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Domestication and Nutrient Management of Monarda Citriodora

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Domestication and Nutrient Management of Monarda Citriodora International Journal of Chemical Studies 2018; 6(2): 1259-1263 P-ISSN: 2349–8528 E-ISSN: 2321–4902 IJCS 2018; 6(2): 1259-1263 Domestication and nutrient management of © 2018 IJCS Received: 20-01-2018 Monarda citriodora Cer.ex Lag. in Sub Tropical Accepted: 24-02-2018 region of Jammu (India) Brijendra Koli Division of Genetic Resources & Agrotechnology, Indian Institute Brijendra Koli, Rajendra Gochar, SR Meena, Suresh Chandra and Kushal of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Bindu Jammu and Kashmir, India Rajendra Gochar Abstract Division of Genetic Resources & Monarda citriodora Cer. ex Lag. grows wild in the rocky upland prairies and pastures of the south Agrotechnology, Indian Institute eastern tall grass Missouri and ranges from Texas and Mexico North. It is an aromatic annual herb and is of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, one of the important sources of Thymol. The crop has been domesticated by our Institute not only in Jammu and Kashmir, India subtropical but also in temperate region in Jammu and Kashmir. Growth, Yield and yield attributes performance under varying levels of nitrogen were examined in a field experiment. Forty five day- old SR Meena, plants were supplied with varying levels of N, i.e. 0, 30, 60, 90,120 and 150kg N/ha in soil. Maximum Division of Genetic Resources & biomass was recorded at 90 Nitrogen kg/ha (T4) but at par with 120 and 150Nkg/ha. Herbage yield was Agrotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, increase 14.40, 16.73 and 27.95 percent higher with 30, 60 and 90kg N/ha., respectively, over 0 kg N/ha. Jammu and Kashmir, India Significantly influenced the total number tillers/plant and branches at 60 DAT, pre- flowering and 50% flowering highest in T4 (90kgN/ha) treatment. Nitrogen levels significantly influenced the plant height at Suresh Chandra 60 DAT, pre-flowering and 50% flowering. Significantly the highest plant height (40, 63 and 79 cm) was Division of Genetic Resources & recorded by T4 (90kgN/ha.) treatment but at par with T3 (60kgN/ha.). Nitrogen levels 90kg/ha. is best Agrotechnology, Indian Institute suitable for commercial cultivation and higher yield. of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India Keywords: Monarda, thymol, nitrogen, cultivation, essential oil Kushal Bindu Introduction Division of Instrumentation, Indian Institute of Integrative Lemon mint, otherwise known as Horse mint, purple horsemint, plain horsemint or lemon bee Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and balm is an easy recognizable old time favorite. The scientific name of Monarda citriodora, Kashmir, India was given to this wild flower in honor of Nicholas Monarda a Spanish physician in the 1500’s who discovered several medicinal properties of plants found in the America’s. The name citriodora refers to the citrus like scent that the plant has when the leaves are crushed. Monarda bradburiana Beck and Monarda fistulosa L. essential oils showed good mosquito repellent activity with minimum effective dosages (MED) of 0.055 ± 0.036 and 0.078 ± 0.027 mg/cm2, respectively (Nurhayat et al. 2013) [13]. This scent makes it deer resistant and if you rub leaves on skin it make a fair insect repellent also. The essential oil from Monarda citriodora flowers have medicinal properties as antibacterial activity (Lu Zhan-gou et al, 2011) [10] , and suitability perfuming and flavoring of food industries. Due to high demand of its essential oil, there has been increasing interest in the cultivation of this plant for commercial production. Monarda citiodora Cer. Ex Lag. An alternate rich source of thymol (Verma and Chandra, 2013) [19]. Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrient as well as expensive input in agricultural production. An adequate supply of nitrogen is closely associated with growth and development of crop plants. It plays an important role in plant metabolism by virtue of being an essential constituent of structural cell and many metabolically active compounds. It is also constituent of chlorophyll, which is important for harvest of solar energy (Bray, 1983) [5]. Details of nutrient management and agricultural practices to get optimum oil yield per unit area. Research was carried out to develop an Agrotechnology, packing with chemical composition leading to constituent oriental production package of “Monarda Oil”. Correspondence Brijendra Koli Distribution and Natural History Division of Genetic Resources & Distribution Agrotechnology, Indian Institute Monarda citriodora (Lemon horse mint) grows wild in the rocky upland prairies and pastures of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India of the south eastern tall grass region. ~ 1259 ~ International Journal of Chemical Studies Its occurs on limestone glades, bald knobs and rocky prairies Monarda citriodora Cer. L is Rabi Season Crop. Its requires in Missouri and ranges from Texas and Mexico North to 20-30 temperature for higher