1906 carried 20 full pages might have catarrh to come up and every effortless sale! blow into the tube. If he didn't have of devices and nostrums, including a business you can go into without special such illness, she said, the water Female Pills and White Star Liquor Imagine Cure. Sears ad suggested that training or experience ... a business that doesn't would not change color; if he did, A Ma require a penny's investment ... a business you slip can literally carry in your pocket— business it would turn milky. some White Star into Pa's coffee, BUT a presumably to keep him out of the that our better Dealers report has paid them PROFITS The volunteer blew, and, as the as high as $25.00 to $100.00 In a single spare-time limewater bubbled, it turned milky booze bottle after supper. hour! —as limewater always will under Impossible? Not at all! Just mall the coupon below, and we'll get YOU started in this amazing business such conditions. Madame Pasteur one week from today! announced sadly to her spellbound Merlite Industries, a fa- mous name in Direct Selling audience that the "patient" by her for 28 years, has assembled side did indeed have catarrh—but an incomparable collection of the world's most beautiful jew- with the "scientific attention" of her ery: rings, watches, earrings, herb concentrate the disease could pendants, crosses, gift items. be swept from his body. She proved There are over 400 popular men's and women's styles In it pouring a few drops, sup- by . . all . priced to sell and sell posedly of herb concentrate but real- FAST at just $6.00 to $84.00! ly vinegar, into the graduate. JUST SHOW ... AND SELL! It's YOUR chance to make bundle of extra the limewater a money! Instantly, milky Just show Merlite Jewelry to folks turned as clear as fresh spring you know — friends, neighbors, rela- tives — and give water—and the crowd fought its we'll you a sen- sational TWO HUNDRED PERCENT way to Madame Pasteur's platform PROFIT on every Merlite item they to purchase her "limited supply" of buy from you! When someone buys a $15.00 ring, YOU keep $10.00! When medicine. someone buys a $24.00 pendant, YOU keep $16.00! Many of the patent medicines con- It's as simple as that! Just show our jewelry, write tained a high percentage of alcohol, up the orders, and put your profit in your pocket! And we do mean "show." Don't even try to sell Merlite and some were just plain whiskey, Jewelry — because it isn't necessary! You'll quickly but the medicine men tried to label find our that these gorgeous creations really do sell themselves — on sight — wherever you show them! their products so as not to antago- SEND FOR FREE PROFIT OUTFIT Christian nize the Woman's Tem- Best of all, you can get going perance Union. However, there were "Mr. Fedderstone, The Regional Dis- in this fantastically lucrative business for the price of post- even those in the temperance move- trict Manager just stepped off the a age stamp! Just mail the coupon, elevator and is headed your way." ment who liked their own snort, as and we'll rush you EVERYTHING you need to start making money long as it could be called "medic- THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE NOW: 40-page, full-color Customer Presentation Cata- inal." In half-page newspaper ads logue, detailed Profit Manual, Ring Sizer, Wholesale for Duffy's Pure Malt Whiskey, it Some of the old "cures" contained Order Forms, Bonus Profit Plan, and much, much more!

There's no charge obligation, . . explained that "Pure Malt" morphine or other opiates. For drug or nothing to return was so mail the coupon TODAY! meant "Medicinal," a statement fol- addicts Sears offered a Cure for the lowed by a large-type announcement Opium and Morphine Habit. MERLITE INDUSTRIES, INC. Dept. 199C I that "Clergymen Endorse Duffy's In the mechanical device category, 114 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10011 Pure Malt Whiskey," and photo- Sears offered Magnetic Insoles at SOUNDS GOOD! Rush me everything I need to get graphs of three very pious-faced 180 a pair, Electric Battery Plas- started — FREE and without obligation! "Distinguished Divines and Tem- ters, "the first genuine Electric MR. MRS. MISS perance Workers" who vouched for Rings introduced into the United NAME the product. States," and other marvels. ADDRESS Duffy's ad campaign reflected dif- The first extensive and effective CITY „ ficulties it had gotten into with campaign in this country against STATE ZIP temperance leaders, probably because patent medicine began in October IN CANADA: MOPA CO., LTD.. 371 DOWD ST. so boldly 1905, with publication of the first of the word "whiskey" was MONTREAL 128, QUEBEC used in the name. a series of ten long articles in

THE AMER ICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 43 CONTINUED by name and revealed the "secret NO NEED TO WEAR A BRIEF HISTORY OF formulas" of many of their cure- QUACK MEDICINES IN AMERICA alls. He listed four of the best-sell- ing "catarrh powders" and stated flatly that "all of them are cocaine; ATRUSS Collier's Magazine by a 34-year-old the other ingredients are unimpor- reporter named Samuel Hopkins tant." The most popular patent Adams, who called his expose "The medicine in the United States at the FOR RUPTURE Great American Fraud." Adams time was Dr. S. B. Hartman's That Binds, Cuts, Gouges, gave the public details of every Peruna, a liquid "absolute cure" for Slips and Does Not Hold phase of the broad, ugly medical- "the catarrh," which Dr. Hartman wear a Truss ior RuDture. If you must quackery business, hit partic- declared to be the basis of all don't miss this. A Post Card, with name and he hu- and address, will get you FREE, and with- ularly hard at the nostrums which man illness. Adams said that, ac- out obligation, the complete, modernized Rice Plan of Reducible Rupture Control. his research had revealed to be cording to physicians and druggists, Now in daily use by thousands who say secure, ". they never dreamed possible such hazardous. He listed . . the opium- what it really did was give you a dependable and comfortable rupture pro- tection. Safely blocks rupture opening, containing soothing syrups, which "Peruna drunk." He said a bottle prevents escape, without need for bulky, cumbersome Trusses, tormenting springs stunt or kill helpless infants; the that sold for $1 cost not more than or harsh, gouging pad pressure. Regard- consumption cures, perhaps the 180 to make, and he provided the less of how long ruptured, size, occupa- tion, or trusses you have worn. TRY most devilish of all, in that they recipe. Mix a half-pint of alcohol THIS, and send your Post Card today to W. S. Rice, Inc., Adams, N. Y. Dept. gj[ destroy hope where hope is strug- with one and one-half pints of water, gling against bitter odds for exist- and add some common Java pepper FREE ence; the headache powders which for flavoring and burnt sugar for ,1 enslave so insidiously that the vic- coloring. CATALOG (i tim is ignorant of his own fate; the He called the prohibitionists who • OFFICE & LOUNGE FURNITURE catarrh powders which breed co- took alcohol-laden "medicines" Tem- • BANQUET & MEETING FURNITURE • TENNIS TABLES caine slaves." perance Drinkers. He made it public • COAT/HAT RACKS Adams revealed that the familiar that they were downing "what the testimonials were often paid for, town tippler takes across the license- Adirondack often pure fiction. He pointed out paying bar." 276-0 Park Ave. So.; N.Y.C. K Shipping Points — PITTSBURGH • CHICAGO BOSTON • DALLAS • ATLANTA • LOS ANGELES

