State-Media Financial Relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Di and Herzegovina: Bosnia Relations Financial in Ofstate-Media Aspects Three Elites Andtheir Affiliates

the state budget, and some receiving direct subsidies. subsidies. direct receiving andsome the state budget, outof financed regularly being media some with constantly inmedia, invested developed in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At continue the sametime,the media andHerzegovina. inBosnia developed have offinancing andalternative never models Community media outlets. dia are definitelycommercial revenues insufficient ofme sustainthemajority to rely while extensively media tojor revenue maintain operations, onadvertising ofthe ma Onlyafew more ferocious. become for has revenue Competition the state-controlled ones. major besides sources ofrevenue, onlyafew with allofwhich have the media left platforms, andnon-journalistic foreign media to dueto ofadvertisers migration ofadvertising andloss ing donorsupport, shrink hithard bythethe combination market was ofthecrisis, economic In that period, years. seven inthe more past relevant even become role has Their actorsinthe market. powerful oneofthe most emerges as parties, ruling oftelecommunication practices the companies –the advertising state, i.e.the the market. goingandhowitaffects is money any limits insight intofurther which where the transactions, financial in these inthe country. mediators major advertisers areas acting agencies Advertising tices oftwopublictelecommunication companies that are at the sametime 141 the across country). municipalities BiH sector,dia andFederation Srpska at ofthe of both the entities (Republika level 1 include direct financial interference financial include institutions direct bygovernmental in the me relations These overwhelming. is publicandprivate, both state andthe media, The ruling parties are also believed to be in control prac to of the advertising believed are also parties ruling The Given these two practices – direct financing from government budgets and from government budgets financing –direct twopractices Given these Federation of BiH entities inthe there both are and in 141 Brčko plus municipalities, District; Srpska, BiH In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the range of financial relations between the thebetween relations rangeoffinancial andHerzegovina, In Bosnia by IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INTRODUCTION AND DISCIPLINED MEDIA INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT ), and at the local government level (ten cantons government the level ), and within at Federation, the local and SANELA HODŽIĆ consists of from two entities: Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika andRepublika andHerzegovina Federation twoentities: offrom ofBosnia consists also 10 cantons. 10 also cantons. 1 Considerable public funds are being are being Considerable publicfunds

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MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS to criticism for possibly enabling political influence on editorial policies, editorial influence on enabling political for possibly to criticism 5 4 3 2 tent. con anddiversityofmedia titles apluralityofmedia ofensuring thewith idea continuously mostly havevention present, been bythe sector state inthe media financing. cial BiH such as kets, decade. the sameoverthe last virtually mained manner, inapuzzling having re to the ofmedia survive with overallnumber In general,experienceother from mar countries showsthat smallmedia Media.pdf (accessed 29August 2015). (accessed Media.pdf lse.ac.uk/media@lse/documents/ andPolitical ofEconomics 2014. Science, 11, Available School Brief London http://www. at: al,PublicFunding et example); Schweizer Media Policy Source: Corrine , Media ofPrivate andconvergence for projects oninnovative (inFrance countries focus Some andCanada, have that so extended schemes eligible. online existingpublications are subsidy press also and Sweden Italy Denmark, five out of for onlineplatforms. 18 allow subsidies countries UK stations (for example, France, inAustria, Switzerland andthe tablishing newspapers/local orfor es training, for journalist support such as support, receiveother ofdirect forms also ofmedia Both pp.9–10). types programmes; ofspecific apply support can for production countries media andnon-commercial, whileinseven regional local, mostly tion ofstations, - for the opera support (12of the direct countries provide for broadcasters private subsidies andtwo thirds provide to the printten subsidies media, countries offerreduction, direct at all(Schweizer, subsidies andeightnodirect provide outlets), p.9).Inadditionto VAT (for allpress generalsubsidies andprint); twoprovide broadcasters (both to media subsidies 2015). August 20 (accessed https://www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/publications/media-subidies.pdf cessful, France in fact harmed competition anddiversity. competition Francecessful, harmed infact that more suc were economically already newspapers byfavouring that, Murschetz argues 313. were ultimately subsidies Although these sources, meant to promote pluralityofmedia Appraisal”, for inEurope: “StatethePress Daily Paul ACritical Support Murschetz, See pluralism. dia from me- effects lack of real inthe light problematised of the assessed also is tervention For 19, by Article example, 1999, in France, reported p. 13. as State and Austria, Sweden in- study, the USA Canada, plus France Ibid,pp.8–9).Ofthe 14of Belgium, andthe European countries Netherlands; inthe the French Community Denmark, inCanada, (e.g. isation orestablishment ofnewspapers - reorgan inAustralia aid(as orsupport orSweden), distribution provide languages, nority inmi- newspapers support some also while countries market, on the advertising ficulties dif experiencing those mostly media, press aidfor havepress selected production involved (Source: Schweizer, for professional associations or support for the subsidies p.8.);Other research, journalism electricity, schools, forcations, paper, journalism support ortransport, VAT bySchweizer,all 18 countries analysed complete countries exemption even insome from inValue the take ofreductions form for cases theSubsidies inmost press Taxes Added (in Subsidies Media Ruth, Evan for example, See, August 20 2015).cessed (ac Available http://mediaobservatory.net/radar/financing-media-south-east-europe at: Europe“. for example, “Financing inSouth-East Marko article See, Milosavljević’s, ofMedia 3 Moreover, subsidies whiledifferent ofmedia kinds ); Online media are increasingly being given access to subsidies; according access to to Schweizer, given subsidies; being are increasingly ); Onlinemedia -UK , Belgium, Denmark and Norway) and sometimes reduced tariffs for telecommuni tariffs - reduced andsometimes andNorway) Denmark , Belgium, , September 1998, vol. 13, no. 3,pp. 291- 13, no. European Journal 1998, vol. ofCommunication, September 2 In many countries in Europe, different ofinter financial forms , do not allow for the sustainability of media through commer, donotallowfor the ofmedia sustainability , Australia and New Zealand, eight do provide selective, direct direct eight selective, doprovide Zealand, , Australia and New MPP/LSE-MPP-Policy-Brief-11-Public-Funding-Private- , An Article 19 Paper, at: 1999. Article Available , An 4 have been subjected subjected have been 5 some some ------

THE MARKET. POWERFUL ACTORS IN AS ONE OF THE MOST PARTIES, EMERGES STATE, I.E. THE RULING COMPANIES –THE TELECOMMUNICATION PRACTICES OF AND THE ADVERTISING GOVERNMENT BUDGETS FINANCING FROM PRACTICES –DIRECT GIVEN THESE TWO

