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Africa, Former Christian Science Monitor Correspondent Robert Press Tells His first-Hand Story of Triumph and Tragedy

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Africa, Former Christian Science Monitor Correspondent Robert Press Tells His first-Hand Story of Triumph and Tragedy photo by Betty Press $24.95 PRESS IN The New Africa, former Christian Science Monitor correspondent Robert Press tells his first-hand story of triumph and tragedy After serving as foreign correspondent in Africa for THE NEW in contemporary sub-Saharan Africa. Featuring The Christian Science Monitor from 1987 to 1995, photographs by Betty Press, whose work has Robert M. Press has been a visiting scholar and appeared in The Christian Science Monitor, adjunct professor of journalism at Stetson Univer- sity, DeLand, Florida, and a visiting professor at New York Times, Time, and Newsweek, Principia College, Elsah, Illinois. the book offers a compelling account of the continent’s emerging movements toward photo by Senta M. Goudy democracy. THE NEW Drawing on hundreds of interviews, Press “Post–cold war conflicts in Africa have received scant coverage and were often also explores the causes of the extraordinary presented as current incomprehensible manifestations of traditional tribal hatreds. AFRICA human tragedies of civil war in Somalia and Not in this study by journalist and Africa scholar Robert Press, which admirably genocide in Rwanda and offers explanations blends the author’s personal insights as a reporter, an acute sense of history, and a pioneering human rights approach. Mr. Press sees the hope beyond the wreckage for the West’s failure to curb them. of such devastating conflicts as the ones that almost tore Somalia and Rwanda apart While providing broad, in-depth coverage in the early nineties: it lies, he tells us, in the collective struggle of ordinary Africans of sweeping social and cultural upheaval, The for human rights and dignity. This book will carry a valuable message to the world: New Africa also introduces readers to some about the importance of human rights in Africa and for Africa’s future.”—Suliman of the many individual Africans struggling for Baldo, Human Rights Watch /Africa AFRICADISPATCHES FROM A CHANGING CONTINENT greater personal freedom. We meet the “Mer- Betty Press, currently an adjunct professor of pho- “This is reporting on Africa at its best. Press draws on his insights as a long-time cedes Benz” women of West Africa who made tography at Stetson University, worked in Africa journalist based in Africa, but goes beyond what his media colleagues do by small fortunes in the wholesale cloth business; as a photojournalist from 1987 to 1995; her pho- integrating into his analysis of trends and events references to the relevant scholarly Peter, once a homeless Kenyan, who took up tographs have appeared in numerous national literature on Africa. The result is a very thoughtful—and hopeful—book.” —Goran tailoring lessons until he was stricken with the publications. She is represented by Panos Pictures, Hyden, University of Florida; former president of the African Studies Association London, and Woodfin Camp & Associates, New AIDS virus; and Nike Davis, a Nigerian artist York. who escaped a polygamous marriage and “It is a now a truism that the distinguishing characteristic of good photojournalism abuse to establish a tuition-free art school. Front cover photographs: top, children playing ball, Asmara, is that the photographer must truly care about her subjects, not as subjects but as Eritrea, 1993; bottom, food vendors going home from people. Betty Press’s love and respect for Africans and their astonishing diversity Both general readers and students of African market, Sokoto, Nigeria, 1989. Back cover: Asmara, Eritrea, animate her photography, bringing the struggle, achievements and sorrows of politics will finish The New Africa better 1993. Women wind their way through the streets, celebrat- individuals and nations home to the rest of us who did not accompany her.”—Ellen ing their country’s independence referendum. Courtesy of informed about the intricate diplomatic and Tolmie, UNICEF Photo graphy Editor, New York Betty Press. political problems surrounding the struggle for human rights in Africa today, while bearing UNIVERSITY PRESS OF FLORIDA witness to vivid and moving portraits of indi- University Press of Florida UPF -vidual Africans who, often in the face of 15 Northwest 15th Street danger, strive for greater liberty. Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://www.upf.com ,!7IA8B3-abhaee!:k;m;o;T;P Robert M. Press / Photographs by Betty Press 6 67272 17041 3 ISBN 0-8130-1704-1 The New Africa Copyright 1999 by Robert M. Press. This work is licensed under a modified Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Deriv- ative Works 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, vis- it http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. You are free to electronically copy, distribute, and transmit this work if you attribute authorship. However, all printing rights are reserved by the University Press of Florida (http://www.upf.com). Please contact UPF for infor- mation about how to obtain copies of the work for print distribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of the above condi- tions can be waived if you get permission from the University Press of Florida. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author's moral rights. University Press of Florida Gainesville / Tallahassee / Tampa / Boca Raton Pensacola / Orlando / Miami / Jacksonville Robert M. Press / Photographs by Betty Press THE NEW AFRICA Dispatches from a Changing Continent Copyright 1999 by the Board of Regents of the State of Florida Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper All rights reserved 04 03 02 01 00 99 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Press, Robert M. The new Africa: dispatches from a changing continent / Robert M. Press; photographs by Betty Press. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8130-1704-1 (cloth: alk. paper) 1. Africa, Sub-Saharan—Politics and government—1960–. 2. Africa, Sub-Saharan—Social conditions—1960–. 3. Democ- racy—Africa, Sub-Saharan—History—20th century. 4. Human rights—Africa, Sub-Saharan—20th century. 5. Operation Re- store Hope, 1992–1993. 6. United Nations Operation in Soma- lia. 7. United Nations—Armed Forces—Somalia. 8. Rwanda— Politics and government. 9. Genocide—Rwanda. I. Title. DT353.P74 1999 967.03'2—dc21 99-17517 The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agen- cy for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Interna- tional University, Florida State University, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, Uni- versity of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida / http://www.upf.com 15 Northwest 15th Street / Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 To Betty Press, my wife and partner, who with her camera traveled the same roads I did and who loves the present good and future potential of Africa as much as I do. To Yvonne Razafindravelontsoa, our foster daughter from Madagascar, whom we love very much. To Africans of all walks of life whose pursuit of freedom is an example for us all. In memory of: Maxine Press, my mother and an important source of my love of life, who gave me the freedom to go anywhere and try anything good; John Press, my father, who loved life and those around him; Lee and Chloe Maxwell, my grandparents, who always had faith in life and in me. CONTENTS List of Illustrations viii Acknowledgments xiii Somalia Chronology xvi Maps xviii Introduction 1 1. African Freedom: The Unfinished Journey 9 2. Challenging the Dictators 54 3. The Politics of Ambiguity 97 4. Things Fell Apart: Somalia 143 5. Genocide Ignored: Rwanda 219 6. One Family’s Escape from Rwanda 285 7. Personal Freedom 296 Notes 341 Select Bibliography 360 Index 365 ILLUSTRATIONS Introduction Child imitating photographer, Nasir, southern Sudan, 1993 1 Chapter 1 Koranic school, Sokoto, Nigeria, 1989 9 Freedom from ignorance, Dakar, Senegal, 1988 12 Freedom of expression, Cotonou, Benin, 1991 17 Chiuri Ngugi, Nyahururu, Kenya, 1990 19 Freedom from hunger, Efeson, Ethiopia, 1987 25 Slave house museum, Goree Island, Senegal, 1988 27 Family planning, Nairobi, Kenya, 1991 32 Economic freedom, Nairobi, Kenya, 1993 36 Political freedom, Accra, Ghana, 1992 46 Freedom of the press, Lagos, Nigeria, 1991 49 Chapter 2 Mother and child, Lomé, Togo, 1990 54 Grand mosque, Djenné, Mali, 1994 58 Sinaly Dembélé and Djibril Coulibaly, Bamako, Mali, 1994 62 Lt. Col. Amadou Tumani Touré, Bamako, Mali, 1992 65 Presidential campaign of Alpha Oumar Konaré, Bamako, Mali, 1992 68 Voting, Timbuktu, Mali, 1992 72 Presidential primary, Oshogbo, Nigeria, 1992 80 Sen. Louisa Bucknor-Akerele, Lagos, Nigeria, 1992 80 Dr. Beko Ransome-Kuti, Lagos, Nigeria, 1992 82 Olusegun Obasanjo, Otta, Nigeria, 1992 85 Human rights lawyer Djovi Gally, Lomé, Togo, 1991 87 Newspaper editor Pius Njawe, Douala, Cameroon, 1991 87 Human rights activist Logo Dossouvi, Lomé, Togo, 1991 87 Delegates at National Conference, Lomé, Togo, 1991 93 Government-sponsored rally, Lomé, Togo, 1991 93 Chapter 3 Monica Wamwere, Nairobi, Kenya, 1992 97 Human rights lawyer Gibson Kamau Kuria, Nairobi, Kenya, 1987 104 Conservationist Wangari Maathai, Nairobi, Kenya, 1992 105 Presidential campaign, Nairobi, Kenya, 1992 112 President Daniel arap Moi, Nairobi, Kenya, 1992 117 Njeri Kababere, Nairobi, Kenya, 1995, 120 Mothers’ protest, Gladys Kariuki, Nairobi, Kenya, 1992 123 Mothers’ protest at Freedom Corner, Nairobi, Kenya, 1992 123 Mothers’ protest, Nairobi, Kenya, 1992 123 Police attack on mothers’ protest, Nairobi, Kenya, 1992 129 Tear gas victim Gladys Kariuki, Nairobi, Kenya, 1992 129 Multiparty elections, Nairobi, Kenya, 1992 135 Opening of Parliament, Nairobi, Kenya, 1993 136 Parliament building, Nairobi, Kenya, 1993 136 Ethnic clashes, Londiani, Kenya, 1992 139 Chapter 4 Children at feeding center, Baidoa, Somalia, 1992 143 Damaged school, Hargeisa, northern Somalia, 1993 155 Muslim fighter praying, Mogadishu, Somalia, 1991 157 Damaged buildings, Mogadishu, Somalia, 1991 157 Downfall of Barre’s governmnent, Mogadishu, Somalia, 1991 161 Gen.
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