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Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand IV. Anopheles

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MOSQUITOES OF ILLUSTRATED KEYS TO THAILAND THE

ANOPHELES IV.

1, 2, 3, 1, Prachong Ralph Rampa Panthusiri Harrison Harbach A E Rattanarithikul Bruce

Coleman and Russell E 4

ILLUSTRATIONS

by

Prachong Panthusiri

Department Component, Entomology, Army US Forces Research of Medical Armed

Bangkok, Management, Sciences, Thailand; 2Public Institute of Medical Health Pest

Department Winston-Salem, Resources, of Carolina North Environment and Natural

3Department Entomology, History Museum, Carolina, USA; of The Natural North

4Department Kingdom; Army Entomology, London, of of Walter Reed Institute United

Spring, Maryland, Research, USA Silver

Tropical Health Southeast Journal of Medicine and Public The Asian

Supplement 2, Volume 37 2006

Supavej Suvanee Series Editor:

ISSN :0125- 1562

rights Tropical 2006 :All reserved. Medicine Public and Health of Asian Journal Southeast The

publication. expressed responsible this for the views in alone The authors are

by Published

Network, Tropical Regional Medicine Public Health SEAMEO and

Bangkok, Thailand, 2006

by Printed

Printing Thunwa

SOUTHEAST ASIAN TROPICAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE THE

PUBLIC AND HEALTH

Supplement 37 2006 2 Volume

CONTENTS

Page

Abstract

Introduction 2

Sibling species mosquitoes genetic anopheline and variation 2 in

anopheline mosquitoes disease of Thailand in Role 4 vectors as

Malaria 4

Japanese encephalitis 6

6 Filariasis

Anopheles fauna of The Thailand 7

Notes habitats 8 on

Feeding 9 behavior

Groups Subgroups Anopheles of of 9 Habitats and the

(Anopheles), Anopheles Anopheles Series 10 1.

Group Aitkenii 10 1.1

Group Culiciformis 10 1.2

Lindesayi Group 10 1.3

(Anopheles), Lophoscelomyia Anopheles Series 10 2.

Group 10 Asiaticus 2.1

Species 10 Unassociated 2.2

(Anopheles), Myzorhynchus Anopheles Series 11 3.

Group 11 Albotaeniatus 3.1

Group 11 Barbirostris 3.2

Hyrcanus Group 11 3.3

Group 11 Umbrosus 3.4

(Baimaia) Anopheles 12 4.

(Cellia), Myzomyia Anopheles Series 12 5.

Jeyporiensis Complex 12 5.1

Subgroup 12 Aconitus 5.2

Subgroup 12 Culicifacies 5.3

Subgroup 12 Minimus 5.4

(Cellia), Anopheles 13 Series 6. Neocellia

Group 6.1 Annularis 13

Group 6.2 Jamesii 13

Group Maculatus 6.3 13

Species Unassociated 6.4 13

(Cellia), Neomyzomyia Anopheles Series 7 14

Group Kochi 7.1 14

Leucosphyrus Group 7.2 14

Group Tessellatus 7.3 14

(Cellia), Anopheles Pyretophorus 8 Series 15

Group Ludlowae 8.1 15

Subpictus Group 8.2 15

Acknowledgements 16

References 16

Type locality information 27

anopheline potential Known neighboring and Thailand in vectors and vectors

countries 28

Anopheles Checklist of of the Thailand 30

breeding Anopheles Known habitats of immatures of Thailand in 34

Map showing subregions Thailand of provinces the six 76 and the 37

Map showing Anopheles Thailand of mosquitoes distributions of Thailand in 38

Morphology

females Adult 48

Fourth-instar larvae 5O

Key subgenera species the and of to females adult 52

subgenera Key species the fourth-instar of and to larvae 90

MOSQUITOES ILLUSTRATED TO OF THE THAILAND KEYS

ANOPHELES IV.

3, 1, Ralph 2, Prachong , Rampa Panthusiri E Rattanarithikul Bruce Harrison Harbach A

Coleman Russell E and 4

ILLUSTRATIONS

by

Prachong Panthusiri

Department Entomology, Component, Army of US Medical Armed Forces Research

Bangkok, Management, 2Public Sciences, Thailand; Medical of Health Pest Institute

Resources, Winston-Salem, Department of Carolina North Environment Natural and

3Department Entomology, History Carolina, Museum, USA; of The North Natural

4Department Kingdom; Entomology, Army London, Walter Reed Institute of United of

Spring, Maryland, USA Research, Silver

keys larvae female for identification of Abstract. Illustrated the the and adult

along presented Anopheles mosquitoes distribution of Thailand with maps, are

species information, treated,

bionomics checklist. of 73 A tabulated and total are a

(An. newly species including previously B, 71 and described dirus

cracens =

leucosphyrus C, D, A, baimafi

scanloni dirus An. latens and dirus An. An.

= = =

A). species epiroticus i.e., Also, included, An. undescribed sundaicus two

are =

Thirty-four gigas.

species chromosomal C and An. minimus An. new near a

resolving species provided suggestions of discussed, for 14 their with forms are

taxonomic status.

Entomology, Army Department Correspondence: Rampa Rattanarithikul, of US Dr

Component, Sciences, Research Medical of Medical Forces Institute 315/6 Armed

Bangkok Road, 10400, Ratchathewi, Thailand. Ratchawithi

SOUTHEAST J PUBLIC TROP ASIAN MED HEALTH

INTRODUCTION

Keys Anopheles mosquitoes required

for identification of the for studies the on are

Many epidemiology Anopheles keys transmission of of the and malaria. the illustrated to

(Peyton 1973) Scanlon, 1966; Harrison, and of of Thailand Rattanarithikul and lim- are

significant published

value, these than 20 and ited advances in years ago were as more

intervening knowledge Anopheles mosquitoes of occurred the have in the years. our

keys entomologists identify presented of the assist in this is The to to purpose paper

Anopheles identify keys initially mosquitoes. adult female and used The be larvae to can

specimens species. Discriminating high- species and then characteristics to to group are

drawings possible, lighted

they and, differen- chosen could that whenever be in were so

(10x) (10-40x). dissecting microscope morphological

using tiated hand The lens a or

original

previous used characters here based observations and the in lit- usage are on

following (1933), especially helpful: Christophers references The Colless erature. were

(1956, 1957), (1968), (1972, 1980), (1975), Scanlon Reid and Harrison Harrison

(1986), (2005), (2005), Harbach Sallum Green Rattanarithikul and al. Linton al. and et et

(2005). morphological Scanlon al. Nomenclature for characters follows Harrison and et

(1975), Knight (1980, Peyton (1990). 1982), Generic Wilkerson Harbach and and and

(2001), (2003), subgeneric of Tanaka Harbach and abbreviations those Reinert and are

(2005). al. et

SPECIES SIBLING ANOPHELINE GENETIC VARIATION AND IN

MOSQUITOES

morphological systematics Combinations of and other methods have proven very

recognition sibling notably species insects, useful of in the of in the most groups many

previously medically important Many anopheline anopheline mosquitoes. taxa recog-

medically

recently important Southeast Asia been found nized be in have to as com-

morphologically species. plexes suggest of discoveries indistinct that These in many

primary species of countries Asian is need for the there that vector reassessment a were

solely originally recognized morphological Important species methods. should vector on

including techniques, appropriate using cytoge- reconfirmed combination of other be a

(1988a-d), by exemplified netic, biochemical, Green molecular methods Baimai and as

(1982), (1992), (1988), Panyim ,Rongnoparut (1996, 1998, Green al. and al. al. et et et

1999), non-morphological relying morphological than criteria alone. The rather meth- on

(with

particularly

useful ods adult associated larval if has and to progeny access are one

ANOPHELES ILLUSTRATED KEYS

IDENTIFICATION OF FOR THE

exuviae) wild-caught

example, pupal from feral females. female reared For be a can

morphological pinned compared her of and characters with those her Wild- progeny.

by caught polytene banding females also identified patterns ovarian be chromosome can

methodology, using by parasites sporogonic-stage PCR for and also checked malaria or

sporozoite dissecting panel by salivary glands examining

antigen kit, and the assay a or

sporozoites. revealing. approaches for Such them be very can

regarded important

1970s, balabacensis Baisas Until the An. late vector was as an

However, of Southeast Thailand much Asia. since human malaria and of then what in

previously

Southeast balabacensis mainland has been considered Asia shown An. was on

morphological non-morphological sibling by techniques species, number of and be to a

(2005), Peyton (2005), namely Peyton Sallum Sallum baimaii An. and and An. cracens

(1988), Peyton (1979), Ramalingam Peyton nemophilous Harrison An. dirus An. and and

(2005), (2005) Peyton Peyton and Sallum and Sallum scanloni An. and latens of An. and

Leucosphyrus Recognition Complex. Complex prompted

of the Dirus the a reassess-

belongs Leucosphyrus balabacensis, of which Com- the distribution of the An. to ment

1990) (Peyton, plex Philippines, Indonesia, restricted islands and is in the certain to now

(Green Malaysia. D)

Anopheles

al., 1991, and baimafi dirus dirus and An. et are as now

regarded principal example malaria Thailand. of the the value Another of in vectors as

multiple using morphological, cytogenetic, methods, the combination of is and related

(Delorme Kittayapong 1992) 1989; al., al., studies that maculatus revealed An. E et et

(Subbarao, 1988) major cuficifacies the human malaria of An. and A vectors para- are

Malaysia respectively. India, sites and in

major systematics anophelines individuals interested A of the of is in how to concern

species designated by with deal chromosomal forms of that been have letters of the

alphabet. Zoological species, these If distinct the International Code of be No- to prove

guidelines provides diagnostic

establish and char, menclature for taxonomists to name a

identifying species putative However, for them. each be be has shown dis- acters to to

currently (A, D) species. genetic example, C, B, four forms tinct from For of named An.

jeyporiensis (Baimai 1996a). recognized question al., Thailand The in be et must are

conspecific jeyporiensis asked, these, of if James, which is with 1902? This An. any, can

studying jeyporiensis only by genetics specimens resolved from be of the molecular An.

(Nagpur, locality Jeypur, type States, Provinces, Central Orissa the Maharashta and In-

dia) (Knight 1977) Stone, comparing and then chromosomal forms with and the Thai the

jeyporiensis 1). species locality (Table

type James described from that the An. If as one

species described, of Thai chromosomal forms identical the is the that James then the to

PUBLIC SOUTHEAST J ASIAN TROP MED HEALTH

they if be further determine forms need studied will Thai chromosomal to three to other

jeyporiensis species. of all chromosomal that the An. represent distinct It turn out may

by species reported from described James. the this from Thailand distinct In forms are

formally

would and An. of forms the in Thailand need be named to case, more one or

jeyporiensis from records. the Two studies would deleted Thai James be recent

2001) involving (Rattanarithikul Harbach, 1990; al., maculatus Theobald Linton An. and et

respectively, approaches resolving (Rodenwaldt), provide for such sundaicus and An.

problems.

VECTORS MOSQUITOES AS DISEASE OF ANOPHELINE IN ROLE

THAILAND

Malaria

Despite successful of dramatic reductions in morbi- decades control and programs

important dity mortality, of infectious diseases Thai- remains malaria the in and most one

2000). along undeveloped (Chareonviriyaphap prevalent al., the Malaria remains land et

Malaysia. Myanmar, Although Cambodia, of and northern borders eastern western re-

peak

349,291 1995, 85,625 ported from of 1988 in have declined in malaria to a cases

(Chareonviriyaphap 2000). annually al., four of All the has since risen et number cases

falciparum parasites Thailand, present with Plasmodium in malaria known human are

(Grassi Feletti) (Gingrich predominant (Welch) al., 1990; Snounou vivax and and P. et et

widespread falciparum 1993). Multi-drug Thailand, al., resistant resis- with in P. occurs

mefloquine sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, 4-aminoquinoline, chloroquine, and tance to

Currently, (Faver 1999). drugs

al., antimalarial used alone combination in that et or are

mefloquine, falciparum primaquine, Thailand of in for radical malaria include the cure

chloroquine tetracycline, compounds, quinine, artemeter/artesunate and whereas and

increasing despite primaquine vivax, for of reports remain choice the radical P. treatment

(Chareonviriyaphap 2000). chloroquine region al., of resistance the in et

(i) diag- Historically, prompt of malaria Thailand consisted of combination control in a

drugs appropriate government antimalarial and health with in clinics nosis and treatment

(ii) specialized clinics, education health schools and the in in 550 in malaria almost gen-

(iii) aggressive mosquito

community, country- relies and control that eral program an on

synthetic

intradomiciliary spraying

with DDT insecticide twice wide year or once or a a

pyrethroid impregnated appropriate, pyrethroid and, if distribution of the bed nets

2000). parasite populations (Chareonviriyaphap al., increased of The resistance et to

ILLUSTRATED ANOPHELES KEYS IDENTIFICATION

FOR OF THE

drugs major problem Thailand; however, antimalarial malaria control in is the in the emer-

Although of insecticide affect resistance efforts. also malaria control chemi- gence may

physiologically cal insecticides such DDT lethal malaria and deltamethrin remain all to as

(Chareonviriyaphap 1999), al., Thailand in of malaria have number et vectors vectors a

biting populations greater shown after outdoor abundance relative indoor indoor to re-

spraying suggesting DDT, emerged sidual of that behavioral resistance have may

(Harrison, Chareonviriyaphap 1985; 1980; Prasittisuk, 1990; al., al., Suwonakerd et et

2000).

species Anopheles mosquitoes play different of determine the roles that To in main-

taining falciparum vivax, mosquito transmission of P. and P. it is determine to necessary

(CS) Mosquitoes sporozoite circumsporozoite for of be tested the rates. presence can

antigen (ELISA) 1987) using enzyme-linked (Baker al., immunosorbent the et assay or

(Medical (Ryan Systems USA) Analysis Camarillo, Inc., California, malaria VecTest assay

Sattabongkot 2004); 2002, al., confirmation al., however, of et the et vector status nor-

mally requires salivary glands sporozoites. Thailand, examination for of aconitus An. In

baimaii, pseudowillmori minimus, dirus, lato, maculatus, An. An. and An. An. An. sensu

(Green important parasites have al., of been incriminated human malaria et vectors as

1991). species secondary

number of additional A incriminated have been either vec- as

potential majority

however, of vectors; these ELISA the used tors studies have or as

following salivary gland species above, rather dissection. Other than listed than the the

species falciparum campestris, infected found and/or been either have P. with P. vivax: An.

sawadwongporni (Coleman hodgkini, 2002); sawadwongporni An. al., and An. An. et

(Somboon 1998); hyrcanus al., of unidentified members the An. barbirostris and An. et

(Rattanarithikul 1996a); sawadwongporni nivipes, nivipes al., and An. An. An. et groups,

(Harbach 1987); (O'Guinn Coleman, philippinensis al., kochi, and and and An. An. et

data). (1994) unpublished experimentally wild-caught mosqui- Somboon al. infected et

feeding using parasites local found with malaria membrane method and toes human a

falciparum susceptible kochi, that and An. P. and An. An. annularis both P. to vagus, were

vivax, only susceptible barbirostris sinensis Plas- whereas An. An. P. vivax. and to were

variety including species, karwari, oocysts found have been of other An. modium An. in a

epiroticus, tessellatus, phflippinensis, maculatus, of the An. An. and An. An. members

mosquito species barbirostris of have A that found infected been with group. summary

(modified species provided human from Plasmodium in Thailand is Table 2 in

1994b). Panthusiri, Rattanarithikul and

Although reported species parasites from of and Plasmodium been number have a

SOUTHEAST J TROP PUBLIC HEALTH ASIAN MED

only Thailand, baimaii, dirus, Anopheles An. An. An. in of that chromosomal forms occur

species (each belonging complexes of often that minimus, maculatus An. to and are

(Pinichpongse indistinguishable) major morphologically and considered vectors are

Complex Chareonviriyaphap 1999). al., of least The Dirus consists 1967; at Bullner, et

(Baimai 1984a,b; occurring al., species, closely five Thailand in with et related seven

2005). al., Ramalingam, of Peyton, 1988; 1990; Members this Sallum Peyton et and

human-biting forest-fringe tendencies, complex strong have forest and inhabit areas,

particularly

generally long-lived, efficient factors results which in all vectors and even are

Complex 1990). (Rosenberg Thailand, al., Minimus population the In densities et low at

along edges quiet, commonly of species shaded slow found the consists of that two are

usually

along moving hills, humans with the low with with in contact streams mar- areas

1990). Anopheles (Sucharit al., villages al., 1988; Green gins minimus s.l. of et et are

feeding exophagic resting zoophilic, exophilic, reported generally and their and in be to

(Harrison, 1980). efficiency compared dirus An. behavior, their reduces which to vector

(Rattanarithikul Green, sibling eight Group species of and consists least Maculatus The at

usually 1993). Kittayapong al., 1993b; of this 1986; al., Members Baimai et et group

drying puddles

hilly shaded in larvae in forested where the streams in occur zones occur

(Rattanarithikul 1995; pools al., such temporary habitats rock et other and as

2000). Chareonviriyaphap al., et

encephalitis Japanese

(JE) throughout Japanese encephalitis flavivirus found Southeast It Asia. is is a

serological reported of wide- evidence has been birds mammals and endemic in and

encephalitis region. However, spread clinical infections countries in the human in many

sporadically, primary recognized of only JE small outbreaks. The in been vectors has or

species Anopheles

species Culex; however, of that of number various the genus a are

(Table 2).

incriminated These include An. found been in Thailand have vectors as are

1990), 1997), (Zhang, annularis, (Dhanda subpictus An. al., sinensis and An. An. et va-

1989), 1989), (Mourga peditaeniatus (Olson al., al., al., 1985; An. Sucharit et et et gus

(Ramachandra Groups Hyrcanus, Barbirostris, of and Umbrosus members the and various

1984). Rao,

Filariasis

(Buckley) (Cobbold) Brugia malayi Bancroftian and bancrofti and Wuchereria cause

periodic subperiodic

Brugia malayi respectively. Brugian forms filariasis, and occurs as

plains Thailand, primarily part coastal of flat southern of whereas W. found is the in and

ILLUSTRATED KEYS IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

FOR THE OF

primarily hilly, bancrofti part forested Thailand. of in the the in The western occurs areas

Anoph-

malayi mosquitoes; species however, of of main Mansonia B. vectors are some

(i.e., campestris) (Suvannadabba, parasite periodic eles of types transmit An. nocturnal the

1993). largely parts bancrofti of Wuchereria and suburban disease in urban is many an

(Say); quinquefasciatus principal however, Culex the habits world due the of its vector to

primarily by Anopheles species in Thailand the is rural with transmission and in disease

1978). (Finlaya) (Knight, harinasutal]