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 2 20 8 7 6 integrity. andthe promotion ofmedia ofthe sustainability media nancial nally, on ofPSB the financing parties theruling influence of and,fi government-related practices, advertising ofmedia, state funding rect independence. media guarantees for whileinvolving sufficient terest, thatsources suggest many have practices ofthese contributed to the publicin mechanisms work in practice, and what can be done to utilise them donetofi for work utilise both inpractice, andwhat be mechanisms can three aspects of state-media financial relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina: di and Herzegovina: Bosnia relations financial in ofstate-media aspects three elites andtheir affiliates. ofpolitical intothe channelling the ofmoney pockets about cases manipulation, orinsome political about raised have been frequently for the ofthe sustainability sector, vital haveand the become media concerns clientelism (Hallin and Papathanassopoulos, 2002, andHallin 2004).clientelism andMancini, (Hallin andPapathanassopoulos, andpolitical and at http://www.law.harvard.edu/alumni/hlsbrief/media/lessig-video.html) available atand articles http://blip.tv/lessig/institutional-corruption-short-version-2807497 2013,lectures (Lessig economystitutional of influence, dependence corruption, conflicting oflimitations involves dueto anunderstanding in- butalso pluralism, andmedia pendence inde- media freedom, involves integrity the notionsofmedia The concept ofmedia cesses. the publicinterest pro- anddemocratic serve as to the ability of media defined is integrity integrity. are for the media media mainprerequisites interests, Inshort, to any particular exposure ofinformation concerning possible transparency well as as interests, particular from andindependence that the idea freedom forward puts partnership Observatory Media ofPSB organisation andfunctioning ofthe and in terms ofthe fee of collection in terms roleelites both are animportant playing political since in this report, included was the oftheir issue financing andadvertising), fees Although the PSB three 20 August2015). (accessed www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/publications/media-subidies.pdf for example, EvanSee, Ruth. Media Subsidies 19, anArticle Paper, 1999. Available https:// at: The purpose of the report is to financial relationsexamine how and these of the report The purpose This report will focus first on issueoftransparency, the will focus and then on the This report In Bosnia and Herzegovina, although the financial relations between the state although thebetween relations financial and Herzegovina, In Bosnia channels have an independent source of revenue (primarily licence channels have source (primarily ofrevenue anindependent . . 7

- - - - AFFILIATES. ELITES AND THEIR POCKETS OF POLITICAL OF MONEY INTO THE THE CHANNELLING SOME CASES ABOUT MANIPULATION, OR IN ABOUT POLITICAL BEEN RAISED FREQUENTLY CONCERNS HAVE

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 3 20 11 10 9 whilethe publicaudit offices are ina reluctantpublic broadcasters, toengage local institutionsvant opinions on the donot provide status of non-privatised, For problems. opinion regarding these example, articulated the releor even trary, the institutions initiatives remainrelevant in this regard, without sluggish andthe sustainability publicinterest its tem role. ofboth interms Onthe con stitution inasystematic manner,sys on the media effects their despite crucial byany state examined relevant in notbeen has agencies andadvertising media of problemsthe state, related public tobetween relationscompanies, financial well.set The as little with the within monitoring institutionalleft framework, are issues These remainslimited. so relevance, its despite ofthenancing media, stricted. re especially been thatgesting has accessissues to information financial about sites. being fromcommonly on far aretheir webavailable the ofmedia, financing including information ofstate about institutions, rather is Budgets dia limited. readiness to sharereadiness it. anddonotshow any secret abusiness as advertising information media about BH both more discouraging: the situation even is the publicsector. Whenitcomes to the publictelecommunication companies, any by effort to affecting gather media informationobstacle on of thefinancing the access to information is disabled in various ways, with some sources sug some with ways, the access invarious to information disabled is but bystatebe institutions on the ofmedia request, should available financing

It is extremely worrying thatIt the publicinsight extremely into is government-related worrying fi about finances, sales and marketing is listed under “business secrets“. under“business andmarketingis listed sales finances, about searchable. andinaformat that noteasily is available is onlytoGazette subscribers given Gazette,questionable which isa practice, find thatdataOfficial in the the the Official to researchers information didnotprovide advised butinstead years inprevious submitted to requests 2014 but in in response of2015 financing and the media about our request, upon information provided Srpska ofRepublika the research, Government Observatory Media 2015). 16 (accessed Inthe October course of je-od-slobodnog-pristupa-informacijama/ for by example, theSee, report Indeed, in the Law on Public Companies ofthe onPublicCompanies Federation inthe Law Indeed, ofBiH 2015). 18 (accessed October formacija-factsheet03-2014.pdf - http://www.analitika.ba/sites/default/files/publikacije/dostupnost_in in 2014, available at: by Analitika published moreon realisation ofthe for in the budget 2012 and2014. report See 2012, 2013from publishinginformation number asimilar and2014 with ontheir websites, that sources suggest information only3percent budget ofinstitutions published Secondary The availability of information on financial relations between state andThe me between of information availability on financial relations 1 RELATIONS TRANSPARENCY OF STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL 9 Inaccordance the information with Freedom ofInformationabout Act, 10 The lack of centralised registries of public financing is yet another is ofpublicfinancing lackregistries The of centralised 11

C - IN, 2015, https://www.cin.ba/odstupan available at: Telekom treat andHTMostar , Article 4,the information, Article ------LIMITED. MEDIA IS RATHER BETWEEN STATE AND FINANCIAL RELATIONS OF INFORMATION ON THE AVAILABILITY

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 4 20 Agency ( Agency obligationformal tothe implementCommunications Regulatory the actions, unfavourable sector. to this media Taxes ofmarket them forces leaving to the particularly mercy for print media, sector, for any are provided media subsidies ofValue reduction such as Added 13 12 2015–2016, in demands to adjust rules to the new its plans for cific changing offinancing. er forms as publishingofinformation othas well about andadvertising), financing rect (including di by the publicsector ofmedia andfunding ofownership parency auditing. the regular beyond that goes discussion policy 16 15 14 taken towards successful implementation successful towards taken ofthe action. but also from allmajor from financiers. but also from financing sector,coming notonly the public ofmedia for transparency 2019the demand inter inMay (adopted alia, 2015), which explicitly specifies, 2015–2019Corruption and Action Plan for the Fight 2015- Corruption Against of the Fight (AP Corruption Against andthe Coordination for ofCorruption Prevention the from Agency emerged

reply, 2015). ofVAT 18 Reduction September financed through state which wouldbe tenders” (written infrastructure, electro-energetic ofBiH offering the include about tourism supplements the products, try indus of media Fabrika of the association and a member agency of the advertising rector Neither VAT is level. the market andthe communication at the policy environment remains neglected on impact andits broadcasters the about status ofthe publiclocal that dialogue structural ofBiH andthe ofCompetition Council Agency Communication Regulatory the to submitted both requests Inthe replyto previous ofauditing. process yond the regular be- media, state and between the relations about financialOffice opinions donot provide More precisely, the Audit Office of theFederation of Assembly of BiH Assembly AP inthe andActionmentioned Plan Strategy are to andthat obligated implement the actions, byAP In the replyreceived Action Plan for the Fight 2015–2019, Corruption Against pp.85–86. Actions 4.7.2and4.7.4inthefor Strategy the Fight 2015–2019 Corruption Against and 2015–2019, Corruption Against p.43. the for Strategy the Fight 2015-2019See Corruption Against andAction Plan for the Fight for publicinterests. cant benefits - without signifi interests, financial a triumph of particular as interpreted Croatia have been Two whilenotimproving the public good. interests, ness ofVAT reductions Yet, steps fivemonths nospecific the adoption after there havebeen still However, recently initiative related arelevant transparency to financial will monitor the implementation, provide support and report to the Parliamentary to the Parliamentary monitor andreport theIK will implementation, support provide UM CRA I believes that to “differentiate the for is onlyway print media tosustainability assure believes ), which is meant to implement some changes, does not have spe does ), whichmeantto is implement changes, some reduction welcomed by all members ofthe community welcomed byallmembers inthe reduction country. Adi- about the about implementation. 15 in September 2015, onlythat stated instead itis theIK inSeptember institutions 14 13 ), within theforIK), within Strategy the Fight Against

