An Informal History of How Law Schools Evaluate Students, with a Predictable Emphasis on Law School Exams

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

An Informal History of How Law Schools Evaluate Students, with a Predictable Emphasis on Law School Exams Digital Commons at St. Mary's University Faculty Articles School of Law Faculty Scholarship 1997 An Informal History of How Law Schools Evaluate Students, with a Predictable Emphasis on Law School Exams Stephen M. Sheppard St. Mary's University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.stmarytx.edu/facarticles Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Stephen M. Sheppard, An Informal History of How Law Schools Evaluate Students, with a Predictable Emphasis on Law School Exams, 65 UMKC L. Rev. 657 (1997). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law Faculty Scholarship at Digital Commons at St. Mary's University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Articles by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons at St. Mary's University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN INFORMAL HISTORY OF HOW LAW SCHOOLS EVALUATE STUDENTS, WITH A PREDICTABLE EMPHASIS ON LAW SCHOOL FINAL EXAMS Steve Sheppard* Finalexams play on a law student 's world like some weirdly orbitingmoon. They are always in sight; but while they're at a distance, they serve merely to create the tensions which swell daily like tides - to read to keep pace, to understand As exams draw close, however,... theirgravitational force startsto shake the whole place to pieces.' American law schools currently employ one essential, formal method of student evaluation - course-end examinations.2 While informal evaluation, particularly observation of student oral class performances, does occur, the exams are usually the exclusive method by which a record of student performance is created. Examinations serve to measure the ability of the student to use the material assigned, whether they are fit or unfit for the practice of law, or for the recognition by the school that sufficient skill is had to award a law degree,3 whether they should be recognized and identified for the employers as outstandingly fit,4 and to signal the strengths and weaknesses of a student's work for the student's future development, as an incentive both to learn as much as possible during instruction and to review that instruction later.5 The exams of the many American schools now follow a surprisingly few patterns based on a few hypothetical questions and, less often, on a group of many multiple-choice questions. This pattern - of hypothetical essay examinations being the sole record of the students' performance - is a recent stage in the evolution ofU.S. legal education. Once exams were only one form ofevaluation to judge fitness, used in conjunction with class recitations, notebook inspections, and moot court performance. This complicated *. Associate Professor, Thomas M.Cooley Law School. I thank the editors of the UMKC Law Review for their invitation to write this article; without their exhibition ofblind faith in agreeing to publish the unwritten, it would have remained so. I am also grateful to the Thomas Cooley librarians, particularly Sharon Bradley, Ardena Walsh, and Steve Boudette in locating some of the more obscure material for this odyssey, to Kristin Keck, Jill Pullum, and Cindy Hurst for their typing assistance. Frank Lorenz of Hamilton College, Kent McKeever and Whitney Bagnall of Columbia, and David Warrington and David DiLorenzo of Harvard were particularly helpful in locating some of the more critical bits of academic flotsam on which this paper is based. 1. ScoTT TuRow, ONEL 157 (1986). 2. This near-uniformity of method is no accident The American Bar Association demands it of schools that would remain accredited. Standard 304 requires the scholastic achievement of all students in lecture-hall courses to be tested with a "written examination of suitable length and complexity." ABA Standard 304(b) (1996). 3. These goals for examinations and their resultant grades are well established. See, e.g., Karl N. Llewellyn, Lawyer's Ways and Means, and the Law Curriculum, 30 IOWA L. REV. 333 (1945). 4. Again, these goals are old hat. See, e.g., John L. Grant, The Single Standardin Grading,29 COLUM. L. REv. 920 (1929). 