Downsiomyia [= harinasutai Aedes some cases

(1971) reported minimus, maculatus, >25% Harinasuta of that An. An. An. et al.

sinensis), philippinensis, (as stephensi, subpictus, hyrcanus An. An. and An. sinensis An.

feeding

diagnosed

patient with nocturnal became infected after An. vagus a on a

species

subperiodic However, bancrofti. of he worked with of W. the strain many are now

precise impossible. species complexes, A number of considered identification is other so

2). (Table Anopheles species filariasis incriminated of have been vectors as

OF ANOPHELES FAUNA THAILAND THE

briefly anophelines (1980) of of Thai with Harrison discussed bionomics the the most

(1988) suggestion Lekagul McNeely supported type. forest This of and respect the to

interpreta- biogeographic regions. split of country the into For that could be six up ease

biogeographi- spatial mosquito tion, from the distribution of been transferred has taxa a

regional, political, provincial bound- cal reference that demarcates and onto map map a

(Section 1). (Rattanarithikul al., (Fig I) of aries this series of introduction In the et papers

(Subre- subregions. 2005) completely

The of northern described each these more we

high 2) general hilly, gion 1) (Subregion country of contain parts and the in western are

regions, Anopheles species dry mountains, forests. such and The these in evergreen as

(B), usually pseudowillmori, of be culicifacies considered and An. An. to An. varuna, are

regions, anophelines origin. found such of of the in these Indian The several ranges as

prob- nivipes, provinces Thai and extend An. minimus s.I. and An. southern the to most

(Subregion 3) primary ably Myanmar. forests of The and the southern into south

particularly along (Subregion 4) forests, rain the Chanthaburi Trat contain and evergreen

Anopheles, Malayan

Thai-Malaysia typically such of of border. The number ranges as a

Group paraliae, donaldi, therefore extend of Umbrosus the and An. An. members some

(Subregion 5) (Subregion 6) valley have the central Thailand. The Plateau and into Korat

(except slope general anopheline of for the southern the mountains faunas. In similar

plateau), edge Plateau is than drier the other found the of the Korat southern the on

subregion slopes regions mountains this in have of the country. of the southern The

SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP PUBLIC NED HEALTH

Mekong

of forest. The banks of River Thailand the in eastern evergreen areas numerous

large generally

however, of sandflats. of steep; number A contain some areas areas are

(B) Anopheles pseudowillmori, species, found include culicifacies and An. An. to are

Mekong usually along margins species pools, flood These of River. found the the in are

ground pools, pools. pools, temporary rock and sand

anophelines containing publication references of Thailand earliest The the is to

(1910), specifically Anopheles dealing first Theobald whereas the the with genus papers

anopheline species of in of Thailand of role transmission those the malaria in and the are

(1923a,b). species Anopheles of Barnes listed and included their 17 Barnes notes on

(1931), Christophers biology relationships. publications The of and Barraud and vector

(1937a,b) (1932), Causey anophelines Anigstein dealt both and culicines. These with and

difficulty identity important resolving there references when of in be is the papers can

(1959) provided anophelines

specimens. species checklist of of 47 Thurman some a

(1968) species Anopheles of occurred Thailand. Scanlon al. listed 52 in that known et to

(1990) Anopheles, species

Thailand, of and Harrison listed 72 of total et al. in occur a

including using cytogenetic species confirmed four had molecu- unnamed that been and

(Table 3), Anopheles

techniques. study, species report of of lar this total 73 In we a

including gigas, informally designated species

species, named 71 An. and near an a new

recognized species, However, chromosomal C. forms minimus been An. 34 have in 14

1) (Baimai species (Table 1996a,b). al., 1993a,b; 1994; 1995; of named 34 These the et

study they require further chromosomal forms if remain unnamed and determine to are

species intra-species genetic polymorphs. forms distinct These include An. argyropus or

(A, C), (A, (A, (A, (A, B), B), B), B, crawfordi An. barbirostris sinensis aconitus An. An. An.

(A, B), (A, jeyporiensis (A, D), jamesii B), C), C, B, B, culicifacies karwari An. An. An. An.

K), B), (A, C), (E, (A, B), (A, nigerrimus nivipes subpictus B, An. An. maculatus An. An.

B) 1). (B, (A, D), (Table Although species C, ofthese and Table 3 named An. 14 in vagus

represented by forms, relation 34 chromosomal the forms of in these status to pre- are

sently species, sibling polymorphs species intra-species named chromosomal new or

specimens compared been resolved because the forms have from has been not not to

diversity huge species generic of type localities. Given the number the of the and mos-

quitoes

occurring mosquitoes Thailand, feel from studies of far these that in are com- we

plete.

habitats Notes on

anopheline mosquitoes ranging Thailand, altitudes from and low- In coastal at occur

valley frequently high

They of central mountains of the land the the north. to areas are

IDENTIFICATION ILLUSTRATED KEYS ANOPHELES

FOR OF THE

variety including primary secondary tropi- types associated of of with forest and cover, a

dry secondary forests, forests, cal rain and and deciduous to wet evergreen evergreen

throughout

Anopheline mosquitoes forests. Thailand and utilize wide are a common

infrasubgenetic (Table 4). variety Also, catego- of habitats informal here 13 propose we

(Table 3). ries

Anopheline highly usually require

however, larvae clean found water; in some are

high (e.g., barbirostris), polluted dung of buffalo concentrations and urine An. with water

baezal). muddy (e.g.,

species found water, brackish Most still An. in in in water to or are

slowly running ground-water containers, water-filled other habitats. water, in various in or

listing complete provided of habitats collection larval based is A in known records on

majority Anopheles development support of Table habitats the of 4. The that larvae

floating submerged, vegetation. emergent, and/or found contain Larvae both in tem- are

sunlight variety

permanent that located of conditions and in water porary sources are a

ranging heavy sunlight from direct shade. to

Feeding behavior

anopheline primarily mosquitoes blood, Female feed mammalian and avian with on

feeding predominating. former the from refer records Thailand nocturnal Most to on

generally malaria). (these of humans from the records resulted studies transmission on

feeding periodicity greatly species, different The nocturnal varies the An. among e.g.,

predominantly feed 20 00-23 00 feeds baimaii dirus An. and between and An. minimus hr

clearly throughout night Mosquitoes peak. discernible like the An. without maculatus a

Groups, Hyrcanus sawadwongporni, of and and An. Barbirostris those the and pre- are

dominantly 1996b). (Rattanarithikul Many al., collected 00 between 18 and 20 00 hr et

(e.g., sawadwongpornO day during species minimus and be collected the An. An. can

resting species sheltered while houses other whereas such An. in areas, or some as

(in areas) (Rattanarithikul, data), heavily unpublished separatus, forested dirus An. An.

(near habitats) day during campestris barbirostris, their feed the and larval will An.

(Harrison, unpublished).

Groups Subgroups Anopheles Habitats of of the and

description of of of A the known habitats each members of various the the group-

listing species Anopheles complete Group of of follows. level A found taxa the each in

Subgroup species presented 3, of and Table is and the known habitats in each pre- are

sented Table in 4.

SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED HEALTH PUBLIC

Anopheles (Anopheles), Anopheles species 1. Series. Eleven of Series this are

including

Thailand, Group, found in Group, the in Aitkenii Culiciformis in the seven one

Lindesayi Group. and three in species The the known distributions of these 11 Thai- in

Figs land 2 3. shown in and are

Group. species 1.1 Group Aitkenii The of the Aitkenii Thailand in include An.

fragilis, bengalensis, aberrans, An. insulaeflorum, palmatus, An. stricklandi, An. An. An.

(Fig tigertti 2).

species typically and An. ground-water The found most in common are

including habitats in mountainous margins, and streams stream areas, seepage areas,

pools, elephant footprints. They

occasionally rock and ditches, found in swamps, are

villages low-lying marshes, adjacent

and lakes

rural in and forested in to areas or areas.

Anopheles tigertti only bogs, found crabholes, fresh-water is pools. in rock and seepage

Group widely throughout Members of the Aitkenii Thailand; distributed however, An. are

fragflis only stricklandi and peninsular An. have been recorded from and Thai- western

2). (Fig land

Group Group. Culiciformis 1.2 represented This by is Thailand in sintonoides An.

(Fig 2). variety Larvae of sintonoides have An. found been of containers, in natural a

including treeholes, stumps, holes holes in between split stumps, bamboo roots, tree

bamboo, internodes, (Table bamboo axils, 4). Pandanus banana stumps and

Lindesayi Group. Group 1.3 baileyi, This Thailand in

species includes An. a new

gigas, lindesayi

(Fig 3). An. and An. species cameronensis The this in near group are

prevalent >1,200

lindesayi altitudes Larvae of An.

cameronensis, at An. sp. m. near n.

baileyi gigas,

pools, found margins, and An. in stream stream seepage are swamps, areas,

pools (Table 4). and tops rock the of mountains on

(Anopheles), Anopheles Lophoscelomyia 2. species Series. Three of this Series

including Thailand, found Group species

in species Asiaticus in the t'. and not are o one

specific associated with The species distribution of these Thailand three in is group. a

Fig shown in 3.

Group. Group 2.1 represented Asiaticus by This interrup- is asiaticus An. and An.

Anopheles interruptus only holes, tus. from known holes whereas and tree the root are

stages of immature split An. asiaticus found bamboo, stumps, bamboo in fallen and are

(Table 4). bamboo internodes

Species. Anopheles bulkleyi 2.2 Unassociated only species is the unassociated in 10

ANOPHELES

IDENTIFICATION KEYS ILLUSTRATED OF FOR THE

bulkleyi

specimen) reared (the of specimen only An. type lost Series. The this was a

tropical Chanthaburi forest in

rain in 1937 from hole in that collected tree male a was

3). (Fig Province

species of Twenty-one Myzorhynchus this (Anopheles), Series. Anopheles 3.

Group, including

six in the Albotaeniatus Thailand, the in Series found in one are

Group. Group, The Hyrcanus eight the Umbrosus Group, and six in the in Barbirostris

Fig 4; of Groups those shown in Barbirostris and of the Albotaeniatus distributions are

respectively. Figs 6, Groups and Hyrcanus shown in 5 and Umbrosus the are

species only Albotaeniatus Group. Anopheles the in montanus, the 3.1 Albotaeniatus

pools, ground

jungle and rock Group such Thailand, habitats in breeds that in as occurs

(Fig 4). only Thailand footprints. elephant in southern found is It and swamps,

species Group five Group. Thailand includes in Barbirostris The Barbirostris 3.2

hodgkini, donaldi, campestris, (An. barbirostris, An. Subgroup An. An. of the Barbirostris

barbumbrosus). (An. Subgroup The pollicaris) species of the Vanus and and An. one

campestris. Group

and An. barbirostris species An. Barbirostris in the most are common

stages found normally humans, closely with immature with species associated Both are

donaldi, Anopheles barbumbrosus, An. ground-water habitats. rice fields and other in

species, forest-dwelling shaded pollicaris found in with larvae hodgkini, An. An. and are

pollicaris relatively has pools. An. ground pools, pools, The and rock stream uncommon

pools of Thai- ground south pools the in from and stream temporary from been collected

Fig Group in 4. is shown of this The distribution land.

species of Group Hyrcanus includes Group. three Hyrcanus Thailand in The 3.3

peditaeniatus), species parafiae, (An. three crawfordi, Subgroup and An. An. the Lesteri

pursati), nigerrimus, and nitidus, (An. Subgroup and An. two Nigerrimus An. of the

sinensis). of stages (An. Immature species most and An. unassociated spe- argyropus

marshy fields, primarily and Group Hyrcanus found rice in the cies in swampy areas, are

prefer They vegetation. shaded emergent ponds, contain habitats that similar and other

mosquitoes of widely this distributed abundant and The habitats. these in most areas

peditaeniatus, nigerrimus, sinensis. and An. Group An. An. Thailand An. in argyropus, are

Anopheles

An. nitidus and valleys species mountainous and in These areas. occur

normally

parafiae Anopheles

larvae primarily forested found in crawfordi are areas. are

Anopheles fields. rice in and permanent brackish not water found shaded semi- in to

Anoph- peninsular Thailand. southeastern and paraliae of confined coastal is to areas 11

SOUTHEAST TROP PUBLIC ASIAN J MED HEALTH

pursafi Hyrcanus Group has wide distribution distribution Thailand. The eles in of is the a

Fig shown 5. in

Group. Group 3.4 Umbrosus Umbrosus The Thailand in members of includes the

Subgroup (An. baezaO, (An. Subgroup roperi, letifer, the Letifer Baezai An. and An.

whartom), Separatus Subgroup (An. separatus), (An. Subgroup the Umbrosus the and

umbrosus). Anopheles roperi, baezai, generally separatus An. An. and associated are

Nipa

Anopheles habitats with coastal brackish such water mangrove swamps. as or

recognized

1963, from distinct letifer whartoni of until An. and the larvae not was as

indistinguishable. species poorly Thus, these remain habitats their known. The two are

Group Fig of distribution Umbrosus shown 6. the is in

(Baimaia). Anopheles nominotypical subgenus species, 4. This is based the An. on

kyondawensis, recently, rarely only stage collected. which is the Until known larval was

species assigned Series, Anopheles subgenus Anopheles. and the the The first to was

kyondawensis of adults from collected fresh-water reared nown An. larvae in were

(Table 4). Unique genitalia adults, crabholes characteristics the male and pupa, on

(Harbach prompted description subgenus species

al., of for the this recent et a new

2005). 2). provinces (Fig Nothing found been of It has three Thailand in is about known

of behavior adults. the the

(Cellia), Myzomyia Anopheles belonging species Series. Seven 5. Funestus the to

Group including Thailand, jeyporiensis Series found of this in unassociated An. the are

Complex), Subgroup, (Jeyporiensis species species in Aconitus in three the the one

(Culicifacies Subgroup Complex), Subgroup species Culicifacies and Minimus in the two

(Minimus Complex) (Garros 2005). eta/., 2004, distribution of The shown these is groups

Fig in 7.

Anophelesjeyporiensis, Complex. Jeyporiensis member unassociated of 5.1 an

Group, four Thailand. These forms the Funestus includes chromosomal forms in are

primarily marshy submerged depressions vegetation. found emergent and in with

Subgroup. by subgroup represented aconitus, Aconitus This Thailand 5.2 in is An.

pampanai, ground-water collected and Immatures have been from An. habi- An. varuna.

fringe

Typical Nipa ponds, lakes, foothills forest and habitats include tats near areas.

large margins, palm pits, pools, pools, pools, rock river flood streams, stream swamps,

springs, ground pools bogs pools, ditches, marshes, and small and seepage swamps, 12

ILLUSTRATED KEYS

ANOPHELES IDENTIFICATION FOR OF THE

fields). (including dry Recently, pools fallow rice fields fields and Junkum rice rice and in

(2005), using multiple techniques, al., karyotype An. determined that aconitus Forms et

species,

cytological species. and B C of but distinct the not are same races

Subgroup. Anopheles only species Culicifacies 5.3 cuficifacies found is the in

variety margins, Thailand. stages habitats, found Immature in of include to stream a are

pools, Chromosomal cuficifacies fields. forms B of and rice A and An. stream sympa- are

Chiang (Baimai 1996a), species tric in al., Mai Province whereas is the B in et common

subregion edge subregion. of the and Plateau Korat western eastern

Subgroup. subgroup by represented species 5.4 Minimus This is Thailand in two

[formerly Complex, (Harbach species of Minimus the a/., minimus An. minimus An. A et

2006)] informally designated principally species and minimus These the C. An. in occur

pools margins. Anophe/es and also been collected habi- minimus has in stream stream

Subgroup 4). (Table Anophe/es of of similar Aconitus those members the minimus tats to

throughout only species distributed is country, C the the whereas in and western occurs

Previously subregions. unpublished northern of C from Sot collections An. minimus Mae

Chiang reported Tak Province in and Mae Mai for first Rim Province here the time. in are

Integrated ecological molecular studies needed determine of and the full to range are

breeding by occupied species. of sites these both

(Cellia), Anopheles species of 6. Neocellia Series. Fourteen Series found the are

including Group, Group, Thailand, species in Annularis Jamesii three in the the three in

Group, specific six Maculatus that The in the unassociated and with two group. are a

Groups Fig distributions the Annularis shown of The of Jamesii distribution and in 8. are

Group Fig species Maculatus the and the unassociated is shown in 9.

Group. Group annularis, 6.1 Annularis Annularis The in Thailand includes An. An.

nivipes, philippinensis. throughout species An. These of abundant the and much are

They

vegetation. country. found clean considerable Larvae in with in water are occur a

including ponds, variety pools, pits, habitats, ditches, marshes, wells, of grassy swamps,

springs, ground margins, pools, pools, pools, pools, sand flood stream stream seepage

fields. and rice

Group. Group jamesii, species, 6.2 Jamesii consists Jamesii The of An. three An.

pseudojamesi pseudojamesi, splendidus, Anopheles and all of which Thailand. in An. occur

(elevated 1985) by Harrison, from found Nurul Huda and has been in rice synonymy 13

SOUTHEAST ASIAN TROP J PUBLIC MED HEALTH

ground pools, jamesfi fields and

whereas splendidus An.

and An. in wider range occur a

including habitats, of ground pools, pools, margins, stream and stream fields. rice The

splendidus habitats immature of An. similar those of An. to maculatus. are

Group. Maculatus 6.3 Group The Maculatus in Thailand dravidicus, includes An.

maculatus, An. notanandai, pseudowillmori, An. An. sawadwongporni, An. willmori. and An.

Group Members of

this

found hilly

in high well mountainous are areas, or near as as

variety found Larvae including habitats, of in ponds, lakes, ditches, areas. are a swamps,

wells, pools, pools, ground pools, sand pools, flood pools, stream stream grassy mar-

gins, springs, fields, prints, rice foot tracks, containers, wheel artificial and seepage oc-

casionally fallen holes in and Anopheles bamboo trees stumps. maculatus and An.

sawadwongporni widely throughout distributed country the except for south, far the are

(E) whereas throughout An. maculatus is peninsular region (Baimai the al., et common

1993b; al., Rattanarithikul Rongnoparut 1996c; 1999). et Anopheles al., willmori, et a

primary (Pradhan Nepal malaria 1970), in al., vector et altitudes between 990- at occurs

1,475

in of the Thailand. north only Larvae found margins. Anopheles in stream m are

pseudowillmori, secondary in along Myanmar northwestern vector Thailand the border a

(Green 1992), al., primarily found fields, is et margins, in rice pits, ponds, stream and

(Rattanarithikul 1995). wells al., specimens et A of number have been collected in sand

along pools Mekong the (Rattanarithikul River in northeastern Thailand 1994). al., et

Species. 6.4 Unassociated

Anopheles stephensi karwari

only and An. the are mem-

bers of Series the

Thailand in specific that associated with not larval The are group. a

habitats of An. karwari similar of those Anopheles An. to stephensi, maculatus. are an

important malaria India East, in the and vector Middle is in Thailand. Larvae have rare

ground found been pools, pools, in

and stream occasion in India, hole. tree In one on a

stephensi

An.

larvae have including found habitats, been in pools flood that many cov-

ered the floor (Dhir, 1969). under concrete construction site a

Anopheles (Cellia), Neomyzomyia 7. Series. species Twelve of Series the are

Thailand, including found species in Group, in Leucosphyrus Kochi the 10 in the one

Group,

Group. and in Tessellatus the The distributions species of the 12 shown one are

Fig in 10.