Two are actions meantto the assure trans - busi only particular to beneficial be infact can BiH replied to our request that to our request the replied 16 12 Moreover, the despite Similarly, no indirect , and the transport and , andthe transport in neighbouring inneighbouring , it is indicated indicated , itis - - - - -

2015–2019 (ADOPTED IN 2015–2019 (ADOPTED ACTION 2019 AND SUPPORT. INSTITUTIONAL THE NECESSARY MECHANISMS AND IMPLEMENTING BACKED BY EFFICIENT YET APPEAR TO BE INITIATIVE DOES NOT HOWEVER, THE FINANCIERS. FROM ALL MAJOR SECTOR, BUT ALSO FROM THE PUBLIC COMING NOT ONLY OF MEDIA FINANCING FOR TRANSPARENCY ALIA, THE DEMAND SPECIFIES, INTER MAY 2015),EXPLICITLY AGAINST CORRUPTION PLAN FOR THE FIGHT CORRUPTION 2015- FIGHT AGAINST STRATEGY FOR THE

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 5 20 Strategy points to the importance of dealing with possible influence on edito influence on possible with of dealing to the importance points Strategy 19 18 17 cantonsfrom and of (see the budget financed municipalities rectly Table 1). institutional support. and the necessary byefficient mechanisms backed implementing to be appear notyet tive does patterns. financing through corrupt ofmedia policies rial sectors. ithave media anynor does authority overnon-broadcasting i.e. radioandTV

Table 1 php?uid=1273787112 2015). 4October (accessed inradioandTV list The licensee concretisation similar ofthe financing. commitment inmedia toneed fighting corruption Perhaps andinstitutions. havepractices BiH profoundly sector shaken the media both 2011 from of illegitimate and 2015 a number revealing andtheir reports patterns, ing these amore active roleindecipher Serbia took The Council for the in Corruption Fight against revenue). about transparency wouldimprove butitremains howthey capital, unclear andinitial onownership ofdata cy transparen- (which could increase courts in publishingtheirconcerning media), findings more could proactive be ity that (which indeed wouldenable them toinspectorates doso), (however, andnoauthor associations capacity less have journalist these even actions: these Thereplan. are for otherresponsible asimplementing institutions/organisations identified CRA since publish these, the are data butcannot ers’ sources notconsideredpublic. ofrevenue, revenue. revenue. orsources of butnotonthe owners ofbroadcasters, tion onthe anddirector name,address reply byCRA Source: written Source: Communications Regulatory Agency ( Agency Source: Communications Regulatory and Herzegovina, Bosnia in publicbroadcasters oflocal Thereis high number 2.1 2 Note: PSB THE PECULIAR POSITION OF LOCAL PUBLIC MEDIA AND DISQUIETING LOCAL BROADCASTERS: BOTH NECESSARY DIRECT GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR OVERALL PRIVATE PUBLIC also stresses that were notconsulted inthe ofthe stresses process adoptionofthe they Action also TYPES OF BROADCASTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA CRA (three RTV (three emphasised that they are in a position to request information onbroadcast to request that are in a position they emphasised stations which have never been privatised andwhich are di privatised stations been which have never stations) inthe were table. notincluded , September 2015. ofCRA Theonline , September register TV STATIONS broadcasting is available at: http://rak.ba/bos/index. available is at: broadcasting 42 30 12 CRA ). 19

RADIO STATIONS 140 18 79 61 However, the initia

- informa provides

OVERALL 17 The will will 182 109 73 ------

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 6 20 2013. that TV the publiclocal million eurofor TV 56,856show from that ranges this funding eurofor TV on the policy level for around a decade. for around level adecade. on the policy considered been even havestatuspatterns not andthe media financing of these 21 20 andeducational news such as ofprogrammes, types certain to broadcast quired community, local related toother the programmes specific are re but they or any ofnews donot include production requirements The programme lets. market. advertising thus onthe competition illegitimate constituting possible ofadvertising, prices dumping ofthe alleged with combined compared to commercial broadcasters, when publicbroadcasters regardto with ofthe the local sy favourable position interference political to are minimise employed, while no mechanisms bythe Municipal Mayor/Cantonal proposal Minister. upon Prime ment, And govern bythe local adopted is publicmedia, to local provided cluding the part Inparticular, in ontheir revenues. the whodecide the budget, ones precisely are media ofthese underthe scrutiny should be that intheory bodies political channels communication. with for mass However, thatvided the worrying itis pro communities be will that local the these onlyguarantee consideredas is options formore commerciallimited income,ronment even state funding has 22 euro per year.euro per that sources 8million suggesting some to itamounts at substantial, least to be

Direct funding to media outlets from local budgets also raises controver raises also budgets local from outlets to media funding Direct Furthermore, out there media are ofthese concerns the about programme The data are provided courtesy of the online magazine Žurnal of the onlinemagazine courtesy data areThe provided 2015). 1October (accessed ni-na-javnom-servisu - http://www.media.ba/bs/magazin-medijska-politika-regulativa/majmu in the article: byEldin Hadžović mation. itinwere The only data recent provided years about available holding inforthis denied but they from the entitydata wereThe governments, required public comprehensive of2016. atdata data 2013 The thefor beginning included 10 outof12local dia reporting. reporting. dia avoid asituation conditional inwhich makeonfavourable the funding government can me- inorder to funding, includefunding mostly multi-year budget ofdirect practices The good etc. subsidies marketing andsponsorship, sector,fer to the media services, media such as re- part, in that, lines different tens within allocate ofthousands governments budgetary cal lo- publicmedia, the for from budget these funding million euro.Inadditionto this regular The data from2013data The TV 2014 and funding for local ongovernment believed is authorities bylocal media to these funding provided The overall 21 In small markets such as BiH such as Insmallmarkets TV stations, whilethe 2014, for from data 9TV received stations, 20 stations in the Sarajevo Canton. Incomplete stations inthe suggest Sarajevo data stations alone directly received more than 4.2millionin received stations alonedirectly , and especially since the local media envi media since the local , andespecially stations only, amount to 3.65 whichto plans publish more Visoko (in2014) to 1.95 stations 22 the ------ADVERTISING MARKET. COMPETITION ON THE POSSIBLE ILLEGITIMATE CONSTITUTING ADVERTISING, THUS THE PRICES OF ON THEIR REVENUES. THE ONES WHO DECIDE MEDIA ARE PRECISELY SCRUTINY OF THESE SHOULD BE UNDER THE THAT IN THEORY THE POLITICAL BODIES IT IS WORRYING THAT

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 7 20 not to engage in critical reporting. not to incritical engage and Fena agencies the news financed through entity budgets: regularly agencies unclear whether and how these media perform a public service role. Theprob apublicservice perform media whetherandhowthese unclear 24 23 to around 869,196ed over a million euro for euro, and something the inaway.” submissive, to be that youhave apubliccompanygiven onthe itis cantonal budget, depending public of a local employees oneofthe As ofself-censorship andconformism bytheon the employees. level operate only even and can remains unspoken, interference policies in editorial to othercanton. institutions by pared financed thesame Butmore commonly, whencom ofthe cuts, to scale pointing representatives the disproportionate acontinuation as ofsuch seen pressure, the with tradeunion also was cuts, andbudget deadlock under thegeneralfinancial ers in2014,justified officially their salaries, denied wouldbe employees threatening phonecalls that having received the reports their tradeunionalso butthe president of appointments, exerted through managerial having been as mentioned was policy Influenceeditorial on the government crisis. local inthe middleofa experienced the with pressure they inconnection tioned nity. commu to conform tointerests inthe thenot seem local dominant political do whenthey andmedia onjournalists pressures sources report Some ties. mouthpieces par ofthea common that governing are as belief operating they to led has governments onlocal media of these dependence lematic financial content. 26 25