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script & copy of How To Publish Your "Stop grumbling or I'll turn you In for the reward!" Book. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE CARLTON PRESS Dept. ALO 84 Fifth Ave., New York, 10011 the worthlessness of the so-called Adams named many remedies "guarantees" of the Bitters, Balms, which were being used as alcoholic Balsams, Salves, Drops, Powders, stimulants, including Lydia Pink- Vermifuges, Alteratives, Pectorals, ham's Vegetable Compound, that Inhalants, Embrocations, Ex- long-established and widely adver- pectorants, Emulsions, Nervines, tised cure for the "Female Com- Regulators and Resolvents. Each plaints." Mrs. Pinkham had been guaranteed to cure if used regularly, dead since 1883, but some of the but the label failed to specify Vegetable Compound ads left the whether the cure required regular impression she was still living. Her . stock . use for days, weeks, months or product, made and sold by her de- years. If no cure was effected, the scendants, was still going strong. remedy simply had not been used Modified to conform to later laws, it "long enough." continued to be made for years. Buy U. S. Savings Bonds Adams called the medical quacks With the appearance of the last

44 THE AfVIERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 J ! Why Rip Up Your Lawn? Zoysia Saves Time, Woric And Money SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER! ORDER NOW AND GET UP TO 200 PLUGS FREE! CUTS YOUR WORK, PLUG AMAZOY INTO OLD SAVES YOU MONEY LAWN, NEW GROUND OR Your deep-rooted, established NURSERY AREA By Mike SenlciV Amazoy lawn saves you time and Just set Amazoy plugs into holes in Agronom/sf money in many ways. It never needs ground like a cork in a bottle. Plant 1 replacement . . . ends re-seeding Every year I foot apart, checkerboard style. Every forever. Fertilizing and watering plug 3 sq. inches. see people pour (water costs money, too) are rarely When planted in existing lawn areas more and more if ever needed. It ends the need for plugs will spread to drive out old, un- their money into crabgrass killers permanently. It wanted growth, including weeds. Easy lawns. They dig, cuts pushing a noisy mower in the planting instructions with order. fertilize and blistering sun by %. Your Own Supply of Plug Transplants lime. They rake WEAR RESISTANT Your established turf provides you it all in. They When America's largest Univer- with Zoysia plugs for other areas as Amazoy is fhe Trade Mark Regis- scatter their desire. tered U.S. Pafenf Office for our sity tested 13 leading grasses for you may seed and roll and Meyer Z-52 Zoysia Crass. wear resistance, such as foot scuff- NO SOD, NO SEED water it. ling, the Zoysia (matrella and ja- There's seed that produces win- Birds love it! Seeds which aren't washed ponica Meyer Z-52) led all others. no ter-hardy Meyer Z-52 Zoysia. Grass away by rain give them a feast. But some seed Your lawn takes such Amazoy and sod or ordinary grass carries with grows, and soon it's time to weed, water and wear as cookouts, lawn parties, lawn it the same problems as seed—like mow, mow . . . until summer comes to burn furniture, etc. Grows so thick you weeds, diseases, frequent mowing, the lawn into hay, or crabgrass and diseases could play football on it and not burning out, etc. That's why Amazoy infest it. get your feet muddy. Even if chil- comes in pre-cut plugs . . . your as- surance of lawn success. That's what happens to ordinary grass, but dren play on it, they won't hurt it themselves. not to Zoysia. —or Every Plug CHOKES CRABGRASS OUT Guaranteed to Grow Thick, rich, luxurious Amazoy "MOWED IT 2 TIMES," WRITES WOMAN • grows into a carpet of grass that In Your Area In Your Soil writes For example, Mrs. M. R. Mitter chokes out crabgrass and weeds all • WON'T WINTER KILL—has sur- ". me how her lawn . . is the envy of all summer long! It will NOT winter vived temperatures 30° below zero! see it. everybody's lawns around who When kill. Goes off its green color after • WON'T HEAT KILL—when other here are brown from drought ours just stays killing frost, regains fresh new grasses burn out, Amazoy remains as green as ever. I've never watered it, only beauty every Spring—a true peren- green and lovely when I put the plugs in . . . Last summer nial! Every plug must grow within 45 days we had it mowed (2) times. Another thing, NO NEED TO RIP OUT or we replace it free. Since we're we never have to pull any weeds—it's just hardly in business for the fun of it, wonderful!" PRESENT GRASS you know we have to be sure of our Wonderful? Yes, Zoysia Grass IS wonder- Now's the time to order your product. ful! Plant it now and like Mrs. Mitter you'll Zoysia plugs—to get started on a lawn that will choke out crabgrass cut mowing by 2/3 . . . never have another UP 200 weed problem all summer long the rest of and weeds all summer long and year after year. your life! TO PLUGS it FREE And from Iowa came word that the Men's Plug into an entire lawn or lim- Garden Club of Des Moines picked a Zoysia ited "problem areas". Plug it into JUST FOR ORDERING NOW! with our reg. poor soil, "builder's soil", clay or Compare Bonus Plug offers lawn as the "top lawn—nearly perfect" in nationally advertised prices and see how the area. Yet this lawn had been watered sandy soils—even salty, beach areas, you save! and I guarantee it to grow! only once all summer up to August! Consider the time and money you in- These represent but 2 of thousands of PERFECT FOR SLOPES vest in your lawn and it doesn't pay to happy Zoysia owners. Their experiences If slopes are a problem, plug in struggle with grass that hums out just show that you, too, can have a lawn that Amazoy and let it stop erosion. Or when you want it most. Order Amazoy stays green and beautiful thru blistering plug it into hard-to-cover spots, play- now and let it spread into thrillingly heat, water bans—even drought! worn areas, etc. beautiful turf!

