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From the Indian Ocean Maria Saburova, Igor Polikarpov and Faiza Al-Yamani Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 1638, Salmiyah-22017, Kuwait

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From the Indian Ocean Maria Saburova, Igor Polikarpov and Faiza Al-Yamani Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 1638, Salmiyah-22017, Kuwait Marine Biodiversity Records, page 1 of 7. # Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2013 doi:10.1017/S1755267213000225; Vol. 6; e46; 2013 Published online First records of noctilucoid dinoflagellates Abedinium dasypus and Scaphodinium mirabile (Dinophyceae) from the Indian Ocean maria saburova, igor polikarpov and faiza al-yamani Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 1638, Salmiyah-22017, Kuwait The occurrence of noctilucoid dinoflagellates Abedinium dasypus and Scaphodinium mirabile is reported for the first time from the Indian Ocean (Kuwait’s waters, north-western Arabian Gulf). The morphology of live cells is described on the basis of light microscopic examination and photographically documented for both species. The world distribution of these dinoflagel- lates is reviewed. Keywords: Abedinium, Dinophyceae, Indian Ocean, Kuwait, Noctilucales, phytoplankton, Scaphodinium Submitted 3 June 2012; accepted 17 February 2013 INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS The marine noctilucoid dinoflagellates Abedinium dasypus Sampling site (Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet) Loeblich & Loeblich III, 1966 and Scaphodinium mirabile Margalef, 1963 are rarely reported Kuwait’s marine area occupies the north-western edge of the worldwide and scarcely documented in the literature due to Mesopotamian shallow shelf of the northern part of the difficulties with their recognition from preserved samples. Arabian (Persian) Gulf, which is a marginal sea connected Despite their large size and characteristic shapes, these dino- to the Indian Ocean via the Strait of Hormuz. Kuwait’s flagellates with non-typical modified morphologies are often waters are shallow, rarely deeper than 30 m, and generally underestimated or absent from most of phytoplankton analy- well-mixed year-round, with mean salinity of 41.6. The sis (Larsen & Sournia, 1991;Go´mez & Furuya, 2004). mean annual seawater temperature is 23.88C and ranges Kuwait’s waters have been monitored for phytoplankton from 30.58C (up to 368C) in July and August to 148C (down community composition and density for a long time, and to 11.98C) in January–February (Al-Yamani et al., 2004). the phytoplankton diversity has been recently well documen- ted based on Lugol’s preserved material (Al-Yamani et al., Sampling 2004; Al-Kandari et al., 2009). Among Noctilucales, Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921 has A regular sampling programme was carried out from 2010 to been reported from Kuwait (Al-Kandari et al., 2009). A 2012 throughout Kuwait’s waters using speedboats. Systematic recent phytoplankton survey was conducted on the basis of monthly monitoring of the poorly-preserved phytoplankton unpreserved samples examination with a focus on the poorly- fraction was performed by sampling at seven sites, whereas preserved athecate dinoflagellates in Kuwait’s waters. Careful some additional localities were sampled occasionally. Water analysis of the freshly collected samples revealed two morpho- samples from the surface layer (0–1 m) were collected with a logically modified dinoflagellates belonging to the family 5 l Niskin bottle (General Oceanics, USA), stored in 1 l plastic Leptodiscaceae Taylor, 1987 (order Noctilucales Haeckel, bottles and brought directly to the laboratory in a cooler with ice. 1894)—Abedinium dasypus and Scaphodinium mirabile. The occurrence of these species has not been previously noted for Kuwait, or for the Arabian Gulf and the Indian Ocean as Sample processing a whole. In this paper, previous records of S. mirabile and Samples were either settled during 2–3 hours or gently concen- A. dasypus are summarized and new data on the distribution trated by centrifugation (200 revolutions per minute, 3 of these dinoflagellates within Kuwait’s waters are provided. minutes). Concentrated samples were scanned using an inverted Leica DMIL microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) at 50–200× magnification to estimate the phytoplankton com- position. For detailed examination, cells were isolated by Corresponding author: micropipetting and transferred to a glass slide in preparation M. Saburova for high-magnification photomicroscopy. Cells were examined Email: [email protected] and photographed using an upright Leica DMLM microscope Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Athens, on 02 Oct 2021 at 11:02:52, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms1 . https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267213000225 2mariasaburovaet al. (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) equipped with Nomarski differen- description tial interference contrast optics and DFC 320 colour digital In non-folded view cells were extremely flattened, elongated, camera at 400–1000× magnifications. Cell dimensions were 239–251 mm long and 77–80 mm wide (N ¼ 2), strongly measured from images using Leica Application Suite v. 3.7 bilaterally symmetrical with slightly folded lateral margins (Leica Microsystems (Switzerland) Ltd) software. Two