Lentic waters in : Water Quality Status and Recommendations for Future Activities

Anita Bhatnagar Department of Zoology University Kurukshetra [email protected] • Every day, millions of tons of inadequately treated sewage and industrial and ● agricultural wastes are poured into the world’s waters.

• Every year lakes, rivers, and deltas take in the equivalent of the weight of the entire ● human population.

• Every year, more people die from the consequences of unsafe water than from all ● forms of violence, including war.

• These most polluted freshwater ends up in the oceans, causing serious damage to many coastal areas and fisheries and worsening our ocean and coastal resource

• And, every year, water contamination of natural ecosystems affects humans directly by destroying fisheries or causing other impacts on biodiversity that affect food production. • Water forms the most indispensable, precious and the prime necessity of life • Pure water is now a scarce commodity -rapid increase in agricultural irrigation needs, -dwindling water resources - lowering of water table -the increasing water pollution on account of rapid indusralization • About 80% of the earth is covered by water • Inland fresh water availability - less than 1% • Total water resources - are 1123 Km3

Department of Zoology, ,Kurukshetra To match the increasing water demand

Requires adoption of better management practices.

Research and investigations for sustainable utilization of more and more available water

Pressure on availability and utilization of natural water resources for various anthropogenic needs Anthropogenic needs includes

• Drinking Water • water in beverages, • water in food. • For Irrigation • Water for ensuring food security (Fish production) • For Bathing/Swimming/Mass Bathing • Water bodies for religious/ ritual activities 21 Districts 106 Towns 6955 Villages

Mewat Rivers Flowing Through Haryana The River Flows along its eastern boundary The Rivers is said to have flowed from but it has now disappeared The River Ghaggar is Haryana's main seasonal river. It rises in the outer Himalyas between the Yamuna and the and enters Haryana near , in . Passing through and near it reaches .

The is also a seasonal stream. Its ancient name was Aruna. It originates from the lower Shivalik hills and enters Haryana west of Ambala.

The originates in the Hills , On reaching Jhajhar it branches off into two smaller streams, finally reaching the outskirts of and flowing into lake that flows into the Yamuna through the

There are three other rivulets in and around the Mewat hills – Indori, Dohan and Kasavati and they all flow northwards from the south Major Lakes/

Badkhal Damdama () (, (Faridabad) ) (Yamunanagar) Sultanpur Tilyar Brahmsrovar (Gurgaon) (Kurukshetra) () ()

Sannihit Sarovar Bhindwas (Kurukshetra) () Artificial Ponds/Small • Used for Domestic Natural Ponds Purpose (Especially Village Ponds) • or Fish Culture

Temporary Water • Which makes an Bodies of large or interesting Bio type Small type

Man made or Natural • Which have religious Tanks/ Ponds /Temple importance ponds Water Resources in Haryana

Type Area Perennial Village ponds 14000 hectare

Seasonal Village Ponds 2500 hectare /Lakes 900 hectare Water Harvesting Dams 1000 hectare Water Logged area 2000 hectare Saline soil 20000 hectare Rivers and Tributaries 50000 Km Canals 22000 m Drains 2000 Km Brackish Ground water is in more than 55% of area STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

• Availability of water • Flood system of Resources irrigation in canal command area • Scope for diversification of crops • Brackish ground water • Good tropical in 54 % area Agroclimatic conditions • Cultivation of Water • Suitable Conditions for guzzling crop of paddy the Application for resourse conserving • Seepage losses along technology wide network of canals in western part • Depletion of groundwater in fresh water zone It is time to Take action? •WORK FOR SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER BODIES Monitoring and Surveillance to assess reasons for degradation

To disseminate/apply newer technology for conservation of water bodies Rural Fish Culture Ponds of Haryana (Managed and Unmanaged)

Ponds of fish farms of progressive farmers with the application of technology

Water Bodies of Haryana with religious activities

2 1

3

4 Mewat UNMANAGED PONDS MANAGED PONDS

•No Fertilizer •Use of Manure •No control on cattle entry or inorganic fertilizer •No control on sewage •Check on cattle entry inputs •No Regular netting •Regular netting to assess •No monitoring growth District Pond site Type Area Source of hectare water

Kurukshetra Barwa Unmanaged 0.48 Canal

Durala Unmanaged 3.2 Canal / Natural Adhon Managed 0.6 Tube well / canal

Bohar sadan Managed 0.6 Tubewell / Canal

Hisar Mugalpura Unmanaged 2.0 Natural

Jajanwala Unmanaged 2.0 Canal /Natural

Dabra Managed 0.6 Tubewell

Satrod Managed 1.2 Tubewell Nuh Mewat Kira Unmanaged 2 .0 Canal / Natural Ghasara Tali Unmanaged 3.2 Canal / Natural

Ghasara Managed 1.2 Canal / Tubewell

Hirmuthala Managed 1.6 Canal / Tubewell

Y. Nagar Sasoli Unmanaged 1.32 Natural

Chaneti Unmanaged 1.0 Natural

Fatehgarh Managed 0.44 Tubewell

Fatehgarh Managed 0.24 Tubewell Wild Managed

4 ) -1 3

2 SGR (%BW D SGR (%BW

1 8235 10000 kg/ha/year

8000

6000

4000

2000

Fish Yield (Kg/Year/Hectare) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Wild Managed Physicochemical characteristics of water (APHA, 1998)

• Temperature °C Digital thermometer • pH Electronic pH meter • Turbidity NTU Turbidity meter • Conductivity mm/Cm Conductivity meter • Dissolved oxygen mg L-1 Modified winkler’s method • Free Co2 mg L-1 Titrimetric method • Alkalinity mg L-1 Titrimetric method • Chloride mg L-1 Titrimetric method • Sulphates mg L-1 Spectrophotometric • Phosphates mg L-1 Spectrophotometric • BOD mg L-1 Incubation method • Hardness mg L-1 Titrimetric method • Calcium mg L-1 Titrimetric method • Magnesium mg L-1 Titrimetric method • Ammonia mg L-1 Spectrophotometric method BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POND WATERS

Parameters Methods Formula used References

Phyto-and Sedgwick L-1= (P × C ×100) APHA, 1998 zooplankton rafter cell L density method (nos. L-1)

Species Shannon and d = -∑ (ni/N) log2 ni/N Washington, diversity (d ) weaver index 1984

Net primary Light and NPP = NOP × 0.375 Golterman productivity dark bottle t et al.,1978 method Fish Growth/ Productivity studies

Fish were bulk weighed by repeated netting and specific growth rate was calculated:

Growth parameter Formula

Specific Growth rate In W2– In W1 ______χ 100 t Growth per cent gain in W2- W1 body weight ------χ 100 W1 • Fish yield was recorded at the time of harvesting • Coefficient of Correlation & Duncan’s Multiple range test • -SPSS packages • Species diversity was determined using Shannon and weaver’s diversity index Physico-chemical and Biological Characteristics of pond water in District Kurukshetra

