Subgenus Anopheles Meigen
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Data-Driven Identification of Potential Zika Virus Vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad a Dallas1,3, Barbara a Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8
RESEARCH ARTICLE Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad A Dallas1,3, Barbara A Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8 1Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 2Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 3Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, United States; 4Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, United States; 5Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 6Center for Tropical Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 7Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 8River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States Abstract Zika is an emerging virus whose rapid spread is of great public health concern. Knowledge about transmission remains incomplete, especially concerning potential transmission in geographic areas in which it has not yet been introduced. To identify unknown vectors of Zika, we developed a data-driven model linking vector species and the Zika virus via vector-virus trait combinations that confer a propensity toward associations in an ecological network connecting flaviviruses and their mosquito vectors. Our model predicts that thirty-five species may be able to transmit the virus, seven of which are found in the continental United States, including Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens. We suggest that empirical studies prioritize these species to confirm predictions of vector competence, enabling the correct identification of populations at risk for transmission within the United States. *For correspondence: mvevans@ DOI: 10.7554/eLife.22053.001 uga.edu Competing interests: The authors declare that no competing interests exist. -
MOSQUITO STUDIES (Diptera, Culicidae)
MOSQUITO STUDIES (Diptera, Culicidae) XXIX. A REVIEW OF THE SUBGENUS KERTESZIA OF ANOPHELES ’ Thomas J. Zavortink2 INTRODUCIION’ Kerteszia is a small, Neotropical subgenusof Anopheles. Although severalspecies of *this subgenusare important, even primary, vectors of human malariasand other speciesare suspectedvectors, Kerteszia is appallingly poorly known systematically. Becauseof the dearth of specimensavailable for study, the present paper can be little more than a preliminary review laying the groundwork for a future, more com- prehensivestudy. Only 1146 specimens,97 males, 64 male genitalia, 538 females, 294 larvae and 153 pupae, were examined during this study; included were 155 individual rearings (100 larval, 28 pupal and 27 incomplete). Most of the adultsstudied, including the reared ones, are in very poor condition, either broken, denuded,shriveled, fungused, decomposedor imbedded in adhesive,and are not of researchquality. Many of the skinsof the immature stagesare poorly preservedor poorly mounted and almost all whole larvae examined died during the attempt to rear them and are rotted, mis- shapen and discolored.Only the Colombian and Panamanianpopulations of neivai and the Trinidadian populationsof bellator and homunculus are representedby even modest seriesof adultsand immatures,and only 2 of thesepopulations, the Panama- nian neivai and the Trinidadian beZZator,are topotypic or nearly so. Classical,comparative morphological taxonomic procedureswere used. Many of the conclusionsreached must be consideredas tentative only, for in most cases neither the quantity nor quality of material availablefor study is adequatefor test- ing the hypothesesabout the number of speciesand their diagnosticcharacters that are summarized in the keys. The descriptionsare basedon a few individualsfrom, if possible,one population, as indicated under the species;the organization, termi- nology and abbreviationsused in the descriptionsfollow Belkin (1962) in large part. -
A Review of the Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R
Irish et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:559 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1848-z RESEARCH Open Access A review of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R. Irish1*, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin2, Mohammad Shafiul Alam2 and Ralph E. Harbach3 Abstract Background: Diseases caused by mosquito-borne pathogens remain an important source of morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. To better control the vectors that transmit the agents of disease, and hence the diseases they cause, and to appreciate the diversity of the family Culicidae, it is important to have an up-to-date list of the species present in the country. Original records were collected from a literature review to compile a list of the species recorded in Bangladesh. Results: Records for 123 species were collected, although some species had only a single record. This is an increase of ten species over the most recent complete list, compiled nearly 30 years ago. Collection records of three additional species are included here: Anopheles pseudowillmori, Armigeres malayi and Mimomyia luzonensis. Conclusions: While this work constitutes the most complete list of mosquito species collected in Bangladesh, further work is needed to refine this list and understand the distributions of those species within the country. Improved morphological and molecular methods of identification will allow the refinement of this list in years to come. Keywords: Species list, Mosquitoes, Bangladesh, Culicidae Background separation of Pakistan and India in 1947, Aslamkhan [11] Several diseases in Bangladesh are caused by mosquito- published checklists for mosquito species, indicating which borne pathogens. Malaria remains an important cause of were found in East Pakistan (Bangladesh). -