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CONTINUED tially dangerous drugs, including al- A BRIEF HISTORY OF cohol, opium, morphine, cocaine and QUACK MEDICINES IN AMERICA heroin. Sears went farther than the law FOR PERMANI required. In 1908, it offered less than article of his Collier's series, in two pages of drugs in its catalog, FUND RAISING September 1906, Adams had at- none with the blatant air of quack- Easy way to raise money for your Organization tacked 264 medicine-making concerns ery. because everyone has fun playing BINGO! Thousands of Organizations are making up to and individuals by name, desig- Others were simply restrained a $500.00 per week using'BINGO KING" supplies nating some of them as "murderers" bit by the 1907 Act. But it was the and FREE Idea Bulletins. Write for FREE catalog and some as "thieves." Many news- beginning from which developed, and details on raising money for your Organiza- dur- tion. papers carried long wails that ing the next three decades, legislation PLEASE : GIVE NAME OF ORGANIZATION. Adams' remarks "unfairly injured regulating questionable medical prac- old established businesses." But the tices, controlling the introduction of

Dept.. All-980, Box 2588, LITTLETON, COLO. 80120 Proprietary Association of America, new medical products, and forbidding which Adams had described as "the the marketing of untested and pos- ORDER body for mutual help and protection sibly dangerous drugs. Since 1938, of the more powerful quacks and the obviously harmful patent medi- DIRECT frauds," did not even threaten legal cines have, with a few exceptions, from action. Of two libel suits which did disappeared from the American materialize, one was dropped before market. And, on the whole, the coming to trial. I cannot find the commercial medicine labels are outcome of the other, brought by truthful—regardless of one's opinion Pink Pills for Pale People. of some of the brand name drug Send Today For Adams' articles, along with pres- advertising on TV. sure by the American Medical As- Today, at the National Museum of Catalog MONROE sociation and prodding by the Medical Quackery in St. Louis, Mo., U.S. Agriculture Department's Dr. one may see a display of quack ap- THE MONROE COMPANY Harvey W. Wiley, resulted in Con- paratus, quack drugs and remedies, 69 Church St., Colfax, Iowa 50054 gress passing the first Pure Food and quack nutrition and food-fad and Drug Act, which went into ef- items. Particularly engaging are the !lj:MI!l*!lll- fect on January 1, 1907. diagnostic devices, some quite elab- In the area of medicine, it did orate, and such curative apparatus Huge savings on tiny, all-in- the-ear, behind the ear, eye- little more than prohibit false label as "Pulvermacher's Improved Patent glass and body models. New space age models are so tiny statements about a product's ingre- Self Applicable Electric Belts and and weir concealed your clos- est friends may never even dients and require manufacturers to Bands for the Successful Treatment notice. FREE HOME TRIAL. declare on every label the presence of Nervous, Chronic, and Functional Low as $10 monthly. Money back guarantee. If your doctor and amount of the 11 most poten- Diseases." end recommends you use a hearing aid, ask him about Prestige aids. Write today for free catalog and confidential booklet. PRESTIGE, Dept. D-91, Box 10947, Houston, Tex. 77018. MINERAL OF HYDRAULIC JACK REPAIRS THE UNTAPPED WEALTH THE SEA BOTTOMS FROM 23 Earn While You Learn In Your Spare Time CONTINUED PAGE