herb and oil yield. Soil with a Missouri and Kansas. It is an aromatic annual herb widely clay loam or loam texture, good structure and moderate water distributed in America (Baily, 1977) [2]. Plants were holding are ideal for monarda cultivation. Its can tolerate dry introduced in India by Scientists of Indian Institute of soil and requires little water and direct sunlight. Soil physico- Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu from Europe. chemical properties of experimental area as under (Thesis Ph.D. SKUAST, Chatha, Jammu 2011) [7]. Climate and Soil Table 1: Soil physico- chemical properties of experimental area. Parameters Analytical value Method employed Mechanical properties Sand (%) 66.4 Silt (%) 18.0 Bouyoucous Hydrometer method ( Piper, 1966) [17] Clay (%) 15.6 Textural class Sandy loam Chemical properties pH 8.10 Suspension of soil and water 1:2.5 with glass calomel electrode ( Jackson, 1973) [6] EC (dS m-1 ) 0.24 Salt bridge measurements from the suspension used for pH determination (Jackson, 1973) [6] Organic carbon (%) 0.56 Dichromate oxidation of organic matter (Jackson,1973) [6] Bulk density (g cc-1) 1.41 Core method ( Black, 1965) [4] Available N (kg ha-1) 211.0 Alkaline permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956) [18] Available P ( kg ha-1) 17.20 0.5 N Sodium bicarbonate (pH 8.5) (Olsen etal., 1954 ) Available K (kg ha-1) 130.0 Ammonium acetate extraction method ( pH 7.0 ) using flame photometer (Jackson, 1973) [6] Morphology and as condiment in cooked foods and also used to make a Its attains a height of 50-100 cm. Several stems grow from the refreshing lemon tea. It makes a lovely aromatic tea and base and are lined with pairs of 3 to 8 cm long, soft textured, flowers are edible. lance shaped leaves. Leaves have a very strong and pleasant Trichyspermum ammi (ajwain) like fragrance when crushed. It Medicinal Uses grows quickly during spring and bloom it white, purple and Uses in colds, coughs, fevers, flue, bronchial problems, colic, pink colored whorled flower head attract humming birds, bee flatulence nausea, stomach cramps, menstrual irregularity, and butterflies from May through July, continuing to bloom bowl ailments to expel warms, induce sweats, headaches etc., even later in the year if given water. Test weight (1000 Seeds) most often as tea especially for headaches, other medicinal varies from 0.50 to 0.60 gram. treatment methods for bronchial problem include inhalation of the extracted essential oil or vapor therapy. The essential oil Pictures of Seed, Nursery, Vegetative, 50% flowering and used as an insect repellent and in perfumery. full blooming stage of Monarda citriodora. Biological Properties To evaluate the cytotoxic potential of essential oil of Monarda citriodora. It has been tested for the MTT Cell viability assay in human leukemia HL-60 Cells. Essential oil of Monarda citriodora has significant cytotoxic potential in HL-60 Cells, with IC 50 value (Concentration of test compound which is required to inhibit 50% Cell Viability) of 22 Ug/ml. (Pathania et.al. 2013) [16]. Seed Nursery Vegetative Stage Material and Methods A field experiment was conducted at Field Research Station, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu during Rabi -2013. This region lies 32°44’ latitude (N) and 75°55’ longitude (E). The altitude of the area is ≈300 m above sea level. The annual precipitation at this site is 500–700 mm. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with four replication and six treatment (0, 30, 60, 90,120 and 150 kg N/ha ) Nitrogen used as urea. The forty-five days old seedling were transplanted in each plot (11.4x4.5 m) manually at depth 5-6 cm and irrigated. 50% Flowering Stage Full Blooming Stage The observation regarding plant height (cm) was recorded randomly selected tagged five plant with the help of putting Uses graduated scale from the base of plant, total number of tillers Edible Use per plant, total number of branches in each selected plant was Edible part of plant is leaves- raw and cooked. They are used counted was at 60 DAT, pre flowering and 50 % flowering as flavoring and garnishing agent in Salad, summer punches respectively. Fresh herb weight and dry herb weight were ~ 1260 ~ International Journal of Chemical Studies recorded at harvest in kg per plot and converted to quintal per Gas Chromatography-Mas Apectroscopy hectare. At harvest, herb sample of Monarda citriodora were . Physical- chemical properties of Monarda citriodora Cerv. distilled in a Clevenger type apparatus for essential oil Ex lag. determination. Oil yield kg per hectare was obtained through . Physical Properties: (Manual of Monarda citrodora, IIIM- multiplied oil content and fresh herb yield. The data were CSIR, Jammu, 2010) [11]. analyzed statistically and results were evaluated at 5 % level Refractive Index nd250c :1049995 of significance. Specific Gravity d 25oc :0.927678 Chemical Properties GC/MS- GC/MS analysis was conducted on Varion Ion trap recommended of our institute but 40x40 cm also suitable for MS system (MS-4000), equipped with CP-sil-8 capillary good growth and yield attributes.
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