Similar concerns about political dependence pertain to two public news to twopublicnews pertain dependence concerns political Similar about 2.2 on public television and radio stations, Article 3). Article andradiostations, on publictelevision to children’s4 percent (for dedicated radiostations) should be (Rule programming 57/2011 In addition,aminimum (for publicTV of6percent ofprogrammes categories. inBiH persons anddisplaced concerning to refugees issues cated outofwhich 10- percent dedi should be programmes, informative andeducational to news, minimum only-such of40 as dedicated percent being ofthe programme aspects totain few per as well, but they publicmedia apply to local The general for publicmedia requirements been withheld. been 2014. research, Theinformant’s identity Observatory has bythe ofMedia Reply respondent 2015). 4October (accessed ticki-pritisak-na-uposlenike gorazde/novosti/item/916-sindikat-rtv-bpk-tvrdi-aktuelna-vlast-vrsi-ekonomski-i-poli- http://www.gorazdeonline.ba/v1/index.php/ for example, at: published theSee, article 2015). October 4 (accessed mociju-a-novinare-ne-placaju/140131025 cle at: http://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/kantonalni-vlastodrsci-zele-televizije-za-vlastitu-pro arti the example, for See, 2013.theend of at months several for paid were not employees The REGULAR FINANCING OF PUBLIC NEWS AGENCIES Srna RTV 23 , financed by the Bosnian-Podrinje Canton, has been men been Canton, has Bosnian-Podrinje by , financed the Goražde . In2014 and2015 to the government Srna funding Overall, without monitoring of the content of these media, itremains ofthe monitoring without content media, Overall, ofthese 26 TV

station said, “One thefeel atmosphere can that, 25 The reduced financing of these broadcast of financing these The reduced 24 orpressure the from management , minorities and vulnerable andvulnerable , minorities agency amount agency stations), or Fena ------

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 8 20 projects received funding. received projects whilein2011, specific the ofemployees, number such as criteria, on economic agency have severely damaged the professionalism of this news agency. the professionalism ofthis news have damaged severely agency that influences in the of themanagersof appointments political the Srna indicate reports Some not practiced. is structures political current governing Borić confirms that appointments are politicised, but he believes thatpo believes the buthe confirms thatpoliticised, are appointments Borić influences over the the about political asked even published before the deadline for the before the expired. deadline submissions published even sometimes onallocations, andquestionable decisions lackoftransparency ria, 28 27 year. every selected Srpska, inRepublika media moreto thanseveral 9millioneurowere provided period Namely, threat. and an open tale a cautionary in this as mentioned must be 2009–2012 inthe period Srpska ofRepublika bythe Government provided the within subsidies but the blatant for disregard institutions, transparency at advancements the agency.technological Finance, inthe invested better wouldhave that stressing revenues been these of to the directly Federal are funnelled Ministry ofthe agency revenues cial that indicated the also commer are inplace. Borić independence of editorial integrity.istic journal its nothindered has of agency influencefunctioning this litical in the years, several the past (i.e.1.348 millioneuroin2013), arelatively with agency stable amount over 31 30 29

Currently, bygovernment outlets for media subsidies there are nospecific 2.3 theWhatever extent remains of the that the damage, fact no guarantees November 2015). 9November 2014.php (accessed hvlada.gov.ba/bosanski/budzet/ See the open letter from the employees ofSrna letter the the from employees open See 2015. inaphoneconversation indicated As the with Fena’s director, on13 October Faruk Borić, Funding 11, Media Brief 2014. Policy , Media ofPrivate in thewell as as bythe systems, state 14 institution present media inatprivate is European media least in andother arecountries. Funding of European used economiccommonly criteria The 2015). September 21 (accessed default/files/bosnia%20and%20herzegovina.pdf http://mediaobservatory.net/sites/ Center available for at: Investigative article Journalism, www.rtvbn.com/15997/srna-u-haosu 2015). 18 (accessed October Journalism ( Journalism by theCenter for from 2010, asreported Investigative toallocations This refers specifically for the Srna provided mostly was tothe 2009, funding Prior je-u-rs-u/ (accessed 17 2015). (accessed October je-u-rs-u/ However, the allocation procedures had been criticised for crite unclear However, criticised hadbeen procedures the allocation DESPITE SERIOUS CONTROVERSY DIRECT MEDIA SUBSIDIES CONTINUED UNTIL 2013, data: the ofFederationSource for budget the 2013 data: ofBiH C USA IN - https://www.cin.ba/vladini-milioni-za-privatne-medi available at: ), article , Canada, New Zealand and Australia. See more in Schweizer et al, more et in Schweizer See and Australia. Zealand New , Canada, 27 as an indicator on that as pressure depending financial 30 29 In the first years, the funding was nominally based based nominally was funding the Inthe firstyears, , reported in the article published at: http:// at: published inthe article , reported Fena agency, Faruk the director - http://www.fbi , available at: press agency only. agency press Source: 31 Some sources Some 28 When Public - - - -

2010, STRESSING 9 MILLION EURO WERE THAN 2009–2012 MORE CLARITY OF CRITERIA. TRANSPARENCY AND INSUFFICIENT AUDIT REPORT IN SRPSKA ISSUED AN OF REPUBLIKA MAIN AUDIT SERVICE EVEN AFTER THE PRACTICES CONTINUED THE FACT THAT THE DISQUIETING IS SRPSKA. ESPECIALLY MEDIA IN REPUBLIKA PROVIDED TO SEVERAL IN THE PERIOD

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 9 20 remain an open threat theremain across country. anopen practices similar regulations, the butwith lack ofadvanced subsidies, similar 33 32 It that estimated is in2014 alone, services. i.e.IPTV communication platforms, continuously to since other due to mostly ofphoneusers migration falling 2009, been has Theamount collected phonebills. oflandline apart as com operators, aTV with household every paidby Alicence be fee ofeuroaround 3.8 inefficient. must creasingly that given in the is current licence regime short, fee ever, devastatingly falls how andcommercial income. ofindependence, Such a guarantee licence fees, of through –mostly sources ofrevenue through collection independent sured more is likelyscarce, andany to misuse gounnoticed. byaudit especially while monitoring is officeslevels at theloweradministrative complicated, overall,the gathering ofinformationministrative units becomes With norproactively published. monitored norregularly centralised, 155 ad are data neither butallthese for marketing etc., issues, onparticular ernment, gov onlocal as reporting –such purposes for specific for media sional funding ofthe funds. allocation pendent inde for the andpolitically legitimate guarantees done to ensure procedural whilenothing was cuts, ofbudgetary because since supposedly 2013, this was of by the Government abandoned have subsidies been Although the media bythe institutions. monitoring the evidenced malpractices to even tackle criteria. of andclarity in2010, insufficientaudit stressing transparency report an issued Srpska ofRepublika the MainAudit after continuedes even Service Srpska. inRepublika media to maintain control thatsuggest were used the overthe subsidies of majority broadcaster broadcaster