Parameter K-1 K-2 K-3 K-4 Water Temp. 0C 22.09±1.09B 22.46±1.24B 22.43±1.20A 21.07±1.60B p H 9.22±.07A 8.91±.17B 8.51±.15C 8.52±.10C Conductivity µ S cm-1 838.88±9.01B 1016.49±9.12A 487.77±57.27D 625.55±47.43C Dissolved oxygen 5.92±.37B 5.39±.20B 7.58±.09A 7.68±.19A mg L-1

-1 B C A Free CO2 mg L 12.49±2.43 1.38±1.27 Absent 14.27±3.12 Carbonate Alkalinity mg L-1 3.44±3.15C 17.61±1.90B 23.05±.85A nil Biocarbonate 274.94±18.67C 461.05±14.68A 295.05±5.89B 268.99±12.74C Alkalinity mg L-1 Total alkalinity mg L-1 295.60±19.05A 478.66±20.09A 318.05±6.12B 268.99±12.74A Total Hardness mg L-1 237.35±4.60B 276.27±17.72A 198.71±5.39D 217.89±3.09C Calcium mg L-1 44.61±2.87A 40.62±4.96A 17.72±1.19B 41.49±1.60A Magnesium mg L-1 30.68±1.58 42.65±1.51A 37.51±1.88C 27.82±1.41D Chloride mg L-1 64.68±6.78B 89.31±1.94A 24.59±1.72D 33.15±7.45C o-phosphate mg L-1 1.66±.28A 1.41±.41A 0.69±.14B 0.60±.06B Total phosphate mg L-1 2.52±.25B 2.80±.44A 1.17±.22C 1.01±.11C Total ammonia mg L-1 1.88±.28A 1.51±.03A 0.29±.o2B 0.399±.05B BOD mg L-1 3.04±.08A 2.87±.12B 2.05±.05C 2.03±.06C Plankton Population L-1 4596.66±253.7A 4470.00±158.78A 3906.66±229.63B 3926.66±174.88B Phytoplankton L-1 2506.66±156.5A 2460.00±90.65AB 2320.00±167.71B 2420.00±104.00AB

Zooplankton L-1 2090±138.76B 2010±96.02A 1586.66±85.00BC 1506.66±95.43C 13 14 14 14

Nostoc Nostoc Phormidium Phormidium oscillatoria oscillatoria Oedogonium Oedogonium Zygnema Zygnema Cladophora Cladophora Microspora Microspora Volvox Volvox √ Volvox Cosmarium Cosmarium Ulothrix Ulothrix Spirogyra √ Spirogyra Closterium Closterium

Phytolankton taxa Phytolankton Synedra Synedra Navicula Navicula Cyclotella Cyclotella Diatoma √ Diatoma 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 K-4 K-1 K-3 K-2 Chironomid Chironomid Cypris Cypris Bosmina Bosmina Nauplius Nauplius Moina Moina Daphania Daphania Diaptomus Diaptomus Cyclops* Cyclops Keretella

Zooplanktontaxa Keretella Branchionus* Branchionus 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 200 400 0 200 400 600 0 100 200 300 400 K-2 K-1 K-3 K-4 0.84 2.53.5 0.7 -1 3 0.62 -1) ) day 3 -1

3 2.5 0.5 1.5 0.42 0.31.512 0.21 BOD (mgL BOD Ammonia (mg L (mg Ammonia

NPP mg Ccm NPPmg 0.5

0.10.5Specificgrowth rate 1 000

9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000

Fish yield (Kg/Year) yield Fish 1000 0 K-1 K-2 K-3 K-4 Selected ponds Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of pond (Y-1-Y-3) Waters in District Yamuna Nagar

Parameter Y-1 Y-2 Y-3 Water Temp. 0C 22.64±1.81A 22.84±1.75A 23.03±1.85A pH 8.65±.20A 8.40±.23B 7.65±.13C Conductivity µ S cm-1 943.22±31.32A 681.62±37.95B 592.38±46.47C Salinity ppt 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dissolved oxygen , mg L-1 4.35±.49C 7.30±.89B 9.38±.90A

-1 B B B Free CO2 mg L 11.99±4.97 28.10±3.99 13.16±5.89 CarbonateAlkalinity mg L-1 7.00±3.41A nil 6.72±3.29A BiocarbonateAlkalinity mg 301.66±23.84A 264.33±12.42B 260.72±12.89B L-1 Total alkalinity, mg L-1 308.66±24.29A 264.33±12.42B 267.44±12.89B Total Hardness mg L-1 218.66±13.76A 185.83±2.67B 231.27±16.37A Calcium mg L-1 19.18±1.29B 23.18±1.94B 52.38±8.77A Magnesium mg L-1 42.43±3.50A 33.48±1.49B 26.90±2.45C Chloride mg L-1 71.15±17.03A 59.3±2.72A 38.04±14.78B o-phosphate mg L-1 0.874±.16B 1.08±.09A 0.780±.16B Total phosphate mg L-1 1.39±.25B 2.04±.31A 1.21±.14B Total ammonia mg L-1 1.81±.62A 1.28±.07B 0.74±.19C BOD mg L-1 3.0±.13A 2.58±.06B 1.66±.09C Plankton Population L-1 5030±122.24A 4543.33±341.66B 4566.66±147.66B Phytoplankton L-1 2680±68.90B 2460±183.95B 2926.66±117.69A Zooplankton L-1 2350±120.44A 2083.33±197.54B 1640±59.10C Spirulina Phormidium Ocillatoria Oedogonium Zygnema Cladophore Microspore Volvox Cosmarium Ulothrix Spirogyra Closterium Synedra Phytoplankton taxa Phytoplankton Navicula Cyclotella Diatoma 0 100 200 300 400 100 200 300 400 100 200 300 400 500 Y-1 Y-2 Y-3 Hydrophilide Chironomid Cypris Bosmina Nauplius Moina Daphania Diaptomus Zoplanktontaxa Cyclops Keretella Branchionus

0 200 400 6000 200 400 6000 200 400 600 Y-1 Y-2 Y-3 3.5 2 3 13.5 1.8 2.51.63

) 0.8 -1 1.4 2 0.61.22.5 1.5 12 0.40.8 10.61.5 Specific growth rate Ammonia (mg L

0.2 (mgL-1) BOD 0.4 0.5 1 0.2 0 00.50

9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 Fish yield (Kg/year) 1000 0 Y-1 Y-2 Y-3 Selected Ponds Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of pond (N-1-N-4)waters in District Nuh Mewat Parameter N-1* N-2 N-3 N-4

Water Temp. 0C 19.36±.02 22.9±.86A 22.45±1.28A 22.93±1.02A p H 8.72±.003 9.2±.03A 8.17±.09C 8.83±.14B

Conductivity µ S cm-1 5298±3.40 5289.6±71.01A 2688.66±36.28C 3576.59±39.61B

Salinity ppt 0.0 2.0 1.0 1.0

Dissolved oxygen mg L-1 5.93±.03 4.94±.64A 8.36±.64A 8.11±.48A

-1 Free CO2 mg L 19.5±.38 Absent Absent Absent

Carbonate Alkalinity mg L-1 nil 25.53±1.39A 14.06±1.74B 13.86±.37B

BiocarbonateAlkalinity mg L-1 295.00±.78 347.46±11.33B 173.33±5.51C 378.46±28.29A