Trained and qualified mechanicj needed NOW to service inoperative hydraulic jacks. BIG opportunity for ambitious is copper," says Marne A. Dubs, di- commander, instead of a suction men. We show you HOW - in your basement or garage to earn spare time cash in an expanding industry. Don't wait, rector of the firm's Ocean Resources system. ACT NOW! Get the facts. Write for folder No. A-3 and free bonus offer. Department. But the company also Germany, Canada, Australia and nickel, the Soviet rin^^-. Hydraulic Jack Repair Manual Co., Inc. intends to go after to put the Union are also known to a. P.O. BOX • STATEN ISLAND, Y. 3 N. 10314 operation on a sound financial basis. be spending large sums in the field. Like Summa and Deepsea, Kenne- According to Merle Macbain, most If You Served cott has developed a vacuum-cleaner authorities "agree that the United Your Country in War type recovery system, but it is gear- States has a technological lead, both BE COUNTED AGAIN ing up for commercial mining more in the systems developed for nodule slowly than the other two firms. On retrieval at great depths and in the By Working In THE AMERICAN LEGION the other hand, it has already col- metallurgical processes for reclaim- lected nodules from more than 3,000 ing the ores. This lead, say spokes- Pacific Ocean sites and has processed men for the American companies in- LEARN more than 250 tons in its San Diego volved, is a fragile one, however, and MEAT CUTTING labs. Sharing in the Kennecott proj- will be lost to aggressive foreign ect are two British and one Canadian competition if not promptly pur- Train quickly in 8 Bhort weeks at Toledo for a bright future with security in the vital mining and metallurgical firms, as sued." meat business. Big pay. full-time jobs HAVE A PROFITABLE MARKET OFYOUR If OWN! Time payment plan available. Diplo- well as Mitsubishi of Tokyo. the only problems these mining . ma given. Job help. Thousands of suc- - " ' cessful graduates. OUR 52nd YEAR! Send A fourth firm. Ocean Resources, companies faced were technical, they NOW for big new illustrated FREE catalog. No obligation. G. I. approved. NATIONAL SCHOOL OF MEAT CUTTING No. 0197T Inc., consortium headed might begin commercial operations Dept. A-«8 Toledo. Ohio 43604 a 25-company by Dr. John Mero himself, includes within the year. But the actual start- MINIATURE GOLF Financing such American firms as Ethyl Corp. up date depends mainly on when— available. INDOORS - OUTDOORS and Phelps Dodge, plus such foreign and if—the nations of the world can 1 year investment to 2 return of outfits as Societe Le Nickel of agree on laws governing ocean floor Phone/write/w/ire ... France, and Nippon of Japan. use. na irector of marketing for full details Dr. Mero's outfit is placing its bets The recent Law of the Sea Con- and literature. to Enterprises, Inc. Dept. 69 on a continuous line-bucket recovery ference in Caracas was supposed Lomma Building, Scranton, Pa. 18503 system invented by a Japanese naval (Continued on page 48)

46 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 .

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CONTINUED cited other studies showing that, be- THE UNTAPPED MINERAL WEALTH OF THE SEA BOTTOMS cause of increased demand, a large new supply of manganese, copper, produce an agreement, but the 158 any depth that can ever be worked. cobalt and nickel from the ocean nations represented couldn't even Under this interpretation, if we wouldn't agree on a communique describing could work the sea bottom for ores have much of an effect on their differences. in an unbroken stretch from Chesa- world prices, at least not for decades. For now, the only law in force that peake Bay eastward to the French They petitioned for unfettered ex- might be applied to deep-sea mining coast, it would all be ours. And if ploitation of the ocean floor. is the confusing and contradictory France could work it the same way, The technically-backward nations, Law of the Sea formulated by rep- westward, the same bottom would particularly China and India, argued resentatives of 88 nations at Geneva be all hers. that all coastal nations should be in 1958. Because of the obvious potential allowed to control all exploration Actually, that conference ignored for trouble here, the UN General within 200 miles of their shores the deep ocean floor. But it did agree Assembly resolved in 1970 to declare even if only to hamper research by to a provision dealing with the con- a moratorium on seabed mining until others. tinental shelves that, by inference, a new Law of the Sea could be The technically-advanced nations, can be applied to deeper waters. agreed upon. It also set into motion mainly the United States, Japan and The conference gave to each na- plans for last year's Caracas con- the Soviet Union, on the other hand, tion the exclusive right to explore ference and others to follow, if pushed for unrestricted exploration and exploit the natural resources of necessary. of the oceans, so that the location its continental shelves. Then, because Since the ocean bottom's mineral and extent of their mineral resources some coastal nations don't have true riches are apparently abundant could be precisely determined. continental shelves, the conference enough for all, it might seem that The dozens of small, underdevel- wrote a new definition more generous the nations of the world would have oped nations of Asia, Africa and than Mother Nature's. According to this definition, con- tinental shelves consist of "the sea bed and subsoil of the submarine areas adjacent to the coast but out- side the area of the territorial sea, to a depth of 200 meters (656 feet) or, beyond that, to where the depth of the superadjacent waters admits of the exploitation of the natural resources of said areas." In other words, a nation can claim sea bottom rights over whatever un- broken stretch of bottom it can work, starting from its own shores. It can claim this stretch to be the "conti- nental shelf" over which it has ex- clusive domain, except for fishing and navigation. When the law was written, 200 meters was the depth limit of any ocean-floor mining operations, and its wording was just a sop to seaside nations that lacked substantial con- tinental shelves. Then came scientific papers by Dr. "Boy—has this been a rough day." Mero and others describing the THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE riches of the ocean depths. Seven years after the Geneva Conference, Dr. Mero's book was published and no reason to contend for them. Not South America—lacking the where- the area beyond the true continental so. The Caracas conference heard a withal to exploit the ocean bottoms shelves suddenly became very im- cacophony of differing views and on their own—proclaimed that the portant. interests, each strongly held and oceans were "the common heritage Since then, scientists and engi- vigorously argued. of mankind" whose riches must be neers have extended the depth limit The mineral-rich nations of the justly divided, not simply grabbed of ocean-floor mining operations world, most of them non-industrial off by those countries with the fi- again and again. Now, it is at least countries like Zaire, Zambia, Morocco nancial and technological capacity. theoretically possible to recover min- and Chile, cited studies proving deep- These countries called for the erals lying 20,000 feet down. sea mining would dramatically re- creation of an international corpo- If the 1958 Geneva law is followed duce the value of their dry land ration—dubbed "The Enterprise" literally, this means each coastal mining operations. They insisted on to control deep-sea mining opera- nation can now consider that its provisions that would artificially tions and disburse its revenues to continental shelf—and its exclusive prop up prices, even in the face of all nations. domain over the bottom—extends cheap, unlimited supplies. The United States and other na- far beyond its original dimensions, The mineral-using nations, mainly tions with mining potential have to wherever ocean depths reach the world's industrial countries, stated their willingness to share

