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Ghaggar River Pollution: a Review

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Ghaggar River Pollution: a Review INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCE ISSN NO: 0972-1347 Ghaggar River Pollution: A Review Kaamun, Sandeep Salhotra Department of Civil Engineering, Chanḍigaṛh University Abstract Ghaggar river is a seasonal river in India. It originates from Shivalik Hills ( Himachal Pradesh). It flows through Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and then disappears in sand of Thar Desert. This seasonal river now driesup in rajasthan because of change in hydraulic cycle also including deforestation and overgrazing. In this paper the major focus is on heavymetals and thrir main source in river water. Keywords: Ghagghar River, Heavy Metal And Their Sources. Introduction punjab to rajasthan and then disappear itself in the sands of the thar desert. Rivers are natural steam of water It is known as ghaggar before ottu emptying into an ocean, sea, or other barrage and hakra downstream of bodies of water and usually fed along its barrage. It's basin is classified in two course by joining tributaries[1]. Rivers parts khadri ( the lower flood-prone are very important carriers of water and area) and bangar ( higher areas that are nutrients to regions all around the earth. not flooded in rainy seasons). The ghaggar river originates from the siwalik hills of himachal pradesh and Geophysical research shows that in haryana. It runs along the foot of the harappan civilisation the ghaggar -hakra siwaliks and flows through haryana and Volume 5, Issue 4, April 2018 159 http://ijics.com/ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCE ISSN NO: 0972-1347 system was a system of monsoon-fed which are found Cd, Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb And rivers not himalayan-fed. Hg. The sequence in which the heavy materials were found is as follows: Cd> In 19th andearly 20th century, it is Fe>Cu>Hg>Pb>Zn. According to his suggested that ghaggar-hakra might be conclusion it was found that the about the defunct remains of mythological heavy metals are exceeding the sarasvati of rig aged, fed by himalaya-fed maximum permissible limits of drinking rivers which changed the course due to water in many sides. He also revealed tectonics.[1] that the water contain very high Main tributes of this river are kaushalya concentration as far as Cadmium river, markanda river, sursuti river, concentration is concerned. The sound tangri river and chatang river. high concentration of heavy metals Major causes for drying up of ghaggar- particularly in downstream stations hakar include loss of rainfall in its inputs coming from industrial, catchment area which is caused by agriculture and municipal influence change in hydraulic cycle. Other from point and nonpoint source along contributingfactors may include the river route. They also found that deforestation and overgrazing. industrial municipal and agricultural waste from Punjab region are main Sukhdevkundu, department of source of heavy metals pollution in the environmental science, river water in down station. shooliniuniversity,solan,h.p Study Of Heavy Metal Pollution Of He collected a total of 21 surface water Ghaggar River samples from the river during may 2006. Concentration of heavy metals By Ravi Kant Pareek (Department Of was studied along the rivers route Civil Engineering Vivekananda Global particularly in Panchkula, Patiala, SAS University Jaipur) Nagar, Mohali and panchkula district. Dr.Ambrina S. Khan ( Amity Institute The area he selected seeds the domestic Of Environmental Science Amity industrial and municipal wastewater in University Noida) which includes untreated influent all are all along its length. The heavy metals Volume 5, Issue 4, April 2018 160 http://ijics.com/ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCE ISSN NO: 0972-1347 Dr.Parteek Srivastava ( Department Of Markanda River, and Shaabaad Nallah Civil Engineering Psit College Of joining the river and discharge Engineering Kanpur) untreated effluent into it. Generally some of the metal elements are essential This study briefly deals with the for physiological functions of tissues, presence of heavy metals in river water and sometimes the deficiency of heavy the study was carried out in October metals can cause harmful diseases and 2016 post monsoon on 16 sampling are toxic human body. Observed high stations of rivers Ghaggar. 