Group. 7.1 Anopheles Kochi

only kochi is the member of this It group. occurs

throughout

Thailand variety in wide preferentially of larval habitats large and feeds a on

animals such cattle buffalo. and water as 14

ILLUSTRATED KEYS IDENTIFICATION

ANOPHELES FOR THE OF

Leucosphyrus Group. Group, species 7.2 baimafi, of Ten this An. An. An. cracens,

dirus, hacked, introlatus, macarthuri, An. latens, nemophilous, An. An. An. An. An.

pujutensis, scanloni, and An. Thailand. favored in of The habitats the most occur

Leucosphyrus Group footprints (especially footprints), elephant wheel-tracks, be to appear

(e.g., ground temporary pools margins, seepage-springs), pools, flood and stream and in

dug pits mining partial heavily-shaded for occasionally with have Larvae been to areas.

jars, collected in Many stumps, species bamboo water stumps, and tree cut holes. root

Complex in Dirus Thailand, the sympatry in in baimafi An. dirus and An. e.g., occur

(Rattanarithikul 1995). Anopheles al., only species widespread dirus et is the that is

throughout Anopheles Thailand. introlatus, latens, hacked, An. An. An. An. cracens,

macarthuri, nemophilous, pujutensis primarily peninsular An. and An. in Thailand occur

(Fig 10).

Group. Anopheles Tessellatus Group. only 7.3 tessellatus of the member this is

breeding The Group, Subpictus species habitats of An. similar tessellatus in the to are

variety which ground-water include ponds, ground of pools, habitats such swamps, a as

pools, margins. and stream stream

Anopheles Pyretophorus (Cellia), species 8. Pyretophorus Series. Four of the

including Series Thailand, found Group species in Ludlowae three and the in in are one

Subpictus Group. mosquitoes the Fig The distributions of these shown in 11. are

Group. Group 8.1 represented Ludlowae by epiroticus This is Thailand in An.

(=sundaicus A), recently (2005). by species described Linton Larvae of this al. et are

typically containing pools found algae; epiroticus however, brackish sunlit in An. has also

adapted breeding major breeding itself species freshwater. in The of include sites to this

ponds, lakes, pools, marshes, margins, pools coastal and rock in stream stream areas.

Subpictus Group. Group 8.2 subpictus, indefinitus, This Thailand in includes An. An.

typically and An. of indefinitus Larvae An. fresh-water found habitats in such vagus. are

ponds, pools, pools, ditches, They margins, fields. and rice stream grassy seepage as

slightly have also Anopheles found been in brackish abundant is the water. most vagus

species Group, commonly variety this in ground- larvae with found wide of in most a

Anopheles occasionally habitats. jars found water larvae have been in and water vagus

logs. subpictus in holes stages in Immature found of in An. habitats similar to many are

epiroticus they those in found, which ground ditches, An. pools, wells, is also but in occur

fields, footprints, rice artificial animal containers. and 15

SOUTHEAST TROP ASIAN J PUBLIC MED HEALTH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

grateful Entomology, Department Jones, Chief James of of We W the Armed to are

Bangkok, Sciences, of for encouragement, his Research Medical Institute Forces sup-

Biosys- reviewing manuscript, Wilkerson, for port, and Richard C the and Reed Walter to

Washington, reviewing Institution, DC, manuscript. Unit, Smithsonian for tematics the

colleagues study, specimens particu- thank of collected We who the used this all in our

larly University. Mahidol AFRIMS those and at

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1993; lipids. Malaysia by analysis Culicidae) peninsular Entomol of cuticular J Med in

969-74. 30:

body parity, size, Kittayapong and JD, BA, P, Delorme Female DR. Edman Harrison

Culicidae) Malaysia. peninsular (Diptera: Anopheles in of malaria infection maculatus

1992; 379-83. Med Entomol 29: J

Syst Mosq 1978; (Finlaya) mosquito Knight 10: 106- from Thailand. KL. Aedes A new

16.

nd Culicidae). (Diptera: mosquitoes Knight catalog 2 ed. KL, of world of the Stone A. A the

Say 1977; Found, 1-611. Soc 6: Entomol Am Thomas

Japanese of isolations Trosper TG, JH, JH, Basaca-Sevilla Additional Cross V. Ksiazek

Trop Philippines. Pubfic Health encephalitis Med from Southeast J Asian virus the

1980; 507-9. 11

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Trop species village J Med Southeast Asian Indonesia; environment. Common the in

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PP.

Morphological Chang Anthony Matusop TG, and molecular MS, YM, RE, A. Linton Harbach

nominotypical Culicidae), (Diptera: (Cellia) identity Anopheles the sundaicus of mem-

Syst Entomo12001; species 26: complex Asia. Southeast in ber of malaria vector a

357-66.

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Complex. Bull

species Sundaicus Southeast Asian in the malaria vector a new

2005; Entomol 95: 329-39. Res

Maheswary Anopheles Doenitz aconitus MA, of NP, Incrimination Elias M. Habib as a

Trop Bangladesh. Health Med Pubfic epidemic J Southeast Asian of in malaria vector

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Trop Med Soc R quitoes Trans from 1985 1987. state, India collected Karnataka to in 21

SOUTHEAST PUBLIC ASIAN J TROP MED HEALTH

Hyg 1989; 83: 550-2.

Priority pseudojamesi Anopheles KN, of for Huda Nurul Harrison BA. the the spe- name

(Diptera: Culicidae). previously ramsayi Syst Mosq 1985; cies called 17: An. 49-51.

Shope JG, encephalitis Japanese R, TG, VH, Olson Ksiazek Tan of virus Isolation Lee RE.

Anopheles Anopheles Lombok, from annularis and Soc Indonesia. in Trans R vagus

Hyg Trop 1985; Med 79: 845-7.

Panyim Rosenberg S, S, R, RG, V, Baimai Green Yasothornsrikul CA. Identifica- Andre

using isomorphic probe. Hyg Trop of 1988; malaria DNA Med tion J Am vectors a

38: 47-9.

key Peyton Anopheles EL, mosquitoes female Scanlon JE. the Illustrated Thailand. of to

Component, Organization, Bangkok: Army Treaty Southeast US Medical 1966: Asia

47 pp.

(Cellia) Peyton Anopheles EL, Leucosphyrus species dirus,

Harrison BA. of the new a

Culicidae). Syst (Diptera: Mosq Group 1979; from Thailand 40-52. 11:

(Cellia) Peyton Ramalingam

nemophilous, Anopheles EL, species S. of the a new

Leucosphyrus peninsular Culicidae). Malaysia (Diptera: from Thailand and group

Syst Mosq 1988; 20: 272-99.

Peyton Leucosphyrus (Cellia). Anopheles Mosq classification for EL. A the of group new

Syst 1990; 197-205. 21

Pinichpongse S, entomology Bullner GR. of The malaria Thailand. status current in

1967; Warasan Mal 43. 11

Vaidya JN, SL, high Shrestha Pradhan valleys RG. Malaria transmission mountain of in

including Nepal (James) Anopheles first

record of willmori third of west vector as a

Nepal 1970; MedAssoc malaria. 8: 89-97. J

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(Diptera: Culicidae) occurring including description Thailand in of the two group new 22

ILLUSTRATED KEYS IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

FOR OF THE

preliminary key Syst species Mosq 1986; females. 18: 246-78. and to a

(Diptera: Culicidae) Anopheles R, type from Rattanarithikul Harbach RE. maculatus the

Hong Kong locality species Complex the of and of Maculatus from the Phil- two new

Syst ippines. Mosq 1990; 160-83. 22:

Noigamol Mongkolpanya Chanaimongkol Nakngen Mahapibul R, K, C, S, P, Rattanarithikul

Dry-season Mekong mosquito River, S. of of distribution larvae the bed the north- in

Mosq 1994; ControlAssoc Thailand. JAm 10: 197-201. western

medically important mosquitoes keys R, of Rattanarithikul Panthusiri Illustrated the P. to

(suppl 1): Trop 1994; Thailand. Southeast J Med 25 1-66. Asian Pubfic Health

Chanaimongkol Panyim Noigamol Mahapibul CA, S, C, S, R, Rattanarithikul Green P.

Larval of focus Thai- habitats malaria around transmission northwestern in vectors a

Mosq 1995; Control 428-33. land. 11 Assoc J Am

R, E, Rattanarithikul of Plasmo- Konishi Linthicum KJ. Detection Plasmodium vivax and

falciparum circumsporozoites antigen anopheline mosquitoes collected in dium in

Hyg Trop 1996a; 114-21. southern Thailand. J Med 54: Am

biting activity E, R, Rattanarithikul Observations Konishi Linthicum KJ. the nocturnal on

preference Mosq anophelines Con- of and host Thailand. JAm collected in southern

1996b; trolAssoc 12: 52-7.

parity Anoph- R, J, Rattanarithikul of Seasonal and Linthicum Konishi abundance K E. rates

species Mosq 1996c; 75-83. eles ControlAssoc 12: southern Thailand. JAm in

keys R, BA, P, Rattanarithikul Coleman the Harrison Panthusiri RE. Illustrated to mos-

subgen- Background; geographic quitoes distributions; of of List Thailand I. genera,

key species; Trop Southeast Pubfic Health and and Asian J Med to genera. era, a

(suppl 1): 2005; 36 1-80.

(Diptera: leucosphyrus Anopheles preliminary Reid of forms of JA. A Doenitz the account

Culicidae). Taxonomy 1949; London, Soc Ser B 18: 42-53. Proc Entomol R

Systematics, (Diptera: Culicidae). Anopheles Reid with The JA. Part I. umbrosus group

descriptions species. 1950; 101: 281-318. of Entomol R Soc London Trans two new

1953; hyrcanus Anopheles Reid 44: Southeast JA. Bull Entomol Res The Asia. in group

5-76.

Anopheles 1962; Reid JA. 1-57. The Bull Entomol Res 53: barbirostris group.

Culicidae). (Diptera, Knight subgenus Anopheles JA, Reid Classification KL. within the

Trop 1961; Ann Med Parasitol 474-88. 55: 23

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Malaya 1968; Malaya mosquitoes Stud Res Anopheline Borneo. Inst Med of and JA. Reid

1-520. 3:

(Diptera) subgenera Culicidae of for and of abrreviations list JF. Revised Reinert genera

Mosq subgeneric changes. generic 2001 17: JAm ControlAssoc and and notes on

51-51

GC, Sirichotpakorn R, S, N, Linthicum P, Rattanarithikul Rongnoparut Lanzaro Yaicharoen

Anopheles maculatus, polymorphism Thai- in malaria in vector KJ. Microsatellite a

Hyg 1996; Trop 589-94. Med 55: Am J land.

Sirichotpakorn R, Se- N, KJ. S, Rongnoparut Rattanarithikul Linthicum P, Yaicharoen

(Diptera: Culicidae) Anopheles Copia-like heterogeneity retrotransposons in in quence

1998; Entomol 35: 771-7. J Med in Thailand.

S, Sirichotpakorn R, N, Rongnoparut Linthicum KJ. Estimates P, Rattanarithikul Yaicharoen

using populations Anopheles microsatellite Thailand in flow maculatus of among gene

Hyg Trop 1999; analysis. 60: 508-15. Med J Am

Highly dry of RG, Rosenberg transmission malaria R, Somchit efficient L. Andre season

Hyg 1990; 22-8. Soc Med 89: Trans R Thailand. in

multiple KM, Ryan of Test K, evaluation JR, Vec Collins Extensive al. Dave et test centre

2002; panel 16: 321-7. antigen Entomol Med Vet malaria assay.

Morphological Rajavel KG, AR, Saguna chromosomal de- SG, V. and Dhanda Rathinam

1994; Anopheles complex. species subpictus Entomol scriptions Med Vet in the of new

9: 88-94.

leucosphyrus species Anopheles Peyton of EL, RC. the MAM, Wilkerson Six Sallum new

implications. elegans reinterpretation Anopheles Med Vet Entomol of and vector group,

2005; 158-99. 19:

Kumpitak C, Sattabongkot C, of Vec Test Malaria Anti- J, Evaluation the al. Kiattibut et

falciparum of and P. Plasmodium vivax for detection the Panel assay gen

Entomo12004; protein anopheline mosquitoes circumsporozoit Thailand. Med J in in

209-14. 41:

Anopheles of Peyton EL, of Thailand. JE, DJ. An annotated checklist the Gould Scanlon

Pap 1968; Ser 2: 1-35. Sci Fauna Thai Natl

Anopheles biology of balabacensis in JE, The U. distribution and Scanlon Sandhinand

1965; 61-9. Entomol 2: Thailand. J Med

Thaithong Viriyakosol S, S, W, KN. Identification four of the G, Brown Jarra Snounou

polymerase samples species by parasite and de- the chain reaction field malaria in 24

KEYS ANOPHELES

ILLUSTRATED IDENTIFICATION FOR THE OF

1993; high prevalence 58: Biochem Parasitol of infections. Mol mixed tection of a

283-92.

anophelines Susceptibility zoophilic W, and P, of Thai Somboon Suwonakerd Lines JD.

parasites. suspected Southeast strains of malaria malaria local human vectors to

Trop 1994; 25: Pubfic Health 766-70. Asian Med J

epidemiological Entomological P, in- A, J, and Somboon Lines Webber R. Aramrattana

population vestigations forest in transmission of relation in malaria movements to

1998; Trop 29: Med Pubfic Health Southeast Asian J of Thailand. north-west areas

3-9.

Today Anopheles complex of Parasitol control malaria. SK. cuficifacies and Subbarao The

1988; 72-5. 4:

Thongrungkiat Popu- Leemingsawat Apiwathnasorn C, S. S, N, S, Sucharit Komalamisra

complex Anopheles Southeast genetic Thailand. minimus in lation studies the on

1988; Trop 19: 7-23. Med Pubfic Health Asian J

(JEV): encephalitis Japanese S, K, virus Sucharit SR. of Surathin Shrestha Vectors spe-

Trop 1989; complexes Health 20: Southeast Med Public of Asian J cies the vectors.

611-21.

Isozyme for S, H, evidence three S, Y, Efriwati M. V, Dasuki Andris Sukowati Baimai Harun

complex Anopheles sibling species Entomol from Indonesia. Med Vet sundaicus the in

1999; 408-14. 13:

Manguin Sungvornyothin Chareonviriyaphap T, S, S. reliable How is the humeral S, Garros

Complex? Mosq cryptic species pale of J Am of Minimus for identification the spot

(in press). 2006; 22: Assoc Control

Trop Med Southeast Asian J filariasis Thailand. Suvannadabba S. Current of in status

(suppl 2): 1993; 24 5-7. Public Health

Anoph- study Rimwangtrakul Amg-Ang of W, B, field the Suwonakerd K. A response on

sprayed Province, Thailand. Phetchaboon fenitrothion huts in DDT and dirus eles to to

Trop 1990; Med 32: 1-5.

(9) Lutzia, mosquitoes Japan establish- pupal Genus with of Tanaka Studies K. the on

Culicidae). Jpn (Diptera: J subgenera, Insulalutzia and of Metalutzia two ment new

Syst 2003; 9: 159-69. Entomol

mosquitoes. Monograph British Museum London: Vol Culicidae V. of the Theobald FV. or

History, of 1910:646 Natural pp.

Univ MD of Thailand. of Culicidae northern revision the Thurman EB. contribution A to a 25

SOUTHEAST J TROP ASIAN MED PUBLIC HEALTH

Agric Exp Stn Bull 1959:100 A pp.

Trung W, HD, ND, P, P, Van Bortel Coosemans Manh Roelants Identification Verle M. of

species Anopheles complex minimus northern Vietnam and their within the in two

Trop divergences. 1999; behavioural Med Health Int 4: 257-65.

caught anopheline mosquitoes the of wild other than Wattal Dissection BL. records re-

Mosq ported of Soc Ind Mal Dis of "Vectors malaria in India". Nat malaria vectors

1961; 187-237. 1:

investigations Malaya. laboratory the of and Studies filariasis Field in Wharton RH. on

Trop 1960; 78- bancrofti. Med Parasitol 54: of Wuchereria Ann of rural strain vectors a

91.

wing Peyton RC, spots for of the Standardized nomenclature the costal EL. Wilkerson

Culicidae). (Diptera: spotted mosquitoes Anopheles wing J Med other and genus

1990; 207-24. 27: Entomol

encephalitis by Japanese mosquitoes virus Zhang B in of infection The HL. natural rate

Zhonghua Fang 1990; Zhi 24: 265-7. Yu Yi Xue Za Yunnan Province. 26

ILLUSTRATED KEYS IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

FOR OF THE

Table

Type locality species for Thailand for information which chromosomal in one or more

forms been described. have

Species Type locality Genetic forms*

Kajoe A,B,C Tanam, Sumatra, aconitus Indonesia An.

Sumatra, A,B Deli, Indonesia An. argyropus

Ardjoeno, A,B,C Java, barbirostris E. Mt. Indonesia An.

Malaysia Lumpur, A,B crawfordi An. Kuala

Hoshangabad, A,B culicifacies India An.

jamesfi Quilon, A,B Travancore, India An.

jeyporiensis A,B,C,D states, Orissa India and Maharashtra An.

Bombay, A,B,C Karwar, karwari India An.

(B)in Hong Kong, E,K type maculatus Thailand An. maculatus An.

China

Selangor, nivipes Lumpur, Malaysia A,B Kuala An.

nigerrimus A, Calcutta, India An. B

A,B China An. sinensis

subpictus B,C,D India An.

A,B Sumatra, An. Java Indonesia and vagus

locality compared specimens type These from the chromosomal forms be with must to

conspecific cross-mating,

they species. determine undescribed Studies if such are or as

polytene genetics species. chromosome, molecular be define the If and used to two can

locality,

identified after type chromosomal forms the then consid- serious at more or are

arbitrary eration, selection of of forms fix chromosomal be made the the must to an one

previously locality. species of described type the from that name 27

J PUBLIC SOUTHEAST TROP MED ASIAN HEALTH

Table 2

anopheline potential encephalitis, Japanese malaria, Known of and and vectors vectors

neighboring lymphatic filariasis Thailand and in countries.

