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USGS/NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Standardized National Vegetation Classification System - Final Draft

Final Draft

Standardized National Vegetation
Classification System

USGS/NPS Vegetation Mapping Program

November 1994 Prepared for:

United States Department of Interior United States Geological Survey and
National Park Service

Prepared By:

The Nature Conservancy
1815 N. Lynn Street
Arlington, Virginia 22209

Environmental Systems Research Institute
380 New York Street
Redlands, California 92373

USGS/NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Standardized National Vegetation Classification System - Final Draft

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USGS/NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Standardized National Vegetation Classification System - Final Draft

Table of Contents

  • Section
  • Page

Executive Summary...........................................................................................1-1 1.0 Introduction.................................................................................................1-4

1.1 Objectives of the Report ....................................................................................................1-4
1.1.1 Relationship to other reports in this series...............................................................1-5

1.2 Structure of the Report.......................................................................................................1-5 1.3 Terms of the Vegetation Mapping Project.........................................................................1-6
1.3.1 Project objectives.....................................................................................................1-6 1.3.2 Contract requirements..............................................................................................1-6
1.3.2.1 Classification   Syste m.....................................................................................1-6 1.3.2.2 Map   Scale ......................................................................................................1-6 1.3.2.3 Map   Accurac y................................................................................................1-7 1.3.2.4 Digital   Products.............................................................................................1-7

2.0 The Importance of a National Vegetation Classification Standard.......2-1

2.1 Applications of a Standard National Vegetation Classification System............................2-1
2.1.1 Facilitate regional and national resource assessments.............................................2-1 2.1.2 Advance scientific knowledge.................................................................................2-2 2.1.3 Support park planning and natural resources management .....................................2-2 2.1.4 Support ecosystem management initiatives ...................................................................2-2

2.2 Specifications/Requirement of a Candidate Standard ..............................................................2-3

3.0 Vegetation Classification: Background ........................................................ 3-1

3.1 What is Classification? ..............................................................................................................3-1
3.1.1 Community units and continua.......................................................................................3-1

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USGS/NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Standardized National Vegetation Classification System - Final Draft

3.2 Review of Different Approaches to Classification...................................................................3-2
3.2.1 Vegetation classifications................................................................................................3-2
3.2.1.1 Physiognomic   Methods.........................................................................................3-2 3.2.1.2 Floristic   Methods..................................................................................................3-4

3.2.1.3 Potential   versus existing vegetation.....................................................................3-5

3.2.2 Site classifications ...........................................................................................................3-6

3.2.2.1 Site   classifications emphasizing vegetation.........................................................3-6 3.2.2.2 Site   classifications emphasizing multiple factors ...............................................3-7

3.2.3 Land cover classifications...............................................................................................3-8 3.2.4 Combined classification approaches ..............................................................................3-8

3.2.4.1 Physiognomic-Floristic   Approaches....................................................................3-9

4.0 The Nature Conservancy's Vegetation Classification System.........................4-1

4.1 Approach of the Vegetation Classifiction System....................................................................4-1
4.1.1 Background......................................................................................................................4-1 4.1.2 Guiding principles...........................................................................................................4-2

4.1.2.1 Appropriate   for conservation planning and managemen t..................................4-2 4.1.2.2 Efficient   use of existing information ....................................................................4-2

4.1.2.3 Flexible..................................................................................................................4-3

4.1.2.4 Emphasis   on Natural and Semi-natural Vegetation............................................4-3

4.2 Development of the Nature Conservancy Classification System ............................................4-4
4.2.1 Identification of classification units................................................................................4-4 4.2.2 International Efforts ........................................................................................................4-5 4.2.3 Support from Federal and Academic Partners ...............................................................4-5
4.2.3.1 U.S.   Geological Survey.........................................................................................4-6

4.2.3.2 United   States Fish and Wildlife Service...............................................................4-6

4.2.3.3 United   States Forest Service ................................................................................4-6 4.2.3.4 National   Park Service...........................................................................................4-7 4.2.3.5 Environmental   Protection Agency .......................................................................4-7 4.2.3.6 Inter-agency   Groups.............................................................................................4-8 4.2.3.7 Academic   Partners ...............................................................................................4-8

4.3 Tool and Methods that Support the Documentation and Development of the
Classification..............................................................................................................................4-8 4.3.1 Field sampling .................................................................................................................4-8 4.3.2 Community descriptions ...............................................................................................4-10

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4.3.2.1 Characterization   variables and vegetation keys ...............................................4-10 4.3.2.2 Biological   and Conservation Data System Community Records .....................4-11

4.3.3 Conservation Ranking...................................................................................................4-12

5.0 A Standard National Vegetation Classification System .............................. 5-1

5.1 Characteristics of the National Vegetation Classification System...........................................5-1
5.1.1 Based on existing vegetation ..........................................................................................5-1 5.1.2 Combined Physiognomic Floristic Classification Approach.........................................5-1 5.1.3 Role of the environment..................................................................................................5-2