5. These goals are, unsurprisingly, less often noted in the literature of this century. UMKC LAWREVIEW [Vol. 65:4 evaluation scheme was replaced by graduation exams, designed to measure the specific knowledge acquired over the whole course of study. These in turn were followed by annual and course-end examinations. The questions of these exams evolved from brief didactic questions designed to measure rote memory to complicated hypotheticals designed to measure application. In this century, the objective question, the spiritual descendent of the then-obsolete didactic question emerged, allowing both faster evaluation of the student submission and broader coverage in the evaluation. This article describes this evolution, commencing with its English antecedents and influences.' . THE ENGLISH EXPERIENCE TO 1900: TRIAL AND ERROR A. Moots Blackstone maintained that the English Inns of Court arose in response to the operation of Magna Carta and other acts fixing a permanent location of the law courts in London. "Here exercises were performed, lectures were read, and degrees were at length conferred in the common law, as at other universities in the canon and civil."7 From the Fourteenth to the early Seventeenth Century, the Inns were power-houses of legal instruction,8 and their primary form of education was the argument of moot cases,9 which when done by the students, served as the student's oral examination. The most spectacular of these moot arguments were performed semi-annually by senior barristers in the Readings, held in the Lent and Autumn vacations; student attendance was compulsory."0 As reported by Nathaniel Bacon, the senior barristers would select a reader, who would choose a statute to describe and criticize, offering an 6. American legal education through the nineteenth century was strongly influenced by English traditions and practices. The moot court and the written examination had both been pursued in English institutions prior to independence, and this essay begins with a consideration of their methods of student evaluation. See, e.g., MARIAN C. MCKENNA, TAPPING REEVE AND THE LTcHiELD LAW SCHOOL 1-7 (1986); 1 CHARLES WARREN, A HISTORY OF THE HARVARD LAW SCHOOL AND OF THE EARLIER LEGAL CoNDmoNs IN AMERICA 31-45 (1970); LAWRENCE M. FRIEDMAN, A HISTORY OF AMERICAN LAW 84-88 (1973); Roscoe Pound, Dedication Papers: The Law School and the ProfessionalTradition, 24 MICH. L. REv. 156, 160 (1926). For the influence of Oxbridge graduates in early American colleges, see MARY LovET SMALLWOOD, AN HISTORICAL STUDY OF ExAMINATIONs AND GRADING SYSTEMS IN EARLY AMERICAN UNivERsnrEs: A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE ORIGINAL REcoRDS OF HARVARD, WILLIAM AND MARY, YALE, MOUNT HOLYOKE, AND MICHIGAN FROM THEIR FOUNDING TO 1900, 3-5 (1935). 7. 1 WLLIAM BLACKSTONE COMMENTARIES ON THE LAWS OF ENGLAND 23 (1765). For a more specific history of the origins of the Inns, see S.E. Thome, The Early History of the Inns of Court with Special Reference to Gray's Inn, in S.E. THORNE, ESSAYS IN ENGLISH LEGAL HISTORY 137 (1985). 8. Not that the Inns were the sole professional law schools in Britain. For a discussion of the legal instruction in the Scottish Faculty of Advocates, see Steve Sheppard, Casenotes, Commentaries,and Curmudgeons, - IOWAL. REv. - (1997). 9. J.H. Baker identifies the term "moot" as a basis for both the description of the case and the forms of the disputation as in use by 1428. J.H. Baker, LearningExercises in the Medieval Inns of Court andChancery, in J.H. BAKER, THE LEGAL PROFESSION AND THE COMMON LAW: HISTORICAL ESSAYS 15 (1986). 10. Richardson describes these readings in detail. W.C. RICHARDSON, A HISTORY OF THE INNS OF COURT, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PERIOD OF THE RENAISSANCE, 101-27 (1978). The proceedings from Readings and Moots are in S.E. Thome's Readings and Moots at the Inns of Court in the Fifteenth Century. Vol.1 (Selden Society, vol. 71, 1954). 1997] INFORMAL HISTORY OF EVALUATIONS argument for reform of the statute. This argument would then be challenged by other barristers in a debate that would last three or four days per week for two or three weeks." Besides these showpiece arguments by the senior lawyers, the seniors observed student moots and arguments throughout terms and vacations, with varying degrees of participation by senior banisters. 