Total alkalinity mg L-1 295.00±.78 372.19±11.60B 187.39±4.14C 392.32±28.09A

Total Hardness mg L-1 513.66±2.33 466.13±14.59A 312.73±10.99C 349.43±8.65B

Calcium mg L-1 33.21±2.00 69.80±1.18A 76.93±43.05C 61.65±1.94B

Magnesium mg L-1 105.07±.92 71.15±3.38A 58.65±2.40B 47.65±1.51C

Chloride mg L-1 133.35±.64 103.75±1.80A 90.57±2.01B 82.82±1.38 o-phosphate mg L-1 2.26±.02 1.71±.12A 0.96±.18C 1.49±.05B

Total phosphate mg L-1 2.95±.04 3.51±.19A 1.62±.14C 2.69±.24B

Total ammonia mg L-1 - 3.53±.67A 1.29±.05B 1.12±0.64

BOD - 3.01±.08A 2.31±.09C 2.70±.09

Plankton Population L-1 4400 4456±176.33A 3992±170.31B 3968±232.32B

Phytoplankton L-1 2400 2456±56.26A 2496±106.78A 2392±150.67A

Zooplankton L-1 2000 2000±135.66A 1512.0±92.44B 1576±95.32B Tabellaria Spirulina Nostoc Phormidium Oscillatoria Oedogonium Zygnema Cladophora Microspora Volvox Cosmarium Ulothrix

Phytoplanktontaxa Spirogyra Closterium Synedra Navicula Cyclotella Diatoma 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 N-2 N-3 N-1 N-4 Eubranchus Eubranchus Hydrophilide Hydrophilide Chironomid Chironomid Cypris Cypris Bosmina Bosmina Nauplius Nauplius Moina Moina Daphania Daphania

Zooplankton taxa Diaptomus Diaptomus Cyclops Cyclops Keretella Keretella Branchionus Branchionus 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 100 200 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 N-2 N-4 43 3.5

-1 2.53 3 2.5 2 2 2 1.51.5

BOD BOD mg L-1 111 Ammonia mg L

Specific rate growth 0.5 0.5 00 0

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000 Fish yield) (Kg/year 1000

0 N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4

Selected ponds Physico-chemical and Biological Characteristics of ponds (H-1-H- 4) waters in District Hisar

Parameter H-1 H-2 H-3 H-4

Water Temp. 0C 22.12±1.40A 22.24± 1.36AB 23.57± 1.06A 23.92±.90A p H 9.08± .09A 8.19± .02B 8.17±.08B 8.12±.13B

Conductivity µ S cm-1 4201.94± 56.60A 1618.33± 10.45B 1023.44± 84.40C 427.66±15.97D Salinity ppt 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Dissolved oxygen mg L-1 3.93± .08D 6.26± .03C 7.21±.05B 7.51±.06A

-1 A C B Free CO2 mg L Absent 22.55±1.42 11.50±.95 13.10±1.55 Carbonate Alkalinity mg L-1 57.21± 4.25A nil nil Nil

Biocarbonate Alkalinity mg L-1 429.77± 25.64A 382.83±14.67B 240.55±9.16C 168.16±2.34D

Total alkalinity mg L-1 486.98± 22.82A 382.83±14.67B 240.55±9.16C 168.16±2.34D

Total Hardness mg L-1 543.72± 14.60A 206.33± 6.6C 234.83±28.21B 172.11±3.24D

Calcium mg L-1 73.26± 10.65A 41.57± 1.69B 43.54±11.76B 26.45±4.06C

Magnesium mg L-1 87.96± 8.88A 25.04± 2.40B 30.75±1.05B 25.87±2.79B

Chloride mg L-1 221.26± 11.16A 193.18± 13.04B 115.65±22.55C 9.42±.38D o-phosphate mg L-1 2.3± .06A 1.93± .04B 0.74±.02C 0.46±.02D

Total phosphate mg L-1 2.87± .10A 2.54±.03B 1.15±.05C 0.63±.05D

Total ammonia mg L-1 2.05± .56A 1.36±.35B 0.52±.04C 0.59±.11C

BOD mg L-1 2.70± .13B 3.04± .10A 2.45±.05C 2.38±.10C

Plankton Population L-1 3780±193.21A 3893.33±238.62A 3520±208.65B 3333.33±156.86B

Phytoplankton L-1 2153.33±143.35A 2076.66±172.74A 2206.66±157.73A 2083.33±113.02A

Zooplankton L-1 1626.66±83.94B 1816.66±151.17A 1313.33±98.55C 1037.33±183.00C Nostoc Phormidium Oscillatoria Oedogonium Zygnema Cladophora Microspora Volvox Cosmarium Ulothrix Spirogyra Closterium Synedra Phytopanktontaxa Navicula Cyclotella Diatoma 0 200 400 0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300 400 H-1 H-2 H-3 H-4 Eubranchus Hydrophilide Chironomid Cypris Bosmina Nauplius Moina Daphania Diaptomus Cyclops Zooplankton taxaZooplankton Keretella Branchionus 0 100 200 300 4000 100 200 300 0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300 400 H-3 H-4 H-1 H-2 3.5 2.5 3 3 22.5 2.5

2 1.52

1.51.5

BOD mgBOD L-1 1 1 1 Ammonia L-1) (mg

0.50.5Specific growth rate 0.5 0 0 0

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000 3000

2000 Fish Yield (kg/year) 1000

0 H-1 H-2 H-3 H-4

Selected ponds √ √

DENDROGRAM SALIENT FINDINGS

Ø Mortality in the ponds during the study period was invariably due to low dissolved oxygen content and high ammonia values. Ø Unmanaged ponds invariably had High BOD and Ammonia indicating that water quality of ponds need management and control on the entry of sewage and cattle. Ø Production of Fish food organisms i.e. planktons were in good number from unmanaged as well as managed ponds indicating that if properly managed, these ponds can be used for fish production contributing to food security Ø If managed they can be used as water resource for domestic and Agricultural needs. Ø There is a need to standardize management practice. Impact of religious activities on prominent water bodies of Haryana Ø is a religious country Ø Religious activities – • Idol immersion •Floral Offering •Mass bathing •Rubbibg Filth •Use of detergents during mass bathing •Frolicking •Offering Lamp with oil and coins •Offering Ash •Offering dead bodies •Offering Coconut shell etc. DETERIORATE WATER QUALITY Sr. Name of water District Latitude, Activity No body Longitud e 1. Brahmsarovar Kurukshetra 29.961N, Mass Bathing on every 76.827E New Moon day (Amavasya) and Solar eclipse day 2. Saraswati tirth , 29.978N Pind-dan and bathing Kurukshetra 76.596E during Sharad, Sloar eclipse & Kartik amavasya 3. Kapalmochan Yamunanagar 30.326 Mass Bathing and Floral+ N, oil lamp offering on Full 77.317 E Moon Day of Kartik ( Kartik mass ki purnima(Oct./Nov), Gurunanak jayanti also Falls on same day

