DOCSLIB.ORG

The World Bank Experience

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The World Bank Experience Environmentally Sustainable Development Division Public Disclosure Authorized AFTES Technical Note No.2 20364 Wildlife Projects: Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Experience by Chieko Umetsu Public Disclosure Authorized June 1993 Environmentally Sustainable Development Division Public Disclosure Authorized Technical Department Africa Region The World Bank AFTES Technical Note No. 2 Wildlife Projects: the World Bank Experience by Chieko Umetsu Environmentally Sustainable Development Division Technical Department Africa Region The World Bank June 1993 The author wishes to thank Jan Bojd and Leif Christoffersen for providing the opportunity to write this paper. She is also grateful to Agnes Kiss for many helpful comments and to Lawrence Mastri for editorial help. Contents WILDLIFE PROJECTS: THE WORLD BANK EXPERIENCE Foreword..........v 1. Introduction..........1 2. Limitations..........1 3. The Bank's Involvement in Wildlife..........2 3.1 Wildlife Projects: The Bank's Experience..........2 3.2 Three Categories of the Bank's Concern towards Wildlife..........3 i) Wildlife-based tourism development..........4 ii) Wildlife conservation/protection in protected areas..........5 iii) Wildlife management and conservation for increasing benefits for local people..........6 4. The Nature of Projects..........9 4.1 Separate Projects..........9 4.2 Integrated Projects..........9 5. Economic Analysis of Wildlife Projects..........11 5.1 Benefits of Wildlife as Increased Revenue from Tourism..........11 C8te d'lvoire: Second Tourism Development Project (FY79).......... 1 Kenya: Wildlife and Tourism Project (FY77)..........14 Kenya: Protected Areas and Wildlife Services Project (FY92) .......... 16 5.2 Benefits of Wildlife as Increased Cattle Production .......... 18 Kenya: Second Livestock Development Project (FY74)..........18 5.3 Benefits of Wildlife as NTPs.........19 Ghana: Forest Resource Management Project (FY89).........19 5.4 Other Benefits Valuation of Wildlife: Non-Consumptive Value, Option Value, Existence Value..........20 6. Conclusions for Future Bank Work..........20 References..........23 Foreword In this informal series of publications, which we call AFTES Technical Notes, the Environmentally Sustainable Development Division of the Africa Technical Department will occasionally release draft reports written by our staff or consultants as contributions to larger tasks in our work program. These reports may be of wider interest in the Bank in their original form, without intensive editing or revision. We will release papers under this series whenever we think a document merits such wider distribution. Ms. Chieko Umetsu, who is presently pursuing doctoral studies at the University of Hawaii and the East-West Center, Hawaii, worked as an intern with the former Environment Division (AFTEN) during the summer of 1992. This report was carried out under the guidance of Jan Boji, environmental economist, AFTES. and is a contribution to the Regional Study on the Economics of Living with Wildlife. The work is based on an extensive compilation of written documents and therefore may not fully reflect recent experience with project implementation. Frangois Falloux Senior Environmental Advisor AFTES 4 Wildlife Projects: The World Bank Experience 1. Introduction Rich in diversity, Africa's natural resources attract many foreign visitors to the continent. Yet, resources for agricultural production remain scarce. Increasing population pressure forces people to use marginal lands just to survive, leading to the deterioration of productive resources. Wildlife in Africa has been an important source of foreign exchange for governments, as well as an important source of food and raw material for local people. The traditional approach to wildlife preservation in parks and reserves has failed to prevent the depletion of wildlife species. An alternative