As noted earlier, noted As occa provide also andcantonal municipal governments These developments demonstrated lack the ofinstitutional mechanisms developments These dures and some mechanisms for independent decision-making. decision-making. for independent mechanisms andsome dures of the - proce include specification itdoes organisations, butonlyto non-profit to the media the from RS nanced fi- andProjects ofGrants for Managing aMethodology Srpska, ofRepublika On the level nia%20and%20herzegovina.pdf (accessed 21 September 2015). 21 September (accessed nia%20and%20herzegovina.pdf 2014, p.141.in Hodžić, Available http://mediaobservatory.net/sites/default/files/bos at: for example, IREX See, Financial independence of public service broadcasters, including the state broadcasters, Financial ofpublicservice independence 3 FUNDING OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTERS INFLUENCE OF POLITICAL STRUCTURES ON BHRT and entity broadcasters and entity broadcasters Budget was adopted in December 2014, and while it does not pertain notpertain 2014, and while itdoes inDecember adopted was Budget and/orradioreceiver, bytele currently anditis collected I MS reports, and statements by Željko Reljić and Suzana Mijatović Reljić andstatements and Suzana byŽeljko reports, 32 Especially disquieting is the fact that the is fact the practic disquieting Especially 33 Federal institutions have provided notyet RTRS and is nominally as is RTVFBiH RS ------

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 10 20 35 34 will. ofpolitical onconstant evasion depended far so thehas solution ment, for RTRS needed since the estimate control, of the amount for political especially al mechanism RTRS to 2013, prior subsidies whilein2015, for example, 153,387 to allocated euro was RTRS is merely but it considered a change, sinceformal functioning, ficient for its other sources are insuf proven to be incase envisaged was state funding rect 2015. December after for the period agreed been yet has model no collection but collection, for solution fee to abetter provide eliteshave failed the political not only in practice. Overall, not function does Systems, on Public Service Law BHRT percent – taxes 50 The share of to the established. collected never was ations, oper rationalising its inpart andpossibly process, the digitalisation managing that coordinating shouldmon Corporation the be work broadcasters, ofthree el for PSB ofPSB the functioning that bedevil culties already within aconstituent as people ofCroats, argument thaton the populist the needs paybased to refusal the advocating fee, havebeen parties political Croat Thus, 46.5 percent. lowas as could be phoneservices) IPTV using include households thatthe which rate invoiced means amount, the collection (that actual would over73.9 percent rate apercentage (in2012), somewhat butthis of is is lection lost. around 1.5millioneurowas 37 36 but since the directors of the electric companies are bythebut since appointed govern ofthe the electric directors RTV ofcollecting possibility RTV have been questioned, but even more so the financial andadministrative morethe diffi so financial buteven questioned, have been demands for these The reasons established. should be in the Croatian language

With the to changes onRTRS the Law Overall, there is a lack of political interest there inimproving the mod alackofpolitical financing is Overall, elites. political by the obstructed significantly is collection In addition,fee ta-od-svibnja-skupljanje-novca-uz-racun-za-struju/108504 (accessed 23 October 2015). 23 (accessed October ta-od-svibnja-skupljanje-novca-uz-racun-za-struju/108504 - for example, http://www.bljesak.info/rubrika/vijesti/clanak/tvpretpla theSee, article: Reply bytheReply PR continue will phonebills with the until collection munication the endof2015. companies, PSB between onanagreement role expired inmid-2015. Based with telecommunicationthis performing agreement companies that havebeen The previous no-i-objektivno-novinarstvo-u-rs (accessed 2 October 2015). 2October (accessed no-i-objektivno-novinarstvo-u-rs - http://www.6yka.com/novost/44968/jos-jedan-udar-na-slobod more at: inthe article See fee collection is found, this new possibility could be used as anaddition as used could be possibility found, is this new collection fee from the budgetary reserves. the from budgetary from the RS support financial receiving was and25percent bythe –,although stipulated to entity each broadcaster BiH , but also in rationalising its organisation and functioning. The com organisation inrationalising andfunctioning. its , butalso , are marginalised inthe existing PSB , are marginalised office of the Government ofRS office of the functioning is left to the discretion ofthe to government. the discretion left is functioning fees through electric bills was mentioned earlier, mentioned was bills through electric fees 34 The last available data suggest datathat suggest last available The the col 36 It that for feared solution ifnoadequate is , adopted in 2013, a possibility for in2013, di , adopted apossibility , General Secretariat, 16 September 2015. 16 September Secretariat, , General , andthat thus additionalPSB . Government inthe of form Government management and the telecom - 37 The 35 ------

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 11 20 41 40 39 38 1). Chart (see HTMostar from accrued tising in2010, published Slobodna adramatic suffered drop Bosna inadver reports the and HTMostar onexcessive between contracts advertising reported magazine Slobodna. The Bosna by the magazine in the plified context reported ofastory was The later exem misuse. financial to particular open being whilealso goals, political for particular instrumental to be companies are ofthese believed es misuse of power and bribery involving 3.8million euro. andbribery ofpower misuse Office ofBiH by the wereProsecutors finally confirmed agency, Kulenović, ofthe advertising thetogether with SV-RSA director Neven Bakula, the chargesStip the Prlić against managersofHTMostar andZoran inthe Federation parties ofBiH major political with through appointmentcontrol, primarily affiliated ofmanagersclosely assured political be understrong are to considered They the major national advertisers. entity ministries. contracted byparticular campaigns to advertising occasions some power, in parties political which andon are controlledpublic companies, byspecific

Chart 1 Chart sonal bank accounts from a company based inGibraltar. accounts bank acompanysonal from based under the name Gibraltar,known is intoper funnelled case The was given that the money illustration of the general patterns. illustration ofthe generalpatterns. here for areused but they research, Observatory of Media years datafrom areThe previous 2014, pp.145–147. more inHodžić, See the major owner). government being Serbian held is byTelecom the ofownership instead majority government; the local the (with Serbia the major telecommunicationBy contrast, company inRS The judicial process concerning the case began in 2014, in began andon May 2015 process case concerning theThe judicial Source: MI The public telecommunication BH companies The major controversies are by concerning suchrelatedcampaigns advertising to 4 PUBLIC INTEREST AND LACK OF TRANSPARENCY ADVERTISING BY THE PUBLIC SECTOR: VAGUE 30.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 advertising agency, as a means of money laundering. After the first After laundering. agency, ofmoney ameans advertising SV-RSA as EURO 5.000 0 SLOBODNA BOSNA (FRC) ( 25.718 B , ADIndex. 2009 17.333 40 27.405 2010 2.556 BH TELECOM, 31.956 2011 HT MOSTAR) 39

0 Telecom are andHTMostar , Telecom by notowned is Srpske, . 38 27.559 The advertising practic Theadvertising 41 , onaccount ofalleged 2012

0 32.620 2013 3.988 - - - - MINISTRIES. PARTICULAR ENTITY CONTRACTED BY CAMPAIGNS TO ADVERTISING ON SOME OCCASIONS PARTIES IN POWER, AND SPECIFIC POLITICAL ARE CONTROLLED BY COMPANIES, WHICH CAMPAIGNS BY PUBLIC ARE RELATED TO MAJOR CONTROVERSIES