4. Phalgu tirth Faral Village, 29.835N, Pilgrim Dip and rituals, like 76.587 E floral offerings on New moon day (Amavasya) of Sharadh (Sept-Oct) Sr. Name of District Latitude, Activity No water body longitude 5. Ban Dayalpur, 29.937 N, Vaishakhi (April) tirth Kurukshetra 76.813 E 6. - 29.309 N, Somvati amvasya, Pindara 76.322 E Solar eclipse, Sharad tirth 7. Kurukshetra 29.956 N, Amavasya, Solar eclipse 76.778 E

8. Kirmach Kurukshetra 29.922 N, Kultarn titrth, Fair at Sept 76.806 E month Impact of religious activity on physico-chemical characteristics and nutrient status of water of Brahmsarovar before and after “Amavasya”

Parameter Before Activity After Activity Before Activity After Activity Water Temp. 25.42±0.15 26±0.29 27.58±3.36 27.5±0.18 pH 7.15±0 6.36±0.83 7.15±0.16 7.03±0.11 Conductivity 168.04±2.37* 175.74±1.44* 146.04±1.06* 159.2±1.07* TDS 210±1.04* 228±1.56* 189.22±2.31* 203.67±1.24* Turbidity 4.3±0.72* 10.02±1.06* 11.03±0.2* 12.38±0.1*

Free CO2 0.89±0.48* 8.89±2.31* 2.22±0.62* 25.33±2.19* DO 8.27±0.0.19* 3.16± 0.11* 8.54±0.11* 1.6±0.12* BOD 5.07±0.13* 11.6±.44* 8.13±0.27* 10±0.23* COD 27.62±2.52* 51.43±0.82* 54.29±0.82* 115.71±0.82* T. alkalinity 34.67±2.54* 38.22±1.31* 36.22±2.09 39.56±1.82 Chloride 6.85±0.26* 8.39±0.5* 5.19±0.22* 6.52±0.34* Hardness 74.22±0.7* 78±0.47* 76.22±.62* 80.89±1.11* Calcium 15.05±0.17* 15.98±0.34* 18.6±.22* 21.59±0.2* Magnesium 17.67±0.17* 18.57±0.11* 18.06±0.15* 19.11±0.27* phosphate 0.52±0.08 0.9±0.12 0.31±0.02* 0.6±0.07* Sulphate 46.84±0.63 45.76±0.29 58.39±6.07 49.08±2.14 Ammonia 0.17±0.03 0.42±0.12 0.07±0.01* 0.45±0.05* Nitrite .05±0 0.13±0.04 1.09±0.03 0.72±0.22 Nitrate 0.06±0 0.15±0.05 0.09±0.01 0.13±0.04 Pehowa (Saraswati Tirth) Chautra Chaudas Mela and Shradh

Sr. Parameter Before Activity After Activity Before Activity After Activity No. 1. Water Temp. 25.42±0.15 25.42±0.15 28.42±0.15 28.17±0.28 2. pH 7.18±0.01 7.19±0 7.1±0.27 6.4±0.17 3 Conductivity 273.67±1.42* 394.22±2.63* 585.78±2.43* 610±1.29* 4. TDS 377.78±13.92* 444.44±9.3* 753±0.89* 814±0.7* 5. Turbidity 5.9±0.37* 12.1±1.28* 9.88±0.18* 55.77±3. 07*

6. Free CO2 6.44±0.44* 61.56±0.56* 30.89±6.59* 558.44±75.93* 7 DO 8.72±0.18* 3.92±0.13* 8.8±0.1* 0.8±0.1* 8 BOD 16.4±.23* 21.33±0.53* 10.53±.27* 25.07±0.13* 9 COD 61.9±1. 26* 85.71±0.82* 62.86±2.97* 131.9±2.08 10 T. alkalinity 90.22±2.59* 128.89±0.82* 160±0.67* 228±1.25* 11 Chloride 15.35±1.23* 30.15±0.33* 65.49±0.26* 75.99±2.06* 12 Hardness 128.67±2.26* 177.33±0.88* 288.89±1.92* 312.33±1.78* 13 Calcium 35.98±0.74* 41.12±0.36* 57.38±0.19* 62.7±0.15* 14 Magnesium 30.35±0.54* 42.08±0.22* 68.82±0.46* 74.36±0.43* 15 phosphate 0.55±0.07* 1.56±0.06* 1.1±0.06 1.81±0.37 16 Sulphate 25.41±1.38* 32.84±0.49* 34.82±1.36 30.1±3 17 Ammonia 0.18±0.04* 1.84±0.35* 0.61±0.38* 2.31±.23* 18 Nitrite 0.09±0.01* 0.06±0* 0 0.04±0.02 19 Nitrate 0.06±0 0.4±0.17 0.31±0.03 1.07±0.48 Pandu-Pindara (Solar Eclipse and Somvati Amavasya)

Sr. Parameter Before Activity After Activity Before Activity After Activity No. 1. Water Temp. 26.5±0.71 25.83±0.69 26.17±0.8 026.17±0.9 2. pH 7.22±0 7.21±0 6.78±0.03* 4.68±0.03* 3 Conductivity 2094.44±54.24* 4491±7.72* 202.44±0.5* 452.67±0.53* 4. TDS 3146±35.6* 5858±17.74* 282.67±0.71* 600.11±0.48* 5. Turbidity 12.13±0.79* 46.35±1.85* 12.27±0.24* 65.52±0.59*

6. Free CO2 39.78±1.08* 308±10.81* 0* 717.78±3.64* 7 DO 8.8±0.1 2.14±0.14* 8.4±0.1 0.72±0.09* 8 BOD 7.07±0.35* 18.13±0.13* 8.27±0.27* 13.8±1.11* 9 COD 46.19±2.08* 93.33±0.48* 32.38±2.08* 58.57±0.82* 10 T. alkalinity 387.33±5.57* 489.11±5.76* 82.22±0.52* 139.33±0.47* 11 Chloride 5.96±0.23 6.41±0.34 17.56±0.23* 8.61±0.17* 12 Hardness 484.89±2.54* 614.44±1.19* 86.67±0.47* 175.33±0.47* 13 Calcium 41.12±0.41* 60.28±1.51* 21.59±0.14* 23.92±0.15* 14 Magnesium 60.28±1.51* 148.18±0.27* 20.52±0.11* 42.09±0.11* 15 phosphate 1.57±0.07* 4.13±0.27* 0.7±0.01* 9.63±0.01* 16 Sulphate 315.0.72±0.72* 171.99±7.12* 26.31±0.07* 21.15±0.17* 17 Ammonia 0.87±0.03* 28.68±0.72* 0.46±0* 6.57±0.02* 18 Nitrite 0.08±0* 0.72±0.02* 0* 0.21±0* 19 Nitrate 0.3±0* 1.3±0.03* 0.22±0* 1.9±0* Phalgu Tirth (Somvati Amavasya) Sr.No Parameter Before Activity After Activity 1. Water Temp. 27.42±0.15 27.42±0.15 2. pH 7.08±0.05 7.17±0.13 3 Conductivity 588±1.63* 672.33±1.56* 4. TDS 742.89±2.06* 854.56±2.54* 5. Turbidity 10.25±0.65* 19± 0.49*