approach is to recognize that wildlife is an asset which can be integrated into existing economic activities. A World Bank study, Living with Wildlife: Wildlife Resource Management with Local Participation in Africa (Kiss, 1990) envisaged the importance of local participation for wildlife resource management in Africa. Written as part of a World Bank regional study, THE ECONOMICS OF LIVING WITH WILDLIFE, this paper tries to provide an overview of World Bank experience. The study first reviews the Bank's general involvement in wildlife, through the Bank's lending operations in this field, then explains the nature of specific wildlife projects. The paper also examines the economic analysis of wildlife, with examples of the Bank's project appraisal of wildlife projects, and offers some conclusions about future Bank work. 2. Limitations Although this paper tries to make a comprehensive review of the Bank's wildlife experience, the extent of the study has been limited by the data bases used-the Internal Documents Management System (IDMS) and the Africa Lending Operation Database (LOD). Both have been searched using the keyword "wildlife." The IDMS covers all World Bank projects since 1945, whereas the LOD includes only those in the Africa Region approved after fiscal 1988. By this procedure, 29 projects were selected, including reports outside the Africa Region, such as Malaysia, India, Nepal and Latin America. Of 29 projects selected on the basis of this keyword, 18 projects have a wildlife component in their project appraisals, while the remaining projects have negligible or no wildlife components. The paper is therefore based on the observations derived from 18 projects in the Africa Region, including three under preparation for fiscal 1993. Since most of the documents used are internal World Bank reports, direct citations have been omitted.* * A full list of references is available to World Bank staff upon request. 1 AFTES Technical Note No.2 - 3. The Bank's Involvement in Wildlife 3. 1 Wildlife projects: The Bank's experience Between 1970 and 1992, the Bank invested in 15 wildlife-related projects in Africa. The total lending volume, including loans and credits, was US$367.9 million. Of the total lending volume during this period-US$40,583.3 million-wildlife-related projects comprised only 1 percent. The amount of lending for wildlife-related projects during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s was, respectively, U.S.$76.2 million, U.S.$160.8 million, and U.S.$130.9 million (table 1 and figure 1). If the lending under preparation for fiscal 1993 is included, the total lending for 1990-93 would be U.S.$179.5 million. The lending for wildlife-related projects has been particularly active in recent years, and 76.4 percent of the total lending for wildlife from 1970 is concentrated in the years since 1989. Of 321 operations between 1989 and 1992, nine operations were wildlife-related, accounting for 1.87 percent of lending volume. Table 1. Total Lending Volume and Wildlife-related Projects In Africa Region(FY1970-1992) [Million U.S. dollars)] 1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-92 1970-92 Total 2,359.3 5,207.3 9,322.8 12,5948 11,099.1 40,583.3 lending in Africa Region Lending for 32.0 44.2 0 160.8 130.9 367.9 Wildlife-re- *(179.5) *(416.5) lated Projects Percentage 1.36 0.85 0 1.28 1.18 0.91 of Total Lending * includes projects under preparationfor fiscal 1993 (31 July 1992) Geographical distribution of wildlife-related projects are concentrated in East Africa and especially in five projects (fiscal 1974, 1977, 1979, 1989, 1992) in Kenya, including two tourism projects. The total lending volume for wildlife-related projects in Kenya was U.S.$132.8 million, accounting for 36 percent of total wildlife-related lending in Africa. Other projects include: two projects in Somalia, one project each in Malawi Botswana, Zimbabwe, C6te d'lvoire, Ghana, Central African Republic, Burkina Faso, and Mali. In fiscal 1993, three projects in Gabon, Zimbabwe, and Ghana are under preparation (see Table 2 ). 