speci- (Figure 1A). Each cell end was terminated by distinct exten- mens of Scaphodinium mirabile and five specimens of sion. One extension (here considered as anterior) was Abedinium dasypus were measured. All observations presented narrow, approximately 34–35 mm long, slightly widened to here are based on light microscopy examination of live cells that the end and arranged with three small processes (one of were isolated from freshly collected samples. which was centrally located, while the other two were periph- eral) (Figure 1A, D). Reverse extension (here considered as posterior) was wider and shorter than the anterior one, approxi- RESULTS mately 30–32 mm long, bilobate (Figure 1A, C, E–G). There was the cytoplasm swelling below the median, where large During a three-year course of regular sampling in Kuwait’s elongate encapsulated nucleus was located (Figure 1A,E,F). waters, over which time approximately 180 samples were col- The cytoplasm was reticulated (Figure 1A, B, E) due to numer- lected, cells of Scaphodinium mirabile and Abedinium dasypus ous myofibrils forming a uniform network. One small pigmen- occurred extremely rarely, they were only found on several ted body (food particle?) was observed near the nucleus in both sampling occasions in 2010 and 2012, mostly in the offshore specimens examined (Figure 1A, B, E). Longitudinal flagellum area. Eight specimens of S. mirabile were found once was well visible, long (but shorter than the cell length) (Table 1) in the surface layer sampled on 30 November (Figure 1C), originated from the cytoplasm swelling, initially 2010 in near-shore waters with temperature of 22.88C and sal- curving along one side of the nucleus and then extended straight inity of 42.1. The occurrence of A. dasypus was recorded on along longitudinal cell axis within flagellar canal to the bilobate several occasions in winter and spring 2012 throughout the extension (Figure 1E–G). Transverse flagellum was observed offshore waters with temperatures ranging from 158Cto only in folded cells (Figure 1B). Chloroplasts and trichocysts 18.48C and salinity range from 42.1 to 43.2 (Table 1). were not seen. Live cells of these athecate dinoflagellates were extremely Live cells observed were more or less expanded, sliding delicate, and they disintegrated easily during manipulation, slowly with narrow extension pointing forward due to longi- but two specimens of Scaphodinium mirabile and five speci- tudinal flagellum oscillations. The lateral margins of the cells mens of Abedinium dasypus were successfully isolated and were strongly folded during the active movement. Being dis- their morphology was examined using high-magnification turbed, the cells folded rapidly into a ring on one of its light microscopy (LM) under bright field (BF) and differential sides, extension against extension. interference contrast (DIC) illumination. Genus Abedinium Loeblich & Loeblich III, 1966 Abedinium dasypus (Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet) Loeblich & Loeblich III, 1966 (Figures 2 & 3) systematics Class DINOPHYCEAE West & Fritch, 1927 synonym: Order NOCTILUCALES Haeckel, 1894 Leptophyllus dasypus Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet, 1964. Family LEPTODISCACEAE Taylor, 1987 Genus Scaphodinium Margalef, 1963 references: Scaphodinium mirabile Margalef, 1963 ´ (Figure 1) Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet, 1964;Gomez et al., 2010. description synonym: Cells were feather-shaped, extremely flattened, 163–251 mm Leptospathium navicula Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet, 1964. long and 76–94 mm wide (N ¼ 5), strongly bilaterally sym- metrical (Figures 2A, D, H & 3A). Anterior part of the cell references: that points in the direction of the cell locomotion was termi- Margalef, 1963; Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet, 1964;Go´mez & nated by long (52–57 mm), narrow (5–6 mm wide), and Furuya, 2004. mobile tentacle with an orange-pigmented distal part Table 1. Occurrence of Scaphodinium mirabile and Abedinium dasypus in Kuwait waters during 2010–2012 including geographical coordinates, dates, depth of the sampling site, water temperature of the surface layer, salinity, volume of sample and cell concentrations for each record of the species. Sampling site Date Depth, m Water temperature, Salinity Examined Abundance, cells per 8C volume, litre examined volume S. mirabile A. dasypus 29810′01′′N48810′05′′E 29 November 2010 21 22.8 42.1 1 8 2 29815′05′′N48823′57′′E 5 February 2012 15 16.3 43.2 5 2 2 29803′44′′N48830′20′′E 14 February 2012 29 15.2 42.2 2 2 4 28850′02′′N48846′57′′E 20 February 2012 16 15.0 42.1 1 2 1 28850′02′′N48846′57′′E 1 April 2012 20 18.4 41.5 1 2 2 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Athens, on 02 Oct 2021 at 11:02:52, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267213000225 unnoticed noctilucoids in the indian ocean 3 Fig. 1. Light micrographs of Scaphodinium mirabile recorded from Kuwait waters in November 2010: (A) cell in non-folded view showing general appearance; (B) folding cell; (C, E, F) detail of the posterior cell end in folded view during swimming (C), and in non-folded view (E, F); (D) detail of the anterior cell end; (G) detail of the bilobate extension. Arrows point to the pigmented body (Pb); longitudinal (Lf) and transverse (Tf) flagella, flagellar canal (Fc) and nucleus (N).
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