5.2 Description of the Levels of the Terrestrial Vegetation ...........................................................5-3
5.2.1 System level.....................................................................................................................5-3 5.2.2 Physiognomic levels........................................................................................................5-4

5.2.2.1 Modifications   to the UNESCO Hierarch y...........................................................5-5

5.2.2.2 Physiognomic   class...............................................................................................5-5 5.2.2.3 Physiognomic   subclass.........................................................................................5-7 5.2.2.4 Formation   group...................................................................................................5-7 5.2.2.5 Formation..............................................................................................................5-7
5.2.3 Floristic levels..................................................................................................................5-8
5.2.3.1 Alliance  .................................................................................................................5-8 5.2.3.2 Community   Element..............................................................................................5-8
5.2.4 Cultural Land Cover......................................................................................................5-10
5.2.4.1 Agricultural   land cover ......................................................................................5-10 5.2.4.2 Urban   land cover and water ..............................................................................5-10

5.3 Nomenclature Standards..........................................................................................................5-11 5.4 Development of the National Vegetation Classification System...........................................5-12
5.4.1 Development of the floristic classes (Alliances and Community Elements)..............5-12
5.4.1.1 Qualitative   Assessmen t.......................................................................................5-12 5.4.1.2 Quantitative   Analysis..........................................................................................5-13 5.4.1.3 Confidence   Levels ..............................................................................................5-13

5.4.1.4 Example   of development of the floristic classes— pine barrens.......................5-14

5.4.2 Arranging the floristic units under the physiognomic levels of the hierarchy............5-16 5.4.3 Adding new vegetation types identified during the course of the NPS/USGS mapping project ............................................................................................................................5-16
5.4.3.1 Qualitative   Assessmen t.......................................................................................5-17

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5.4.3.2 Quantitative   Assessment.....................................................................................5-17
5.5 Ecological Considerations and Variability .............................................................................5-17
5.5.1 Homogeneity .................................................................................................................5-18
5.5.1.1 Community   complexe s........................................................................................5-18 5.5.1.2 Gradients.............................................................................................................5-18
5.5.2 Disturbance....................................................................................................................5-19 5.5.3 Succession......................................................................................................................5-19

5.6 The Relationship Between the National Vegetation Classification System and Other
Classification Systems .............................................................................................................5-20 5.6.1 An Example of Crosswalking: The relationship between the Brown, Lowe and Pase classification and the National Vegetation Classification System...............................5-20

5.7 Current Status of the National Vegetation Classification System..........................................5-23
5.7.1 State coverage................................................................................................................5-23 5.7.2 Regional coverage.........................................................................................................5-23 5.7.3 National coverage..........................................................................................................5-24 5.7.4 Gaps in the classification...............................................................................................5-25

5.7.4.1 Gaps   in state-level informatio n..........................................................................5-25

5.7.4.2 Types   still in need of basic work ........................................................................5-26

6.0 Vegetation Mapping ......................................................................................... 6-1

6.1 Theoretical Background.............................................................................................................6-1
6.1.1 Vegetation mapping standards........................................................................................6-1 6.1.2 Imagery analysis and vegetation mapping .....................................................................6-2

6.1.1.1 Diagnostic   characteristics of the signatures .......................................................6-2 6.1.1.2 Challenges   of using imagery analysis for vegetation mapping ..........................6-3

6.2 Mapping the National Vegetation Classification System.........................................................6-4
6.2.1 Decision to map the alliance vs. the community element..............................................6-4 6.2.2 Extension of the national vegetation classification system for application to vegetation maps.................................................................................................................................6-6

6.2.2.1 Mapping   different expressions of the floristic units ............................................6-6 6.2.2.2 Collecting   and tracking additional attribute data on a park by park basis .......6-7

6.2.3 Non-homogeneous mapping units..................................................................................6-7

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6.2.3.1 Landscapes   with communities less than the minimum mapping uni t.................6-7

6.2.3.2 Community   complexe s..........................................................................................6-8

6.2.3.3 Map   units containing more than one community element ..................................6-8 6.2.3.4 Transition   zones greater than the minimum mapping unit  ................................6-8

6.3 Examples of Vegetation Mapping Projects...............................................................................6-8
6.3.1 John Crow and Blue Mountains of Jamaica...................................................................6-9 6.3.2 Altamaha River Bioreserve, Georgia..............................................................................6-9

7.0 Addressing USGS/NPS Objectives................................................................. 7-1

7.1 Management Objectives ............................................................................................................7-1 7.2 Inventory and Monitoring Objectives.......................................................................................7-1 7.3 System Wide Requirements.......................................................................................................7-1 7.4 Information Transfer and Exchange..........................................................................................7-2

8.0 Conclusions........................................................................................................ 8-1 9.0 Authors and Contributors............................................................................... 9-1 10.0 Literature Cited.............................................................................................. 10-1 11.0 Appendices...................................................................................................... 11-1