Identification Keys to the Anopheles Mosquitoes of South America
Sallum et al. Parasites Vectors (2020) 13:583 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04298-6 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Identifcation keys to the Anopheles mosquitoes of South America (Diptera: Culicidae). I. Introduction Maria Anice Mureb Sallum1*, Ranulfo González Obando2, Nancy Carrejo2 and Richard C. Wilkerson3,4,5 Abstract Background: The worldwide genus Anopheles Meigen, 1918 is the only genus containing species evolved as vectors of human and simian malaria. Morbidity and mortality caused by Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885 is tremendous, which has made these parasites and their vectors the objects of intense research aimed at mosquito identifcation, malaria control and elimination. DNA tools make the identifcation of Anopheles species both easier and more difcult. Easier in that putative species can nearly always be separated based on DNA data; more difcult in that attaching a scientifc name to a species is often problematic because morphological characters are often difcult to interpret or even see; and DNA technology might not be available and afordable. Added to this are the many species that are either not yet recognized or are similar to, or identical with, named species. The frst step in solving Anopheles identi- fcation problem is to attach a morphology-based formal or informal name to a specimen. These names are hypoth- eses to be tested with further morphological observations and/or DNA evidence. The overarching objective is to be able to communicate about a given species under study. In South America, morphological identifcation which is the frst step in the above process is often difcult because of lack of taxonomic expertise and/or inadequate identifca- tion keys, written for local fauna, containing the most consequential species, or obviously, do not include species described subsequent to key publication. -
Vectorial Role of Anopheles Subpictus Grassi and Anopheles Culicifacies Giles in Angul District, Orissa, India
VECTORIAL ROLE OF AN. SUBPICTUS AND AN. CULICIFACIES VECTORIAL ROLE OF ANOPHELES SUBPICTUS GRASSI AND ANOPHELES CULICIFACIES GILES IN ANGUL DISTRICT, ORISSA, INDIA Swati Kumari, Sarat Kumar Parida, Nitisheel Marai, Asima Tripathy, Rupenansu Kumar Hazra, Santanu Kumar Kar and Namita Mahapatra Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Orissa, India Abstract. Malaria transmission by Anopheles subpictus Grassi, 1899 and Anopheles culicifacies Giles, 1901 was studied from March 2004 to February 2007 in Angul Dis- trict, Orissa, India, which is highly endemic for malaria. Adult mosquitoes were col- lected from human dwellings using sucking tubes and a mechanical aspirator. After identification, some An. subpictus and An. culicifacies specimens were subjected to a precipitin test to determine their anthropophilic index and the remaining samples were preserved in isopropyl alcohol for sporozoite detection by nested PCR. An. subpictus was the most prevalent (29.0%) anopheline species detected, followed by An. culicifacies (11.6%). The anthropophilic index for the An. subpictus was higher than An. culicifacies and was highest during the summer season. Malaria sporozoite rates of 0.52% and 1.82% were detected for An. subpictus and An. culicifacies, respectively. Sporozoites were detected during the summer in An. subpictus and during the rainy season and winter in An. culicifacies. The slide positivity rate (SPR) was high during the summer. The high anthropophilic index and presence of sporozoites in An. subpictus during the summer indicate An. subpictus is a contributory factor for the high SPR during the summer, and An. culicifacies is a contributory factor for the high SPR during the rainy and winter seasons, along with other anophelines. -
A Study on Diversity of Mosquitoes in Rajathanikottai Village, Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India
Available online a t www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (6):496-499 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0976-1233 CODEN (USA): ABRNBW A study on diversity of mosquitoes in Rajathanikottai village, Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India S. Amala , S.Rajendrabhoopathy, N. Arunachalam and V. Aunradha* Faculty of Rural Health and Sanitation, Gandhigram Rural Institute (DU), Gandhigram ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT A study on diversity of mosquito was conducted in a foot hill village of Sirumalai Hills for a year. Both immature and adult forms of mosquitoes were collected by standard WHO method. A total number of 1440 mosquitoes that belongs to 4 genera and 17 species were collected . The most dominant species was Culex quinquefasciatus (19.58%) followed by Aedes albopictus (12.91%), Anopheles vagus (12.29%), Anopheles subpictus (12.01%), Culex triteaniorhynchus (10.69%), Culex vishnui (9.76%) and Armigeres subalbatus (6.66%) and least species were Anopheles fluviatilis (3.9%), Anopheles culicifascies (3.3%). Key words : Biodiversity, Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Armigeres. ______________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Biodiversity encompasses the variety of all living organisms on the earth. India has rich biological diversity and one of the 12 mega diverse countries of the world (1). Diversity of insects is of great importance to the environmentalist as they are bioindicators. Among the insects, mosquitoes are medically important group of insects and they transmit diseases like malaria, dengue, filariasis and JE in India. In the recent years, the distribution range of both mosquitoes and mosquito borne diseases are proliferating in large number everywhere due to rapid urbanization, excessive deforestation, and resistance among mosquitoes to pesticides, construction of dams and development of new agro ecosystem (2). -