48 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 . some revenues, but they opposed nodules to marketing the metals ob- would put them out of business. The "The Enterprise," holding it might tained from them. bankers who would finance these be used to stifle ocean markets in The developing nations have left ventures have the same fears. order to maintain the status quo of open the possibility that service con- For this reason, the influential mines ashore. tracts might be granted to private American Mining Congress is push- But the underdeveloped nations concerns, but only under tight super- ing legislation in Congress that distrust and resent the United States, vision. They're afraid if private com- would authorize the U.S. Interior fearing that firms such as Summa panies are given a free rein, they'll Secretary to license American citi- or Deepsea Ventures will begin min- understate their production activity zens and corporations to make ocean ing operations before any interna- and withhold revenue from central floor claims and conduct mining tional agreement is signed—thereby authority. operations. making such an agreement impos- According to this proposal, the Under this legislation, the federal sible and quashing all chances of revenue would be divided among all government would agree to under- sea-mine revenue-sharing on an in- nations (plus the UN) —but by a write any losses the licensee suffered ternational scale. formula weighted in favor of the during the next 40 years as a result This prospect so angers these na- developing nations. of any international regulations tions that they've warned that any It's easy to imagine a compromise agreed to by the United States. The unilateral action by American firms between the two proposals, but it's mining firms would pay for a govern- (or others) could cause counter- also easy to imagine nothing but ment insurance program against a moves, such as the restriction of perpetual debate. If no agreement loss by outside interference. fishing and navigation. is reached, that doesn't mean every- In return, licensees would have to In March 1975, delegates will one will let the riches of the ocean pay a fee of $5,000, invest substan- meet again, this time in Geneva, lie in place. The only real question tial sums to maintain their claims, with the hope of hammering out the will be who breaks the moratorium and work their mines continuously necessary compromises, so that a first and under what circumstances. once they began operations. They'd new set of sea laws can be formally As far as the mining companies also have to abide by various regu- adopted in Caracas next summer. are concerned, the only thing holding lations concerning pollution and in- But many delegates think agreement them back now is worry over their terference with other ocean users. is impossible. investment. They're reluctant to Such legislation was introduced build equipment and stake out a (without passing) in both houses of T F there is agreement, it would claim without some sort of guarantee Congress in the last session. Rep. ^ probably be based on one of two against either infringing claims or Thomas N. Downing of Virginia, major proposals: an international agreement that chairman of the House Oceano- 1. The U.S. proposal. Here, the nations would agree to create an International Seabed Area, covering all ocean bottoms beneath 200 me- ters of water or more. This area would be supervised by an Inter- national Seabed Resources Author- ity, with the power to license mining operations, arbitrate grievances and levy fines for pollution or other violations. It would license all comers. The Authority would also distrib- ute some of the profits from sea- mining operations among all nations, according to their population and per capita income. For example, of every $500 million disbursed, Somalia (with an annual per capita income of $61) would receive $384,500; Ceylon (with an annual per capita income of $159) would get $1,717,- 000; Brazil (with a $381 annual per capita income) would be given $12,- 567,500. Some of this money would go directly into UN coffers, hopefully . . .you, your organization, all its members enough so that that organization make it to the winner's circle with ARMCHAIR ( 19-31 Mott Avenue would no longer have to depend on RACES. This proven fund-raiser provides Far Rockaway, N.Y. 11691 the oft-times shirked contributions (212) 327-2248 unmatched excitement with a complete of member nations. Name film packageof thoroughbred races including 2. The developing nations pro- authentic track sounds, official programs, mutuel tickets— everything you need for a posal. Here, all nations would sur- Address. productive fund-raising evening. render their rights to establish Whether it's a gala celebrating the deep-sea mines to "The Enterprise." City Kentucky Derby or a club social. . Enterprise would not license The ARMCHAIR RACES wins for everyone mining operations but would conduct State. _Zip. every time out! them itself, from recovery of the

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 49 CONTINUED only using it as an apology to the THE UNTAPPED MINERAL WEALTH OF THE SEA BOTTOMS underdeveloped nations for going ahead themselves without waiting the delighted with the precedent. graphic Subcommittee, sponsored for an agreement. while Sen. Lee Met- Should Hughes begin mining, they House version, Hughes and the other mining com- calf of Montana, chairman of the believe, national and international panies are apparently holding off for Senate Subcommittee on Minerals, law will have to take shape around the moment. How long they'll wait, Materials and Fuels, sponsored the his fait accompli and such non- no one knows—though it's a good version. commercial arrangements as "The Senate guess they'll do nothing irreversible But even the senators and repre- Enterprise" will become just so until this coming summer, by which sentatives who back such legislation much hot air. time it should be clear if the inter- believe it has any chance of This would please not only the do not national community can agree on a being enacted if reintroduced. Sen- mining companies, but also those Law of the Sea. What will happen ator Metcalf, for instance, admits it who feel the United States must ex- after that is anyone's guess. end. is really intended to spur the govern- ploit its technological advantage ment into some kind of action, while it still has one, and that it rather than to establish a legal must, for reasons of national secu- A Look At OUR MAIL com- rity, find safe, substantial, indepen- framework in which American CONTINUED FROM PAGE 4 panies can begin mining the ocean dent sources of the vital raw wish to their floor. materials in question. erans who extend stay join planned tours, before and On the other hand, a fait accompli may after the assembly, to Melbourne, TiHE United States has been by Hughes or some other private Canberra, the Great Barrier Reef, the for American concern could have other roundly criticized by many Outback and Tasmania. Queries may agreeing to the moratorium, in the consequences. Beyond doubt, the be directed to the Australian Tourist absence of any present international many small, underdeveloped nations Commission in New York or Los An- restrictions against mining the deep pressing for international control of geles, or to the World Assembly of seas, especially as the debate during the sea floor would be furious, pos- Veterans, GPO Box 2609, Sydney, the moratorium seems to get nowhere sibly even to the point of denying NSW, 2001, Australia. The Australian Tourist Commission yet holds up action. Testifying for the U.S. vessels flshing or navigation addresses in the United States are miners' bill in Congress, T.S. Ary, of rights. 1270 Avenue of The Americas, New said: Union Carbide, Just how Japan, Russia and other York, N.Y. 10020, and 3550 Wilshire "It is difficult ... to follow the potential ocean-floor mining nations Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90010. thinking of the Administration when might respond is a question. "All we hear of the U.S. Geological Survey hell could 'break loose," suggests Malcolm Pomeroy's January article making statements that we have a Interior Sec'y Rogers Morton, visual- on The Bodacious American Language serious mineral shortage looming in izing possible aggressive interference drew all sorts of mail. Martin and Mary Rinker, of Stroudsburg, Pa., front of us. . . . We read of the with Hughes' operation on the high took political umbrage at the lack of Secretary of the Interior's report seas. On the other hand, they might a cartoon showing John F. Kennedy problem we relative to the same — be pleased to have an excuse to start saying and uh, so long as there was are having to import many of the their own operations without inter- one of Richard Nixon saying stone- commodities we don't have. We hear fering with Summa's in any way, ivall it. At least, they note, stone- the Secretaries of Commerce and Treasury talk about the great balance-of-payments deficit that we are faced with. . . . But then we hear the State Department Interagency Task Force come before the House and Senate saying that it is not necessary for this (sea mining bill) to be passed and that they would like to wait and negotiate with the UN to establish an international mineral policy which ... I person- ally feel may never come about. . . . It is a hurry-up-and-wait program." There is a distinct possibility that at least one U.S. company may be- gin mining the sea at any moment, whether or not international agree- ment is reached, whether or not the American Mining Congress bill is signed into law. According to industry rumors, the Hughes organization has said it doesn't need any guarantees or bank loans and that it will put the Glomar Explorer to work when it sees fit, probably in the mid-Pacific. If this actually happens, most of the private concerns here and abroad who are interested in ocean mining will be