2 Wildlife Projects: The World Bank Experience 3.2 Three Categories of the Bank's Concern Towards Wildlife The Bank's concern for wildlife in Africa is evident in three categories of project objectives: (1) wildlife-based tourism development; (2) wildlife protection/conservation in protected areas; and, most recently, (3) wildlife management and conservation for the benefit of local people. Wildlife related projects cannot always be placed under one category; sometimes one project includes more than one category in the project objectives. However, it may be useful to define the types of issues the Bank has raised in its project appraisals. Table 3 provides a summary of wildlife-components for each project. Table 2. WildlIfe-related Projects In Africa Reglon(FY1973-FY1 993) FY Country Wildlife-related Project Lending1 Wildlife ERR Project (U.S.$ component2 (%) Life3 (year) million) _ 73 Malawi Second Shire Valley Agricultural 10.5 I 22 20 Development Project 74 Kenya Second Livestock 21.5 I 25 40 Development Project 77 Kenya Wildlife and Tourism Project 17.0 S 16 25 79 C6te d'lvoire Second tourism 14.2 S over 20 development project 144 79 Kenya Narok Agricultural 13.0 1 13 20 Development Project (1st phase) 85 Botswana National Land Management & Livestock 10.7 I 16 30 Project 89 Kenya Rural Services Design Project 20.8 l(SP) n.a.b n.a. 89 Somalia Second Agricultural Sector Adjustment Project 70.0 I n.a. n.a. 89 Ghana Forest Resource Management Project 39.4 I 21 15 89 Somalia Central Rangelands 19.9 I 10 25 Research and Development Project 90 Zimbabwe Forest Resources Management 14.5 I 30 20 and Development Project 90 CAR Natural Resource Management Project 19.0 I n.a. n.a. 91 Burkina Faso Environmental Management Project 16.5 I n.a. n.a. 92 Mali Natural Resource Management Project 20.4 I n.a. n.a. 92 Kenya Protected Areas and Wildlife Services Project 60.5 S 36 20 93 Gabon Forestry and Environment Project 22.5 I 18,13 40 6 93 Zimbabwe Southern Zimbabwe National Parks 8.0 S Rehabilitation and Environmental7 Management in Surrounding Communities 93 Ghana Environmental Resource Management Project 18.1 I n.a.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Africa, Former Christian Science Monitor Correspondent Robert Press Tells His first-Hand Story of Triumph and Tragedy
    photo by Betty Press $24.95 PRESS IN The New Africa, former Christian Science Monitor correspondent Robert Press tells his first-hand story of triumph and tragedy After serving as foreign correspondent in Africa for THE NEW in contemporary sub-Saharan Africa. Featuring The Christian Science Monitor from 1987 to 1995, photographs by Betty Press, whose work has Robert M. Press has been a visiting scholar and appeared in The Christian Science Monitor, adjunct professor of journalism at Stetson Univer- sity, DeLand, Florida, and a visiting professor at New York Times, Time, and Newsweek, Principia College, Elsah, Illinois. the book offers a compelling account of the continent’s emerging movements toward photo by Senta M. Goudy democracy. THE NEW Drawing on hundreds of interviews, Press “Post–cold war conflicts in Africa have received scant coverage and were often also explores the causes of the extraordinary presented as current incomprehensible manifestations of traditional tribal hatreds. AFRICA human tragedies of civil war in Somalia and Not in this study by journalist and Africa scholar Robert Press, which admirably genocide in Rwanda and offers explanations blends the author’s personal insights as a reporter, an acute sense of history, and a pioneering human rights approach. Mr. Press sees the hope beyond the wreckage for the West’s failure to curb them. of such devastating conflicts as the ones that almost tore Somalia and Rwanda apart While providing broad, in-depth coverage in the early nineties: it lies, he tells us, in the collective struggle of ordinary Africans of sweeping social and cultural upheaval, The for human rights and dignity.