6. Free CO2 9.56±0.44* 90.22±3.36* 7 DO 8.63±0.16* 1.83±0.12* 8 BOD 13.73±0.27* 20.93±0.58* 9 COD 21.43±0.82* 74.29±2.97* 10 T. alkalinity 204±1.37* 265.56±2.66* 11 Chloride 36.89±0.51* 41.97±0.22* 12 Hardness 266±2.38* 300.44±6.13* 13 Calcium 47.01±0.17* 58.13±0.22* 14 Magnesium 63.54±0.58* 71.62±1.5* 15 phosphate 0.17±0.02* 1.46±0.09* 16 Sulphate 25.95±1.24 27.04±1.46 17 Ammonia 0.6±0.09* 1.7±0.1* 18 Nitrite 0 0 19 Nitrate 0. 18±0.02* 0.11±0.01* Kulotaran tirtha (Badhrapad’s full moon day-30.9.12) Sr. No. Parameter Before Activity After Activity 1. Water Temp. 28.92±0.24 28.5±0.18 2. pH 7.43±0.1 7.25±0.04 3 Conductivity 689±2.49* 704.33±0.88* 4. TDS 874.67±7.37* 921.33±0.33* 5. Turbidity 39.45±2.46* 61.78±0.42*

6. Free CO2 53.11±2.31* 71.78±3.15* 7 DO 5.56 ±0.17* 0.85±0.11* 8 BOD 6.13±.35* 9.47±0.35* 9 COD 66.19±1.26* 98.57±2.97* 10 T. alkalinity 209.78±0.529 208.22±0.52 11 Chloride 69.69±0.42 69.8±0.22 12 Hardness 184.44±0.8* 188.67±0.75* 13 Calcium 31.31±0.19* 34.67±0.19* 14 Magnesium 44.1±0.29* 45.03±0.18* 15 phosphate 4.08±0.15 4.3±0.06 16 Sulphate 23.79±0.35 23.6±1.77 17 Ammonia 0.67±0.09 0.96±0.03 18 Nitrite 0.01±0 0 19 Nitrate 0.41±0.03* 0.33±0.01* Kapalmochan (Kartik's full moon Day ) Sr. No. Parameter Before Activity After Activity

1. Water Temp. 17.92±0.24 17.83±0.17 2. pH 7.28±0.08 7.22±0.03 3 Conductivity 495.78±1.32* 504.67±1.8* 4. TDS 630.78±2.26* 649.22±1.45* 5. Turbidity 10.17±0.28* 12.55±0.2*

6. Free CO2 20.89±0.59* 28.87±0.67* 7 DO 8.36±0.1* 4.27±0.1* 8 BOD 10.13±0.35* 14.67±0.13* 9 COD 72.38±4.23* 77.14±0.82* 10 T. alkalinity 181.56±0.56* 210.89±0.59* 11 Chloride 27.94±0.26* 30.15±0.29* 12 Hardness 238.67±0.47* 243.56±0.65* 13 Calcium 48.03±0.6* 55.04±0.42* 14 Magnesium 56.84±0.12* 57.83±0.17* 15 phosphate 0.09±0.03* 0.2±0.05* 16 Sulphate 35.2±1.18* 30.65±1.61* 17 Ammonia 0.9±0.07* 1.22±0.03* 18 Nitrite 0.19±0* 0.27±0.02* 19 Nitrate 0.23±0.02 0.26±0.01 Jyotisar (Solar eclipse and Amavasya) Sr. Parameter Before Activity After Activity Before Activity After No. Activity 1. Water Temp. 26.08±0.15 26.08±0.15 27.25±0.11 27.58±0.15 2. pH 7.17±0 7.18±0 8.25±0.07 8.42±0.09 3 Conductivity 353.33±0.89* 358.5±0.89* 218.33±1.29* 232.17±0.75* 4. TDS 456.17±0.88* 470.5±2.39* 294.17±0.6* 312±0.58* 5. Turbidity 8.42±0.22* 9.95±0.24* 8.07±0.07 8.2±0.06

6. Free CO2 12.33±0.62 12.67±0.99 0 0 7 DO 7.47±0.17* 5.14±0.23* 8.4±0.17* 4.8±0.12* 8 BOD 7.47±0.13* 10.93±0.13* 6.27±0.13* 8.27±0.13* 9 COD 42.86±0.82* 65.71±0.82* 61.9±1.26 120±0.82* 10 T. alkalinity 124.67±0.67* 128±1.27* 81.33±1.34 82±0.73 11 Chloride 10.93±0.26 11.1±0.31 9.44±0.22* 10.44±0.22* 12 Hardness 162±0.73* 164.33±.62* 114.33±.62* 125.67±0.62* 13 Calcium 26.07±0.22 25.79±.28 15.28±.26* 17.24±.19* 14 Magnesium 38.77±0.18* 39.35±.15* 27.45±0.15* 30.16±0.15* 15 phosphate 0.46±0.04 0.47±0.02 0.42±0.05* 0.19±0.02* 16 Sulphate 47.81±2.6* 28.9±0.46* 28.5±0.25* 27.16±0.29* 17 Ammonia 0.35±.07* 1.39±0.5* 0.17±0* 0.25±0.01* 18 Nitrite 0.06±0 0.05±0 0.85±0.03* 0.55±0.03* 19 Nitrate 0.04±0* 0.1±0.02* 0.16±0* 0.23±0.01* BanGanga (Vaishakh’s full moon day) )

Sr. Parameter Before Activity After Activity Before Activity After Activity No. 1. Water Temp. 26±0.13 25.33±0.17 27.42±0.15 26.92±0.24 2. pH 7.17±0 7.16±0 7.33±0.05 7.38±0.06 3 Conductivity 530.33±1.34* 541±0.97* 424±1.27* 433.83±0.71* 4. TDS 601±0.97* 681.17±7.05* 563±0.58* 665.17±3.68* 5. Turbidity 7.9±0.11* 9.7±0.09* 13.35±0.4* 16.42±1.04*

6. Free CO2 16.33±1.14* 23±0.86* 8±0.52* 19.67±2.28* 7 DO 8.0±0.11* 4.2±0.14* 8.45±0.13* 4.67±0.14* 8 BOD 8.27±0.13* 10.8±0.23* 7.07±0.35* 9.33±0.13* 9 COD 35.24±1.26* 91.9±4.23* 61.43±1.65* 108.1±0.48* 10 T. alkalinity 183.33±0.67 184±0.73 175±1.13* 179±1.13* 11 Chloride 39.59±0.6 40.42±0.33 31.48±0.49 31.31±0.22 12 Hardness 207.67±0.62 209±0.86 171±0.86* 180±0.73* 13 Calcium 38.13±0.42* 39.53±0.22* 27.05±0.26* 29.86±0.19* 14 Magnesium 49.56±0.15 49.85±0.21 40.94±0.2* 43.05±0.17* 15 phosphate 0.44±0.02* 0.65±0.05* 0.25±0.03* 0.36±0.02* 16 Sulphate 16.43±0.21* 19.35±0.32* 14.88±2.15 20.79±0.42* 17 Ammonia 0.54±0.01* 0.76±0.08* 0.5±0.01* 0.63±0.01* 18 Nitrite 0.06±0* 0.14±0.08* 0.43±0.21 0 19 Nitrate 0.09±0* 0.15±0* 0.16±0.01* 0.17±0.01* Table: Depicting the Mean± Standard error values of all the selected water bodies