Disease/vector Vector References in Vector

Thailand* elsewhere

Malaria

al., 1991; 1967; al.,

Gould An. aconitus Green et et X X

Maheswary al., 1992 et

(x) 1985; al., al., Ghosh Baker 1987 annularis An. et et x

(x) campestris al., Coleman 2002 An. et

Rao, 1984; Subbarao, culicifacies Ramachandra An. 1988 x

Sandhinand,

Scanlon 1965 dirus and An. as x x

Rosenberg 1990; balabacensis; al., et

al., Green 1991 et

D) (=dirus al., Green baimaii 1991 An. et x

(x) hodgkini al., Coleman An. 2002 et

[x] Rosenberg karwari al., An. 1990 et

(x) 1961; Wattal, 1987; etal., kochi An. Baker

unpublished Coleman, O'Guinn and data

[x] al., 1968; al., 1989; Scanlon An. maculatus Delorme et et

al., Green 1991 et

1991; 1980; al., Harrison,

minimus Green An. et x x

al., Rattanarithikul 1996 et

(x) nivipes al., 1987; Harbach An. et

al., 1996 Rattanarithikul et

Rosenberg philippinensis [x] al., 1990; 1987; al., Elias An. et et

unpublished Coleman, O'Guinn data and

pseudowillmori al., Green 1991 An. et x

stephensi Ramachandra, 1984 An.

Kirnowardoyo, subpictus 1985; An.

Amerasinghe al., 1992 et

[x] epiroticus al., 1968; Reid, Scanlon 1968 An. et x

(=sundaicus A)

[x] 1976; al., tessellatus An. Harinasuta et x

Ramachandra, 1984

(x) sawadwongporni 1996; al., Rattanarithikul An. et

al., 1998; al., Coleman Somboon 2002 et et 28

IDENTIFICATION KEYS

ILLUSTRATED ANOPHELES FOR THE OF

(Continued). Table 2

Disease/vector Vector Vector References in

Thailand* elsewhere

(x) al., Ramachandra, 1984; An. 1987 Baker et vagus x

al., willmori An. Pradhan 1970 et x

Group [x] Scanlon, 1975; Barbirostris Harrison and x

al., Rattanarithikul 1996a et

Hyrcanus (x) Group Scanlon, 1975; Harrison and x

al., Rattanarithikul 1996a et

Group Scanlon, Khoon, 1975; Umbrosus 1985 Harrison and x

Japanese encephalitis

1985; al., 1980; annularis An. Olson al., Ksiazek et et

al., Sucharit 1989 et

peditaeniatus Mourga al., An. 1989 et x

Zhang, sinensis An. 1990 x

subpictus An. al., Dhanda 1997 et x

Banerjee al., An. tessellatus 1977 et x

1985; al., An. al., Olson 1989 Sucharit et et vagus x

Group Ramachandra, Barbirostris 1984 x

Hyrcanus Group Ramachandra, 1984 x

Group Ramachandra, Umbrosus 1984 x

Filariasis

Ramachandra, An. 1984 annularis x

Suvannadabba, campestris An. 1993 x

Cheong Omar, An. and 1965 maculatus x

lyengar, An. tessellatus 1953 x

subpictus al., An. 1983 Lee et x

Ramachandra, An. 1984 varuna x

Group 1983; Rao, al., Barbirostris 1984 Ramachandra Lee et x

Hyrcanus Zang Group Rao, al., 1984; 1991 Ramachandra et x

Group 1960; Scanlon, Wharton, Umbrosus 1975 Harrison and x

(x) only, salivary [x] glands, sporozoites For oocysts, ELISA malaria in the x 29

SOUTHEAST J ASIAN TROP PUBLIC MED HEALTH

Table 3

Anopheles Checklist of of the Thailand.

SUBGENUS ANOPHELES

1932) (Edwards, Anopheles Series

(Reid Group Knight, 1961) and Aitkenii

Scanlon, aberrans Harrison 1. 1975 and

bengalensis Puri, 2. 1930

(Theobald, fragilis 1903) 3.

(Swellengrebel Swellengrebel graaf, 1920) insulaeflorum 4. and de

(Rodenwaldt, 1926) palmatus 5.

Reid, 6. stricklandi 1965

tigertti Peyton, Scanlon 1967 and 7.

Group 1961) (Reid Knight, Culiciformis and

Ho, sintonoides 8. 1938

Group 1961), (Bonne-Webster Lindesayi (Reid Knight, and and

Swellengrebel; 1953, Reid; 1991) 1968, al., Harrison et

Gigas Complex (Harrison 1991) al., et

baileyi Edwards, 9. 1929

gigas

10. An. sp. near n.

Complex Lindesayi (Harrison 1991) al., et

lindesayi Edwards, 11. cameronensis 1929

Lophoscelomyia (Edwards, 1932) Series

(Reid, 1968) Group Asiaticus

Subgroup Subgroup) (New Asiaticus

Leicester, 12. 1903 asiaticus

Subgroup (New Subgroup) Interruptus

interruptus Puri, 13. 1929

Species Unassociated

Causey, bu/k/eyi 14. 1937

(Edwards, 1932) Myzorhynchus Series

(Reid Group 1961) Knight, Albotaeniatus and

Hacker, Stanton 15. 1917 montanus and

(Reid, Group 1962) Barbirostris

Subgroup (Reid, 1968) Barbirostris

(genetic Wulp, C) A, B, 16. barbirostris forms Van der 1884 a 30

ANOPHELES

ILLUSTRATED KEYS IDENTIFICATION

FOR OF THE

(Continued). Table 3

campestris Reid, 1962 17.

Reid, 18. donaldi 1962

hodgkini Reid, 19. 1962

pollicaris Reid, 20. 1962

Subgroup (Reid, 1968) Vanus

Chowdhury, Strickland 1927 barbumbrosus and 21.

(Reid, 1953) Hyrcanus Group

Subgroup 1972) (Harrison, Lesteri

(genetic B) Reid, A, forms crawfordi 1953 22. a

paraliae Sandosham, 23. 1959

(Leicester, 1908) peditaeniatus 24.

Subgroup 1972) (Harrison, Nigerrimus

B) (genetic nigerrimus Giles, A, 1900 form 25. a

Scanlon, Reid, Harrison, 1973 26. nitidus and

pursati Laveran, 27. 1902

Species Unassociated

(genetic (Swellengrebel, 1914) B) A, forms 28. a argyropus

B) (genetic Wiedemanr, A, forms 29. sinensis 1828 a

1950) (Reid, Group Umbrosus

Subgroup (New Subgroup) Baezai

Gater, 1933 30. baezai

1968) Subgroup (Reid, Letifer

Sandosham, letifer 1944 31.

roped Reid, 32. 1950

Reid, 1963 33. whartoni

Subgroup (New Subgroup) Separatus

(Leicester, 1908) separatus 34.

Subgroup) Subgroup (New Umbrosus

(Theobald, 1903) umbrosus 35.

SUBGENUS BAIMAIA

kyondawensisAbraham, 1947 36.

SUBGENUS CELLIA

1924) (Christophers, Myzomyia Series

Complex) (New Jeyporiensis Complex 31

SOUTHEAST PUBLIC ASIAN J TROP MED HEALTH

(continued). Table 3

(genetic D) jeyporiensis C, A, B, James, 1902 forms 37. a

(Garros Group 2004) al., Funestus et

(Chen Subgroup 2003) al., Aconitus et

(genetic C) Doenitz, A, B, forms 38. 1902 aconitus a

pampanai Beales, 39. Buttiker 1959 and

lyengar, 40. 1924 varuna

Subgroup (Garros 2004) al., Culicifacies et

(genetic B) Giles, A, culicifacies forms 1901 41. a

(Chen Subgroup 2003) al., Minimus et

(Green 1990) Complex al., Minimus et

Theobald, minimus 1901 42.

C 43. minimus

(Christophers, 1924) Neocellia Series

(Reid, Group 1968) Annularis

derWulp, annularis Van 1884 44.

philippinensis Ludlow, 45. 1902

(Green Complex 1991) Nivipes al., 1985, al., Harrison et et

A,B) (Theobald, 1903) (genetic nivipes forms 46. a

Group) Group (New Jamesii

jamesiiTheobald, (genetic B) A, 1901 forms 47. a

Choudhury, pseudojamesi Strickland 48. 1931 and

splendidus Koidzumi, 1920 49.

(New Group Group) Maculatus

Subgroup) Subgroup (New Maculatus

Christophers, dravidicus 1924 50.

K) (plus genetic Theobald, E, 51. 1901 forms maculatus a

Sawadwongporni Subgroup) (New

Green, notanandai Rattanarithikul 1986 52. and

sawadwongporni Green, Rattanarithikul 53. 1986 and

Species Unassociated

(Theobald, 1910) pseudowillmori 54.

1903) (James, willmori 55.

Species Unassociated

(James, 1903) (genetic C) B, A, karwari forms 56. a

stephensiListon, 1901 57. 32

ILLUSTRATED IDENTIFICATION KEYS ANOPHELES

FOR THE OF

(continued). Table 3

Neomyzomyia (Christophers, 1924) Series

(New Group Group) Kochi

kochiDoenitz, 1901 58.

(Reid, 1949) Group Leucosphyrus

(Peyton, Elegans Subgroup 1990)

Edwards, hackeri 59. 1921

pujutensis Colless, 1948 60.

Subgroup (Peyton, 1990) Leucosphyrus

1988) (Peyton Ramalingam, Complex Dirus and

D) (=dirus Peyton, 2005 baimaii Sallum 61. and

B) Peyton, (=dirus Sallum and 2005 62. cracens

Peyton Harrison, 63. dirus 1979 and

Peyton nemophi/ous Ramalingam, 1988 64. and

C) Peyton, (=dirus Sallum 2005 scan/oni and 65.

1990) Complex (Peyton, Leucosphyrus

Colless, intro/atus 1957 66.

A) (=/eucosphyrus Peyton, 2005 Sallum and 67. /atens

Subgroup (Peyton, 1990) Riparis

Colless, 68. 1956 macarthuri

(New Group) Group Tessellatus

tesse//atusTheobald, 69. 1901

1932) Pyretophorus (Edwards, Series

(New Group) Group Ludlowae

(Sukowati 1999) Complex eta/., Sundaicus

2005) A) (Linton epiroticus (=sundaicus Harbach, 70. and

(Saguna 1994) Subpictus Complex a/., et

1904) (Ludlow, 71. indefinitus

(genetic D) subpictus Grassi, B, C, forms 1899 72. a

(genetic B) A, Doenitz., forms 73. 1902 a vagus

cytogenetic Thirty-four by genetic identified studies forms have but additional been a

(Table 1). require species study confirmed before be full additional status can 33

SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED HEALTH PUBLIC

dLun:ls eueue8

snuepued Sl!Xe

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eloq qeJo

i+i+ 6u!Jds-e6edeesJo dees

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KEYS ANOPHELES

ILLUSTRATED IDENTIFICATION FOR THE OF 35

SOUTHEAST TROP PUBLIC J HEALTH ASIAN MED

+

(,,..

+

+

(.,..

+ + +

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+

!+

+

+ +

i+

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_ 36

ANOPHELES

KEYS IDENTIFICATION

ILLUSTRATED OF FOR THE

Subregion 4

Chachoengsao 29

Chanthaburi 30

Chon Buri 31

Buri 32 Prachin

Rayong 33

Sa Kaeo 34

Trat 35

Subregion 5

Thong Ang 36

4? Bangkok 37

Chai Nat 38

Kamphaeng Phet 39

Lop 40 Buri

Nayok Nakhon 41

Pathom 42 Nakhon

Sawan 43 Nakhon

Nonthaburi 44.

45. Phetchabun

Phichit 46.

Subregion Phitsanulok 47.

Ayutthaya Si Chiang Phra Nakhon 48. Mai 1.

Chiang Thani 49. Pathum Rai 2.

Lampang Samut Prakan 50. 3.

Sakhon Lamphun Samut 51. 4.

Songkhram Hong Son Samut 52. Mae 5.

Saraburi 53. Nan 6.

Sing Buri 54. Phrae 7.

Sukhothai Phayao 55. 8.

Suphan Bud 56. Uttaradit 9.

Subregion Thani Uthai 57. 2

Subregion 6 Kanchanaburi 10.

Charoen Phetchaburi 58. Amnat 11.

Prachuap Bud Ram Khiri 59. Khan 12.

Chaiyaphum 60. Ratchaburi 13.

Kalasin 61. 14. Tak

Subregion Khon Kaen 62. 3

Chumphon 63. Loei 15.

Sarakham 64. Maha 16. Krabi

Mukdahan 65. Narathiwat 17.

Phanom 66. Nakhon NakhonSiThammarat 18.

Ratchasima 67. Nakhon Pattani 19.

22

Nong Phang-nga Phu 68 Bua Lam 20.

Nong Phatthalung Khai 69 21.

Roi Et 70 Phuket 22

Sakon Ranong Nakhon 71 23

Si Sa Ket 72 Satun 24

Songkhla Surin 73 25

Ratchathani Ubon Thani 74 26 Surat

Trang Thani 75 Udon 27

Yasothon 76 28 Yala

provinces. subregions showing 76 1-Map and the Fig the six Thailand of 37

SOUTHEAST J MED ASIAN TROP PUBLIC HEALTH

nopheles C4novheles)

Group Aitkenii

aberrans An.

bengalensis All An.

fragilis An.

insulaeflorum An. All

Z palmatus An.

stricklandi An.

tigertti A &

Group Culiciformis

0 sintonoides A

Groups Fig (Anopheles). Anopheles Culiciformis 2-Distributions Aitkenii of of and 38

ANOPHELES

IDENTIFICATION

KEYS ILLUSTRATED OF THE FOR

(Aopheles), Anolheles

Group Asiaficus

asiaticus An.

interruptus An.

Group Lindesayi

baileyi An.

gigas

An. sp. near n.

lindesayi cameronensis An.

Slecies Unassociated

bulkleyi An.

Anopheles bulkeyi of Groups, Lindesayi An. and and of Asiaticus Fig 3-Distributions

(Anopheles). 39

SOUTHEAST TROP ASIAN J HEALTH MED PUBLIC

Anop,heles (Anopheles)

Group Albotaeniatus

An. montanus

Group Barbirostris

barbirostris An. All

barbumbrosus All An.

campestris / An.

donaldi An. (C)

& hodgkini An.

pollicaris An.

Fig Groups (Anopheles). Anopheles of 4-Distributions Albotaeniatus Barbiorstris and of 40

ILLUSTRATED KEYS IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

FOR THE OF

Anopheles (Anopheles.)

Group Hyrcanus

An. All argyropus

crawfordi An. All

J

nigerrimus An. All ,

nitidus An. All

paraliae An.

o.

peditaeniatus An. All

pursati An. All

An. sinensis All

(Anopheles). Fig Group Hyrcanus Anopheles of 5-Distributions of 41

SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH

Anovhe!es, (Anovhe!es)

Group Umbrosus

baezai An.

letifer An.

roperi An.

An. separatus

I umbrosus An.

whartoni An.

(Baimaia) Anolheles

kyondawensis An.

(Anopheles) kyondawensis Group Anopheles Fig An. of of and 6-Distributions Umbrosus

(Baimaia). Anopheles of 42

ILLUSTRATED KEYS

IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES THE OF FOR

,,,ohe!es Cellia) ( An,

Group Funestus

All aconitus

An.

/ culicifacies An.

All minimus An.

C E] minimus An.

pampanai An.

0 An.

varuna

Species Unassociated

jeyporiensis & An.

Fig Group (Cellia). jeyporiensis Anopheles 7-Distributions of Funestus of and An. 43

SOUTHEAST ASIAN TROP PUBLIC MED HEALTH J

Anopheles (Celiia}

Group Annularis

annularis All An.

nivipes All An.

philippinensis All An.

Group Jamesii

jamesii All An.

pseudojamesi An.

splendidus All An.

Species Unassociated

All karwari An.

stephensi gr An.

Groups, stephensi Fig of and karwari An. of Annularis Jamesii An. 8-Distributions and

(Cellia). Anopheles 44

ILLUSTRATED KEYS

IDENTIFICATION

ANOPHELES FOR THE OF

nolh.e, (Cellia) les

Maculatus Group

An. dravidicus 7q

An. maculatus A

An. - maculatus form E

form K

An. notanandai 0

An. pseudowillmori

I

An. sawadwongporni &

An. willmori

Distributed throughout the

country in South. except the

Distributed only Chumphon from

the South. to

Distributed through

of the most country, in the South. areas uncommon

Fig 9-Distributions Maculatus of Group Anopheles of (Cellia). 45

SOUTHEAST J TROP ASIAN PUBLIC HEALTH MED

Ceflia) Anopheles (

Group Kochi

kochi All An.

Group Leucosphyrus

baimaii An.

An. cracens

dirus An. All

hackeri An.

introlatus An.

latens An.

macarthuri An.

nemophiious Ar

pujutensis An.

scanloni An. I

Group Tessellatus

tessellatus All An.

