Lentic waters in Haryana: Water Quality Status and Recommendations for Future Activities Anita Bhatnagar Department of Zoology Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra [email protected] • Every day, millions of tons of inadequately treated sewage and industrial and ● agricultural wastes are poured into the world’s waters. • Every year lakes, rivers, and deltas take in the equivalent of the weight of the entire ● human population. • Every year, more people die from the consequences of unsafe water than from all ● forms of violence, including war. • These most polluted freshwater ends up in the oceans, causing serious damage to many coastal areas and fisheries and worsening our ocean and coastal resource • And, every year, water contamination of natural ecosystems affects humans directly by destroying fisheries or causing other impacts on biodiversity that affect food production. • Water forms the most indispensable, precious and the prime necessity of life • Pure water is now a scarce commodity -rapid increase in agricultural irrigation needs, -dwindling water resources - lowering of water table -the increasing water pollution on account of rapid indusralization • About 80% of the earth is covered by water • Inland fresh water availability - less than 1% • Total water resources - are 1123 Km3 Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University ,Kurukshetra To match the increasing water demand Requires adoption of better management practices. Research and investigations for sustainable utilization of more and more available water Pressure on availability and utilization of natural water resources for various anthropogenic needs Anthropogenic needs includes • Drinking Water • water in beverages, • water in food. • For Irrigation • Water for ensuring food security (Fish production) • For Bathing/Swimming/Mass Bathing • Water bodies for religious/ ritual activities 21 Districts 106 Towns 6955 Villages Mewat Rivers Flowing Through Haryana The River Yamuna Flows along its eastern boundary The Rivers Saraswati is said to have flowed from Yamunanagar but it has now disappeared The River Ghaggar is Haryana's main seasonal river. It rises in the outer Himalyas between the Yamuna and the Sutlej and enters Haryana near Pinjore, in Panchkula. Passing through Ambala and near Sirsa it reaches Rajasthan. The Markanda river is also a seasonal stream. Its ancient name was Aruna. It originates from the lower Shivalik hills and enters Haryana west of Ambala. The Sahibi river originates in the Mewat Hills , On reaching Jhajhar it branches off into two smaller streams, finally reaching the outskirts of Delhi and flowing into Najafgarh lake that flows into the Yamuna through the Najafgarh drain There are three other rivulets in and around the Mewat hills – Indori, Dohan and Kasavati and they all flow northwards from the south Major Lakes/ Wetlands Badkhal Damdama Hathni Kund SurajKund (Faridabad) (Sohna, (Faridabad) Gurgaon) (Yamunanagar) Sultanpur Tilyar Brahmsrovar (Gurgaon) Karna (Kurukshetra) (Rohtak) (Karnal) Sannihit Sarovar Bhindwas (Kurukshetra) (Jhajjar) Artificial Ponds/Small • Used for Domestic Natural Ponds Purpose (Especially Village Ponds) • or Fish Culture Temporary Water • Which makes an Bodies of large or interesting Bio type Small type Man made or Natural • Which have religious Tanks/ Ponds /Temple importance ponds Water Resources in Haryana Type Area Perennial Village ponds 14000 hectare Seasonal Village Ponds 2500 hectare Reservoirs/Lakes 900 hectare Water Harvesting Dams 1000 hectare Water Logged area 2000 hectare Saline soil 20000 hectare Rivers and Tributaries 50000 Km Canals 22000 m Drains 2000 Km Brackish Ground water is in more than 55% of area STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES • Availability of water • Flood system of Resources irrigation in canal command area • Scope for diversification of crops • Brackish ground water • Good tropical in 54 % area Agroclimatic conditions • Cultivation of Water • Suitable Conditions for guzzling crop of paddy the Application for resourse conserving • Seepage losses along technology wide network of canals in western part • Depletion of groundwater in fresh water zone It is time to Take action? •WORK FOR SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER BODIES Monitoring and Surveillance to assess reasons for degradation To disseminate/apply newer technology for conservation of water bodies Rural Fish Culture Ponds of Haryana (Managed and Unmanaged) Ponds of fish farms of progressive farmers with the application of technology Water Bodies of Haryana with religious activities 2 1 3 Hisar 4 Mewat UNMANAGED PONDS MANAGED PONDS •No Fertilizer •Use of Manure •No control on cattle entry or inorganic fertilizer •No control on sewage •Check on cattle entry inputs •No Regular netting •Regular netting to assess •No monitoring growth District Pond site Type Area Source of hectare water Kurukshetra Barwa Unmanaged 0.48 Canal Durala Unmanaged 3.2 Canal / Natural Adhon Managed 0.6 Tube well / canal Bohar sadan Managed 0.6 Tubewell / Canal Hisar Mugalpura Unmanaged 2.0 Natural Jajanwala Unmanaged 2.0 Canal /Natural Dabra Managed 0.6 Tubewell Satrod Managed 1.2 Tubewell Nuh Mewat Kira Unmanaged 2 .0 Canal / Natural Ghasara Tali Unmanaged 3.2 Canal / Natural Ghasara Managed 1.2 Canal / Tubewell Hirmuthala Managed 1.6 Canal / Tubewell Y. Nagar Sasoli Unmanaged 1.32 Natural Chaneti Unmanaged 1.0 Natural Fatehgarh Managed 0.44 Tubewell Fatehgarh Managed 0.24 Tubewell Wild Managed 4 ) -1 3 2 SGR (%BW D SGR (%BW 1 8235 10000 kg/ha/year 8000 6000 4000 2000 Fish Yield (Kg/Year/Hectare) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Wild Managed Physicochemical characteristics of water (APHA, 1998) • Temperature °C Digital thermometer • pH Electronic pH meter • Turbidity NTU Turbidity meter • Conductivity mm/Cm Conductivity meter • Dissolved oxygen mg L-1 Modified winkler’s method • Free Co2 mg L-1 Titrimetric method • Alkalinity mg L-1 Titrimetric method • Chloride mg L-1 Titrimetric method • Sulphates mg L-1 Spectrophotometric • Phosphates mg L-1 Spectrophotometric • BOD mg L-1 Incubation method • Hardness mg L-1 Titrimetric method • Calcium mg L-1 Titrimetric method • Magnesium mg L-1 Titrimetric method • Ammonia mg L-1 Spectrophotometric method BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POND WATERS Parameters Methods Formula used References Phyto-and Sedgwick L-1= (P × C ×100) APHA, 1998 zooplankton rafter cell L density method (nos. L-1) Species Shannon and d = -∑ (ni/N) log2 ni/N Washington, diversity (d ) weaver index 1984 Net primary Light and NPP = NOP × 0.375 Golterman productivity dark bottle t et al.,1978 method Fish Growth/ Productivity studies Fish were bulk weighed by repeated netting and specific growth rate was calculated: Growth parameter Formula Specific Growth rate In W2– In W1 ________________ χ 100 t Growth per cent gain in W2- W1 body weight ---------- χ 100 W1 • Fish yield was recorded at the time of harvesting • Coefficient of Correlation & Duncan’s Multiple range test • -SPSS packages • Species diversity was determined using Shannon and weaver’s diversity index Physico-chemical and Biological Characteristics of pond water in District Kurukshetra Parameter K-1 K-2 K-3 K-4 Water Temp. 0C 22.09±1.09B 22.46±1.24B 22.43±1.20A 21.07±1.60B p H 9.22±.07A 8.91±.17B 8.51±.15C 8.52±.10C Conductivity µ S cm-1 838.88±9.01B 1016.49±9.12A 487.77±57.27D 625.55±47.43C Dissolved oxygen 5.92±.37B 5.39±.20B 7.58±.09A 7.68±.19A mg L-1 -1 B C A Free CO2 mg L 12.49±2.43 1.38±1.27 Absent 14.27±3.12 Carbonate Alkalinity mg L-1 3.44±3.15C 17.61±1.90B 23.05±.85A nil Biocarbonate 274.94±18.67C 461.05±14.68A 295.05±5.89B 268.99±12.74C Alkalinity mg L-1 Total alkalinity mg L-1 295.60±19.05A 478.66±20.09A 318.05±6.12B 268.99±12.74A Total Hardness mg L-1 237.35±4.60B 276.27±17.72A 198.71±5.39D 217.89±3.09C Calcium mg L-1 44.61±2.87A 40.62±4.96A 17.72±1.19B 41.49±1.60A Magnesium mg L-1 30.68±1.58 42.65±1.51A 37.51±1.88C 27.82±1.41D Chloride mg L-1 64.68±6.78B 89.31±1.94A 24.59±1.72D 33.15±7.45C o-phosphate mg L-1 1.66±.28A 1.41±.41A 0.69±.14B 0.60±.06B Total phosphate mg L-1 2.52±.25B 2.80±.44A 1.17±.22C 1.01±.11C Total ammonia mg L-1 1.88±.28A 1.51±.03A 0.29±.o2B 0.399±.05B BOD mg L-1 3.04±.08A 2.87±.12B 2.05±.05C 2.03±.06C Plankton Population L-1 4596.66±253.7A 4470.00±158.78A 3906.66±229.63B 3926.66±174.88B Phytoplankton L-1 2506.66±156.5A 2460.00±90.65AB 2320.00±167.71B 2420.00±104.00AB Zooplankton L-1 2090±138.76B 2010±96.02A 1586.66±85.00BC 1506.66±95.43C 13 14 14 14 Nostoc Nostoc Phormidium Phormidium oscillatoria oscillatoria Oedogonium Oedogonium Zygnema Zygnema Cladophora Cladophora Microspora Microspora Volvox Volvox √ Volvox Cosmarium Cosmarium Ulothrix Ulothrix Spirogyra √ Spirogyra Closterium Closterium Phytolankton taxa Phytolankton Synedra Synedra Navicula Navicula Cyclotella Cyclotella Diatoma √ Diatoma 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 K-4 K-1 K-3 K-2 Chironomid Chironomid Cypris Cypris Bosmina Bosmina Nauplius Nauplius Moina Moina Daphania Daphania Diaptomus Diaptomus Cyclops* Cyclops Keretella Zooplanktontaxa Keretella Branchionus* Branchionus 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 200 400 0 200 400 600 0 100 200 300 400 K-2 K-1 K-3 K-4 0.84 2.53.5 0.7 -1 3 0.62 -1) ) day 3 -1 3 2.5 0.5 1.5 0.42 0.31.512 0.21 BOD (mgL BOD Ammonia (mg L (mg Ammonia NPP mg Ccm NPPmg 0.5 0.10.5Specificgrowth rate 1 000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 Fish yield (Kg/Year) yield Fish 1000 0 K-1 K-2 K-3 K-4 Selected ponds Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of pond (Y-1-Y-3) Waters in District Yamuna Nagar Parameter Y-1 Y-2 Y-3 Water Temp.