50 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 ivall it says something quite clearly Bhah and HMS Amethyst. In the Bat- while Mid till does not. tle of Ylo, May 28, 1877, they helped. IS THE U.S. TREASURY Mahlon Taylor, of Richford, Vt., Amethyst couldn't do anything to adds another brief profundity attrib- Huascar, either. But the lone Catling HOLDING A FORGOTTEN uted to Calvin Coolidge. To wit: gun on Shah was able to riddle Huas- "E" BOND OF YOURS? "Wheji large numbers of people are car's armor. It was the first use of a unable to find jobs, ividespread un- Catling in anger afloat and the first Did you, or someone you know, once employment ensues." British engagement of an ironclad buy series "E" U.S. Savings Bonds and of Charles- warship. Edward Smith, West ask the Treasury Department to hold back from the ton, Vt., wants to know if Coolidge's Peru got Huascar them for you until you had a perma- / do not choose to run is quite as rebels and promptly put Catlings on nent address? Many men and women perfect a use of the language as Mr. her. Less than two years later, her on military duty, going all the way Pomeroy feels it to be. Smith asks if Catlings helped Huascar sink the back to May 1, 1941, did that. Then / choose not to run would not be Chilean corvette Esmeralda, off thousands of them never claimed the Dep't is still hold- even more perfect. We think so, and Iquique, in the "War of the Pacific" bonds. The Treasury ing them and looking for the owners. we think that real perfection would between Chile and Peru. But Chile Below are 368 names from A through have been / tvon't run. won the war. Z from a list supplied to us, by last Berthold Weiler, of N.Y. City, says name and service serial number, of he enjoyed Pomeroy's discussion of John D. Alexander, Baltimore, Md., some of the bondowners, be they alive our language but says Mr. P. doesn't requested the address of the Connecti- or dead today. Owners or their estates know his Latin. Weiler notes that cut Citizens Action Group mentioned may still claim the bonds by establish- a.m. and p.m. stand for ante and by us in December which issues a man- ing ownership. // last name and serial post meridiem, not, as Pomeroy had ual on the care of teeth and selecting number match, start by sending full name and present mailing address to : said, meridian. Pomeroy admits that a good dentist. It's Consumers' Guide "Bureau of Public Debt, Safekeeping he never studied Latin, and what to Dentistry, Connecticut Citizens Ac- AL, Washington, D.C. 20226." We will little he uses he plays by ear. tion Group, Box 6465, 57 Farmington print more as our space allows in future Duncan Steck, of New York, a PR Ave., Hartford, Conn. 06105. issues. We listed 92 names in January, spokesman for the Merriam Diction- 320 in February. ary folks, says that he and Merriam heartily agree with Pomeroy's thesis Adduci 6668031. Alansky 13078339. that a language always lives and Alexander 38045650. Alfonso 729067. Allen 35491853. Ambrose 38194123. grows, and that all efforts to put Amos 15332410. Anagnoston 32334060. speech in a strait jacket are doomed to failure. Babin 38194372. Bailey 37450324. Bob Ramsey, of the staff of Wheel- Ballard 35315304. Bankert 801408. ing College, W. Va., says "Bully" for Barsuglia 39102459. Barta 19094619. Pomeroy's championship of the Amer- Bartram 35437715. Bass 903176. ican language. He quotes Prof. G. Baughman 37209767. Bean 35468411. Nowak, of Wheeling Col- Alexander Bean 37224959. Beauchamp 37171609. lege, as saying that the average per- Beauman 399768. Beck 32275816. son in America speaks better English Beebe 19167207. Belgarde 3732159. than average Englishmen, many of whom talk in incomprehensible local Blackwell 34613207. Bloom 1706506. dialects. Blue 36546426. Bodziak 32393144. Bolton Mrs. Catherine Cornell, of Parsons, 35471556. Bonds 39008518. Booth 17005945. Borchers 37150672. Kan., says Pomeroy used page after page to say nothing, repeat, nothing. Boughnight 34091932. Bourras Charles Miles, of Oakland, Calif., 39101143. asked for a follow-up article on the de- Bowling 1684078. Boynton 31149588. vious use of our language to deceive Bradshaw 31197331. Brenner 331971. people in the understanding of the Brian 727872. Bridgman 115049. news and in selling two fields in — Buckmann 32362196. Buckner 35506809. which double talk is worth a good ex- Buffenmeyer 6938908. Bullard pose. 35616408. Burchett 37216852. Burke 32070242. "We'll be taking off from New York Sec'y/Treas. of Burns 35459078. Burns 35438083. James R. Schroeder, soon, Helen, and we're due to land the Cleveland Chess Foundation, in Chicago at 2:47. You'd better get Cable 35433506. Caldwell 401046. wrote to solicit gifts of chess sets and on over there right away and find a Calvaruso 38193460. Games 34077228. chess books for its Prisoner Rehab place to park." Campbell 34396464. Campbell 15374118. Program. They can be mailed to him THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE Campbell 32635136. Campbell 763009. at Box 5268, Cleveland, Ohio 44101. Campbell 31079307. Candelon 32498528. 