2 The Readings set the standard and the style of the student moots. The problems assigned for student mooting, as for many of the Readings, tended to be hoary and well-tested, but this did not make the disputation easier. Professor Baker illustrates a typical moot problem from Lincoln's Inn: Two coparceners, seised of a manor by descent, have a tenant who holds the manor by homage and fealty and by the services of 20s. a year, repairing the mill and roofing the hall of the manor, the tenant grants part of the manor to a stranger, to hold of the chief lord of the fee by the services due; one of the parceners commits felony, for which she is attainted; the lord enters as in his escheat; and then they make partition between themselves, so that the mill is allotted to the lord and they hold the hall and the other services in common; and then they grant the hall to a man pur terme d'autre vie, during whose time the hall is unroofed; he for whose life the hall was leased dies; they enter as in their reversion; the lord makes a recognizance to a stranger to pay certain money at a certain day, at which day he does not pay, and so the other sues execution and has execution in respect of the mill; and during that time the mill falls down; the money ispaid; the lord enters and distrains them; the tenants make replevin.
Recommended publications
  • Rediscovering Williston
    St. John's University School of Law St. John's Law Scholarship Repository Faculty Publications 2005 Rediscovering Williston Mark L. Movsesian St. John's University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/faculty_publications Part of the Contracts Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Legal Biography Commons, and the Legal History Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rediscovering Williston Mark L. Movsesian* Abstract This Article is an intellectualhistory of classicalcontracts scholar Samuel Williston. Professor Movsesian argues that the conventional account of Williston's jurisprudencepresents an incomplete and distortedpicture. While much of Williston 's work can strike a contemporary readeras arid and conceptual, there are strong elements ofpragmatismas well. Williston insists that doctrine be justified in terms of real-world consequences, maintains that rules can have only presumptive force, and offers institutionalexplanations forjudicial restraint. As a result, his scholarship shares more in common with today's new formalism than commonly supposed. Even the undertheorizedquality of Williston 's scholarship-to contemporary readers, the least appealing aspect of his work-makes a certain amount of sense, given his goals and intended audience.
    [Show full text]
  • Cumulative Faculty Bibliography Through 2009 Fordham Law School Library
    Fordham Law School FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History Faculty Bibliography Law Library September 2018 Cumulative Faculty Bibliography Through 2009 Fordham Law School Library Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/fac_bib Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Fordham Law School Library, "Cumulative Faculty Bibliography Through 2009" (2018). Faculty Bibliography. 13. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/fac_bib/13 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Library at FLASH: The orF dham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Bibliography by an authorized administrator of FLASH: The orF dham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fordham Law School Cumulative Faculty Bibliography Through 2009 ABRAHAM ABRAMOVSKY Books (Editor) Criminal Law and the Corporate Counsel. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981. Journal Articles “Prosecuting Judges for Ethical Violations: Are Criminal Sanctions Constitutional and Prudent, or Do They Constitute a Threat to Judicial Independence?” 33 Fordham Urban Law Journal 727-773 (2006) [with Jonathan I. Edelstein] “Criminal Law Current Comment: People V. Suarez and Depraved Indifference Murder: The Court of Appeals' Incomplete Revolution.” 56 Syracuse Law Review 707-734 (2006) [with Jonathan I. Edelstein] ADepraved Indifference Murder Prosecutions in New York: Time for Substantive and Procedural Clarification.@ 55 Syracuse Law Review 455-494 (2005) (with Jonathan I. Edelstein). "The Drug War and the American Jewish Community: 1880 to 2002 and Beyond." 6 The Journal of Gender, Race & Justice 1-38 (2002 ) (with Jonathan I.