11.1 List of Documented Alliances Organized Under the Hierarchy ............................................11-1 11.2 Examples of Community Descriptions..................................................................................11-66 11.3 List of Hydrological Modifiers..............................................................................................11-90 11.4 List of Element Occurrence Record Fields with Brief Descriptions....................................11-92

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11.5 List of Community Characterization Abstract Fields with Brief Descriptions................. 11-106 11.6 The Conservation Ranking System of the Nature Conservancy....................................... 11-118

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    APPENDIX 1 Range Maps for Species of Concern APPENDIX 2 List of Species Conservation Reports APPENDIX 3 Rare Species Habitat Group Analysis APPENDIX 4 Rare Plant Communities APPENDIX 5 Plants of Cultural Importance APPENDIX 6 Research, Development, and Applications Database APPENDIX 7 Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the Interior Columbia River Basin 122 APPENDIX 1 Range Maps for Species of Conservation Concern These range maps were compiled from data from State Heritage Programs in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada. This information represents what was known at the end of the 1994 field season. These maps may not represent the most recent information on distribution and range for these taxa but it does illustrate geographic distribution across the assessment area. For many of these species, this is the first time information has been compiled on this scale. For the continued viability of many of these taxa, it is imperative that we begin to manage for them across their range and across administrative boundaries. Of the 173 taxa analyzed, there are maps for 153 taxa. For those taxa that were not tracked by heritage programs, we were not able to generate range maps. (Antmnnrin aromatica) ( ,a-’(,. .e-~pi~] i----j \ T--- d-,/‘-- L-J?.,: . ey SAP?E%. %!?:,KnC,$ESS -,,-a-c--- --y-- I -&zII~ County Boundaries w1. ~~~~ State Boundaries <ii&-----\ \m;qw,er Columbia River Basin .---__ ,$ 4 i- +--pa ‘,,, ;[- ;-J-k, Assessment Area 1 /./ .*#a , --% C-p ,, , Suecies Locations ‘V 7 ‘\ I, !. / :L __---_- r--j -.---.- Columbia River Basin s-5: ts I, ,e: I’ 7 j ;\ ‘-3 “.
  • Checklist of Montana Vascular Plants

    Checklist of Montana Vascular Plants

    Checklist of Montana Vascular Plants June 1, 2011 By Scott Mincemoyer Montana Natural Heritage Program Helena, MT This checklist of Montana vascular plants is organized by Division, Class and Family. Species are listed alphabetically within this hierarchy. Synonyms, if any, are listed below each species and are slightly indented from the main species list. The list is generally composed of species which have been documented in the state and are vouchered by a specimen collection deposited at a recognized herbaria. Additionally, some species are included on the list based on their presence in the state being reported in published and unpublished botanical literature or through data submitted to MTNHP. The checklist is made possible by the contributions of numerous botanists, natural resource professionals and plant enthusiasts throughout Montana’s history. Recent work by Peter Lesica on a revised Flora of Montana (Lesica 2011) has been invaluable for compiling this checklist as has Lavin and Seibert’s “Grasses of Montana” (2011). Additionally, published volumes of the Flora of North America (FNA 1993+) have also proved very beneficial during this process. The taxonomy and nomenclature used in this checklist relies heavily on these previously mentioned resources, but does not strictly follow anyone of them. The Checklist of Montana Vascular Plants can be viewed or downloaded from the Montana Natural Heritage Program’s website at: http://mtnhp.org/plants/default.asp This publication will be updated periodically with more frequent revisions anticipated initially due to the need for further review of the taxonomy and nomenclature of particular taxonomic groups (e.g. Arabis s.l ., Crataegus , Physaria ) and the need to clarify the presence or absence in the state of some species.
  • Threats and Concerns the Main Threats to This Species Are Oil And

    Threats and Concerns the Main Threats to This Species Are Oil And

    Species and plant communities at risk accounts in the BCTS Peace – Liard Business Area Threats and Concerns The main threats to this species are oil and gas exploration and development, mining, forest harvesting, and road construction, which may occur in or adjacent to preferred habitat. Best Management Practices Current management guidelines for plant species at risk are focused at the stand level. If a potential plant species at risk is located, it is recommended that the area have ribbon placed around it, photos taken and field cards filled out with the exact location recorded. This information should then be passed on to the designated species at risk coordinator. This is essentially a fine filter approach to managing the identified species, where an individual species and/or habitat is managed singularly and at a small scale (i.e. at the stand level). This approach should be used in association with a course filter approach which involves management for a variety of species/habitats simultaneously, mainly through the use of broad scale provisions at the landscape level such as protected areas and parks. Both the plant species at risk and habitat they occur in should be protected. The current management strategies for plant species at risk are based on the Identified Wildlife Management Strategy (IWMS) wildlife and wildlife habitat provisions/measures set out by the BC Government. The best management practices are as follows: establish a core area around a known element occurrence with a 30-50 m wide buffer establish a management