35345707. Carter 34263561. Eduardo Acosta, of N.Y. City, wrote Casey 413626. Caudill 35471261. to wonder at our January statement Warren H. Brodie, of Thousand Celik 13087839. Chagnon 32482718. that the British used a Catling gun , Calif., wrote to say that there Chastain 39847400. Cherek 37265722. "against the Peruvians in 1877." He are many inaccuracies in circulation Christman 35462169. Churko 500442. felt, naturally, that if the British had regarding which aeronautical innova- Clark 35462157. Clark 35437260. ever attacked the Peruvians the U.S. tions promoted by Alexander de Clark 39458395. Clauson 39085900. would have raised such a stink under Seversky were actually invented or the Monroe Doctrine that we'd still re- first developed by him, and that some Cooksey 34388710. Coppola 32436725. member the event. of these found their way into our trib- Cordell 39270740. Cordero 7527. Cotone 35309065. Cotton "The Peruvians" in question were ute to Seversky in our December is- 38129806. Cowley 39176157. Cowling 703832. rebels. Having lost an election, they sue. This does not, he notes, diminish Crawley 900207. Creager 738708. seized Peru's ironclad warship Huas- his respect for Seversky as an aero- car and were bombarding the Peru- nautical pioneer with great foresight. Cribbs 34166837. Crites 212718. vian port of . Two wooden Mr. Brodie is the author of a detailed Crook 2888549. Croons 1972913. Peruvian naval ships could do nothing study of aeronautical developments Crotts 400411. Crouthamel 37198436. to Huascar, so they called for the help and the many designers, including Culham 271008. Cvitak 37448334. of two nearby British warships. HMS Seversky, who were involved in them. (Continued on page 52)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 51 CONTINUED McLaughlin 237810. McManus Simpson 32761310. Sinnott 31124489. FORGOTTEN 'E" BOND? 14165633. . Sisolak 322361.59. Skornicka 37283572. McMullen 447. Mead 35463430. Dennis 39160939. Desjardins 31180700. Meier 39234611. Meighan 386893. Sliuka 3.5009152. Sloan .35435922. Dickinson 38123446. Dilorio 38033875. Meighen 35666362. Melero 30405874. Sltzroth 3.5462168. Slusher ,3579.3.309. Smart 703165. Dill 36150004. Dillard 401629. Smecker 33412027. Dillingham 2123909. Dirk 37332917. Miller 572676. Millican 14032611. Smith 34063062. Smith 37425829. Milligan 39682527. Mills 39256827. St. Andrews 31156527. Stanley 12098122. 35682808. Floyd 38026920. Minernini 32166907. Minni 35741560. Fletcher Steele 18047341. Steele .35438685. 444109. 6660652. Minor 35467504. Mitchell 737615. Font Foor Stelevitch 6844261. Stephens 37209460. 6396861. Formaniak 35332946. Ford Stepp 35438685. Stepp 342572.35. Fort 12047873. Fortun 36361421. Mitten 903183. Moiica 30406688. Molina 38120343. Monaghan 31110943. Stewart 35435255. Stewart 39608482. Money 14059274. Monroe 38174785. Giampalmo 32110501. Gibson 35639720. Stewart 15011797. Stewart 39863107. Monroe 39825710. Moody 39240850. Gill 38210281. Gillespie 33528503. Stickler 35463065. Stimac 37204286. Gleason 31348509. Goldberg 32321086. Stolley 37263312. Straley 33509308. Goldstein 478550. Golebiewski Nawa 39168595. Nehmer 35327333. 35019654. Nicholas 35444198. Nickleson 35414655. Talbott 37209301. Talley 354571.32. Nix 37208451. Norisez 35670151. Task 36224210. Taylor 01541272. Goodall 35448054. Goodin 37208972. Taylor 914707. Taylor 35312016. Goodwin 38049117. Gorczyca 35307296. Pachal 6952764. Pang 30102058. Teegarden 35466816. Teel 18120685. Gordon 368467. Gottlieb 39532659. Patten 35335903. Paul 35461386. Granados 38440007. Gray 35439311. Payne 35434099. Pera 13075462. Terry 38116427. Thomas 16125068. Perkins 35472626. Perez 34240401. Thomas 35344401. Thomas 37260320. Green 38199815. Green 33329907. Green 35670185. Green 35460277. Greenberg 39536344. Greene 33219710. Greenslade 445825. Greider 35612719.