    [Show full text]
  • To Download/Read FEMNET's Herstory: Our Journey In
    Our Journey: Advocating for the Rights of African Women Our Journey: Advocating for the Rights of African Women Compiled by: Njoki Wainaina, Founding Member and Chairperson of FEMNET Executive Board (1992-1996) Concept and Interviews by: Fatma Alloo, Secretary and Member of the FEMNET Executive Board representing Eastern Africa (2003-2010) Edited by: Rachel Kagoiya, Information Manager, FEMNET Design & Production: Centrepress Media Limited, Tel: +254 20 21 00 705, +254 772 72 66 96 • [email protected] Table of Contents Acknowledgement 4 Acronyms 6 Foreword 8 Introduction 10 Chapter 1 - The Genesis: How it all began 11 Chapter 2 - The Birth of FEMNET: a Network of Women, by Women and for Women 19 Chapter 3 - FEMNET’s Defining Moments 27 Chapter 4 - Experiences of African Women’s Rights Pioneers 45 Chapter 5 - New Era: A Feminist Approach 73 Chapter 6 - Leveraging on Strategic Moments and Forging Ahead 97 ‘. diversity makes for a rich tapestry, and we must understand that all the threads of the tapestry are equal Acknowledgement in value no matter what their color.’ enowned African-American poet, author, actress, and civil rights activist Maya Angelou once said, diversity makes for a rich tapestry, and we must understand that all the threads of the tapestry are equal in value no Rmatter what their color.’ The journey of weaving FEMNET’s story began as a dream that culminated into this rich and diverse recollection of experiences and memories by the founders, members, staff of FEMNET and friends of FEMNET. FEMNET wishes to acknowledge with much appreciation the efforts and commitment of several people that worked tirelessly to the success of documenting Herstory.
    [Show full text]
  • Hiv/Aids in Kenya
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2006 Caregiver Burden And Coping Responses For Females Who Are The Primary Caregiver For A Family Member Living With Hiv/aids In Kenya Veronica Kimemia University of Central Florida Part of the Counselor Education Commons, and the Education Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Kimemia, Veronica, "Caregiver Burden And Coping Responses For Females Who Are The Primary Caregiver For A Family Member Living With Hiv/aids In Kenya" (2006). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 813. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/813 CAREGIVER BURDEN AND COPING RESPONSES FOR FEMALES WHO ARE THE PRIMARY CAREGIVER FOR A FAMILY MEMBER LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS IN KENYA by V. MUTHONI KIMEMIA B. Ed. Kenyatta University, 1992 M.A. Heidelberg College, 2003 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Child, Family and Community Sciences in the College of Education at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2006 Advisor: Dr. Andrew P. Daire ABSTRACT Caring for a family member who is ill can be a draining experience (Cooper et al., 2006; Daire, 2002; Zarit et al, 1980). Providing care for a family member that is living with HIV/AIDS is potentially even more stressful because of social meanings associated with HIV/AIDS infection (Stajduhar, 1998) and the contagious nature of the HIV virus (Powell-Cope & Brown, 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • OCIAL DEVELOPMENT PAPERS Designing Community Based
    OCIAL DEVELOPMENT PAPERS ENV; RO N ME NTA L LY AN D S C C IA L l Y SU I* AIN AB LE f V F !_ D P M E N T - E I WON K Paper Number 7 June 1995 Designing Community Based Development Deepa Narayan THE WORLD BANK Social Development Papers Paper Number 7 June 1995 Designing Community Based Development Deepa Narayan This publication was developed and produced by the Social Development Family of the World Bank. The Environment, Rural Development, and Social Development Families are part of the Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development (ESSD)Network. The Social Development Family is made up of World Bank staff working on social issues. Papers in the Social Development series are not formal publications of the World Bank. They are published informally and circulated to encourage discussion and comment within the development community. The findings, interpretations, judgments, and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to mem- bers of the Board of Executive Directors or the governments they represent. This paper was originally published in June 1995 as EnvironmentDepartment Paper Number 7 (now out of print). Copies of this reprinted paper (SocialDevelopment Paper Number 7) are available from: Social Development The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 USA Fax: 202-522-3247 E-mail: [email protected] Contents Acknowledgments iii Acronyms and Abbreviations iv Executive Summary 1 1. Issues in Community Based Development 5 WVhyAdopt a Community Based Development Strategy? What are the Time and Financial Costs? When is Community Based Development Appropriate? 