16 sites were concentration of heavy metals money in selected for sampling in which sampling the same station all along the river was not possible in four sites due to the route. In arsenic chromium and zinc dry bed of river. In selected research concentration in the river water was area the Ghaggar receive domestic, least contaminated. As others they also industrial and municipal wastewater found that the main cause of including untreated wastewater from contamination was the sources from industries and other sources. punjab. In this research study, Heavy Metal Conclusion: Concentration was done in regard of Fe, Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni and Cr The concentration of Heavy Metals in throughout the 466km streach of river River were found in the following order: Ghaggar.Concentration of these Heavy i. In May (2006) it was Metals was found in following manner: Cd>Fe>Cu>Hg>Pb>Zn ; Fe>Zn>Ni>Cu>Cd>Cr>Pb>Hg>As. ii. In Octuber (2016) it was found as The selected study iswithin the follow: boundary of several states and covering Fe>Zn>Ni>Cu>Cd>Cr>Pb>Hg>As. parts of different districts of Haryana, The presence of Heavy Metals in river Punjab and Rajasthan. At downstream Ghaggar water more than that of sites various point sources viz. maximum permitted limit all alonng its Medkhalinallah, Sukhnachoe, route in Haryana (It was reported by Jharmalchoe, Dhabi Nallah, Kaushik et al [7]). It was also found that Dhakansunallah, Patiala Nadi, the main sources of Heavy Meta Volume 5, Issue 4, April 2018 161 http://ijics.com/ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCE ISSN NO: 0972-1347 Pollution in the river at downstream iv. Human made structures/ stations was due to industrial, interventions (Dams / Barrage/ Sand municipal,and agricultural wastes from Mining): RED Punjab. v. Cultural and Recreational Needs : RED It is reported by Manoj Misra and Bhim vi. Flood Plains: PINK Singh Rawat that along its length withnin Haryana(i.e. 250 km approx) Here RED means Critical condition and Ghaggar river is in RED Category which PINK means threatened. means in critical position. They also The main founding from these research gave raiting to other paramets as below: work on Ghaggar River was that Arsenic i. Flow: RED was not present in any of the samples ii. Biodiversity : RED that were taken by the researchers. iii. Water quality including Groundwater in shallow aquifes: RED Ref erence 1. Wetzel, G.W. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystem. Academic Press, New York. 2. Chapman, D.(1992). Water quality assessment. Published on behalf of UNESCO/WHO/UNEP, Chapmen and Hall Ltd. London. 3. Bhatnagar, A. & Garg, S.K.(1998). Environment Impact Assessment In River Ghaggar In Haryana.J.Natcon. 4. Kaur, H., Dhillon, S.S., Bath, K.S. & Mander, G.(2000). Analysis of the elements polluting River Ghaggar in the region of Punjab. J. Env. Poll. 5. WHO (2011). Guidelines for drinking water quality. 4th edn.www.who.int/water/_sanitation_health/publications/2011. Worls Health Organisation, Geneva. Volume 5, Issue 4, April 2018 162 http://ijics.com/ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCE ISSN NO: 0972-1347 6. McNeely, R.N., Neimanis, V.P. & Dawyer, L. (1979). A guide to water quality parameters. Inland Water Directory, Canada. 7. Kothny, K.L. (1973). Trace elements in the environment: Advances in Chemister Series No. 123, Amer. Chem. Soc., New York. 8. BIS (1991). Indian standards drinking water specification. Bureau of Indian Standars:10500, New Delhi. 9. Kaushik, A., Jain, S., Dawra, J. & Bishnoi, M.S. (2000). Heavy metal pollution of River Ghaggar in Haryana. Ind. J. Env. & Tox. 10. Alloway B.J. (1995). Heavy Metals in Soils. Springer, The Neatherlands. Environment Pollution book series. 11. Bhavana, A., Shrivastava, V., Tiwari, C.R. and Jain, P., (2009). Heavy metal contamination nd its potential risk with specil references to Narmada river at Nimar region of M.P. (India). Res. J. of Chem. & Env. 12. Frieden, E.(1972). The chemical elements of life science Amer. 227:252-260. 13. Hassan, A.A.S. (2012). Ground water quality of Aurangabad Industrial Area. Ph. D. Thesis Dr. B.A.M. University, Arangabad. 14. Korthals, E.T. & Winfrey, M.R. (1987). Seasonal and Spatial variations in mercury methylation and demethylation in an oligotrophic lake. Appl. Env. Micro. 53: 2397- 2404. 15. Kundu Sukhdev, “heavy Metal Pollution of Ghaggar Riveri Upper Reaches”, Bulletin of Enviironment, Pharmacology & life science. Volume 5, Issue 4, April 2018 163 http://ijics.com/.
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