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 12 20 advertising contracts in2011 contracts to onlyaroundadvertising 3.4percent ofthe amount provid been rare andsmall,thus have publicattention.been attracted less public companies is overpowering, with any with information onthe al amounts overpowering, public companies is from these in data onadvertising the lack The oftransparency doors. closed any that andso misconduct mightstays behind happen ofthe media, by most be afforded cannot withgiven majorto advertisers that find, disputes similar examples are hard butnewer practices, the of advertising instrumentalisation 45 44 43 42 party.litical po to aparticular loyal agencies andadvertising to media ofmoney allocation and for disregard procurement procedures options, political tion of particular involving promo misuse for alleged criticised have similarly been ty ministries, secret. abusiness as treated being etc. ofmedia selection to media, located in2009. ed the towards onantagonism andengagement based party apolitical started avaz byBH avaz to Dnevni allocated involving the money dramatic drop bythe inadvertising illustrated case be can electoral campaigns of affiliated political parties. political ofaffiliated campaigns electoral the towards channelled infact is campaigns public companies for advertising bythese invested convinced ofthe sources that are money also Some apart

received any reply.received have far but so not Ltd,Measurement which currently is of advertising, doing monitoring 2015).(14 We September for any asked information relations onthese also Audience from agency that the are with mostly Universal currently advertising they cooperating Media HTMostar, from replycame Asimilar the information whoonlyprovided secrets. business BH Management and ForestryofFBiH Water- of Agriculture, in2012 implementedOne of the bythe major campaigns Ministry 2015). 18 (accessed October izbore-2014-.pdf ti-bih.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Finansiranaje-politickih-partija-pred-Opste- http:// more See at: campaigns. and election parties political the of tices behind financing onaccount andshady prac strengthened ofthe are lackoftransparency picions further agency, 2013; Lučkin,ofthe Conference,Samra Boram Director sus OSCE these September From 118,959 to euro in2009 4,028 euro in2011. inadmissible emphasis on the alleged accomplishments of the ruling party SNSD accomplishments onthe party alleged emphasis oftheinadmissible ruling to have an perceived placed “Proud of Srpska“ which the was that, before promotional video FBiH ofEnergy, of by the publiccompany andthe Ministry Mining andIndustry Elektroprivreda “It campaign notlate is forlife“, that abetter given aprevious case, an isolated implemented not was This agriculture.. ofapromotion instead ofdomestic party motion ofthe political ofthe Minister, party to the political friendly agencies advertising apro- andinsumfor being and to media offunds allocation for disregard procurement procedures, for its criticised The changes in the advertising practices due to particular political interests political due particular practices to in The the advertising changes Occasional advertising campaigns by public institutions, i.e. particular enti i.e.particular bypublic institutions, campaigns advertising Occasional SDA Telecom 2015, on19 replied are stating that September inthe issues domain of allthese in 2010 was also considered to have been misused for promotion of a political party, for promotion ofapolitical or misused considered to have also in2010 been was party (affiliated with BH (affiliated party 42 45 These are only These considered examples ofgeneraltrends related to However, in2014 and2015 bypublicinstitutions have campaigns Telecom. Namely, ofDnevni whenthe director telecom), BH , worth approximately, worth heavily 3.37 millioneuro,was Telecom of the value dropped 44

. 43 ------

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 13 20 that these inspections were tendentious the andthat munici followed that they inspections these 101 ofthe failure TV alleged regarding of the 2015,cantonal market the inspector January decision upon inMay 2014, to eight and finallyin inspections subjected was Most Sanski cases also involved allegations that inspection controls had been motivated by motivated controls that hadbeen allegations involved inspection also cases 46 this broadcaster. with agreement cooperation previous nated its 2014. inFebruary protests For citizen the termi municipality mass this reason, government’spal accusation that TV after The raid happened ly jeopardised. severe inwhich the anonymity ofinformation sources was freedom of media infringement andanunjustified motivated politically as seen of 2014, this was outletklix.ba burstintopolice ofthe the onlinemedia premises When the interests. and business political for particular ally instrumentalised occasion to be controls and inspectorate are searches believed police nancing, governments. thewith local onaffiliation ofmanagers oftime,based debt for longerperiods to carry lowed are al the publicones, primarily andthatthe media, state some notequal, is that the oftheir interms treatment obligations towards nity believe ofmedia 49 48 47 majority. ofParliamentMembers aparliamentary inorder to achieve two bribing about talking Srpska recording Minister of the of Republika Prime pressuring the media and related actors. Some members of the media commu ofthe media members Some andrelated actors. the media pressuring Srpska. ofRepublika territory asmalleramount onthe ofaround 28,946allocated outlets euroto ten media ForestryandWater-Management ofAgriculture, Ministry Srpska inRepublika

were closed down. The director of this private of private this The director down. were closed Source: Reply by the Government ofRS bytheSource: Reply Government stance towards RS stance towards that given BN motivated, politically as sidered Similarly, the raidonthe police buildingofBN BiH media electronic ofprivate ofthe Association president Board ofthe Managerial Herić, byReuf stated As Another possible example of these practices occurred when example occurred practices Another of these possible Intensified inspectorate controls are considered an established pattern controlsIntensified inspectorate established arefor an considered 5 onlythe nosuch campaigns, While the Federal reported Government October 2015). October 18 (accessed sanski-most-zapecacena-ntv-1-priveden-protestant-gradonacelnik-na-odmoru http://zurnal.ba/novost/18664/ and pekcija-u-televiziji-osumnjicenoj-za-februarske-proteste http://zurnal.ba/novost/18649/gradani-sprijecili-zatvaranje-ntv-101-osam-ins at: more See MEDIA AND RELATED ACTORS INSPECTIONS AS A MEAN OF DISCIPLINING Government. –PEM stationsystem, tothe offices ofTV implement afiscal , written reply,, written 2015. 30 September 47 46 As in the abovementioned aspects of media fi ofmedia aspects inthe abovementioned As

, 16 September 2015., 16 September 101 klix.ba had been one of the organisers ofthe oneofthe organisers hadbeen television in 2010 was by some sources con bysome - in2010 was television television nurtures a he somewhat critical critical nurtures ahesomewhat television published a leaked audio a with a leaked published TV station, however, claimed at the very end at the very 49 TV Some older Some 101 48

from from ------

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 14 20 51 50 A recent initiative policies. aloneimproved throughinvestigated, let specific being are noteven issues andthese level, at the policy remains neglected media goals. andpolitical business ofparticular service ofPSB sustainability cial the finan hindering contracts, andadvertising through grants media ing loyal The fromcontroversial accusations range of practices reward secret. business a that hard as treated to given mostly this is obtain, especially companies is ofpublictelecommunicationsture. practices Information the about advertising the with complexity ofinformation corresponds parity ofadministrative struc andthe notproactive dis since is hard is publishingofthese to access, media funding of Theinformation on limited. highly and government is media tween ment performance, ormore accountability for govern in morecontent diverse andperspectives, that inother sources suggest countries results publicfunding secondary some While offunds. onthe allocation deciding directly bodies political with media, for ofgovernment funding inthe schemes are notprovided independence cal ofpoliti Minimum guarantees mechanisms. remedial anddeveloped parency trans criteria, alackofclear mains under-articulated with andunmonitored interests. andbusiness the actorswithin rangeofdominantlated political market andrelated the industries. interests within media business particular under media scrutiny.under media that should bythe are be politicians madedirectly decisions where the funding public interest in the financial relations between government and the media. government and public interestthe media. inthebetween relations financial These examples outline a possible pattern andpossible common media examples re outlineThese of a confining