Fig Groups Leucosphyrus, Kochi, 10-Distributions (Cellia). of Anopheles Tessellatus and of 46

IDENTIFICATION ILLUSTRATED KEYS

ANOPHELES

FOR OF THE

.(,CellLa eles ) h

nov

Group Ludlowae

epiroticus An. 1

Subpictus Group

indefinitus An. All

subpictus An. All

An. All vagus

Fig Subpictus (Ceflia). Anopheles Groups 11-Distributions of Ludlowae of and 47

SOUTHEAST ASIAN TROP J MED PUBLIC HEALTH

MORPHOLOGY ADULT

THORAX

Stm PsA

MS PK

PA

Oc

MtS

SA

HEAD

Pe

ABDOMEN

FI

Fe

Viii

Ta Ti MPIp Ce

LEG

Ta2

TaS_ Ta

Ta4 3 U

MAXILLARY PALPUS

HEAD

preopicol

M3+4

CuA

h rm

S

remigium C

R

--Rs-I--- -r'(2+3r?_.------,

#

u fer._.__ !.

c(::llyp R-- +---'- R u

upper

,4

o

/ M2,

. cP CuA M=. fringe

WING

PHD

HD PSD PHP

s,s s

sp "1 sl

BPFS

PFS

Fig 12 48

ILLUSTRATED

KEYS IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES FOR OF THE

ABBREVIATIONS

ADULT

WING VEINS HEAD

C Ant costa antenna

compound CuA CE cubitus anterior eye

CIp clypeus posterior CuP cubitus

flagellum FI humeral crossvein h

labellum M La media

MI+ M3+ MPIp maxillary palpus of branches media M M

1, 2, 2, 4

occiput mediocubital Oc crossvein

mcu

pedicel Pe R radius

R2+ R4+ proboscis of R branches radius P R R

3, 1, 2, 3, 5

radiomedial crossvein V vertex rm

Rs radial sector

THORAX Sc subcosta

Ap antepronotum 1A vein anal

halter HI

mesokatepisternum WING SPOTS Mks

mesepimeron apical dark Mm AD

apical pale Mpn mesopostnotum AP

pale spiracle MS ASP mesothoracic sector accessory

Msm BD basal dark mesomeron

spiracle pale MtS BP metathoracic basal

fringe pale metepisternum spot BPFS basal Mts

paratergite Pa HD humeral dark

postspiracular pale PA HP humeral area

preapical prealar dark PD PK knob

fringe Ppn pale postpronotum spot PFS

proepisternum prehumeral Ps PHD dark

prehumeral pale prespiracular PHP PsA area

preapical subspiracular pale SA PP area

presector Scu PSD dark scutum

pale presector PSP Stm scutellum

wing pale SCP W subcostal

SD dark sector

pale SP LEG sector

C-I forecoxa

ABDOMEN C-II midcoxa

Ce C-Ill hindcoxa cercus

femur tergum Fe Te

Ta 1-Ta S 5 1-5 tarsomeres sternum

segments tibia abdominal Ti I-VIII

unguis U 49

SOUTHEAST J ASIAN TROP PUBLIC HEALTH MED

MORPHOLOGY LARVAL

THORAX HEAD

2

II 4

4

"

P

M 14

T M

TROPACIC PLEURAL

III GROUPS

,0

II/

I ABDOMEN

Ventral

Fig 13 50

ILLUSTRATED

KEYS IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES OF FOR THE

ABBREVIATIONS

LARVA

HEAD

antenna

capsule head cranium

THORAX

prothorax

M mesothorax

T metathorax

designated 1-14 setae e.g., areas, on

l-M, 1-T seta seta

ABDOMEN

I-VIII, segments abdominal X

spiracular S apparatus

designated 1-14 setae e.g., areas, on

1-1, 5-IV seta seta 51

SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP PUBLIC MED HEALTH

PLATE

TO SUBGENERA OF ANOPHELES KEY THE

FEMALES ADULT

evenly maxillary palpus approximately length

rounded; Scutellum Characters: pro- same as

boscis

flagellomeres flagellomeres Antennal dense with with 1. Antennal 1. without or

pale long covering long covering pale of sensilla of between sensillae sparse

fuzzy provide whorls, whorls that between without dense appearance cover-

Wing entirely ing long pale dark-scaled of 2. sensillae

Wing entirely spotted pale dark 2. with or

dark marks and

Subgenus Baimaia

kyondawensis

An.

I

To PLATE 2 52

LLUSTRATED KEYS

IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES FOR THE OF

PLATE 2

flagellomeres covering pale long From of Antennal with PLATE 1: without sensillae sparse or

covering long pale whorls, entirely wing spotted sensillae; between of dark dense without or

pale with and dark marks

Wing (Aitkenii entirely Groups) dark- scaled Culiciformis and or

Wing (Albotaeniatus, involving Asiaticus, with and 3 dark marks both R-R veins costa

Hyrcanus, bulkleyO Groups, Barbirostris, Umbrosus and An. or

R-Rlwith Wing

marks with dark but veins than 3 dark 4 costa not areas, more acces- on

Group) (ASP) (Lindesayi pale spot absent sector sory

PLATE To 3 Subgenus Anopheles

R-R,

Wing involving dark both with marks and veins 4 costa sector accessory

more or

R (ASP) pale subcosta, spot and/or present and/or costa on

[

Subgenus Cellia To PLATE 19 53

PUBLIC SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED HEALTH

PLATE 3

SUBGENUS SERIES GROUPS OF TO SPECIES KEY THE AND THE

ANOPHELES

FEMALES ADULT

involving Wing entirely dark-scaled, 3 dark marks and with both veins PLATE 2: From costa

R-R1

dark

veins with than 3 with dark costa, R-R but 4 marks not

areas, acces- more on or

1,

(ASP) pale spot absent sector sary

pale Wing Wing dark scales all with and 1. scales dark 1.

Antepronotal Antepronotal 2. without scales lobe scales with lobe 2.

I To PLATE 4 (in part) Anopheles Series

long widely expanded scales and Erect Erect head 1. 1. head scales narrow,

only slightly apically expanded apically

flagellomere flagellomere dark Antennal with without scales 2. with 2. Antennal or

scales

Group Group

Aitkenii Culiciformis a

sintonoides An.

[--

To PLATE 8

bengalensis, aAnopheles fragflis, palmatus, aberrans, insulaeflorum, An. An. An. An.

tigertti. stricklandi, and An. An. 54

ANOPHELES

ILLUSTRATED KEYS IDENTIFICATION FOR THE OF

PLATE 4

antepronotal Wing pale scales; lobe with scales PLATE with and dark From 3:

Legs of hindfemur Legs tuft dark hindfemur without scales tuft dark of scales with on on

hindleg hindleg

mid- and of of mid- and tarsomeres tarsomeres or on or on

Lophoscelomyia Series

An.bulkleyi Group and Asiaticus

(unassociated species)

[.

PLATE To 5

preapical Hindfemur distal broad Hindfemur without distal broad 1. with 1.

preapical white band white band or

(PSP) (PSP) pale pale and presector Costa with presector Costa 2. without 2.

(HP) pale spots spot humeral

part) (in Anopheles Myzorhynchus Series Series a

Lindesayi Group

- To PLATE 7 To PLATE 6

Groups. Hyrcanus, Barbirostris, Umbrosus aAIbotaeniatus, and 55

SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH

PLATE 5

SPECIES OF LOPHOSCELOMYIA SERIES TO THE THE KEY

FEMALES ADULT

Legs tuft of hindfemur of PLATE with dark scales mid-and From 4: tarsomeres on or on

hindlegs

Legs only hindfemur, Legs

of dark scales with scales with clusters erect erect on on as

apical midleg prominent of scales 0.25- 0.33 tuft of and and 2 tarsomeres tarsomere on

(black distally) proximally hindleg of and white 2

specimens available No

bulkleyi An.

a

Group Asiaticus

species) (Unassociated

fringe fringe Wing pale Wing pale spot spot with 1. 1. without at

apex apex narrow

R4+ R4/ vein vein at

5 5

(SCP) (SCP) pale pale spot, of Subcostal 2. Subcostal spot when 2. costa

tip extending present, confined of R and vein to costa onto

golden pale tergum with subcosta Vlll 3. Abdominal

pale tergum 3. Abdominal without VIII scales

scales

interruptus asiaticus An. An.

(type aOnly single specimen)

from male which lost. known a was 56

KEYS DENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

LLUSTRATED FOR THE OF

6 PLATE

preapical band; presector without white PLATE Hindfemur 4: without distal broad costa From

(PSP) pale spot

patch Clypeus Clypeus patch of dark scales of 1. without with dark scales 1. on

flagellomere pale Only 1 with antennal 2. each side

flagellomeres scales with Basal 4-8 antennal 2.

pale scales

Group Hyrcanus a

1

15 PLATE To

tuft tuft of black scales of black Sternum scales with Sternum without VII VII

b Group Barbirostris

PLATE 12 To

dark-scaled Hindtarsomere 5 white all Hindtarsomere 5

Group Group Umbrosus

Albotaeniatus c

An.

montanus [

9 PLATE To

nitidus, B, nigerrimus B, A crawfordi An. Anopheles and B, A and An. An. and A a argyropus

pursafi, and peditaeniatus, A B. and sinensis paraliae, An. An. An. An.

bAnopheles campestris, donaldi, An. barbumbrosus, C, A, B, An. An. and An. barbirostris

pollicaris. hodgkini, and An.

roped, whartoni. letifer, umbrosus, and An. separatus, CAnopheles An. baezai, An. An. An. 57

SOUTHEAST MED ASIAN TROP PUBLIC HEALTH J

PLATE 7

OF SPECIES TO THE KEY GROUP LINDESAYI THE

FEMALES ADULT

preapical From Hindfemur PLATE with distal 4: broad band white presector with costa

or

(PSP) (HP) pale pale spots humeral and

preapical pale Hindfemur broad with 1. pale preapical Hindfemur 1. without broad

band, tarsi dark all pale band, bands tarsi with

pale Costa spots, than 2 2. with

pale Costa not 2. with 3 includ- spots more or

more

(AP) pale apical pale and/or (PSP) ing pale subcostal presector and humeral

($CP) spots (HP) pale spots

Wing usually fringe pale Wing without 3. usually spot fringe pale 3. spot with

CuA between and veins vein 1A CuA between veins and vein 1A a

Subgroup Lindesayi Gigas Subgroup

lindesayi An. cameronensis

fringe margin Wing pale Wing fringe margin 1. pale with spots 1. spots with at at

M, R1,R R4+ M3+ Rland veins M and vein R

5, 2, 2, 4 2

(long entirely spots Vein 1A with 2. dark spot 2. Vein dark 1A two

apex) spot base and short at at

b gigas

baileyi An. An. c sp. near n.

specimens. aThis character is difficult to

some see on

bThis species Dung,

mountain, found of top Phu Loei Province. Kra a on

species Chiang mountain, found top Inthanon, CThis Doi of Province. Mai a on 58

KEYS IDENTIFICATION ILLUSTRATED

ANOPHELES FOR OF THE

PLATE 8

SPECIES OF TO GROUP KEY THE THE AITKENII

FEMALES ADULT

long only slightly apically; expanded 3: Erect From PLATE scales and head anten- narrow,

flagellomere nal 1with without scales or

distinctly segments Abdominal segments and IV IV V All unicolorous abdominal or

paler segments than other

pale segments Abdominal and IV V

Only pale segment abdominal IV

(in 75%) palmatus (in 75%) part, An. part, aberrans An.

Prescutellar with short fine Prescutellar setae distinct median bare with space space

reaching scutellum immediately cephalad of scutellum area

%), (in bengalensis, insulaeflorum An. part, aberrans 25 An. An.

25%), fragilis, (in palmatus part, An. An.

tigertfi stricklandi, and An. An. 59

SOUTHEAST TROP MED PUBLIC ASIAN J HEALTH

PLATE 9

TO SPECIES OF KEY GROUP UMBROSUS THE THE

ADULT FEMALES

From PLATE 6: dark-scaled Hindtarsomere 5

Palpus pale Palpus apical bands, entirely with segment dark-scaled

usually entirely pale-scaled

separatus An.

pale Base hindtibia of 1. distinct with Base 1. hindtibia of dark-scaled with

or

usually long band,

pale 1.5-4.0 times spot small as as

segment width 2. veins Base of R with dark CuA and

usually CuA Base of R 2. veins and with scales

fringe pale Wing pale scales scattered 3. with 2 spots, apex

Wing fringe pale fringe 3. pale spots, with 3 spot without vein R at

apex

2

fringe pale spot middle vein R at

2

roperi An.

PLATE To 10 6O

ILLUSTRATED KEYS ANOPHELES IDENTIFICATION FOR THE OF

PLATE 10

pale of spot; From PLATE 9: of veins and Base R hindtibia dark-scaled with small base

or

R2. fringe fringe wing pale pale scales; spots, spot CuA with dark with 2 without vein at apex

Upper proepisternal proepisternal

Upper both absent present both setae setae

on on

(1-6) side) (rarely

sides small sides with seta on one one

PLATE 11

Upper 1.

mesepimeron

with 1-6 setae Upper and 1. mesepimeron 9-19 with setae

associated

scales

no inconspicuous few and dark

scales

a

2. Fore- hindtarsomeres and

with

small

2. Fore- hindtarsomeres and

all dark

or

apical

pale bands

with minute apical dorsal joints spots at

An. umbrosus An. baezai 61

SOUTHEAST PUBLIC J TROP MED ASIAN HEALTH

PLATE 11

Upper proepisternal (rarely

From 10" PLATE sides with absent both small setae seta on one

side) on one

pale proximal

1A Vein scales base, median Vein 1A with dark with scales 5 to at or more

infrequently infrequently

mark, nearly dark 3 with 2 base dark dark-scaled all or or or

base scales near

letifer An. whartoni An. 62

ILLUSTRATED KEYS IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES FOR THE OF

PLATE 12

BARBIROSTRIS GROUP SPECIES OF TO THE THE KEY

FEMALES ADULT

Sternum PLATE tuft of From 6: VII with black scales

Wing fringe fringe apical apical Wing pale pale spot spot 1. broad with 1. with

narrow

R4+ R4+ extending from vein least vein vein at to at

5 5

M1 pale Abdominal scales 2. with sterna

pale Abdominal 2. without scales sterna a

An. barbumbrosus

fringe pale

Wing only Wing pale 1. 3 with 2 with 1. apex apex narrow narrow

fringe pale spot

spot R spots, spots, vein middle R vein with at at

,or no

2 2

fringe usually only pale spot spots, but 2 Midtarsomeres unbanded 2. upper

pale include vein R wide scales with to

2

usually with Midtarsomeres 2. narrow

apical pale bands

(Below) (Above) To PLATE 13 To 13 PLATE

rarely

pale

One scales found III. two sternum a on or are 63

SOUTHEAST HEALTH ASIAN J TROP PUBLIC MED

PLATE 13

fringe fringe Wing only pale pale

spots, spot PLATE 12" with vein 2 From at apex narrow no

R2; usually unbanded midtarsomeres

scales Abdominal few scattered with white Abdominal with white sterna sterna many

patch patch median and lateral median and lateral scales between scattered between

rows rOWS

barbirostris campestris An. An. a a

C) (A, B, and

R2,

fringe

pale Wing spots, middle spot with vein 3 PLATE 12" at From apex or

narrow

R2; pale fringe withonly pale spot scales include with vein spots, wide 2 but to upper

apical pale usually bands midtarsomeres with narrow

pale long,

pale short, foretarsal 0.5 1. First band foretarsal band First 1. more or

long

long rarely 5, 5, 0.5 than less tarsomere tarsomere as as as as

usually crossing joint joint crossing 2 2 onto tarsomere onto tarsomere

pale

pale Usually median scales 20 0-20 scales More than 2. median 2.

on on

abdominal I-VI abdominal I-VI sterna sterna

hodgkini PLATE To 14 An.

identify pupal females used adult of exuviae best these aAssociated larval and to are

species. 64

ILLUSTRATED KEYS IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES FOR THE OF

PLATE 14

long long, 5, pale From First foretarsal PLATE band than 0.5 13: tarsomere as as more

usually joint pale crossing 2; abdominal than 20 median scales onto tarsomere on more

II-VI sterna

longer pale pale of foretarsus seldom First of First band 1. 1. band foretarsus

longer than 5 than 5 tarsomere tarsomere

rarely pale pale of foretarsus Second of foretarsus 2. band 2. Second band extends

of 3 tarsomere_3 base base extends of onto onto tarsomere

(PP) preapical pale Costa often Costa 3. dark scales 3. without with on

(PP) preapical pale

pollicaris An. donaldi An. 65

SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP PUBLIC HEALTH MED

PLATE 15

SPECIES OF HYRCANUS GROUP KEY TO THE THE

FEMALES ADULT

Clypeus patch side; From 6: of PLATE scales basal 4-8 dark with antennal each on

flagellomeres pale with scales

apical pale pale apical only Hindtarsomeres with basal Hindtarsomeres with and bands

(4) bands, least basal with at tarsomere

one

pale patch band or

[

To PLATE i7

short, long, CuA 1. Basal dark mark vein Basal dark mark CuA 1. vein a a on on

length

approaching by separated length

from within less more or own or own

of vein vein dark mark 1A dark mark 1A upper upper on on

just just 2. Base of distal of distal humeral 2. Base humeral costa costa to to cross-

pale scales, scaled, pale fre- scattered vein dark few crossvein with scattered with or

(HP) (HP) quently pale pale spot scales, spot humeral humeral with small no

origin origin poorly 3. Dark of vein well Dark mark R of 3. mark at vein R at

s s

defined, defined, scales between dark mark dark and scales between and mark

mostly mostly fork white fork dark

fringe fringe pale pale spot CuA Vein CuA Vein with 4. 4. with spot without or

l

nitidus An. To PLATE 16

pale CuA aVein sometimes several dark with scales and base then scales followed at very

by "short" basal mark. dark 66

KEYS ANOPHELES ILLUSTRATED IDENTIFICATION

FOR THE OF

PLATE 16

approaching length long,

of Basal mark CuA From PLATE 15: within less dark vein on own or

just

scaled, 1A; base distal humeral crossvein dark dark mark vein of costa to upper on or

(HP) origin pale pale scales, few with spot; humeral dark of scattered vein R mark at

no

s

poorly pale defined, mostly dark; CuA without dark vein scales between mark and fork with or

fringe spot

patch without of Humeral 1. crossvein Humeral crossvein dark scales 1. with scales

Remigium mostly Remigium pale-scaled mostly dark-scaled 2. 2.

(PD) (PD) preapical preapical Basal 0.33 dark 3. 3. and Basal 0.33 and dark mark

R-R1

usually

dark-scaled,

vein with R-R with vein mark many very on on or

pale pale scales few scales

peditaeniatus An.

band, broad 1. Hindtarsomere dark with 4 1. Hindtarsomere dark with 4

narrow

length length segment least 0.6 of band, of segment 0.5 at less or

without with pale 2. Hindtarsomere 5 Hindtarsomere basal band 2. with 5 very or

(0.25

pale

of basal band less segment of 0.6 narrow or or more

on

segment) just 3. Costa crossvein distal humeral to

just usually pale distal humeral 3. Costa crossvein without scales to

usually pale Apical long, several scattered scales with vein CuA 4. dark mark on

rarely

Apical short, usually long

apical mark dark vein CuA 4. dark mark on as as on

long apical dark mark 1A vein vein 1A as on as

nigerrimus An. An. argyropus

(A part) (A B) and and B in 67

SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH

PLATE 17

only apical pale 15: From PLATE Hindtarsomeres bands with

fringe Wing fringe pale Wing pale with spot, spot, wide with not apex apex narrow

R4/ extending extending beyond least veins from a vein R R to to at

3 2 5

18 To PLATE

Humeral crossvein 1. Humeral dark scales with 1. scales crossvein without

Remigium pale-scaled Remigium mostly mostly 2. 2. dark-scaled

pale 3. Midcoxa pale with Midcoxa 3. scales without scales

pursati paraliae An. An. 68

KEYS ILLUSTRATED

ANOPHELES IDENTIFICATION

FOR OF THE

PLATE 18

Wing fringe extending PLATE 17: From pale with spot, wide from vein least R at to

apex

2

R4+5

long 1. CuA Vein 1. with mark, basal Vein CuA mark, basal dark with dark short at

long equal length least pale pale twice less basal of basal most most as as or

approaching CuA, usually CuA, mark vein separated by and and mark on

on

length

length

within of less from dark dark upper upper own own or or more

mark vein 1A vein 1A mark on

on

usually usually Costa entirely 2. with Costa 2. several scattered dark-scaled

on

pale-scales just just basal 0.33 0.33 distal basal humeral distal crossvein to to on

Remigium humeral pale-scaled mostly 3. crossvein

Remigium mostly 3. dark-scaled 4. Humeral few crossvein with bare or

patch Humeral 4. with crossvein dense scales of

dark scales

nigerrimus An.