Anthropophilic Biting Behaviour of Anopheles (Kerteszia) Neivai
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 108(8): 1057-1064, December 2013 1057 Anthropophilic biting behaviour of Anopheles (Kerteszia) neivai Howard, Dyar & Knab associated with Fishermen’s activities in a malaria-endemic area in the Colombian Pacific Jesús Eduardo Escovar1,2/+, Ranulfo González3, Martha Lucía Quiñones1 1Department of Public Health, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia 2Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad de La Salle, Bogota, Colombia 3Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia On the southwest Pacific Coast of Colombia, a field study was initiated to determine the human-vector association between Anopheles (Kerteszia) neivai and fishermen, including their nearby houses. Mosquitoes were collected over 24-h periods from mangrove swamps, marshlands and fishing vessels in three locations, as well as in and around the houses of fishermen. A total of 6,382 mosquitoes were collected. An. neivai was most abundant in mangroves and fishing canoes (90.8%), while Anopheles albimanus was found indoors (82%) and outdoors (73%). One An. neivai and one An. albimanus collected during fishing activities in canoes were positive for Plasmodium vivax, whereas one female An. neivai collected in a mangrove was positive for P. vivax. In the mangroves and fishing canoes, An. neivai demonstrated biting activity throughout the day, peaking between 06:00 pm-07:00 pm and there were two minor peaks at dusk and dawn. These peaks coincided with fishing activities in the marshlands and mangroves, a situation that places the fishermen at risk of contracting malaria when they are performing their daily activities. It is recommended that protective measures be implemented to reduce the risk that fishermen will contract malaria. -
The Dominant Anopheles Vectors of Human Malaria in the Asia-Pacific
Sinka et al. Parasites & Vectors 2011, 4:89 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/4/1/89 RESEARCH Open Access The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Asia-Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis Marianne E Sinka1*, Michael J Bangs2, Sylvie Manguin3, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap4, Anand P Patil1, William H Temperley1, Peter W Gething1, Iqbal RF Elyazar5, Caroline W Kabaria6, Ralph E Harbach7 and Simon I Hay1,6* Abstract Background: The final article in a series of three publications examining the global distribution of 41 dominant vector species (DVS) of malaria is presented here. The first publication examined the DVS from the Americas, with the second covering those species present in Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Here we discuss the 19 DVS of the Asian-Pacific region. This region experiences a high diversity of vector species, many occurring sympatrically, which, combined with the occurrence of a high number of species complexes and suspected species complexes, and behavioural plasticity of many of these major vectors, adds a level of entomological complexity not comparable elsewhere globally. To try and untangle the intricacy of the vectors of this region and to increase the effectiveness of vector control interventions, an understanding of the contemporary distribution of each species, combined with a synthesis of the current knowledge of their behaviour and ecology is needed. Results: Expert opinion (EO) range maps, created with the most up-to-date expert knowledge of each DVS distribution, were combined with a contemporary database of occurrence data and a suite of open access, environmental and climatic variables. -
Quantifying Seasonal and Diel Variation in Anopheline and Culex Human Biting Rates in Southern Ecuador
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/192773; this version posted September 22, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Quantifying Seasonal and Diel Variation in Anopheline and Culex Human Biting Rates in Southern Ecuador Sadie J. Ryan a,b,c,d*, Catherine A. Lippi a,b*, Philipp H. Boersch-Supan a,e, Naveed Heydari c, Mercy Silva f, Jefferson Adrian c, Leonardo F. Noblecilla g, Efraín B. Ayala h, Mayling D. Encalada i, David A. Larsen j, Jesse T. Krisher k, Lyndsay Krisher l,m, Lauren Fregosi a,j, Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra c a Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA b Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA c Center for Global Health and Translational Science and Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA d College of Agriculture, Engineering, and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa e Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA f Ministerio de Salud Pública, Laboratorio Clínico Hospital Teófilo Dávila, Machala, Ecuador g Ministerio de Salud Pública, Lab. Entomologia CZ7, Machala, Ecuador h Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Técnica de Machala, Machala, Ecuador i Ministerio de Salud Pública, Dirección Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Av. República de El Salvador 36-64 y Suecia, Quito, 170515, Ecuador j Department of Public Health, Food Studies, and Nutrition, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA k Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA l Center for Health, Work & Environment, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO m Colorado Consortium on Climate Change and Human Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/192773; this version posted September 22, 2017. -