    [Show full text]
  • Section IX the STATE PAGES
    Section IX THE STATE PAGES THE FOLLOWING section presents information on all the states of the United States and the District of Columbia; the commonwealths of Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands; the territories of American Samoa, Guam and the Virgin Islands; and the United Na­ tions trusteeships of the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Belau.* Included are listings of various executive officials, the justices of the supreme courts and officers of the legislatures. Lists of all officials are as of late 1981 or early 1982. Comprehensive listings of state legislators and other state officials appear in other publications of The Council of State Governments. Concluding each state listing are population figures and other statistics provided by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, based on the 1980 enumerafion. Preceding the state pages are three tables. The first lists the official names of states, the state capitols with zip codes and the telephone numbers of state central switchboards. The second table presents historical data on all the states, commonwealths and territories. The third presents a compilation of selected state statistics from the state pages. *The Northern Mariana Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Belau (formerly Palau) have been administered by the United Slates since July 18, 1947, as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPl), a trusteeship of the United Nations. The Northern Mariana Islands separated themselves from TTPI in March 1976 and now operate under a constitutional govern­ ment instituted January 9, 1978.
    [Show full text]
  • The Massachusetts Constitution—The Last Thirty Years
    WILKINS_LEAD_MACRO 6/6/2011 9:16 PM The Massachusetts Constitution—The Last Thirty Years Herbert P. Wilkins1 The Constitution of the Commonwealth has never been more significant for the rights of individuals than in the past thirty years. Although the greater impact has been on the rights of criminal defendants, the Constitution’s influence on civil relationships has been substantial, as indicated most particularly by Goodridge v. Department of Public Health2 on the right to same-sex marriage. In 1980, this law review published my article comparing the treatment of similar provisions of the Federal Constitution and the State Constitution.3 My current effort is, in a sense, an updating of the 1980 article. Before 1980, there were only a handful of cases that foretold the impending impact of the Supreme Judicial Court’s independent treatment of provisions in the State Constitution that had parallels in the Federal Constitution. For example, Commonwealth v. Soares4 barred racial discrimination in the use of peremptory challenges to prospective jurors well before the Supreme Court did so in Batson v. Kentucky.5 As will be seen, many Massachusetts cases rejected positions then taken by the Supreme Court, and others reached results unlikely to be acceptable to it. Thus, this article, unlike the 1980 article, identifies many instances in which the Constitution of the Commonwealth, particularly its Declaration of Rights, dictated positions not established under the Federal Constitution. The most that I could say in the 1980 article was that In recent years, the Supreme Judicial Court has exercised the option to impose higher state constitutional standards in some instances and, in many other 1.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA LAW Text R5
    Table of Contents 2 MESSAGE FROM THE DEAN 4 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW PROGRAM ANNOUNCEMENT U C L A 6 BUSINESS LAW PROGRAM Business Law Program Lets Students Focus Legal Education on Business Practice LAW MAGAZINE Connected Contracts - G. Mitu Gulati, William Klein and Eric Zolt The Magazine of the UCLA School of Law Textualism’s Failures in Statutory Interpretation- Daniel J. Bussel Vol. 23 L No. 2 L Spring.Summer.2000 Mandatory Disclosure: A Behavioral Analysis - Stephen Bainbridge Transactional Class Turns Recruits Into Negotiators- Kenneth Klee Environmental Law - Timothy Malloy UCLA Law Magazine Copyright 2000 UC Regents Islamic Law at the UCLA School of Law - Khaled Abou El Fadl Seek Truth from Facts: Empirical Legal Research in the PRC - Randall Peerenboom UCLA School of Law Suite 951476 Latin America Infrastructure Development - Patrick Del Duca Los Angeles, CA 90095-1476 Jonathan D. Varat, Dean 25 FACULTY SCHOLARSHIP Regina McConahay, Director, The Justices are Listening - Stephen Gardbaum and Eugene Volokh Communications Center UCLA Helps ACLU Help Kids - Gary Blasi Editor and Publisher, UCLA Law Magazine Karen Stigler, Editor Intellectual Property Rights Involved in Sequencing the Human Gene - Stephen Munzer Stuart D. Grow, Editorial Assistant Lawyers in the Movies - Michael Asimow Barbara Kelly, Designer Frank Lopez, Art Coordinator Light up the Law School - Daniel Lowenstein Ellis Green, Masthead Design Typecraft, Inc., Printer Photographers: Todd Cheney, Rick Flynn, 34 HONORS Mark Harmel, Regina McConahay, Susan Prager ’71, Edward A. Dickson Alumnus of the Year Mary Ann Stuehrmann David Sklansky and Tom Holm Win Distinguished Teacher Awards UCLA School of Law Board of Advisors Frank Menetrez ’00, Outstanding Graduate Student Grant Nelson, The Rutter Award William M.