Paramete Brahmsarovar Pehowa Pindara Phalgu Kirmach Kapalmochan Jyotisar Banganga r Water 24.9±0.9 26.04±0.98 24.24±0.82 25.95±1.37 30.32±0.38 21.77±1.59 24.87±1.03 24.64±1.03 Temp. pH 7.12±0.05 6.98 ±0.07 6.75 ±0.14 7.04±0.06 7.23±0.05 7.16±0.04 7.59±0.11 7.2±0.04 Conduct. 164.48±1.73 557.54±19.3 1202.84±188. 631±5.72 869.64±24.97 431.73±13.27 291.95±10.1 495.36±7.41 07 1 TDS 195.66±3.76 720.34±26.17 1586.99±253. 812.83±9.2 1136.23±40.6 598.32±8.98 380.26±12.3 629.95±8.16 38 8 9 Turbidity 8.63±0.67 16.05±2.64 22.94±3.42 20.15±2.49 47.77±4.5 10.91±1.18 6.45±0.56 9.39±0.82 Free CO2 6.8±1.15 106.48±25.9 169.37±31.16 21.25±5.35 45.73±4.71 12.32±1.67 6.16±1.11 13.44±1.21 DO 6.31±0.39 5.73±0.48 6.25±0.53 6.94±0.34 5.42±0.36 7.54±0.23 7.18±0.27 6.83±0.27 BOD 6.82±0.49 11.41±1.44 9.78±0.74 11.22±1.27 6.94±0.47 9.24±0.76 6.64±0.53 8.59±0.28 COD 71.11±10.51 99.28±8.09 76.66±10.47 73.09±7.85 89.64±4.35 58.33±5.52 76.95±8.1 73.9±6.16 T. 37.59±0.8 166.39±5.43 190.48±20.54 216.85±3.9 250.45±7.38 174.8±3.21 102.72±3.27 178.47±1 alkalinity Chloride 7.5±0.29 60.21±3.25 16.98±1.77 42.22±0.79 90.74±3.63 31.15±0.36 10.4±0.15 36.86±0.66 Hardness 77.02±1.09 240.7±8.08 239.69±25.62 208.27±11. 152.62±9.02 210.43±6.09 134.26±4.36 186.06±3.63 65 Calcium 19.42±1 46.78±1.25 33.21±1.78 30.51±3.13 31.54±0.48 34.94±2.21 22.5±0.96 30.82±1.22 Magnesiu 18.23±0.25 57.38±1.95 49.4±5.42 48.85±2.92 36.33±2.21 48.14±1.43 32.11±1.05 44.51±0.85 phosphat 0.49±0.05 1.01±0.09 2.54±0.5 2.79±0.3 3.22±0.32 0.24±0.03 0.28±0.04 0.4±0.03 Sulphate 44.17±1.74 28.67±1.1 88.67±16.49 24.03±3 20.79±1.81 24.64±2.32 31.9±2 17.44±0.65 Ammonia 0.31±0.04 1.07±0.14 5.41±1.53 1.89±0.28 1.1±0.11 0.8±0.07 1.05±0.24 0.79±0.09 Nitrite 0.31±0.07 0.51±0.18 0.16±0.04 0.15±0.03 0.27±0.13 0.12±0.02 0.26±0.06 0.6±0.18 Nitrate 0.09±0.02 0.33±0.09 0.57±0.11 0.28±0.03 0.29±0.03 0.19±0.02 0.16±0.03 0.13±0.01

Mean± Standard error values of all the selected water bodies

Paramete Brahmsarovar Pehowa Pindara Phalgu Kirmach Kapalmocha Jyotisar Banganga r n Water 24.9±0.9 26.04±0.98 24.24±0.82 25.95±1.37 30.32±0.38 21.77±1.59 24.87±1.03 24.64±1.03 Temp. pH 7.12±0.05 6.98±0.07 6.75±0.14 7.04±0.06 7.23±0.05 7.16±0.04 7.59±0.11 7.2±0.04 Conduct. 164.48±1.73 557.54±19.3 1202.84±188.07 631±5.72 869.64±24.97 431.73±13.27 291.95±10.11 495.36±7.41 TDS 195.66±3.76 720.34±26.17 1586.99±253.38 812.83±9.28 1136.23±40.6 598.32±8.98 380.26±12.39 629.95±8.16 Turbidity 8.63±0.67 16.05±2.64 22.94±3.42 20.15±2.49 47.77±4.5 10.91±1.18 6.45±0.56 9.39±0.82