2.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    (IbP0 c3 Public Disclosure Authorized 230 =|World* Bank DiscussionPapers Africa Technical Department Series Public Disclosure Authorized Raising the Productivity of WXTomenFarmers in Sub-Saharan Africa Public Disclosure Authorized Katrine A. Saito with contributions from Hailu Mekonnen and Daphne Spurling Public Disclosure Authorized Recent World Bank Discussion Papers No. 172 JapaneseNatiotial Railways PrivatizationStudy: 17weExperience ofJapan and Lessons/forDevelopig Coluntries. Koichiro Fukui No. 173 The LivestockSector in EastermErurope: Constraitits and Opportunities.Cornelis de Haan, Tjaart Schilihorn Van Vcen, and Karen Brooks No. 174 AssessingDevelopment Finatice Instituitionts: A PuiblicInterest Analysis. Jacob Yaron No. 175 ResourceXtanagement and PastoralInstitution Builditng in the lWestAfrican Sahel. Nadarajah Shanniugaratilamii,Trond Vedeld, Anne Mossige, and Mette Bovin No. 176 Publicand PrivateSector Roles in AgriculturalResearcl: Tlieory and Experience.Dina L. Umali No. 177 The ReguJlatoryImupediments to thie Private Indiustrial Sector Development in Asia:A ComparativeStuidy. Deena Khatkhate No. 178 Chinia:Reforming Inter overntnentalFiscal Relations. Ramgopal Aganvala No. 179 NipponrTelegraphi and TelephioniePrivatization Stuidy: Experience cfJapan and LessonsforDevelopin, Couintries. Yoshiro Takano No. 180 Chinta'sReform Experience to Date. Pcter Harrold No. 181 CombartiniAIDS and OrlierSexually TranstnittedDiseases in Africa:A Review of tie l47orldBank's Agendafor Actioni. Jcan-LouisLamboray and A. Edward Elmendorf
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Analysis of Factors Affecting Vegetation Change in Southern Samburu, Kenya
    SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING VEGETATION CHANGE IN SOUTHERN SAMBURU, KENYA Mugechi M. Nyoike, Kenyatta University, Geography Department Nairobi – Kenya Abstract. Rangelands in Africa are under pressure from the increased human population that demand more land for food production and settlement. The once mobile communities have become more sedentary due to provision of centralized social and health amenities. These factors leads to concentrated use of land for grazing and settlement creating pressure on the vegetation and soil resources. This paper present a section of findings for study undertaken for Master thesis. Geographic information system was used to determine the distribution of various factors affecting vegetation change in Southern Samburu. This study dealt with analysis of the factors affecting the vegetation change in Southern Samburu. Data has been collected to determine the distribution of the land use and land cover of the study area. GIS Thematic maps showing distribution of schools, churches and clinic/health facilities as factors reducing the Samburu mobility have been developed and superimposed on the transport network and trading centres using ArcView 3.2 and ArcGIS. 1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Vegetation change in a broader sense is a major problem experienced in many rangelands of the world. Change in plant species structure and composition is phenomenon across the various rangelands. Population pressure, change in lifestyle change in land tenure and climatic change are some of the factors attributed with the vegetation change in the rangelands. In Africa, rangeland ecosystems lies between the rainforest and desert on both side of equator from about 290S and 160N 9 (Stephen et al 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Report III (Part 1B)
    International Labour Conference 95th Session, 2006 Report III (Part 1B) General Survey of the reports concerning the Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81), and the Protocol of 1995 to the Labour Inspection Convention, 1947, and the Labour Inspection Recommendation, 1947 (No. 81), the Labour Inspection (Mining and Transport) Recommendation, 1947 (No. 82), the Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 (No. 129), and the Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1969 (No. 133) Third item on the agenda: Information and reports on the application of Conventions and Recommendations Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations (articles 19, 22 and 35 of the Constitution) International Labour Office Geneva LABOUR INSPECTION INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENEVA ISBN 92-2-116606-6 ISSN 0074-6681 First edition 2006 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland.
