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Digging Deeper a Guide for Investigative Journalists in the Balkans

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Digging Deeper a Guide for Investigative Journalists in the Balkans Digging Deeper A Guide for Investigative Journalists in the Balkans By Sheila S. Coronel Sarajevo, 2009 Balkan Investigative Reporting Network Sheila S. Coronel is director of the Stabile Center for Investigative Journalism and professor of professional practice at Columbia University, New York. Before that, she was co-founder and executive director of the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. She is the author and editor of more than a dozen books, including Coups, Cults & Cannibals, and The Rule-makers: How the Wealthy and Well-Born Dominate Congress. Published in 2009 by the Balkan Investigative Reporting Regional Network, BIRN Kosevo 14, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Author: Sheila Coronel Editor: Gordana Igric Production coordinator: Dragana Zarkovic Obradovic BIRN Research Team: Besar Likmeta - Albania; Davor Konjikusic and Ruzica Matic - Croatia; Ekaterina Petrova and Rosen Bosev - Bulgaria; Aida Alic - Bosnia-Herzegovina; Calin Cosmacius and Marius Cosmeanu - Romania; Sinisa Jakov Marusic - Macedonia; Petrit Colaku - Kosovo; Bojana Stanisic and Nedjeljko Rudovic - Montenegro; Slobodan Georgiev, Laura Wolfs and Djordje Padejski - Serbia Design and layout: Milomir Orlovic Cover photo: Abbe Libansky Printed in Serbia by: SGR Original The printing of this publication was supported by the OSCE Mission to Serbia and the Open Society Institute. The views herein expressed are solely those of the author and contributors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the OSCE Mission to Serbia. This book is distributed free of charge and is not for resale. © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the written permission of the copyright holder and the publisher, application for which shall be made to the publisher. 4 Digging Deeper Preface These are not easy times for investigative journalists in the Balkans. This year and last saw assassinations and physical assaults on journalists in Croatia, Bulgaria, Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. In Albania, Croatia and Serbia the police were forced to mount 24-hour guard over the most endangered reporters. Those not physically attacked, found themselves squeezed between the business and political interests that control the editorial policies of their media outlets. Many editors fear the loss of advertising money if they expose ‘dirty’ businesses that are often close to political circles. Journalists are forced to constantly fight off threats of legal action and to overcome censorship and self-censorship. A lack of money, time, and skills, has reduced the op- portunities for investigative journalism. As the situation deteriorates with the impact of economic crisis, the need to investi- gate is becoming more important. As the countries of Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Albania, strive to join the European Union, only an informed public can keep up the pressure on governments to continue with reforms. We live in transitional democracies, where war crimes left lasting scars and the transi- tion from communism to capitalism in the nineties was badly managed. For the most part, privatisation processes went awry, and war profiteers and tobacco, drugs and weapons smugglers turned the Balkans into the home of a new breed of criminal barons. Over time, they have ‘legalised’ their businesses, often establishing monopolistic po- sitions in their market, and are busy ‘cleaning away’ the traces of a problematic past. With governments seemingly powerless to act, only fearless investigative journalism can engage the public and force business to work transparently. Transition has also seen one-party systems transformed into pluralism but how those parties are financed, how their MPs vote in Parliament and whether they act in accor- dance with the wishes of party benefactors is an open question. Investigative journalism offers the possibility of an answer, highlighting murky con- nections and forcing parties to uphold the values of democratic society. Balkan Investigative Reporting Network 5 Across the Balkans, we still suffer under an overbearing and corrupt bureaucratic ap- paratus, a weak judiciary which bends to political influence, nepotism and election frauds. All these issues, when put in the spotlight by the media, in an unbiased and professional manner, can provoke much needed public debate. Although powerful stories rarely lead to the immediate ousting of Balkan political figures, they can build public support and in the long run see them removed through the electoral process. Media outlets also desperately need the credibility and public confidence engen- dered by effective and professional investigative journalism, to cast off the reputa- tion earned from irresponsible tabloid reporting. Finally, to serve the public interest, an investigative journalist must also serve their own - by building their skills and knowledge, expanding their list of sources and en- riching their reporting style and techniques. With each new investigation new les- sons are learned and both the journalist and investigative reporting in the region are maturing. We hope that this guide might help investigative journalists with the process of learn- ing and also contribute to still fragile Balkan democracies. Gordana Igric BIRN Regional Network Director 6 Digging Deeper Introduction The idea for this handbook came from our desire to systematise the valuable expe- rience of BIRN’s regional network of journalists and trainers, and other colleagues from the region in their pursuit of investigative stories. The result is in your hands - Digging Deeper. This handbook offers an insight into a set of investigative practices that will make your first steps into this exciting and de- manding discipline, easier. You will find the elements that we consider to be the most important aspects of in- vestigative journalistic work, along with numerous examples and case studies, addi- tional reading material, data and exercises. Although the emphasis is placed on the experiences of journalists from the region, our collaboration with Sheila Coronel, director of the Stabile Center for Investigative Journalism at Columbia University, ensures a wider perspective, tackling all of the basic principles of good investigative work. The book will take you through the very substance of investigative journalism, from the definition of what investigative journalism really is, and what it is not, through the inves- tigative process itself and the set of techniques for following paper and people trails, interviewing and checking the legal implications of your work, and putting the article together. Although the best approach to this handbook is to read these chapters one by one in the order in which they are presented, you can also go directly to the parts that are of particular interest to you - this may be particularly relevant for the chapters that deal with investigative techniques and specific regional practices related to them. The tables dealing with the availability of public records are amongst the most valuable things that this book has to offer, and although more information is becoming public every day and the data presented in the tables will change over time, they demonstrate that even now there is a significant pool of data at a national, regional and international level. We are hope that the combination of advice, skills, interesting investigative stories, individual journalistic successes, databases and tips and techniques featured in Dig- ging Deeper, will inspire our readers to make a move into investigative journalism. Dragana Zarkovic Obradovic Production coordinator Balkan Investigative Reporting Network 7 8 Digging Deeper Balkan Investigative Reporting Network 9 chapteR ONE Investigative Reporting Defining What makes it different from other types of journalism? nvestigative reporting has many, sometimes widely divergent, meanings. To understand what Investigative investigative reporting is, it may be best to start journalism IS NOT: by explaining what it is not. I Daily reporting It is said that all reporting is investigative. After all, Leak journalism journalists routinely dig for facts. They ask questions. Single source They get information. They ‘investigate’. reporting Misuse of information But is this really the case? In the day-to-day practice Paparazzi journalism of journalism, how deep do reporters really dig? How probing are their questions? And how complete or original is the information that they present? Investigative journalism IS: The reality is that daily news coverage is usually not probing or investigative. It reports mainly what of- Watch-dog ficials or institutions say, as well as other people’s journalism responses to what has been previously said. Much Exposing how laws of what we consider ‘news’ is reporting on official and regulations are statements or reactions to official statements. Daily violated journalism is also mainly about events that reporters Holding the powerful have witnessed or interviewed witnesses about - such accountable as a train collision, a demonstration, a criminal being arrested. There is no digging beyond what has been said or what has been seen. Daily news reporting is seldom investigative, it is mostly reactive. Most of the time, journalists react to what is happening or what has been publicly an- nounced. Reporters seldom decide on their
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