The set of issues concerning financial relations between the state the between and the issues concerning financial relations of set The pendence.pdf (accessed 24 August 2015). 24 (accessed pendence.pdf - http://www.freepress.net/sites/default/files/stn-legacy/public-media-and-political-inde of Journalism Around from theWorld York, New University, 2011. Free Available Press, at: and Powers, Benson See ing the company. profit”.tainly However,issue any didnot concern- unfavourable the inspectorates decisions which from “someone at market, creating on uncertainty theaimed advertising should cer ofthe overallpressure of2012 were part at the beginning which this company subjected was controls herconviction to that inspection three reported ofMarecoIndexdirector Bosnia the partnership, notably,Most Observatory bythe research Media inthe course ofprevious Transparency ofinformation the about patternsbe relations offinancial The public interest that these financial patterns should in theory serve re serve The publicinterest patternsthat financial shouldin theory these any notionof to overpower interests seem andbusiness political Particular 6 CONCLUSIONS 51 this can hardly be the case in Bosnia and Herzegovina, andHerzegovina, inBosnia the case hardly be this can , and disciplining media through inspections, allinthe through inspections, media , anddisciplining Public Media for the Future and Political Lessons Independence: 50 ------

AND THE MEDIA. BETWEEN GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL RELATIONS INTEREST IN THE NOTION OF PUBLIC TO OVERPOWER ANY INTERESTS SEEM AND BUSINESS PARTICULAR POLITICAL

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 15 20 only solvent firms are those close to the political structures.”political to arethe close only solvent firms those environment “the media said, in the contemporary Sarajevo from Journalism ofCenter director for Investigative Bičakčić, Leila As drive. the journalistic to ade-antagonisation of leads Such dependence onstatependent financing. andimplementing mechanisms. support much chance the without necessary nothave relations ofthese does forinvolving demands greater transparency 53 52 3. 2. 1. government: and the media between relations offinancial major aspects several advance restore publicinterest the state inthe andthe relations media. between in order to efficiently professionals, actorsandmedia society civil institutions, reforms inpractice, andchanges whichinvolvement demands bystate policy

The trends are worrying, since the media are becoming increasingly de increasingly becoming are since the media The trends are worrying, requirement for their members. AP requirement for their members. by administered such ofbroadcasters information register inthe centralised inorder to changed publish be can Agency Communication Regulatory Such a requirement was recently introduced in Serbia, but it is still not fully implemented. stillnotfully butitis recently Such inSerbia, arequirement introduced was Written reply, 2015. September (grants and advertising) and every government institution. andevery andadvertising) (grants offunding type requirement for every lic interest anobligatory should be of pub The inclusion of criteria of public interest. the around the criteria be developed categorically should funding for media The government changes. cating these government institutions. ing from com of funding should publish information outlets onany type Media etc. practices, ofadvertising transparency toPublic Companies increase to changes on thethe Law through internal possible statutes ofinstitutions, of part arequired as Transparency introduced be also es. can requirements Corruption. andAction Plan Strategy for adopted the Fighttation ofthe newly against inthe context advocated be which can ofimplemen andadvertising, sidies sub funding, proactively publishsuch budget information, including regular to be institutions Allgovernmental required should financing. to media ed proactively institutions publishinginformation should relat be Government to developed should be Policies for concerning media government funding and comprehensive onlybydecisive be reversed can trendsgloomy These 7 RECOMMENDATIONS CRA . Furthermore, the association of media outlets can introduce can this outlets ofmedia . Furthermore, the association AP can have an important role in advocating these chang these have role inadvocating IK can animportant can play an important role play inadvo IK can animportant 53 The rules and practices of andpractices the rules The 52

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STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 16 20 4. 9. 8. 11. 10. 7. 6. 5. as well as publicinstitutionsAP well such as as State andentity assured. governments, should be schemes funding in these ofwhat “public onallstate makes Common understanding levels interest” editorial independence, as well as to well ensure as the as publicinterest independence, me role of these editorial of way to the guarantee provide missing the best andidentify publicmedia local should jointly reconsiderthe status of andassociation representatives media as Agency,as well the Communications ofCompetition, The Council Regulatory trainingorganisations. ormedia for professional associations be done through support can This skills. andbusiness ofjournalism terms professionalsin ofmedia education for trainingandpermanent support towards directed should be to ofthe the government media Part funding form the basis for such funds. for such funds. theform basis rationalisation of the system should be enacted. rationalisation enacted. should ofthe be system andfinally the guaranteed, be feean efficient should share of the collected deterioration ofPSB financial considered. Inaddition,to further prevent be for ofRTV the collection should urgently solution findanefficient broadcasters, publicservice three of boards the The state in with Parliament, consultation the managerial organisations andthe media. society bycivil butalso tional framework, within the institu and published be monitored information This should es. theabout implementation recommendations audit from offic ofthe crucial for example, andpublishingofinformation monitoring include meticulous could, Such amechanism developed. be dit recommendations should also for implementation butinstitutional mechanisms strengthened, ofthe au of capacity The audit offices tomonitorfinancial be these relations should actors. business elites andaffiliated political for particular support rial made conditional on edito being from which funding would prevent funding, multi-year could be independence ofeditorial Onesuch guarantee outlets. dia the from telecommunication ed of licence,the collected or part at of the the Part income state provided collect should level. be evance ofcontent for the production publicfunding Independent publicrel with process. ulator the could decision lead alternatively, explored should andadvocated; be actors, reg amedia social body, anindependent of introducing acommittee rangeof including awide possibility The instrumentalisation. inorder to political prevent for media, ongovernment funding make should decisions notdirectly Political bodies into andtaken monitored should account be infuture government funding. projects of the any Inaddition,the results funded ofmedia. ofthe type less regard ofpublicinterest, thecriteria andwithin above under apubliccall, basis, madeonacompetitive should be ofgovernment subsidies Allocation community. inthe specific onpriorities depending public interest, ofthe aspects should rangeofparticular allowfor butalso awide funding, of inorderthis to limitmisuse tant role. Publicinterest specified should be fees. Collection through electric bills should again should bills again through electric Collection fees. IK andCRA can each play each animpor can VAT could ------,