    [Show full text]
  • Breaking the Chain: How State Legislatures Can Learn from the Mistakes of Maryland’S Fair Share Act and Stop Benefit Dumping
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Connecticut Insurance Law Journal School of Law 2007 Breaking the Chain: How State Legislatures Can Learn From the Mistakes of Maryland’s Fair Share Act and Stop Benefit Dumping Fallon DePina Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/cilj Recommended Citation DePina, Fallon, "Breaking the Chain: How State Legislatures Can Learn From the Mistakes of Maryland’s Fair Share Act and Stop Benefit Dumping" (2007). Connecticut Insurance Law Journal. 27. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/cilj/27 CONNECTICUT INSURANCE LAW JOURNAL Volume 14, Number 1 Fall 2007 University of Connecticut School of Law Hartford, Connecticut Connecticut Insurance Law Journal (ISSN 1081-9436) is published at least twice a year by the Connecticut Insurance Law Journal Association at the University of Connecticut School of Law. Periodicals postage paid at Hartford, Connecticut. Known office of publication: 55 Elizabeth Street, Hartford, Connecticut 06105-2209. Printing location: Western Newspaper Publishing Company, 537 East Ohio Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46204. Please visit our website at http://www.insurancejournal.org or see the final page of this issue for subscription and back issue ordering information. Postmaster: Send address changes to Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 55 Elizabeth Street, Hartford, Connecticut 06105-2209. The Journal welcomes the submission of articles and book reviews. Both text and notes should be double or triple-spaced. Submissions in electronic form are encouraged, and
    [Show full text]
  • Twelve Letters from Arthur L. Corbin to Robert Braucher Annotated Joseph Perillo Fordham University School of Law
    Fordham Law School FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History Faculty Scholarship 1993 Twelve Letters from Arthur L. Corbin to Robert Braucher Annotated Joseph Perillo Fordham University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Joseph Perillo, Twelve Letters from Arthur L. Corbin to Robert Braucher Annotated, 50 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 755 (1993) Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/faculty_scholarship/785 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The orF dham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of FLASH: The orF dham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TWELVE LETTERS FROM ARTHUR L. CORBIN TO ROBERT BRAUCHER ANNOTATED JOSEPH M. PERILLO* In 1964 the Yale Law Journal published a bibliography of Professor Arthur Corbin's publications.' The bibliography quotes a letter from Arthur Corbin to a Yale Law Journal editor2 in which Corbin states that he had written a "'one man revision' of the first Restatement of Contracts, which he sent in hand-written form to Judge Herbert Goodrich, then Director of the American Law Institute. Corbin said that Judge Goodrich "had each such installment typewritten and multigraphed for the use by the revision reporter and his committee and perhaps by others." 3 Diligent search by law librarians has failed to locate a copy of this revision of the Restatement by Corbin in any law library.