Free CO2 6.8±1.15 106.48±25.9 169.37±31.16 21.25±5.35 45.73±4.71 12.32±1.67 6.16±1.11 13.44±1.21 DO 6.62±0.41 7.49±0.68 6.72±0.51 9.03±0.48 5.56±0.36 8.47±0.23 8.15±0.31 9.46±0.51 BOD 6.82±0.49 11.41±1.44 9.78±0.74 11.22±1.27 6.94±0.47 9.24±0.76 6.64±0.53 8.59±0.28 COD 71.11±10.51 99.28±8.09 76.66±10.47 73.09±7.85 89.64±4.35 58.33±5.52 76.95±8.1 73.90±6.16 T. 37.59±0.8 166.39±5.43 190.48±20.54 216.85±3.9 250.45±7.38 174.8±3.21 102.72±3.27 178.47±1 alkalinity Chloride 7.5±0.29 60.21±3.25 16.98±1.77 42.22±0.79 90.74±3.63 31.15±0.36 10.4±0.15 36.86±0.66 Hardness 77.02±1.09 240.7±8.08 239.69±25.62 208.27±11.65 152.62±9.02 210.43±6.09 134.26±4.36 186.06±3.63 Calcium 19.42±1 46.78±1.25 33.21±1.78 30.51±3.13 31.54±0.48 34.94±2.21 22.5±0.96 30.82±1.22 Mg 18.23±0.25 57.38±1.95 49.4±5.42 48.85±2.92 36.33±2.21 48.14±1.43 32.11±1.05 44.51±0.85 phosphat 0.49±0.05 1.01±0.09 2.54±0.5 2.79±0.3 3.22±0.32 0.24±0.03 0.28±0.04 0.4±0.03 Sulphate 44.17±1.74 28.67±1.1 88.67±16.49 24.03±3 20.79±1.81 24.64±2.32 31.9±2 17.44±0.65 Ammonia 0.31±0.04 1.07±0.14 5.41±1.53 1.89±0.28 1.1±0.11 0.8±0.07 1.05±0.24 0.79±0.09 Nitrite 0.31±0.07 0.51±0.18 0.16±0.04 0.15±0.03 0.27±0.13 0.12±0.02 0.26±0.06 0.6±0.18 Nitrate 0.09±0.02 0.33±0.09 0.57±0.11 0.28±0.03 0.29±0.03 0.19±0.02 0.16±0.03 0.13±0.01 Objective: 2 Impact of religious activities on phytoplankton and zooplankton population. Date Total Plankton Total Phytoplankton Total Zooplankton Brahmsarovar 19512 2853.33± 116.38 * 1786.66±53.33 * 1066.66±70.55 * 21512 4213.33±192.52* 3573.33±186.67 * 640±80.00 * 13.10.12 7413.33±237.29 6426.66±296.95 986.66±70.55 16.10.12 6213.33±228.11 5706.66±213.33 506.66±26.66 Kirmach 29.9.12 5093.33±53.39 * 3866.66±148.47 1226.66±96.15* 1.10.12 5626.66±96.26 * 3813.33±141.11 1813.33±70.55* Phalgu 2.10.12 47786.66±3613.25* 44960±3354.69* 2826.66±254.39* 16.10.12 8186.66±485.73* 7600±508.08 * 586.66±26.66* Pehowa 19.3.12 4613.33±254.68* 3653.33±334.14* 960±80.00* 23.3.12 1280±80.09* 586.66±53.33 * 693.33±70.5*5 2.10.12 13066.66±347*.07 10346.66±403.55* 2720±122.20 * 16.10.12 3786.66±96.26 * 2693.33±26.66* 1093.33±70.55* Kapalmochan 26.11.12 7413.33±70.64 6506.66±70.55 906.66±26.66 29.11.12 7226.66±162.40 6426.66±116.24 800±46.19 Pindara 20.5.12 2880±240.72 1320±40.00 1560±200.03 21.5.12 1400±40.12 680±40.00 720±80.01 6.10.12 3960±40.12 3040±80.01 920±40.00 16.10.12 3000±200.60 2480±160.02 520±40.01 Jyotisar 19.5.12 6440±120.36 6000±80.01 440±40.01 21.5.12 6520±120.36 5880±40.00 640±80.01 13.10.12 9440±641.92 8440±600.09 1000±40.01 16.10.12 7880±120.36 7080±40.01 800±80.01 Banganga 12.4.12 13000±441.31* 10560±240.04* 2440±200.03 14.4.12 8640±80.24 * 8040±120.02 * 600±40.01 13.10.12 11240±40.12 10280±40.01 * 960±0 16.10.12 7800±40.12 6920±40.01 * 880±0 Table: Seasonal dominance of phytoplankton and zooplankton taxa Summer Monsoon Post-monsoon Phytoplankton Zooplankton Phytoplankton Zooplankton Phytoplankton Zooplankton Brhm S. Spirogyra, No specific Mougeotia Cyclops Microcystis Lecane Zygnema cladocerans Jyotisar Calothrix, Nauplius Cymbella No specific Microcystis, No specific Zygnema, Microspora Phormidium, Mougeotia Phormidium Oscillatoria Rhoplalodia gibba Kirmach Phormidium rotifers Euglena, Brachionus, Microcystis, Brachionus Oscillatoria B. calyciflorus Oscillatoria, Melosira Phalgu Microcystis Brachionus Microcystis Brachionus, Pediastrum, Phalodiapto Keratella Tribonema mus, Keratella testudo Summer Monsoon Post-monsoon Phytoplankto Zooplankton Phytoplankto Zooplankto Phytoplankto Zooplankton n n n n Pehow Oscillatoria Nauplius, Oscillatoria Brachionu Oscillatoria B. calycifloris a , Cyclops s forficula, Cladocerans, Pediastrum Cyclops Pindar Oscillatoria Brachionus Microcystis, Phallodiap Mougeotia , Diaptomus a , , Pediastrum tomus Cladophora Microcystis B.forficula Kapal- Mougeotia, crustacean Mougeotia, phalodiapt Mougeotia Crustaceans mocha Oscillatoria s Desmids, omus (diaptomus), n Diatoms B. calyciflorus Ban - Oscillatoria Trichocera Microcystis, Brachionu Docidium B. forficula, Ganga , capucina Botryococc s forficula, (Desmid), Monostyla Nannochlor us, Diaptomus Oscillatoria, is Oscillatoria Microcystis Site name Date MPN index /100 ml PINDARA Before 220 After 1600 PEHOWA Before 79 After 350 Before 180 After >2400 BRAHMSAROVAR Before 22 After 220 BANGANGA Before 11 After 540 Before 23 After 79 JYOTISAR Before 23 After 350 FALGU Before 49 After 1600 KIRMACH Before 19 After 140 KAPALMOCHAN Before 38 After 1600

Standard Plate Count before and After Activity Sr. no. Selected site Date of sample Total CFU/ml collection 1 Barhmsarovar Before 2.4*10^10 Barhmsarovar After 1.84*10^9 Barhmsarovar Before 3.0*10^9 Barhmsarovar After 4.24*10^9 2. Pehowa Before 1.6*10^4 Pehowa After 3.2*10^7 3. Jyotisar Before 6.72*10^9 Jyotisar After 1.6*10^12 4. Falgu Before 3.0*1011 Falgu After 5.6*10^11 5. Banganga Before 3.88*10^6 Banganga After 2.2*10^10 SALIENT FINDINGS Physico-Chemical Characteristics vConductivity, TDS, Turbidity, Free CO2, BOD, COD, Alkalinity, Chloride, Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate, Ammonia, Nitrate Significantly increased at most of the sites after the religious activities. v DO, Sulphate Significantly decreased, at most of the sites vNitrite showed no specific pattern before and after religious activities. Biological Characteristics v Significant Decrease in Total Plankton population, Phytoplankton and Zooplankton population were found at most of the sites after religious activities. v Brachionus, Phyllodiaptomus, Keratella testudo, Filinia, Asplanchana, Microcystis, Pediastrum, Scenedesmus, Nitzschia, Euglena, Navicula, Oscillatoria and Chironomous larva, were observed as pollution tolerant taxa. v Oscillatoria, Spirogyra, Zygnema, Mougeotia, Brachionus, Trichocera were common in Summer season. v Mougeotia, Cymbella, Microspora, Phormidium, Oscillatoria, Desmids, Diatoma, Microcystis, Brachionus, B. calyciflorus, B. forficula, Diaptomus were common during Monsoon Season. vOscillatoria, Mougeotia , Docidium, Microcystis, Pediastrum, Brachionus, Phallodiaptomus, Keratella testudo, B. calyciflorus, B. forficula, Diaptomus were common during Post-Monsoon Season. RECOMMENDATIONS • Regular Monitoring and Surveillance is required for village ponds used for domestic purposes as well as for ponds where religious activities are common. • More laboratories should be available in the state at district level to monitor the DO and ammonia levels. • If the concentration of ammonia is high (> 1.0 mg l-1 ) efforts should be made to control it Checking the entry of cattle • Much emphasis is required on bio-monitoring programme following indicator species concept. • Regular disinfection of the water should be done to reduce the danger of water borne diseases • Bioremediation programme should be launched to control the effects of organic pollution and eutrophication. Bio-remediation is an eco-friendly process of removing pollutants/nutrients from an environment (soil, sediment, water) by using any biological agent based system which is not only an energy saving but also a resource recovering system