Greulich 16108711. Grey 33094004. Griffin 34127958. Griffin 35438277. Griffiths 39402380. Grossman 37261172. Gubler 39829689. Guerci 33117915.

Guidry 38184834. Guieb 39852408. Guillaumin 34076362. Guillion 310046. Gulden 3705147. Gunderson 37458687. Gunn 38094732. Guyalvin 13014606.

Hackett 35434770. Hague 32353159. Half 35291517. Hall 19142368. Hall 38129315. Hallman 1296686. Hammond 17005063. Hancock 903583.

Hanley 31100066. Hanlon 16063985. Harding 902374. Harris 727058. Harville 35445710. Harwood 504609. Hata 39016707. Hatter 36064433.

Hooks 1107489. Hoover 35614113. Hopkins 39834461. Hopkins 6927517. Horton 14072767. Houghom 733859. House 728725. Howard 39825732.

Howard 18097907. Hubert 32387317. Hubley 19052392. Huertas 30406732. "Now remember, look innocent when you plead guilty. Hughes 35443596. Hulett 35434572. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE

Johnson 13144111. Johnson 35670257. Johnson 38149202. Jones 35637721. Rice 15044080. Rice 60506. Thompson 32034424. Thompson Jones 35459364. Juliano 32391787. Rich 35278476. Richards 36153161. 1670200. Rickman 35640211. Riemanschneider Timmons 38090594. Tindall 14057610. Karpinec 33151148. Kearney 36279559. 36153161. Keeley 34240808. 36312656. Kennedy Rigby 354010. Rines 31108800. Waddell 33284592. Walker 35433089. Kennerson 38164669. Kiliingsworth Wallace 15337326. Ware 38262336. 38097050 Rischling 39105351. Rittermeyer Warren 34417689. Wawerek 36274034. Kimball 37424474. King 35306579. 32313634. Webb 35329987. Welsh 33130186. Rivera 20025726. Rivera 30407079. 30401871. Rivera 30404531. Lauf 33267202. Leason 16015639. Rivera West. 602082. West 35304593. Rivera-Ortiz 30401718. Roach 20417280. Lehmkuhl 35667483. Leskovec 35315999. Wheeler 34292504. Wheeler 19171006. Lewandowski 32382092. Lippold Wheeler 35380510. Whitaker 1549174. 24960. Rosett 1014505. 37334941 Rose White 13007877. White 35668698. Little 43123845. Loguidice 32075352. Ross 39825520. Rothermel 35388920. Rowe 35464696. Rucker 35439309. Ruhl 35660974. Runyon 35656809. Wilson 35308289. Wilson 2610. Long 6774289. Longo 35321738. Ryan 15319098. Rzomp 7022711. Wilson 33241356. Wilson 35473375. Lopez 30406282. Lowrey 33105512. Wimpleberg 263804. Winstead 34185610. Ludwi 39181211. Lund 900047. Salapa 13011200. Saltz 732422. Wise 34332947. Wisehart 12786. 36526469. Lynch 37263493. Lupro Samson 16044506. Sanford 34285911. Saunders 16103907. Sayles 31126378. Wiswall 32299626. Woodrow 39829777. McGuire 32460188. McGuire 35433433. Schafranek 32297076. Schleicher Wormdahl 37128356. Wottkiewicz McHaffy 32445977. Mclnnis 2105709. 33112558. 31073294 Mcintosh 36108989. McKenzie 6345205. Wright 39095401. Wright 1901801. McKinney 35211502. McLaughlin Shinkwyn 31078282. Simmons 38132714. Wuertz 16002385. Wurm 32239378. 31157511. Simons 33318288. Simpson 12012569. Wurth 37072111. Wyatt 728408.

52 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 TsrSHOPPER HEARING AIDS UP CnO/ nCC COMPARABLE

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I never knew just what to say About that far-off, longed-for day.

Now the years have robbed me of my joy. If asked today, I think I'd say, "I'd like to be a little boy." F. Rivera TRUE BLUE A real friend is someone who takes a winter vacation on a sun-drenched beach somewhere and doesn't send you a card.

Lucille J. Goodyear OUCH! One group witli whom I can't help but be curt, Are the people who put the pins in a shirt. Many times, thanks to them, my blood has been shed. When I found the point as I looked for the head. Maurice Slitter GUSHER Oil Prices: The Cheek of Araby. "Either we've been robbed, or Junior is iiome from college!" Raymond J. Cvikota THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE EMOTIONAL ADJUSTMENT My wife in the supermarket is A model of perfect self-control: She buys the basic things we need To keep us well and whole. TRUTH, PARTLY THE TOLD Deftly she checks her shopping list; She's calm, she never flaps. Jose sat quietly in the church of a small village in Mexico while the At check-out, she studies the total up: priest scolded him. Then she has total collapse. "You should not have stolen the goose, my son. It was wrong, very Robert Gordon wrong."

With hanging head, Jose raised his eyes. "May I give you the goose. Padre?"

"I cannot take it, my son—return it to him that you have deprived of it."

Shaking his head sadly, Jose said, "I have offered it to the owner, Padre. He refuses it."

"If this is the case," said the priest, "you are justified in keeping it."

Jumping up, Jose grabbed the priest's hand and kissed it fervently. "Oh, tliank you. Padre. You have made it possible for me to sleep tonight with a clear conscience." When the good priest fed his flock of geese that evening, one was missing.

Samuel J. Stannard

THEY'LL NEVER CATCH UP

A man promised his wife that when they'd saved enough money, they'd take a trip to Europe. For 20 years they scrimped and saved, going without a television set, missing all the good movies, never eating out, wearing hand-me-down clothes and shoes. Finally, the husband was able to report: "Good news, dear. We've saved enough money to pay for a trip to Europe." "Wonderful!" she exclaimed. "Can we start packing tomorrow?" "You work hard, study to improve "Well, no, dear," he said. "Now we have to start saving up for the your skills and end up unemployable trip back." because you're over-qualified." Lane Olinghouse THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE

54 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • MARCH 1975 ! ! !

BIG SAVINGS

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