(A B)in and part

Wing pattern 1. Wing blurred sharp, pattern 1. dark short marks

Tip 2. of R vein dark-scaled defined and well

Wing long fringe pale 3. R with Tip pale-scaled spot, 2. of vein

apex

beginning R1 Wing above fringe vein at pale 3. shorter with spot,

or

apex

Preapical (PD) R 4.

dark beginning mark vein vein R at

on

2

pale

with Preapical (PD) scales R 4. dark mark vein some

on

usually fringe Vein pale CuA 5. with pale spot without scales

fringe usually CuA pale Vein 5. without spot

An. sinensis crawfordi An.

(A B) (A and B) and 69

SOUTHEAST ASIAN TROP J MED PUBLIC HEALTH

PLATE 19

KEY TO SERIES THE SUBGENUS OF CELLIA

ADULT FEMALES

From Wing

PLATE

2"

with 4 involving dark marks both and costa veins R-R

or more

acces-

1,

(ASP) pale sector spot present subcosta, and/or R1 sary costa and/or on

Upper 1. proepisternal absent setae Upper 1. proepisternal setae present

Hindtarsomere 2. entirely pale-scaled 5 Hindtarsomere 2.

partially 5 least at dark-

(except stephensO An. scaled

Neocellia Series a

I I

To PLATE 21 To PLATE 20

aAnopheles annularis, jamesfi An. B, nivipes A and An. B, A philippinensis, and An. An.

pseudojamesi, splendidus; and An. karwariA, An. C, B stephensi; and and An. dravidicus, An.

maculatus, An. An. maculatus K, E and notanandai, An. pseudowillmori, An. An.

sawadwongporni, and An. willmori. 70

ILLUSTRATED KEYS

IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

FOR THE OF

PLATE 20

Upper proepisternal partially present; From PLATE hindtarsomere 19: dark- 5 least at setae

scaled

Maxillary palpus

Maxillary palpus pale pale with 1. 1. 4 3 bands with or more

Antepronotum bands without 2. scales

Antepronotum 2. scales with

Neomyzomyia Series a

-- To 28 PLATE

entirely Legs apical

Legs pale apical dark 1. with basal and with 1. bands or narrow

pale

patches

dorsal bands tarsomeres on some or on some

segments tarsomeres 2. Abdominal and and VII Vlll

Abdominal 2. segments VII Vlll female and and least few cerci with scales at

without female cerci scales

Pyretophorus Myzomyia b Series Series c

I [--

To 35 PLATE 38 To PLATE

aAnopheles baimafi, hacked, dirus, introlatus, latens, An. An. An. An. An. An. cracens,

macarthuri, nemophilous, pujutensis, An. An. and kochi and An. tessellatus. scanloni: An. An.

bAnopheles jeyporiensis A, C, B, B, D, A, B, culicifacies aconitus and An. C and An. and A

minimus, pampanai, species C, An. An. minimus An. An. and varuna.

CAnopheles epiroticus, subpictus indefinitus, C, D, B, An. An. and and A and B. An. vagus 71

MED PUBLIC HEALTH TROP ASIAN J SOUTHEAST

PLATE 21

SERIES NEOCELLIA SPECIES OF THE GROUPS AND TO KEY

FEMALES ADULT

pale-scaled entirely proepisternal absent; hindtarsomere 5 Upper setae PLATE 19: From

stephensO (except An.

dark, tibia, 1 Hindfemur, and speckled not tarsomere tibia,

and Hindfemur, tarsomere

pale speckled scales with pale scales with

[

PLATE 22 To

white, entirely 5 4 3 and entirely not Hindtarsomeres white 3, 4, and 5 Hindtarsomeres

dark white or

Group Jamesii

23 PLATE To

entirely white 5 Hindtarsomere entirely dark 5 Hindtarsomere

Group Maculatus stephensi An.

l

PLATE 24 To 72

ILLUSTRATED KEYS

IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

THE FOR OF

PLATE 22

speckled pale tibia, Hindfemur, dark, and with scales From PLATE 21" not tarsomere

Maxillary Maxillary palpus palpus pale pale 1. bands bands with 1. with 3 4

entirely entirely 3, Hindtarsomeres 2. 3 white Hindtarsomeres and white and 2. 4 5 4 not

Group karwari An. Annularis

(A, C) B, and

[

To PLATE 27 73

PUBLIC SOUTHEAST J TROP MED HEALTH ASIAN

PLATE 23

JAMESII GROUP OF SPECIES THE TO THE KEY

FEMALES ADULT

entirely 3, 4, white and 5 PLATE 21: Hindtarsomeres From

pale Maxillary palpus spots pale Maxillary palpus spots dorsal without dorsal with on

pale subapical palpomeres 3; subapical pale 3; palpomeres and/or 2 and/or band 2 on

apical pale length pale apical of approximately equal half less band broad, to narrow, or

band band

splendidus An.

yellow Terga yellow scales VI-VIII without Terga 1. scales VI-VIII with 1.

fork spot with CuA dark with fork 2. Vein spot with at without dark CuA 2. Vein at

vein vein mcu mcu

pseudojamesi jamesfi An. An.

(A B) and 74

KEYS ILLUSTRATED IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

OF FOR THE

PLATE 24

MACULATUS GROUP SPECIES OF TO KEY THE THE

FEMALES ADULT

entirely white From Hindtarsomere PLATE 21: 5

usually covered I-VII terga Abdominal 1. scales, terga Abdominal without 1. I-VII

pale

with broad scales to infrequently tergum VII with 1-3 narrow

narrow

longer shorter, than 2. Vein R twice not laterally pale

scales

2

R2+3; length urcation f of of vein vein long, usually longer Vein than twice 2. R

2

R2+ usually beyond proximal of 0.33 R2+3;

length furcation of vein of vein

3

R1 (PD) preapical

spot dark vein R2+ proximal preapical of dark end at on

3

(PD) spot vein R on

pseudowillmori An.

a2+ R2+

spots

with 1. spot Vein with dark both 1. Vein dark least two at

one on

3 3

(PSD) wing, wings,

presector spot presector then if dark dark and one one on

(PSD)

usually long

usually spot R vein R presector vein shorter than as on as

on

(PSD) (PSD)

presector spots spots dark subcosta and dark on on

subcosta and costa costa

Posterolateral abdominal of 2. of 2. Posterolateral abdominal corners corners

VII,VIII terga scales, with dark terga dark with I-VIII scales

occa-

sionally IV-VI on

l

To PLATE 25 To PLATE 26 75

SOUTHEAST TROP ASIAN PUBLIC HEALTH J MED

PLATE 25

R2+ wings,

(PSD) From PLATE 24: Vein with

presector spot both dark spot dark and

on one

3

(PSD) usually

presector than vein R spots shorter subcosta dark postero- and costa; on on

VII,VIII occasionally terga scales, lateral of abdominal dark with IV-VI corners on

VII,VIII terga dark scales 1. Abdominal IV-VIII with terga 1. Abdominal with dark

posterolateral

posterolateral scales sometimes corners, on corners, on

III sometimes VI

on on

R4/ R4/

spots Vein 2. Vein 3 dark least with spots dark with 2 2. at

on

5 5

wing, occasionally spots dark with 2 one

dravidicus An.

pale terga Abdominal largely I-VI without few with terga Abdominal I-VIII covered

or

VII-VIII scales, largely falcate (high spatulate pale covered with with broad scales

moun-

(high pale spatulate broad Thailand) species mountain scales of part tain in northern

species) and lowland

An. willmori An. maculatus

(E) maculatus and An. 76

ILLUSTRATED KEYS

IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES FOR THE OF

PLATE 26

R2+ From PLATE 24:

Vein wing,

with

spots dark

least two if then at presector

on

one on one

3

(PSD)

usually long

dark spot

(PSD) vein R presector dark spots and; subcosta on as as

on

posterolateral of terga abdominal I-VIII dark scales corners

M1, M3+ M, usually 1. Veins M3+ and/or M usually with Veins 1. M and with

2

4

2 4

pale equal

spot median pale than less to spot median twice than or more

length

twice length of spot dark

either side spot of dark either side on on on

wings both wings both

on

R2+ forking Furcation R2+ usually 2. of vein forking 2. Furcation of vein within

3 3

beyond proximal preapical of 0.5 proximal (PD) dark preapical 0.5 of spot dark

(PD) R1

R spot vein vein on on

An. sawadwongporni notanandai An. a a

(K) b maculatus and An.

aEggs (except best notanandaO confirm used the identification adult for to An.

are

(Rattanarithikul 1986). Green, and

bEggs (Baimai 1993b) of al., (Rattanarithikul maculatus An. K and An. notanandai et et

1994a), inseparable. al., are 77

PUBLIC SOUTHEAST J ASIAN TROP MED HEALTH

PLATE 27

GROUP OF SPECIES ANNULARIS TO THE THE KEY

FEMALES ADULT

palpus entirely Maxillary pale bands; 3, and 3 hindtarsomeres 4 PLATE 22: with 5 From

white

mostly pale-scaled, mostly CuA dark-scaled, CuA spot without Vein with dark Vein dark

spot fork fork vein with with vein at at mcu mcu

annularis An.

(PSD) (PSD)

spot spot Presector dark Presector 1. vein dark vein R R 1. on on

reaching usually reaching overlapping

overlapping distal end distal not or or

(HD) (HD)

spot spot of dark of costa, humeral end humeral dark costa on on or

wings only reaching spot that both on

patch pale Male scales 2. of Male with scales all with median dark 2. VIII sternum on

Vlll sternum on

philippinensis nivipes An. An.

B) (A and 78

ILLUSTRATED KEYS

IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

OF FOR THE

28 PLATE

SPECIES OF NEOMYZOMYIA SERIES TO GROUPS AND THE KEY

FEMALES ADULT

Maxillary paipus pale bands; antepronotum From PLATE 20: scales with with 4 more or

hindleg joint large joint hindleg of Tibio-tarsal of with Tibio-tarsal 1. with 1. narrow

band white white band

apical

pale pale apical Proboscis 2. without scales Proboscis with scales 2. on on

half half

Group Leucosphyrus

[

PLATE To 29

Sterna tufts of dark 1. scales median with of Sterna median tufts dark without 1.

2. Hindtarsomeres 3-5 basal with broad scales

apical pale and bands apical 2. Hindtarsomeres with 1-4 narrow

pale bands

Group Tessellatus Group Kochi

tessellatus An. An. kochi 79

SOUTHEAST ASIAN TROP MED PUBLIC J HEALTH

PLATE 29

LEUCOSPHYRUS SPECIES OF GROUP TO THE KEY THE

ADULT FEMALES a

joint hindleg large proboscis band; Tibio-tarsal of From PLATE pale 28: white without with

apical half scales on

longer distinctly slightly only longer Proboscis forefemur Proboscis than 1. shorter 1. or

(ratio 1.16-1.45) 0.88-1.17) longer (ratio usually only much than forefemur and and

slightly longer maxillary palpus, maxillary palpus, often than than with if narrow

patch pale longer pale before forefemur labella band than then without or

(PSD) patch spot Presector dark of R 2. before band vein labella or

(PSD) pale interruptions without spot of Presector dark vein R 2.

interruptions pale with without or

PSD SD

[

To PLATE 30

Palpomere Palpomere maxillary maxillary palpus palpus of of with 5 5 1. 1. with

apical pale approximately

apical pale band, much band broad narrow nar-

long

preapical preapical band dark than dark band rower as as

apical apical

Hindtibia without Hindtibia 2. with 2. without exten- or narrow narrow

of aspect aspect extension dark scales of dark sion ventral scales ventral on on

Accessory (ASP) Accessory (ASP) pale pale spot spot 3. 3. vein sector sector very on

longer R, spot basal small and restricted R vein shorter than than dark of to sector

(SD) (SD) extending R, spot of dark of of vein basal dark dark vein sector onto

wing

R subcosta and and sometimes reduced 2 1 least scales costa to at on or one

SD

ASP

ASP

pujutensis hackeri An. An.

using (2005) by provided Constructed information Sallum al. contained and in et a

unpublished keys Peyton. of EL. 80

ILLUSTRATED KEYS

IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

FOR THE OF

30 PLATE

(ratio 0.88-1.17) slightly only longer 29: Proboscis forefemur PLATE From shorter than or

slightly maxillary pale longer longer only palpus, and than forefemur without than then if

(PSD)

patch pale labella; presector of before spot band dark with without vein R inter- or or

ruptions

long slightly

longer forefemur, Proboscis shorter than Proboscis 1. 1. ratio as or as

length length proboscis length proboscis forefemur, forefemur of of than ratio to

length 0.88-0.99 forefemur 1.00-1.17 to

(PSD) (PSD) spot spot Presector dark of 2. dark of 2. R vein Presector vein R

always pale pale interruption interruption without both variable with without in or

apical wings Hindtibia without 3. exten- narrow

apical

surface 3. Hindtibia with sion of dark scales ventral extension a narrow on

dark scales surface of ventral on

macarthuri An.

Accessory (ASP) pale spot (ASP) pale Accessory 1. spot sector 1. sector

usually extending usually

subcosta and absent and onto absent costa on on

wing,

and/or least subcosta, costa at on one or

Hindtarsomere basal without obvious 2. 4 2. Hindtarsomere with obvious basal 4

pale patch

pale patch band band or or

pale

Hindtarsomere basal without 3. 5 3. often Hindtarsomere with minute 5

pale band basal band

L [

(Above) (Below) To 31 PLATE PLATE 31 To

aExcept scanloni. An. 81

SOUTHEAST TROP MED HEALTH ASIAN J PUBLIC

PLATE 31

(ASP) usually extending pale Accessory spot subcosta and 30: PLATE From onto sector

pale

wing and/or;

4 obvious basal band least hindtarsomeres without costa at one or on

pale patch; basal band hindtarsomere 5 without

(PSD) (PSD) spot of R spot of Presector vein R 1. dark dark Presector vein 1.

extending basally beyond usually extending basally well level often level onto not

(level 3) (HD) rarely

of of spot PSD and spot of humeral dark costa, costa or on

(levels 5) extending apical beyond and of middle of HD 4 0.5 humeral dark onto

(HD) extending Apical pale palpomere

spot 2. band costa, 5 on never on

(level 4) yellowish, distinctly beyond of cream-colored middle HD or

silvery palpomere contrasting strongly Apical pale with white 2. band 5 on

distinctly strongly palpomeres

whitish, 3 band 2 and white not or on

light contrasting bands with on

palpomeres 3 2 and

PSD SP HD SD

L-5 L-6 L-4 R

An. latens introlatus An.

part) (in nemophilous An. and

(ASP) Accessory pale usually

spot absent From PLATE 30: absent and sector costa on on

pale patch; subcosta, basal hindtarsomere obvious with band 5 4 hindtarsomeres or or

pale often band basal with minute

pale wing, golden wing, of veins of All scales cream-colored Pale scales anterior to on

(PSP) [especially pale pale

yellowish, including presector presector of those those on or

(SP) costa] (PSP) (SP) pale white, pale spots of spots and and sector sector

contrasting posterior pale veins spots with on

part) (in nemophilous An.

To PLATE 32 82

IDENTIFICATION ILLUSTRATED KEYS

ANOPHELES FOR OF THE

PLATE 32

wing, [especially pale

presector Pale scales of From PLATE 31: those anterior veins on on

(PSP) (SP) contrasting pale costa] posterior pale white, spots of spots with and sector on

veins

Apical pale Apical pale hindtibia band of of short with without band hindtibia dark to

long, portion basal linear extension dark basal ventral extension onto onto narrow, on

(specimens portion surface surface ventral from on

only) Kanchanaburi

(in part) An. scanloni

longer noticeably long pale pale spot spot Vein without 1A Vein level of 1A with at

(PSD), (PSD) long of presector presector level of dark if least dark at costa at on

usually pale wing, length 0.28-1.36, spot present, PSD is then less than ratio of to one

length wing, always

of of spot 0.33 PSD and least 0.4 and costa not at on one

noticeably longer longest pale pale

spot

spot than other vein 1A on on

especially 1A, spot basal vein most

[

33 To PLATE 34 To PLATE 83

J TROP SOUTHEAST ASIAN MED PUBLIC HEALTH

PLATE 33

noticeably pale longer long PSD, pale spot of if From PLATE 32: Vein 1A level without at

length usually spot present, noticeably 0.33 PSD spot of is less than of then and costa not

longer especially pale 1A, spot than other spot basal vein most on

postero- Abdominal VI with Abdominal small VI without scales sternum with sternum or

patch medial of dark scales 2 scales dark at most or

An. cracens

(PSD) (PSD)

spot Presector dark R spot Presector dark vein vein R on on

extending basally beyond (1), usually

spot PSD PSD spot level of at costa on on

wing,

extending slightly basally, usually only

usually costa, least at one on or

(HD) (1) (2) reaching

pale dark of middle of humeral presector than costa or more no

(2) (PSP) beyond, beyond of least middle of spot at costa or

(PSP) pale presector spot of costa

part) (in A An. dirus baimaii n. 84

ILLUSTRATED KEYS IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

OF FOR THE

PLATE 34

wing,

pale long PSD of spot level of least From PLATE 32: Vein 1A with costa at at one on

longest always

pale

wing, length 0.28-0.36, spot PSD 0.4 and of least ratio to at on on one

vein 1A

along along pale pale spots Combined bands spots Combined 1. and and bands 1.

surface foretarsomeres of dorsolateral surface of foretarsomeres dorsolateral

dominating portions smaller, discrete, and/or 2 and/or the dark 1 2 more

usually occupying

surface along line, less than often of these this 2 more or

pale along line, fused, spots scales dorsolateral foretarsomere 1 dark on

1usually forming

spashes long pale of spots foretarsomere line not on or

forming long spashes length,

fused,

along line least entire scales at or on or

along length, pale often leg of entire scales one

pale often spots restricted 2-4 basal 0.60 2 with bands Foretarsomere 2. to on

completely pale of foretarsomere 2 spots fused Middle dark 2. and and area

usually pale dorsally, always long, spots pale without spots bands and or

occasionally reducing

surface, longer, with 1-3 dark dorsal to area on narrower

tiny pale separate spots median band

part) part) (in (in baimaii scanloni An. An.

SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH

PLATE 35

SERIES, TO SPECIES OF GROUP FUNESTUS MYZOMYIA THE KEY THE

FEMALES ADULT

Legs entirely

pale

patches apical From PLATE 20: dark with bands dorsal or narrow or on

segments abdominal female tarsomeres; VII VIII and cerci and scales without some

Center 1. Center of 1. of covered without short white scales with scutum scutum

oblong extending except for with scales back slender setae, white to seta-

or

like white scales scutellum

R1 usually pale usually pale Vein 2. Vein R 2. without with accessory accessory

(PD) preapical (PD)

preapical

spot spot dark dark on on area area

apical pale apical pale Foretarsomere 3. 3. Foretarsomere band with with 1 band

nearly of wider diameter diameter 2.0 width than tarsomere tarsomere no

jeyporiensis An.

(A, D) B, C, and

Maxillary palpus Maxillary preapical palpus 1. preapical with dark band dark with 1.

longer pale apical equal apical than much band band shorter than to or

entirely Remigium mostly pale dark-scaled 2. band or

R4/ usually Remigium entirely except 3. Vein base dark

white few 2. with at

or

5

black scales at gray apex or

R4/ usually apical 3. Vein basal with and

5

spots dark

Subgroup Culicifacies

cuficifacies An.

B) (A and To PLATE 36 86

ILLUSTRATED KEYS

IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

OF FOR THE

PLATE 36

Maxillary equal palpus preapical apical 35: PLATE From with dark band than shorter to or

R4/ remigium entirely pale band;

few black scales white with vein at

gray apex; or or usu-

5

ally apical spots basal with and dark

remigium Apex of remigium Apex base and of 1. vein R 1. of of vein R and base

pale with black scales scales with to gray

(HP) pale usually pale Costa 2. with humeral and 2. Costa humeral without

(PSP) pale (HP) (PSP) presector pale spots spots presector and or

only 3. Proboscis dark-scaled spot with PSP

pale 3. Proboscis scales dark with some or

Subgroup (in part) Aconitus

pampanai An.

entirely

usually pale distal Proboscis dark with 1. with 1. Proboscis area or on

patch pale ventral dorsum and venter a

pale 2. 2. R with spot dark base except median Vein R and Vein at

apex

2 2

wing margin usually margin wing pale usually of 3. Hind of 3. without Hind with

fringe fringe (97-98%) b pale spot spot vein 1A vein 1A at at

long

spots spot Vein 4. distal dark 4. Vein with dark 1A with 1A two on one on

half half distal

part) Subgroup (in Aconitus

An. aconitus

(A, C) B, To PLATE 37 and

aOccasionally patch. confined small ventral to

bin

frequent southern and less north. central the in areas, 87

SOUTHEAST TROP ASIAN PUBLIC J HEALTH MED

PLATE 37

entirely usually pale From PLATE

Proboscis 36: patch; dark ventral with R vein dark

or

2

margin wing usually fringe pale except base (97- of and hind without at spot vein 1A at apex;

98%);

long 1A spot dark vein with distal half one on

entirely Foretarsomeres 1. dark-scaled Foretarsomeres 1. with small 1-4 very

(PSP) pale dorsoapical Costa patches pale 2. presector without

(PSP) spot pale Costa 2. presector with spot

a

M3+ M3+ long withone 3. Vein spot distal dark spots Vein with 3. dark distal two to

4 4

fork to fork mcu mcu

Subgroup (in part) Subgroup Aconitus Minimus

An. varuna

(HP) usually pale usually Costa (HP) without pale humeral Costa with humeral andl

b (PHP) spot prehumeral b pale spots or

minimus An. minimus An.

species C

Infrequently, specimens of pale An. presector minimus have spot. a

no

bAIthough

(1980:88) Province, be this character useful in Kanchanaburi Harrison dem- may

2.5% of female onstrated that from classic reared An. females minimus collected progeny

(HP) pale prehumeral country (PHP) pale all humeral had the and/or spots. Recent over

(Green al., 1990, Sungvornyothin 2002, al, al., Van 1999. Chen Bortel al., et et et et papers

2006) good identifying determined have spot that the HP for is character minimus An. not a

C Asia. in southeast 88

KEYS ILLUSTRATED

IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

FOR THE OF

38 PLATE

SPECIES TO KEY OF THE PYRETOPHORUS THE SERIES

ADULT FEMALES

Legs From PLATE apical

20: pale with and basal bands abdominl tarsomeres; some on

segments and VII female Vlll and few cerci with scales least at

Hindfemur, tibia, speckled Hindfemur, tibia, and dark, tarsomere and tarsomere not

pale with speckled scales pale scales with

epiroticus An.

Maxillary palpus pale apical Maxillary palpus 1. pale apical with band 1. with band

length preapical length 3-4 of times preapical band 2.5 dark times less of or

pale Proboscis 2. defined with spot well band dark

towards the pale Proboscis 2. without faint with apex or

spot towards the apex

An.

vagus

(A B) and

subapic&l Maxillary palpus pale Maxillary palpus subapical pale band with with band

usually preapical

length usually length preapical of dark of 0.5 0.33 less dark more or or

length length

apical band, of band, often less 0.5 which is than which of 0.5 is or more

apical pale pale band band

subpictus indefinitus An. An.

(B, D) C, and 89

SOUTHEAST TROP MED PUBUC HEALTH ASIAN J

PLATE

ANOPHELES TO SUBGENERA OF KEY THE

FOURTH-INSTAR LARVAE

developed usually Siphon palmate, leaflets absent; well 1 with Characters: abdominal seta

segments most on

of bases 2-C of 2-C Distance 1. between Distance between 1. bases seta seta

equal than distance between between bases of less wider than distance to or

3-C 2-C 3-C of and side 2-C side bases and setae setae on one on one

large, branched, simple, rarely if 2. Seta often 1-A bifid Seta small and 1-A 2.

simple long of 5-, trifid; 6-, small then 5-, and 7-C and setae setae or some or

simple, short, 6-, few 7-C with and branched or

branches

2

2 2

A

Subgenus Cellia

L

PLATE 21 To

straight only slightly markedly shaft shaft inward 1. Antennal Antennal curved 1. or

single of and curved Some thorax 2. setae

Single of flattened 2. thorax and abdomen abdomen setae

flattened not

Subgenus Anopheles

To PLATE 2 9O

KEYS IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES ILLUSTRATED FOR OF THE

PLATE 2

GROUPS SUBGENUS TO SERIES SPECIES OF KEY THE AND

ANOPHELES FOURTH-INSTAR LARVAE a

straight slightly single only of curved; From Antennal shaft PLATE thorax and 1: setae or

abdomen flattened not

long, reaching beyond midpoint reaching short, Seta branches Seta 1-A with 1-A be- not

yond midpoint

antenna antenna on on

Myzorhynchus Series

To PLATE 4

developed all, reduced, 6-, 6-, 5-, 5-, Setae Setae and 7-C 7-C well and and some or

simple plumose with few short branches or

(in part) Anopheles Series

I_

(Below) (Above) PLATE 3 To To 3 PLATE

bulkleyi of aLarva is unknown. An.

SOUTHEAST TROP PUBLIC MED ASIAN J HEALTH

PLATE 3

developed plumose 5-,6-, Setae 7-C From PLATE 2: and well and

simple only

Seta from Seta 4-C 4-C branched base branched 1. 1. or on

fully half segment with distal II 2. Abdominal devel-

(small palmate species oped segment 2. Abdominal II without in with setae or

lowlands) fully (large palmate developed mountains and setae

mountains) high species elevation on

II I-II

Lindesayi Group Group Aitkenii

[-- [--

To To PLATE 8 PLATE 7

simple

6-, reduced, 5-, few Setae From PLATE 2: and 7-C all with branches short some or or

longer simple 11-C than Seta 11-C Seta antenna, 1. shorter than 1. antenna

arising

simple strong Seta 6-VI branches 4-8 branches with 2-4 with 2. or or

approximately midway

2. Seta 10 6-VI than branches with more

Group Lophoscelomyia Culiciformis Series

Group sintonoides An. Asiaticus

[

PLATE To 6 92

ILLUSTRATED KEYS

IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES FOR THE OF

PLATE 4

long, From PLATE reaching Seta beyond with 1-A midpoint 2: branches antenna on

palmate abdomen of Dorsum fully developed without of Dorsum abdomen setae with

(seta ),

only

palmate

palmate (seta 1) segments 3 2 least segments setae 5 at or on or on

o

Group Umbrosus

PLATE To 11

Seta 1-P 1. with 4 Seta 1-P branches 1. without branches basal more or

on

spreading

simple half,

from base with branches short near or

on

palmate, usually pigmented Seta 2. 1-11 distal half a

unpigmented palmate, Seta 2. 1-11

I-II 1-11

Group Barbirostris

[

To PLATE 13 To PLATE 5

aExcept An. barbumbrosus. 93

SOUTHEAST ASIAN TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH J

PLATE 5

half,

simple Seta PLATE branches basal short 1-P From without branches 4: with on or on

unpigmented palmate, half; 1-11 distal seta

half Seta 3-C from 40 1. Seta 3-C divided about from base into divided 1. way near

15 fewer branches branches base the into or or more

subequal simple short, Seta 2. 1-P with Seta 2. 1-P with 3-7 2-5 short or

arising tip half from middle branches distal branches the to on

of the seta

Group Hyrcanus Group Albotaeniatus

An. montanus

To PLATE 16 94

ILLUSTRATED IDENTIFICATION

KEYS ANOPHELES FOR THE OF

PLATE 6

ASIATICUS TO SPECIES OF GROUP KEY THE THE

FOURTH-INSTAR LARVAE

arising longer simple strong Seta 11-C branches 3: 4-8 From PLATE with antenna, than or

midway; approximately 6-VI 10 with than branches seta more

usually simple 3-C, 3-C, 4-A, 4-A, Setae 11-C 11-C branched Setae 1. and 1. and

of of abdominal 2. and Dorsum abdominal Dorsum thorax and 2. thorax

large segments segments without central IV-V black with central black IV-V

marks marks

4

interruptus An. asiaticus An. 95

TROP PUBLIC MED HEALTH SOUTHEAST J ASIAN

PLATE 7

GROUP LINDESAYI SPECIES OF THE TO THE KEY

FOURTH-INSTAR LARVAE

half;

only segment simple abdominal II with distal 4-C branched Seta PLATE 3: From on or

developed fully palmate without setae or

fully segment with filamentous Abdominal 1. II segment Abdominal II with 1.

developed palmate setae setae

single distally longer and shorter Seta 4-C double 2. branched and 4-C Seta 2. or

3-C, posterior and mesal inserted 3-C, than closer far and to inserted than

3-C slightly of of 3-C insertion insertion to lateral to

4 4

4 4

Gigas Subgroup lindesayi cameronensis An.

single 3-C Seta 3-C 1. Seta branched 1.

usually single usually 4-C 2. Seta bifid Seta 4-C 2.

1-P half Seta branched basal half 3. distal Seta 1-P branched 3. on on

i

P

2 3

M

baileyi gigas

An. An. a sp. near n.

Dung, preparation, Province. Kra Loei from Phu aln 96

ILLUSTRATED KEYS IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

FOR OF THE

PLATE 8

SPECIES TO OF GROUP KEY THE THE AITKENII

FOURTH-INSTAR LARVAE

fully developed base; segment from 4-C 3: Seta abdominal From PLATE II with branched

palmate setae

plates

tergal tergal plates segments segments I-VII Anterior Anterior I-VII 1. 1. on on

large, segment small, segment width of 0.66-0.75 of less than 0.50 width

single Seta Seta 1-P fan-like 2. fan-like with branches 1-P 2. not

basal and broad stem

palmatus An.

Seta 6-111 fewer 15 branches 6-111 with than i5 branches Seta with than more

I I

10 To PLATE To PLATE 9

SOUTHEAST J ASIAN TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH

PLATE 9

than with 15 branches PLATE 8: Seta 6-111 From more

branches,

branches, single Seta 2-C distal without with 2-14 2-C with 3 distal 2 Seta or or

mesally mesally short barbs with short barbs

C

4

fragilis An.

beyond simple Seta forked 1. 11-11 branched 11-11 1. Seta or

3-6 Seta 5-11 with branches base 2.

rarely

branches, Seta branches 2. 5-11 with Seta 14-P with 3-5 5 7 3. more or

rarely branches, 3. Seta with 14-P 5 5-8 both sides a on

sides both

on

2 12 4

bengalensis An. aberrans An. a

paler aApproximately IV, V, segments X 50% of have thorax and and larvae the abdominal

I-III, segments VI-VIII. than abdominal 98

ANOPHELES ILLUSTRATED KEYS

IDENTIFICATION FOR THE OF

PLATE 10

Seta fewer PLATE 6-111 8: with than 15 branches From

originating 2-C Seta with 2-5 branches 1. simple, Seta bases 2-C closer 1. much

beyond by separated middle, bases than distance of between bases setae

approximately distance bases

2-C 3-C and side same as one on

3-C of 2-C and side setae long simple Seta 2. 11-11 and one on

beyond Seta forked 11-11 base 2.

tigertti An.

palmate, Seta flattened leaflets 1. 1-1 with palmate, filamentous Seta 1. 1-1 with not

Seta 1-3 branches 2. 2-VI with branches

simple, rarely tip Seta 3. 3-C bifid at Seta with branches 2. 2-VI 4 5 or

Seta 3. 3-C with 2-4 branches

insulaeflorum stricklandi An. An. 99

SOUTHEAST ASIAN TROP J HEALTH MED PUBLIC

PLATE 11

TO UMBROSUS SPECIES OF KEY THE GROUP THE

FOURTH-INSTAR LARVAE

(seta 1), only palmate palmate

From PLATE of abdomen without Dorsum 4: 2 setae on or or

segments 3

palmate, palmate, Setae l-IV 1-V Setae and with well 1. and 1. l-IV 1-V but not

developed filamentous leaflets branches with

spiracular spiracular of Median dorsal valve valve Median 2. 2. dorsal of

apparatus apparatus abdominal segment abdominal VIII segment VIII on on

stigmal stigmal with filament filament without

2

IV 6

4

v

An. umbrosus

Seta Seta 1. 6-IV with with fewer branches 1. 6-IV 7 than branches 7 or more

usually

simple

Seta 2-C Seta 2-C 2. with 5 fine fewer 2. with 4 or more or or

tip tip branches branches near near

tip tip pointed 3. Seta 3-A with 3. Seta 3-A with truncate

baezai An.

PLATE To 12 100

KEYS

ILLUSTRATED IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES FOR THE OF

PLATE 12

simple

branches; Seta fewer than fewer From PLATE 11" 6-IV with 2-C with 7 4 seta or or

pointed tip; tip branches 3-A with seta near

usually Seta Seta fewer 1-A 25 1. 1-A with 20 branches 1. with than or more

simple branches, Seta branches 2. 4-A with fine not

slightly Seta hooked 2. 4-A with 1-2 stout, hooked

branches

separatus An.

usually branches, fewer Seta 0-111 branches Seta 0-111 with than 5 with 5 or more

side least at on one

0

roped letifer and An. whartoni An. An. 101

SOUTHEAST ASIAN TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH J

PLATE 13

SPECIES BARBIROSTRIS GROUP OF THE TO KEY THE

FOURTH-INSTAR LARVAE

spreading base;

from Seta with branches 1-11 4 From PLATE 4: 1-P seta near more or

usually pigmented palmate,

spiracular spiracular Median dorsal valve of 1. of Median 1. dorsal valve

segment segment apparatus apparatus abdominal abdominal VIII VIII on on

stigmal stigmal knob, caudal, thumb-like with small clear caudal with process no

Seta 9-C 10-17 2. with branches process

Seta 2. 9-C with 5-11 branches

dorsal

dorsal

C

lateral

pollicaris An.

usually branches, 3-C Seta 3-C stiff Seta 12-36 with attenuated thin with thick

(broom-like), usually together spread branches, flexible crowded and and and out

(19-95)

usually numerous more

C

barbumbrosus An.

[

To PLATE 14 102

ILLUSTRATED KEYS IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

OF FOR THE

PLATE 14

together (broom- usually branches, Seta 3-C 13" with crowded From PLATE stiff thick and

(19-95) like),

usually and more numerous

rarely rarely branches, branches, Seta Seta 3-C 30-95 19-44 1. 3-C with 1. with

fewer than 40 than 40 more

plus plus Sum of 5-111 Sum of of both of both 2. branches 2. branches 5-111 seta seta

rarely usually 13-1V both those of 13-1V total those of both seta seta more

13-IV) 13-IV) (5-111+5-111) (13-IV+ (5-111+5-111) (13-IV+

25-38 24 than + +

25-38 branches fewer 25 branches than

O0

i

III

dorsal

;o

ventral

hodgkini An.

PLATE 15 To 103

SOUTHEAST MED J TROP ASIAN PUBLIC HEALTH

PLATE 15

PLATE From Seta 14: 3-C branches, rarely with 30-95 40; fewer than of branches of

sum

plus both 5-111 rarely those of seta both 13-1V seta than 24 more

Difference

of between branches Difference both between branches of of both sum on sum

13-111 and that both of seta 0-10 5-VII is 13-111 seta that of and seta both is 5-VII 9-23 seta

(13-111+13-111) (5-VII+5-VII) (13-111 13-111) 0-10 (5-VII+5-VII)

branches 9-23 branches +

ventral

ventral

III

12 13 13

7 oi ' o

An. barbirostris a

(A, C) B, and

Sum of branches of both 13-1 is 27-45 seta Sum of branches of both 13-1 is 18-27 seta

[(13-1 13-1)

branches] [(13-1 27-45 13-1) branches] 18-27 + +

campestris An. An. donaldi a a

aThe larval stage is reliable pupal less distinguishing the stage than for species. these 3

ILLUSTRATED KEYS IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

FOR OF THE

PLATE 16

SPECIES HYRCANUS GROUP TO OF THE KEY THE

FOURTH-INSTAR LARVAE

simple branches; 3-C PLATE 1-P Seta base into From divided from 40 5: seta near or more

with 2-5 short branches distal half or on

spreading small, Seta Seta stiff branches aris- with thin with 4-M 4-M sinuate erect more

arising together ing together

along branches close base close central stem at near or

base

peditaeniatus An.

Seta 5-C 5-C 11-18 branches with branches Seta with 1. 17 1. more or

rarely usually 20 Seta 6-111 20 Seta 6-111 than 2. 2. than with with more more

branches branches

usually usually fewer with 21 Seta Seta 6-1 3. 6-1 than 3. than 21 with more

branches branches

6

sinensis An.