PHYTOBIOREMEDIATION MICROBIAL BIOREMEDIATION PHYTO-BIOREMEDIATION vGreen plant based system

EXAMPLE •Use of Duckweed/Azolla etc for bioremediation Duckweeds hold immense potential for both nutrient recovery and utilization as fodder or feed for livestock Divide the village pond into two ponds duckweed culture pond and Domestic use ponds or fish culture pond

Direct the village waste in duck weed pond only

Prepare floating frames either of bamboo or pvc material

Remediated water from duckweed pond is released periodically into the Second Pond

Make a regular duckweed harvesting schedule Utilize duck weed in dried form also Get fresh water Bioremediation through Microbial Technology • Application of Microbial agents for the clean up of chemical and organic pollution • Micro-organisms in Bioremediation Bacteria,Fungi,Cynobacteria,periphyton

They enhances the timely degradation, transformation, remediation and detoxification of pollutants. HOW? Microorganisms (usually bacteria and fungi) ↓ feed on contaminants ↓ derive nutrition and energy ↓ use up wastes ↓ Convert wastes into less harmful forms. Biodegradation

Organic Wastes Nutrients Dissolved in Water

MINERALIZATION

Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Azotobacter Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Probiotics as Bioremediation agents

• Optimizing nitrification rates to keep low ammonia concentrations • Optimizing denitrification rates to eliminate excess nitrogen from the water body as nitrogen gas • Maximizing carbon mineralization to carbondioxide to mimimize sludge accumulation • Maximising primary productivity that stimulate production • Maintain a diverse and stable community where undesirable species do not become dominant. This will result in

• Control of Built up of stress causing

chemicals like NH3, NO2 and H2S

• Lower incidence of disease and greater survival. Biodegradation (Commercial products)

Product Composition

Micropro through Bacillus, cellulomonas, Nitrosomonas. Micro Remedies Nitrobacter, Psudomonas, Lactobacillus, Hyderabad Aerobacter ,Rhodococcus

Speed up the Natural Process of sludge degradation. Eliminate harmful gases like Ammonia hydrogen sulphide and nitrites Effectively controls harmful vibrio levels by Comptetive elimination Maintainence of DO levels Maintains desired and stable planktons Our in vitro studies reveal that

Parameter With Probiotic Without Probiotic

Total ammonia 1026.23 ± 9.23 860.25 ± 10.03 (mg Kg-1 BW d-1)

Reactive phosphate (mg 648.14 ± 8. 23 802.19 ± 10.35 Kg-1 BW d-1)*

Probiotic used was Bacillus prom Micropro Hyderabad 1.0 g /aquaria (60x30x30cm) every fortnight Stocking density 5 fish per aquaria. Excretory patterns of total ammonia and phosphate excretion in the holding

Diet with Probiotic Diet without Probiotic Diet with Probiotic Diet without Probiotic 0.6 1.2 0.5 1 0.4 0.8 0.3

fish) 0.6

0.2 of fish) 0.4

0.1 0.2 0 0 Ortho-phosphate (mg/100g BW of of (mg/100gBW Ortho-phosphate 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Total ammonia (mg/100g BW 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time after feeding (Hrs.) Time after feeding (Hrs.)

(A) (B) Bioremediation through Periphyton

• Total assemblage of sessile or attached organisms on any substrate are Periphyton • Periphyton has the same functions of oxygen and feed production as phytoplankton, but are considered more stable. • Periphyton may contain protozoans, bacteria, fungi, algae, rotifers, annelids, insect larvae and crustacenans. • A periphyton community often consists of a thin layer of small diatom cells • Bacterial/ periphyton microfilm in the water body helps in the -reduction of ammonia -reduction of turbidity levels -help in the absorption of particulate organic matter due to their bio-filter properties Thus contributing to the bioremediation of water body .

Parameters With Substrate Without substrate EC (m mhos/ cm) 24.3±0.4 24.5±0.5 pH 8.5±0.1 8.6±0.20 Dissolved oxygen mg L-1 6.1±0.3 6.4±0.3 Carbonates mg L-1 6.1±0.9* 8.6±1.4 Bicarbonates mg L-1 200.1±4.5 205.5±7.6 Total alkalinity mg L-1 206.3±5.0 205.5±7.6 BOD mg L-1 1.6±0.3* 3.4±0.6 Turbidity (NTU) 28.5±1.2* 35.0±1.9 Total K nitrogen mg L-1 9.1±0.5 9.8±0.4 -1 NO3-N mg L 1.7±0.1 1.7±0.1 -1 NO2-N mg L 1.7±0.1 1.7±0.1 -1 NH4-N mg L 1.8±0.1* 2.1±0.1 -1 o-PO4 mg L 0.04±0.01 0.05±0.01 -1 SO4 mg L 140.0±10.6 142.2±11.3 Bioengineering

• Isolation, Identification and characterization of bacterial agents/ptobiotic bacterium from the same aquatic system. • Mass culture of that selected bioremediation agent and its addition from time to time to clean up aquatic system from organic and chemical pollution. • With bioengineering techniques, the stability of the area can be restored naturally with vegetation. Lentic aquatic systems can be stabilized permanently, improving water quality and providing rich biodiversity. Identification by Biochemical tests 16sRNA based Moleculae technique Percent occurrence of different species of Azotobacter in pond water and Sediment

Name of the Unmanaged Managed Canal Pond water Pond Species Ponds ponds water Sediment

I II I II

*Azotobacter 60.0 55.0 79.00 64.29 67.86 64.28 75.00 chroococcum

A. beijerinckii 15.0 22.5 - 17.68 10.71 21.43 10.71

A. vinelandii 10.0 7.5 - 3.57 7.14 3.57 7.14

Unidentified 15.0 15.0 21.00 14.28 1.28 10.71 7.14 Future Research is required towards understanding: • the role of individual indicator species in an aquatic system • linkages between aquatic ecosystem quality and food chain • interrelationship with other abiotic factors involved • life history, prey predator relationship, inter and intra – specific competition of indicator species • the effect of pollution on them • Isolation of bioengineered agents for bioremediation. Regular training programmes should be arranged • Water Quality norms can be achieved through the difficult work of changing social norms and advocating for improved policies • To disseminate knowledge about water pollution and means to control it. • To educate the people about harmful effects. • To educate pilgrims to reduce pollution load on tank and prohibit actions like: Ablutions,defecation, throwing of used floral offerings, use of detergent and body shampoo during mass bathing etc, • To promote organic farming reducing the use chemical fertilizers • To promote the use of biological agents for pest control reducing the use of pesticides etc. controlic the entry of toxic chemicals in village ponds • Plans / projects / schemes should be made for regular monitoring and renovation of village ponds. • Distribution of pamphlets/brochures should be made before any religious fair etc containing information to educate people on proper lines.