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 17 20 contribute by engaging, suggesting solutions andchampioning solutions suggesting change. contribute byengaging, substantially community can actors andthe itself media society Civil corruption. in the context andActionfor plan Strategy the fight adopted against ofthe newly AP Agency. Information andfinally Committee), the Communication Regulatory and the Education, Science (inparticular Srpska ofRepublika National Assembly ofFBiH Assembly Parliamentary ofBiH Assembly onthe the entity Parliamentary alent level, ministries Center for social research Analitika, Analitika, research Center for social M.,Public Media andPowers, R. Benson, Hallin, D. C. and Papathanassopoulos, S., S., Hallin, D. andPapathanassopoulos, C. Hallin, D. P., andMancini, C. Comparing needed changes are the Ministry ofCommunication andTraffic are changes the Ministry needed BiH ofthe institutions Some that inthe of introduction should part take needed. could be a key agent in campaigning for the necessary changes, especially especially changes, for the agent necessary incampaigning akey IK could be For the introduction of these changes, a comprehensive policy dialogue is is dialogue For acomprehensive changes, policy the ofthese introduction Rezultati istraživanja: Dostupnost infor Dostupnost istraživanja: Rezultati 2015.28 August . Accessed litical-independence.pdf - files/stn-legacy/public-media-and-po http://www.freepress.net/sites/default/ York, New Press, 2011. Available at: the World York, New University, Free the Future ofJournalism Around from for and Political Lessons Independence: 18 03-2014 macija-factsheet fault/files/publikacije/dostupnost_infor - http://www.analitika.ba/sites/de at: ], Fakti,Herzegovina June 2014. Available and ofpublic ofBosnia tions bodies - web-presenta mation ontheofficial Availability results: [Research ofinfor iHercegovine Bosne ma javnih organa macija naslužbenim- web-prezentacija pp. 175–195. (2),2002, , 24 Culture &Society in Comparative Media, Perspective”, America Europe andLatin Southern “Political Clientelism andthe Media: 2004. Cambridge, Press, University and, Cambridge Politics Three Media of Systems: Models Media BIBLIOGRAPHY October 2015 October . Accessed . Accessed .pdf (in particular the Information the Committee), (inparticular - - - Institutional Corruptions, Edmond Institutional Corruptions, L., Lessig, andHerzegovina”, “Bosnia S., Hodžić, in Ruth, E., MediaRuth, Subsidies E., , AnART P.,Murschetz, for “State the Daily Support M.,“Financing ofMedia Milosavljević, 20 August 2015. Accessed lications/media-subidies.pdf. www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/pub- Paper, 1999. London Available https:// at: org/10 2013. Available http://dx.doi. at: University,No. 1,Harward Cambridge, Working Lab Research J. Safra papers, 2015.. Accessed 21 September na.pdf 20 fault/files/bosnia% - http://mediaobservatory.net/sites/de 2014.Institute, Ljubljana, Available at: Journalism ValuesPublic Service in Media and Reclaiming Matters: Media Integrity 13 (3), September 1998,13 (3), pp.291–313. September European Journal ofCommunication , Appraisal”, inEurope:Press ACritical AugustAccessed 20 2015. financing-media-south-east-europe. http://mediaobservatory.net/radar/ at: 2014. Available 2December Observatory, Europe,”in South-East SEE 2015. 24 October .2139 , ed. B.Petković, Peace, ed. 2233582 /ssrn. and%20 . Accessed Media Media - herzegovi 19 19 ICLE , equiv , the , the -

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 18 20 Hadžović, E., “Majmuni najavnom RTV E., Hadžović, al,PublicFunding et C. Schweizer ofPrivate “Odstupanje od slobodnog pristupa infor pristupa slobodnog “Odstupanje od iob- naslobodno udar jedan M.,“Još Isović, - Stanković-Luković, M.,“Građani spriječi “SRNA [ uhaosu” Accessed 29 August 2015. 11 MP uments/ http://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/doc 2014. London Science, Available at: andPolitical ofEconomics School Media 2 October 2015. 2 October i-objektivno-novinarstvo-u-rs 44968ost/ Available http://www. at: 6yka.com/nov 2014. 7October Srpska], in Republika journalism andobjective blow to free uRS novinarstvo jektivno 2015. 1 October . Accessed jmuni-na-javnom-servisu - in-medijska-politika-regulativa/ma - http://www.media.ba/bs/magaz 3July 2013. AvailableService], at: onPublicBroadcasting [Monkeys visu” Accessed 17 2015. October 15997 www.rtvbn.com/ August 2013.sion, 24 Available http:// at: ofSRNA andeditors nalists 2015.jama/. Accessed 16 October - panje-od-slobodnog-pristupa-informaci Available- https://www.cin.ba/odstu at: Journalism to forInvestigative information], Center access free from macijama” [Departing proteste” [Citizen stopped closing down down closing proteste” stopped [Citizen feburarske osumnjičenoj za u televiziji 101: inspekcija osam NTV li zatvaranje byjour Letter signed onthe Open based JOURNALISTIC ARTICLES . -Public-Funding-Private-Media.pdf , Media Policy Brief 11, Brief London Policy , Media /jos-jedan-udar-na-slobodno- ), 28 September 2015. September (CIN),28 P/LSE SRNA anarticle inchaos], -MP P-Policy-Brief- . /srna-u-haosu ” [Another , BN . Accessed televi ser ------Transparency and International Bosnia “Vladini milioni za private medije uRS medije private milioni za “Vladini NTV Stanković-Luković, M.,“Zapečaćena “TV Pretplata: od svibnja skupljanje novca uz skupljanje uz novca svibnja od Pretplata: Accessed 18 October 2015.Accessed 18 October 2014 partija-pred-Opste-izbore- 2014 loads/ http://ti-bih.org/wp-content/upat: - eral 2014 elections ], April 2014. Available approaching thegen- of political parties 2014 izbore [Financing Opšte pred partija FinansiranjeHerzegovina, političkih 18 October 2015.18 October donacelnik-na-odmoru. Accessed - cacena-ntv-1-priveden-protestant-gra 18664nal.ba/novost/ /sanski-most-zape- 16 2015. January Available http://zur at: intotaken custody, major onvacation], aprotestor 101 sealed, [NTV na odmoru” gradonačelnik 101, protestant, priveden 18 October 2015. cenoj-za-februarske-proteste. Accessed - spekcija-u-televiziji-osumnji 101 jecili-zatvaranje-ntv- 18649 zurnal.ba/novost/ 16 January 2015. Available http:// at: for the protests], February sion suspect - intelevi 101: eight inspections of NTV 23 October 2015.23 October 108504 ca-uz-racun-za-struju/ tvpretplata-od-svibnja-skupljanje-nov www.bljesak.info/rubrika/vijesti/clanak/ info 2015., 9February Available http:// at: May], billfrom Bljesak electricity with račun za struju” [ struju” za račun Accessed 17 2015. October . ini-milioni-za-privatne-medije-u-rs-u/ Available- https://www.cin.ba/vlad at: Journalism inRS media millionsfor private u” [Government /05/Finansiranaje-politickih- ), 22 February 2012. (CIN),22February Center forInvestigative ], Center TV fee: fee collection collection fee fee: - /gradani-spri - -osam-in . Accessed . -.pdf - - -

STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND MEDIA INTEGRITY MATTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DISCIPLINED MEDIA 19 20 Faruk Borić, director,Faruk Borić, Fena agency, news HT Mostar. of ofthe Government Secretariat General Agency. Communication Regulatory BH Audit Office of theFederation ofBiH and for ofCorruption Prevention Agency SANELA HODŽIĆ Telekom. 13 October 2015.13 October Srpska. the Republika (AP Corruption Coordination ofthe Fight against Coordinator at the Foundation Sarajevo. Mediacentar andBAinPsychology,University ofSarajevo, aResearch currently as andis employed TELEPHONE INTERVIEW WRITTENCORRESPONDENCE (SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2015) AUTHOR holds aMA holds IK). in Gender Studies from the Center of Interdisciplinary Studies, Studies, Studies the from Center inGender ofInterdisciplinary . Senad Zaimović, director, Zaimović, Senad advertising of Board Managerial president, Herić, Reuf Žurnal. onlinemagazine Stanković, Mirna ofFinances, Federation ofBiH Ministry Center for Investigative Bičakčić, Leila Association of Media Industry, UM ofMedia Association ofthe andamember Fabrika, agency BiH media electronic ofprivate Association Journalism. –PEM . I . .

AUTHOR Sanela Hodžić EDITOR Brankica Petković STATE-MEDIA FINANCIAL RELATIONS ASSISTANT EDITOR Saša Panić REVIEWER Sandra This report has been produced with the financial assistance IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA B. Hrvatin PUBLISHER Peace Institute, Institute for of the European Union. The contents of the report are the The report has been produced Contemporary Social and Political Studies, Metelkova 6, sole responsibility of the Peace Institute and the author, and within the project South East INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT AND SI–1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, . DESIGN DAK, Ljubljana, November 2015 position of the European Union. http//www.mediaobservatory.net.