    [Show full text]
  • Hon. Judith G. Dein U.S. Magistrate Judge, District of Massachusetts
    Published May/June 2014 Judicial Profile by Jennifer L. Ioli Hon. Judith G. Dein U.S. Magistrate Judge, District of Massachusetts on. Judith G. Dein has, in her words, “the best job in the world.” Serving as a U.S. Magistrate Judge has allowed her to assume several distinct roles that complement each other: trial judge; mediator; and mentor. Her Hjoy coming to work every day is palpable, as is her belief in the justice system. Although Judge Dein did not start out her career planning to eventually become a judge, her back- ground, career experiences, and willingness to take risks and keep her professional options open have led her to a satisfying and rewarding position on the bench. History Judge Dein graduated summa cum laude from Union College in 1976, majoring in American Studies. In 2012, she was elected as a member of the Union College Board of Trustees. She has a great affinity for her alma mater and remains active and connected with Union, where she met her husband and made lifelong friends. Judge Dein has two sisters, both of whom work in the public sector, including one whom she followed into a legal career. After college, Judge Dein moved from New York to Boston, where she enrolled at Boston College Law School. She graduated cum laude from Boston College Law School in 1979 and was editor-in-chief of the Boston College Environmental clerked, and who called that fact to the attention of a Affairs Law Review. packed courtroom. After law school, Judge Dein served as a law clerk to the In 1989, she became a partner at Warner and Stackpole, justices of the Massachusetts Superior Court for one year, LLP (which later merged with Kirkpatrick & Lockhart, and then clerked for Associate Justice Robert Braucher of LLP), where she remained until her appointment to the the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court for one year.
    [Show full text]
  • Oval #596: October 19, 1971 [Complete Tape Subject Log]
    1 NIXON PRESIDENTIAL MATERIALS STAFF Tape Subject Log (rev. 10/06) Conversation No. 596-1 Date: October 19, 1971 Time: Unknown between 7:53 am and 8:06 am Location: Oval Office The President met with Stephen B. Bull. The President's schedule Bull left at 8:06 am. Conversation No. 596-2 Date: October 19, 1971 Time: Unknown between 8:06 am and 10:14 am Location: Oval Office Unknown people met. The President's location The unknown people left at an unknown time before 10:14 am. Conversation No. 596-3 Date: October 19, 1971 Time: 10:14 am - 10:55 am Location: Oval Office The President met with John N. Mitchell. Greetings -Weather The President's schedule 2 NIXON PRESIDENTIAL MATERIALS STAFF Tape Subject Log (rev. 10/06) Conv. No. 596-3 (cont.) -Previous evening event at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts -Mitchell’s view -Mrs. J. Willard Marriott -Kennedy family ********************************************************************** BEGIN WITHDRAWN ITEM NO. 1 [Privacy] [Duration: 7s ] END WITHDRAWN ITEM NO. 1 ********************************************************************** -Kennedy supporters -H. R. (“Bob”) Haldeman -Board of Directors -William D. Blair, Jr. Supreme Court appointments -Lewis F. Powell, Jr. -Mitchell's previous conversation with Powell -Health concerns -Powell's schedule -Mitchell's forthcoming conversation with Lawrence E. Walsh -American Bar Association [ABA] approval -Woman candidate -Mildred L. Lillie -Chance of ABA approval -Lillie's husband -William French Smith -Powell -Qualifications -Smith -Candidates -Corporate lawyers -ABA 3 NIXON PRESIDENTIAL MATERIALS STAFF Tape Subject Log (rev. 10/06) Conv. No. 596-3 (cont.) -William H. Mulligan -Catholic -Age -Circuit Court of Appeals -Potential problems with ABA -Powell -Mulligan -Possible ABA vote -Length of time on court -Political appeal -Smith -Mulligan -Woman -Smith -Mulligan -Mitchell’s assessment -Powell -Charles D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Judgment Power
    ARTICLES The Judgment Power WILLIAM BAUDE* When an Article III court decides a case, and the President disagrees with the outcome, what can he do about it? Existing scholarship generally takes two views. Some scholars argue that the President has general authority to review these judgments on their merits and decide whether to enforce them. Others believe that the President has an unqualified duty to obey court judgments no matter what. This Article challenges both of those views. Drawing on conven- tional constitutional history as well as the private law of judgments, this Article defends a new view of the Judiciary’s “Judgment Power.” Judgments are binding on the President, who must enforce them even if he disagrees with them. However, the President is entitled to ignore a judgment if the issuing court lacked jurisdiction over the case in question. This thesis also has implications for the role of the Judiciary in the constitutional structure, and for evaluating President Lincoln’s conduct in Ex parte Merryman. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................... 1808 I. JUDGMENTS AND THE CONSTITUTION ....................... 1814 A. “THE JUDICIAL POWER” .............................. 1815 1. Theory ..................................... 1815 2. Practice .................................... 1818 B. THE LAW OF JUDGMENTS ............................. 1826 C. ILLEGAL JUDGMENTS ............................... 1831 1. Legislative Power and Judicial Power .............. 1832 2. “Merely Judgment” ...........................