(A B) and

17 To PLATE 105

HEALTH SOUTHEAST TROP PUBUC ASIAN J MED

PLATE 17

rarely branches; branches; Seta 5-C 11-18 From 16: 20 PLATE with 6-111 with than seta more

usually fewer 6-1 branches with 21 than seta

(rarely Seta 8-C Seta 8-C 5-11 with 12-24 branches 11 branches with

nitidus) An. branches on

[--

To PLATE 18

usually (rarely

5) 3-5, Seta Seta with 1. 14-P with 3 1. 14-P 5 4 or or more

branches branches

usually branches, Seta 2. 1-M with 26-38 Seta fewer 28 branches 2. 1-M than with

28 or more

pursati An.

[

19 To PLATE

IDENTIFICATION ILLUSTRATED KEYS

ANOPHELES FOR THE OF

PLATE 18

PLATE Seta From 8-C 5-11 branches with 17:

1. fewer Seta 10-16 9-111 1. Seta 10 branches branches 9-111 with than with

long long rarely than with 2. fewer than Pecten seldom 6 with 2. Pecten 7 more

teeth teeth

long, branches, short, branches, 3. Seta 6-12 3. 13-1V 13-1V Seta with 4-9 with

approximately length approximately slightly equal of 10-IV 0.5 less seta to or

length of 10-IV seta

(in part) nitidus An.

Seta 5-11 with 6-10 1. branches Seta seldom fewer 5-11 12 1. with than

longer strong, Seta 1-X 2. saddle branches than

usually 2. Seta 1-X weak and shorter than

saddle

paraliae crawfordi An. An.

(A B) and 107

SOUTHEAST J TROP ASIAN PUBLIC MED HEALTH

PLATE 19

(rarely

5) Seta PLATE From 17" with 14-P branches; 5 1-M fewer with than seta 28 or more

branches

Seta 1. with 4-8 5-111 branches Seta 1. with 7-17 5-111 branches

branches, Seta usually 2. 2-4 5-IV with Seta 3 2. seldom 5-IV fewer with than 5

branches

0

8

2 4

6

0

2 63

4

nigerrimus An.

(A B) and

To PLATE 20 108

KEYS

ILLUSTRATED IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES FOR OF THE

PLATE 20

branches; 19: Seta 5-IV fewer From PLATE 5-111 7-17 with seldom with than 5 branches seta

Seta Seta 1. 2-11 with 8-14 branches 2-11 with 6-9 1. branches

Seta Seta 2. with 5-9 branches 2. 5-V with 4-6 branches 5-V

Seta Seta 5-9 branches branches 3. 9-VI with 3. 9-VI with 4 5 or

usually long long

Pecten 4. seldom with 6 Pecten with 4. than 8 teeth 7 more or

longer strong, Seta saddle teeth 1-X 5. than

rarely longer weak, Seta than saddle 1-X 5.

6

VI

VIII

(in part) An. nitidus An. argyropus

(A B) and 109

SOUTHEAST ASIAN TROP PUBLIC HEALTH MED J

PLATE 21

TO SERIES SUBGENUS OF CELLIA KEY THE

FOURTH-INSTAR LARVAE

distance between of 2-C of From Distance between bases bases PLATE 1: wider than seta

rarely simple,

side; trifid; 6-, 5-, 2-C 3-C and small bifid 1-A and setae setae seta one on or

long 7-C and and branched

only simple 9,10-T 9,10-T Setae Setae both branched both 1. with 1. seta one or

simple segments IV-VII Abdominal 2. with very

enclosing plates large tergal segments Abdominal small IV-VII with 2. small a

enclosing posterior plates, tergal plates but small median small not not

plates, posterior plates posterior if oval submedian median

enclosing small, small median not

posterior pair plates of and small oval

plates posterior submedian

.19

/IO

IO

p 9 ,

T

tergal plate anterior

posterior plate median

posterior plate submedian

Myzomyia Series

1

To PLATE 23 To 22 PLATE

pair palmate of wide wider distance between the bases of aAs than setae. as or 110

ILLUSTRATED IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES KEYS

THE FOR OF

PLATE 22

simple; 9,10-T Setae segments From PLATE 21: both branched both abdominal IV-VII or

tergal plates plates enclosing posterior small small median with not

simple 9,10-T 9,10-T Setae 1. Setae branched 1.

simple simple 9,10-M 9,10-P 9,10-P 9,10-M and Setae 2. Setae all 2. all and not

T T

Neomyzomyia Series

[

To PLATE 26

simple 2, 2, 3-C Setae 3-C Setae barbs 1. lateral with 1. or

stephens) lightly (both simple sclerotized 1, branches Setae 2-P with in An. 2.

darkly 1,2-P Setae 2. with sclerotized bases

simple,

Setae 9-12-P with 2 bases 3. all one or

long, branched, Seta 3. 9-P and 3 distal branches 11-P or

stephensi simple, branched, short, 9,10-M except 3 An. 4. Setae 9-M with 2 or or

plumose, from Seta branched distal branches 9-M 4.

simple base, 10-12-M setae

Pyretophorus Series Series Neocellia

[ [

PLATE To 38 To PLATE 32 111

SOUTHEAST TROP J MED PUBLIC HEALTH ASIAN

PLATE 23

SERIES, TO MYZOMYIA SPECIES OF THE KEY THE GROUP FUNESTUS

FOURTH-INSTAR LARVAE

only simple; 9,10-T Setae From PLATE 21: segments with abdominal IV-VII seta with one

enclosing large tergal plates posterior plates, median small but small oval not very

plates, posterior enclosing small, plates posterior submedian if small pair median and not

plates posterior of submedian small oval

tergal plates large,

tergal Anterior plates IV-VII smaller, enclos- Anterior IV-VII not on on

ing posterior tergal plates enclosing posterior tergal median small small median

plates

[

To PLATE 24

2, simple 2, Setae 1. Setae 3-C with short 3-C 1. numerous

simple Seta barbs lateral 2. 4-C

Seta 4-C 2-5 2. branches with

je yporiensis Subgroup An. Culicifacies

(A, D) B, C, and culicifacies An.

(A B) and 112

ANOPHELES

IDENTIFICATION ILLUSTRATED KEYS OF THE FOR

24 PLATE

posterior enclosing large, median tergal small plates IV-VII Anterior 23" PLATE From on

tergal plates

simple 2-C Seta simple, rarely fine with Seta 2-C to many one

lateral barbs stout, short a or

part) Subgroup (in

Aconitus

25 PLATE To

lateral barbs short 1-4 Seta 2-C with 1. barbs 2-C 9-18 short lateral Seta with 1.

simple 4-C Seta 2. 4-C 2-5 branches Seta 2. with

An. An. aconitus varuna

C) (A, B, and

having by

they identified simple, be 2-C but both have setae aOccasional An. can varuna

long filaments. slender leaflets with 3-T seta

HEALTH SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC

PLATE 25

simple Seta 2-C From PLATE 24:

arising simple, arising 0-IV, small, 0-IV, Seta 1. V Seta with 2-6 branches V 1. on

tergal plate segmental membrane anterior on

of of 4-M is Sum branches both 4-M is 8- Sum branches both 2. 2. seta setae on on

4-6 11

P

7' '

part) Subgroup Subgroup (in Aconitus Minimus

species pampanai C minimus An. minimus An. and An. 114

IDENTIFICATION ILLUSTRATED KEYS

ANOPHELES OF FOR THE

PLATE 26

TO SPECIES SERIES NEOMYZOMYIA OF KEY THE THE

FOURTH-INSTAR LARVAE

simple; simple 9,10-T 9,10-P 9,10-M Setae 22: all From PLATE and setae

arising Seta with Seta with 10 2-10 from 1-P branches branches than aris- 1-P more

large, darkly pigmented ing pigmented lightly small, from basal basal tubercle tu-

joined bercle, often tubercle with median

Group Leucosphyrus

To PLATE 27

usually usually Seta Seta 7-10 branches branches 1. 1-P with 1-P with 2-5 1.

palmate, palmate, Abdominal with 1-11 Abdominal 2. 1-11 with 2. not seta seta

flattened leaflets filamentous branches

Group Group Tessellatus Kochi

An. tessellatus kochi An. 115

SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH

PLATE 27

TO SPECIES OF LEUCOSPHYRUS GROUP KEY THE THE

FOURTH-INSTAR LARVAE

arising darkly pigmented large, From PLATE Seta from 26: with than 10 1-P branches more

joined tubercle, basal often with median tubercle

clearly palmate fully developed, Abdominal with 1-11 Abdominal with 1-11 seta seta not

tips tips differentiated filamentous lanceolate at most

hackeri An.

long

slightly shorter, longer conspicuously Seta 5-C Seta 1. 5-C 1. than as as or

longer than antenna antenna

Basal 2. of Basal sclerotized sclerotized tubercle 1-P tubercle of 2. 1-P seta seta

usually separated joined 2, separated from 2, tubercle of from tubercle of or

usually

side, 3-P least both 3-P at on one

scanloni An.

To PLATE 28 116

ILLUSTRATED

KEYS

IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES FOR THE OF

PLATE 28

longer conspicuously PLATE From Seta 5-C 27: antenna; than sclerotized basal tubercle of

joined separated 2, 1-P from of seta tubercle 3-P or

sclerotized Basal 1,2-P tubercle of Basal tubercle of sclerotized 1-P and seta setae

usually prominent spine prominent arising

2-P spine without with tooth tooth or or

arising posterodorsal posterodorsal margin margin, usually from from with

apically lip, broad, short, rounded or

occasionally pointed short with small tooth

2

L

29 To PLATE

long, 3, always extending 4-C Setae 4-C 3, extending point short, Setae 4-C 4-C to

beyond 2-C, noticeable base beyond slightly 3-C of 2-C, before seta base of seta

or

extending beyond margin well anterior extending of slightly

only beyond 3-C to or

head margin of anterior head

[ [

To 30 PLATE PLATE 31 To 117

SOUTHEAST ASIAN TROP PUBLIC MED HEALTH J

PLATE 29

prominent spine of From Basal PLATE 28: sclerotized tubercle without tooth 1-P seta or

margin, usually apically posterodorsal arising lip, broad, short, from rounded with occa- or

pointed sionally small short with tooth

usually broadly 1, 1, of Basal tubercles of 2-P 2-P tubercles Basal setae setae

separated, joined, rarely side, of 1-P if with base much separate seta on one

joined, by separated 2-P, of distance then than base smaller bases less seta not

equal greater wide, of of basal tubicle width 1-P between bases than seta to or

width tubercle of of 1-P than basal

An. latens

tubercle of of Basal scleotized 1-P 1-P Basal scleotized tubercle 1. 1. seta seta

pointed apically small, prominent, broad, short, with with at most very

posteroapical lip rounded, tooth process or or none

extending extending slightly short, long, 4-C of 4-C Seta 2. base Seta 2. not to to or

only reaching usually 2-C, beyond of 2-C 0.75 base seta seta

of 2-C distance base seta to

pujutensis macarthuri An. An. a

pujutensis specimens separated of with tubercles An. have Occasional the basal seta a

4 14-P with than branches. more

ANOPHELES

ILLUSTRATED KEYS IDENTIFICATION

OF FOR THE

PLATE 30

extending beyond 2-C, long, always 3, of Setae 4-C noticeable base PLATE 28: 4-C From

beyond margin extending of head 3-C anterior well seta

moderately developed, weakly developed, with Seta 1-II Seta 1-11 with very

light leaflets, moderately lightly distinct, translucent, broad to very narrow, or

pigmented, usually pigmented leaflets, weak, and basal brown basal stem stem

distinctly and inflated inflated stout not

(in part) baimafi An.

clearly of without 1-VII Individual leaflets Individual leaflets of with 1-VII seta seta

apicolateral apicolateral rarely leaflets serrations few differentiated and serrations or

apical apical apical serrations, weak exhibit filament may

clearly differentiated filament not

lateral lateral

,,

nemophilous An. introlatus An. 119

SOUTHEAST J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH ASIAN

PLATE 31

extending slightly point beyond 3, short, 4-C 4-C base before From Setae PLATE 28: to or

slightly extending only beyond margin 2-C, 3-C of of anterior head to seta or

clearly marginal

saddle, Seta Seta 1-X inserted 1-X inserted notch in on or

edge margin of saddle sometimes beside near

An. An. dirus cracens

(in part) baimaii and An. 120

ILLUSTRATED KEYS

IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES THE FOR OF

32 PLATE

TO SERIES SPECIES OF NEOCELLIA THE KEY THE a

FOURTH-INSTAR LARVAE

stephensO; (both 2,3-C simple From 22: Setae PLATE barbs with lateral branches in An. or

darkly 1,2-P long, branched, short, branched, bases; with sclerotized 9-P and 11-P setae seta

stephensi; plumose, simple base, from except branched 10-12-M An. 9-M setae seta

simple Seta Seta 3-C with brush-like 3-C short barbs branches with or

I_

To PLATE 34

simple

tip bifid Seta 8-C split Seta into branches 8-C at base 2-8 or near

I_

(Below) (Above) To 33 PLATE To 33 PLATE

overlapping key. (see used aBecause of this notations larval characters in not group are

3) Table

SOUTHEAST MED PUBLIC HEALTH ASIAN J TROP

PLATE 33

simple tip Seta bifid From PLATE 8-C 32: at or

palmate,

Abdominal with 1-1 devel- well seta palmate, filamen- Abdominal 1-1 with seta not

oped

leaflets

branches tous

4 6

(in Group part) (in Group part) Annularis Jamesii

jamesfi An. annularis An.

B) (A and

split From PLATE 8-C 32: Seta 2-8 base into branches near

Sum of 1. plus branches both 8-C seta 8-C, plus Sum 1. branches of both seta on on

9-C both minus of both 4-C seta seta 9-C, both both minus of seta 4- seta sum

sum

{(8-C+8-C)+(9-C+9-C)- usually

15 (8-C+8-C)+(9-C+ usually C fewer than 15 more or

(4-C+4-C)}

15 branches 9-C)-(4-C+4-C)}= branches) than 15 fewer or more

2. usually Leaflets of abdominal seta of often Leaflets 2. abdominal with seta

lightly pigmented slender filaments and pattern slender filaments mottled and

long

1/2 about blades long

1/3 about blades as as as as

philippinensis An. nivipes An. a a

(A B) and

philippinensis Differences nivipes between pupal and An. An. stage. clearest the in a

are

Only by 80% of about the larvae be identified the characters. above can 122

KEYS IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

ILLUSTRATED FOR OF THE

PLATE 34

simple with From PLATE Seta 3-C short barbs 32: or

simple 2,3-C 2,3-C Setae barbs Setae short with

An. stephensi

Seta fewer 1. 1-P than 15 branches with

branches Seta with 15 1-P 1. more or

spinulate Seta 11-P with short stout, 2. fine branches Seta slender 11-P with 2.

spines blunt

9. I0

II 12

p 2 14

Group Jamesii

pseudojamesi An.

PLATE 35 To 123

SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH

PLATE 35

branches; fine branches From PLATE 34: Seta 11-P with 1-P slender with 15 seta more or

6-V, Abdominal 3-6 VI 6-V, branches with Abdominal with 6-16 branches VI seta seta a

8

2

V

V 4

An. karwari

(A, C) B, and

usually

usually Abdominal with 20 Abdominal 6-111 15-19 6-111 with seta seta more or

rarely branches, branches than 20 more

z

III III

Group (in part) Group Jamesii Maculatus a

splendidus An.

To PLATE 36

Group alnfrequent specimens 6-V, the Maculatus of with have VI branches. 9 seta to up

Normally only

6-V, 6-9 karwari larvae that have VI with An. branches side will seta one on

However, have branches these than 9 side. the other reared adults with setae

more on on

identification.

pupal iaval of associated and exuviae best the means are 124

ILLUSTRATED IDENTIFICATION ANOPHELES

KEYS FOR OF THE

PLATE 36

usually

Abdominal From PLATE 35: 6-111 with 20 branches seta more or

longer Basal of than Basal of times its 4-M 4 4-M 5 stem seta stem seta no or more

times its width width a a

P "

6

- 6 0

U

M

M 45:

4-M

4-M

b Sawadwongporni Subgroup

palmate, palmate, leaflets Abdominal 1-11 leaflets Abdominal 1-11 most seta seta

weakly rarely lanceolate, distinct shoulders short serrated with serrated and with

filament filament shoulders and distinct

(in pseudowillmori part) An.

PLATE 37 To

plane. aMeasure when focal it is in the seta

same

bAnopheles (K). sawadwongporni, notanandaL and maculatus An. An. 125

SOUTHEAST MED J ASIAN TROP PUBLIC HEALTH

PLATE 37

weakly palmate, rarely lanceolate, leaflets From 36" Abdominal with PLATE 1-11 seta ser-

shoulders distinct filament rated and

Leaflets of Leaflets of abdominal abdominal 1-111-VI with 1-111-VI with seta seta

long long sharply filaments, filaments, 1/4 slender slender short about very as

(species

long pointed, 1/3-1/2 blade blade as as as

mountains) high elevation on

(E), maculatus, willmori An. maculatus An. An. and

(in pseudowillmori part) dravidicus and An. An. 126

ANOPHELES

IDENTIFICATION

KEYS ILLUSTRATED OF FOR THE

PLATE 38

SERIES PYRETOPHORUS SPECIES OF THE TO THE KEY

LARVAE FOURTH-INSTAR

lightly bases; 9-12- simple; 1,2-P sclerotized 2,3-C setae with PLATE 22: Setae setae From

simple,

9,10-M 2 3 9-M with branches;

simple,

3 distal 2 setae with all P or or or one or

branches distal .....

usually arising long, from far back arising 4-C 2-C Seta short, and 4-C Seta seta near

apart together wide 2-C with bases and of than bases closer seta bases with

2-C seta

An. vagus

B) (A and

branches,

if third branch 2 with 1or split Seta 4-M from 3 branches 4 Seta 4-M into near or

along half present, about it arises base way one

of other branches

Complex Subpictus Complex

Sundaicus

epiroticus An.

[

PLATE 39 To 127

SOUTHEAST ASIAN J PUBLIC TROP MED HEALTH

PLATE 39

present, branches, about half if Seta third branch arises 2 it From PLATE 38: 4-M with or

along of other branches way one

usually palmate, palmate, Abdominal with 1. seldom 1-1 Abdominal 1. 1-1 seta seta

leaflets, leaflets,

fewer leaflets with than 6 fewer lanceolate 7 most or or

leaflets distinct shoulders with serrated distinct serrated shoulders without

usually

usually Seta with13 Seta fewer with than13 2. 1-P 2. 1-P or more

branches branches

subpictus indefinitus An. An.

D) (B, C, and 128

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