    [Show full text]
  • 39Th IAAF WORLD CROSS COUNTRY CHAMPIONSHIPS
    39th IAAF WORLD CROSS COUNTRY CHAMPIONSHIPS Facts & Figures Facts & Figures ......................................................................................................1 Summary of Past Championships ..........................................................................2 Ages of World Cross Country Champions..............................................................6 Most Appearances..................................................................................................7 Medal Tables – by Athlete ......................................................................................8 Medal Tables – by Country .....................................................................................9 Spain at the World Cross Country Championships...............................................11 Doping cases at the World Cross Country Championships ..................................11 Age Falsifications at the World Cross Country Championships............................11 PUNTA UMBRÍA 2011 ★ FACTS & FIGURES 1 FACTS & FIGURES Some 10,512 athletes from 167 countries have competed in the Ismael Kirui, junior team gold medallist in 1990 at 15 years 32 days. IAAF World Cross Country Championships, with athletes from six Individually, the youngest is Robert Kipchumba, 2000 World Junior countries participating in all 38 editions: Belgium, France, Great Cross Country Champion at 16 years 24 days. Britain & NI (ENG, GBR, NIR, SCO, WAL), Ireland, Spain, and the The youngest competitor is Su Su-Ning of Chinese Taipei who United
    [Show full text]
  • Pathways to Sex Work in Nairobi, Kenya
    Fractured families: pathways to sex work in Nairobi, Kenya by Melanie Dawn Ross B.A., University of Victoria, 2001 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Anthropology Melanie Dawn Ross, 2008 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Fractured families: pathways to sex work in Nairobi, Kenya by Melanie Dawn Ross B.A., University of Victoria, 2001 Supervisory Committee Dr. Lisa M. Mitchell, (Department of Anthropology) Supervisor Dr. Eric Roth, (Department of Anthropology) Departmental Member Dr. Helga Hallgrimsdottir (Department of Sociology) Outside Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Lisa M. Mitchell, (Department of Anthropology) Supervisor Dr. Eric Roth, (Department of Anthropology) Departmental Member Dr. Helga Hallgrimsdottir, (Department of Sociology) Outside Member The reasons why African women become engaged in sex work have received little attention in academic research. While it is largely acknowledged that there exists a connection between entering the sex trade and poverty, not all women who are poor enter sex work. Through the use of life histories with 21 women between the ages of 18 and 42, this thesis explores the combination of factors that lead women and girls to become commercial sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. This method provides a detailed look at initiation into sex work as it occurs over the life course for women and girls in this context. Additionally, this thesis examines how structural violence impinges on their lives, thereby increasing vulnerability to engagement in sex work.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Electoral Violence on National Security: a Case
    UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES THE IMPACT OF ELECTORAL VIOLENCE ON NATIONAL SECURITY: A CASE STUDY OF NAKURU COUNTY PETER MUTURI GICHUHI REG NO: R47/8905/2017 SUPERVISOR DR ANITA KIAMBA A research Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Post Graduate Diploma in strategic studies at the Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies (IDIS), University of Nairobi November, 2020 DECLARATION Student: This Research Project is my original work and has not been presented for a degree or any other award in University of Nairobi or any other University. Peter Muturi Gichuhi R47/8905/2017 Signature: _______________________ Date: ___________________________ Supervisor: This Research Project has been submitted for review with my approval as University Supervisor. Dr. Anita Kiamba Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies University of Nairobi Signature: _______________________ Date: ___________________________ ii DEDICATION I dedicate my special thanks to my family for they have been my pillar of encouragement and motivation during the entire period I undertook this research. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Several academicians, practitioners and individuals helped me to write this project, from the fact that studies of this nature are seldom the outcome of individual effort or their authors alone. I am grateful to Dr. Anita Kiamba for her tireless effort in ensuring that I succeed in the whole academic exercise. iv ABSTRACT Up to date, historical grievances remain unanswered, especially regarding land distribution, as a crucial reason for violence in Kenya. In the current Central and Rift Valley, the colonial government confiscated much of farmland to progress agriculture.. The objectives of this study were: to trace the trends of election violence in Nakuru Municipality; to examine impact of Election violence on economic, social and political security in Nakuru county and to provide implementable solutions for curbing Election violence in Nakuru County in Kenya.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Digest2.Qxd 2/18/2010 12:34 PM Page 1
    Case Digest2.qxd 2/18/2010 12:34 PM Page 1 SURVIVING AFTER TORTURE A CASE DIGEST ON THE STRUGGLE FOR JUSTICE BY TORTURE SURVIVORS IN KENYA Case Digest2.qxd 2/18/2010 12:34 PM Page 2 PUBLISHER KENYA HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION 2009 ISBN No: 9966-941-62-2 Case Digest2.qxd 2/18/2010 12:34 PM Page 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 6 DEDICATION 7 INTRODUCTION 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9 1 OVERVIEW OF TORTURE IN KENYA 13 1.1 INTRODUCTION 14 1.2 TORTURE DURING THE COLONIAL ERA (1895-1963). 15 1.3 TORTURE AND RESPONSES BY THE POST INDEPENDENCE REGIMES (1963-2009) 18 a) Torture During The Kenyatta Regime,1963-1978 18 b) Torture During The Moi Regime, 1978-2002 21 i) Targetting Pro-Democracy and Human Rights Advocates ii) Massacres and Tortures iii) The Mithonge Cluster Of Torture Victims c) Torture During The Kibaki Regime, 2002- to date 26 2.0 THE JUDICIARY IN THE DETERMINATION OF TORTURE CASES 29 2.1 INTRODUCTION 30 2.2 CHALLENGES 30 a) Colonial legacy b) Executive interference c) Indecisiveness of the Magistrates on torture cases 2.3 THE EVOLUTION OF PROCESSES OF INSTITUTING CIVIL ACTIONS AGAINST THE STATE. 33 a) Plaint b) Originating Summons c) Originating Notice of Motion d) Petition 3.0 PRESENTATION OF COURT CASES 37 a) Joseph Kamonye Manje vs Republic b) Wanyiri Kihoro vs Attorney General c) David Mbewa Ndede vs Republic d) Dr Odhiambo Olel vs The Attorney General e) Dominic Arony Amolo vs The Attorney General f) Rumba Kinuthia & 6 Others vs The Attorney General 4.0 REVIEW OF OTHER NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL TORTURE CASES 69 4.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Cover Pe, Habitat Diversity, and Anthropogenie Influences on Forest Ecosystems Adjoining the Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya
    Forest Cover _pe, Habitat Diversity, and Anthropogenie Influences on Forest Ecosystems Adjoining the Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya James Legilisho-Kiyiapi Abstract.--Through combined use of satellite imagery, aerial photographs, and ground truthing, a multilevel assessment was conducted in a forest block that forms a unique dispersal zone to the Maasai Mara National Reserve ecosystem. Results of the survey revealed considerable ecological diversity on an area-scale basis--in terms ofecotypcs. Forest types ranged li'mn Afro-montane dry conifer forests to semi-deciduous to dry deciduous forests. Distinct monospecific vegetation zones interspersed by mixed species clusters were delineated within the forest block. Forest edges and, in some cases, open gladcs within closed canopy forests are dominated by "clustered vegetation" atypical of the well-described savanna wood- lands, thought to be heavily influenced by grazing and fire. Although habitat diversity in relatively undisturbed forest areas could be attributed to localized variation in altitude, soil, and drainage conditions, large and varied wildlife popula tions prevalent in the area as well as increased anthropogenic-mlated factors in recent years (tbrest encroachment through settlement and cultivatioa, forest exploitation, overgrazing, burning by forest-adjacent local populations) are largely responsible for the observed, progressive decline in vegetation diversity, and hence fonu the basis for design of monitoring systems. These preliminary findings suggest a need for a more detailed integrated snrvey approach for forest management planning involving local communities. In the past 2 decades, forestry has taken on a new dimen- county councils to hold in trust for the local people. In sion. The traditional state-controlled and highly central- effect then, trustland forests are "community" forests.
    [Show full text]