    [Show full text]
  • 01|F Ulafibaríjuapíta Ölourts
    0 1 |f UlafiBaríjuapíta Ölourts r m U01M3 A61$ 197U/ 75 L.C.2__ j 1074- HIGHLIGHTS OF THE NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT As o f June 30, 1975 The Massachusetts Legislature passed a bill allowing the phaseout of special justices and part- time justices in the District Courts by 1979 (p. 20). In the Supreme Judicial Court the average number of days from entry to decision increased 29% from 182 to 235 days. The caseload increased 38% from 194 opinions to 268 and 23% from 266 cases entered or transferred from the Appeals Court to 327 (p. 30). The caseload of the Appeals Court mounted with alarming speed after adoption of the Rules of Appellate Procedure effective July 1, 1974, from 439 cases in 1974 to 875 in 1975, an increase of 100%. The Superior Court adopted a number of short-term programs to reduce the number of pending criminal and civil cases in various counties. Important progress was made on development of die Criminal Case Management System. Other programs encompassed better jury utilization in Suffolk County, crash work on the civil docket in Berkshire County, summer criminal sessions in Suffolk County, use of masters and conciliators for settlement wherever possible, and a law school student internship program with five Massachusetts law schools (pp. 31-33). Of great benefit to the Superior Court is passage of legislation allowing the recall of retired Superior Court justices. A count of all Superior Court criminal defendants as of June 30. 1975, showed 21.612 people, of whom over half (11.292) were on appeals from conviction in the District Courts.
    [Show full text]
  • Twelve Letters from Arthur L. Corbin to Robert Braucher Joseph M
    Washington and Lee Law Review Volume 50 | Issue 2 Article 14 Spring 3-1-1993 Twelve Letters From Arthur L. Corbin To Robert Braucher Joseph M. Perillo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr Part of the Contracts Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Joseph M. Perillo, Twelve Letters From Arthur L. Corbin To Robert Braucher, 50 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 755 (1993), https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr/vol50/iss2/14 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington and Lee Law Review at Washington & Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington and Lee Law Review by an authorized editor of Washington & Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TWELVE LETTERS FROM ARTHUR L. CORBIN TO ROBERT BRAUCHER ANNOTATED JOSEPH M. PERILLO* In 1964 the Yale Law Journal published a bibliography of Professor Arthur Corbin's publications.' The bibliography quotes a letter from Arthur Corbin to a Yale Law Journal editor2 in which Corbin states that he had written a "'one man revision' of the first Restatement of Contracts, which he sent in hand-written form to Judge Herbert Goodrich, then Director of the American Law Institute. Corbin said that Judge Goodrich "had each such installment typewritten and multigraphed for the use by the revision reporter and his committee and perhaps by others." 3 Diligent search by law librarians has failed to locate a copy of this revision of the Restatement by Corbin in any law library.
    [Show full text]