Species in Anophezes
Mosquito Systematics Vol. 9(l) 1977 1 The Place of Morphological * Studies in the Investigation of AnopheZes Species Complexes \ G. B. White British Museum (Natural History) London SW7 5BD England Page Summary ____________________~~~-~~--~---~~~-~~-~~--------~~~~~~---------- ----- 1 Preamble __----_--______--___~~-~------------------------~~~~----~~--~~~~~~-~~ 2 Background ____---_____-_______~-~----~~~~~--------~~~~~~~-------~~~~-~------- 2 Species in AnopheZes ---_--___-----______~-~-----~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~~-~ 5 Systematics of the Anophelinae -----------------_-------~---~-~~~~~---~------- 6 Morphological characters in Anopheles ------_------_______~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7 Detection of species complexes ---_--_-__------____~~~~~~~~-~-~~~~~~~~~~~----- 8 Morphological comparisons of AnopheZes species: past, present and potential. a. Adults and general--------------- ---------------------------~~~~~~~~~--~- 9 b. Larvae and pupae -__-_------_-___-_-----------~~~~~-~~-~~-~-~~~~~~~~~~-~-- 11 c. Eggs ------_------------------~ ____-__-_-_-_-_-_---~-~----~-~~~~-~~~-~---- 13 Concluding discussion --___-__----__-_-__-----_---__-__--_------_--___-_------~4 Acknowledgments ------______________I___________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 15 References ------_--------_-----~-----~-- -------------_----------~-~~--~------ 16 Summary High standards of comparative morphological work on AnopheZes were attained early in the 20th Century. The genus now has 401 recognized species and subspecies, about half of which exist as close-knit clusters of similar -
Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Fauna in Alappuzha and ISSN 2320-7078 JEZS 2013; 1 (6): 134-137 Kottayam District of the Kerala State, South India
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2013; 1 (6): 134-137 Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) fauna in Alappuzha and ISSN 2320-7078 JEZS 2013; 1 (6): 134-137 Kottayam district of the Kerala state, south India © 2013 JEZS 2013 Received 11-12-2013 R. Balasubramanian, Nikhil T.L. Accepted: 31-12-2013 ABSTRACT The study was conducted to look at the mosquito fauna in different sites of Alappuzha and Kottayam R. Balasubramanian National Institute of virology, districts, Kerala state to generate information on the diversity of mosquitoes. A total of 44 species of Kerala unit, Alappuzha 688 005, mosquitoes belonging to 21 subgenera and 11 genera were recorded in Alappuzha district and 21 Kerala, India. species of mosquitoes belonging to 14 subgenera and 9 genera were recorded in Kottayam districts. Email: [email protected] The genus Aedes, Anopheles, Mansonia, Heizmannia, Culex, Ficalbia, Uranotaenia, Tripteroides, Armigeres, Coquillettidia, and Mimomyia were recorded in Alappuzha district. Aedes, Anopheles, Nikhil T.L. Armigeres, Culex, Heizmannia, Tripteroides, Toxorhynchites and Uranotaenia were recorded in National Institute of virology, Kottayam district. Species common to both districts were Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), Aedes albopictus Kerala unit, Alappuzha 688 005, (Skuse), Aedes vittatus (Bigot), Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett), Culex fuscanus (Wiedemann), Kerala, India. Culex quinquefasciatus (Say), Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Giles), Heizmannia greenii (Theobald), Heizmannia indica (Theobald) and Toxorhynchites affinis (Edwards). Paddy field, mud pools, fallow fields, man-made artificial containers were the common breeding area in Alappuzha district and in Kottayam district tree holes, coconut shells, artificial containers and leaf axils were the main breeding habitats. Keywords: Mosquito fauna, Alappuzha, Kottayam, Aspirator. 1. -
Entomological Studies on the Mosquito Borne Shirzadi MR1,2*
Review Article iMedPub Journals Insights in Biomedicine 2019 www.imedpub.com ISSN 2572-5610 Vol.4 No.2:10 DOI: 10.36648/2572-5610.4.2.61 Entomological Studies on the Mosquito Borne Shirzadi MR1,2* Diseases in Iran: An Up-To-Date 1 Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran 2 Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Abstract Education, Tehran, Iran Mosquitoes are insects that bit animal hosts to get blood as the nutrient source to develop their eggs. They may transmit a wide range of pathogens such as viruses and parasites to the hosts’ body through their blood meal. It may lead to a number *Corresponding author: of mosquito-borne diseases. In Iran, there is a major risk for mosquito-borne Dr. Mohammad Reza Shirzadi diseases due to the introducing the exotic mosquito species from the neighboring countries. Recently, in neighboring countries of Iran, epidemics of mosquito-borne [email protected] viral infections including chikungunya, dengue and West Nile infections in Pakistan, dengue and Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia, and West Nile infection in Iraq have Center for Communicable Diseases Control, been reported. Ae. albopictus has become a significant pest mosquito species in Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Pakistan and has also been reported from Syria, Lebanon and Turkey. According Eyvanak St. Shahrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran. to the World Health Organization WHO, malaria is in the pre-elimination stage in Iran. In this review, it was attempted to discuss some issue including mosquito Tel: +989121455413 bionomics, mosquito-borne diseases in human and surveillance.