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Anopheline Species Complexes in South and South-East Asia WHO Library Cataloguing-In-Publication Data World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia

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Anopheline Species Complexes in South and South-East Asia WHO Library Cataloguing-In-Publication Data World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia SEARO Technical Publication No. 57 Vector-borne diseases are a major health problem in the South-East Asia Region and in other parts of the world. There are about 4 500 mosquito species in existence; species belonging to the Anopheles genus transmit malaria. Combating malaria is part of the Millenium Development Goals, and vector control is a key strategy both regionally and globally. Therefore, the review and dissemination of information on vector species is critically important. Most of the anophelines that are involved in the transmission of malaria in South and South-East Asia have been identified as species complexes. Members of a species complex are reproductively isolated evolutionary units with distinct gene pools and, hence, they differ in their biological characteristics. In 1998, WHO published Anopheline species complexes in South-East Asia. New identification tools have been developed since then, and therefore this updated edition is being published. It summarizes work that has been done on anopheline cryptic species and will be highly valuable to researchers, field entomologists and malaria- control programme managers. AAnnoopphheelliinnee SSppeecciieess CCoommpplleexxeess iinn SSoouutthh aanndd SSoouutthh--EEaasstt AAssiiaa ISBN 978-92-9022-294-1 9 7 8 9 2 9 0 2 2 2 9 4 1 SEARO Technical Publication No. 57 Anopheline Species Complexes in South and South-East Asia WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Anopheline Species Complexes in South and South-East Asia. 1. Anopheles 2. Species Specificity 3. Sibling Relations 4. Insect Vectors 5. South-East Asia 6. Asia, Western ISBN 978-92-9022-294-1 NLM Classification No. QX 515 © World Health Organization 2007 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. For rights of reproduction or translation, in part or in toto, of publications issued by the WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, application should be made to the Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health House, Indraprastha Estate, New Delhi 110002, India. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Printed in India ii Anopheline Species Complexes in South and South-East Asia Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 2. Techniques used in the recognition of Species Complexes ................................ 7 3. Species Complexes......................................................................................... 17 3.1 The Annularis Complex ........................................................................ 17 3.2 The Barbirostris Complex...................................................................... 20 3.3 The Culicifacies Complex ..................................................................... 22 3.4 The Dirus Complex .............................................................................. 33 3.5 The Fluviatilis Complex......................................................................... 41 3.6 The Leucosphyrus Complex .................................................................. 46 3.7 The Maculatus Complex ....................................................................... 48 3.8 The Minimus Complex ......................................................................... 55 3.9 The Philippinensis-Nivipes Complex ..................................................... 62 3.10 The Punctulatus Complex ..................................................................... 65 3.11 The Sinensis Complex........................................................................... 69 3.12 The Subpictus Complex ........................................................................ 73 3.13 The Sundaicus Complex ....................................................................... 76 3.14. The Anopheles stephensi variants .......................................................... 79 4. Prospects for the future .................................................................................. 84 5. References and select bibliography ................................................................. 87 Anopheline Species Complexes in South and South-East Asia iii Foreword ector-borne diseases continue to be a Differences in the biological characteristics of major health problem in the world. The members of the complexes have an important Vworsening malaria situation during the bearing on malaria transmission dynamics. It 1980s led the World Health Organization is, therefore, imperative to determine sibling (WHO) to declare the control of malaria as a species composition and their bionomics as global priority. The World Declaration on well as their roles in the transmission of Malaria, adopted in Amsterdam in October malaria. 1992, committed WHO Member States to the In 1998, WHO published as a technical worldwide intensification of control efforts publication* Anopheline species complexes in against this disease. Accordingly, a global South-East Asia authored by Dr Sarala K. Malaria Control Strategy was developed which Subbarao. This book has received much laid emphasis on the following key elements: appreciation both from researchers and case management; capacity building for programme managers. Since its publication, control; containment of epidemics; and basic several papers on species complexes and applied research. Halting the incidence identification tools, especially molecular-based of malaria is also highlighted as one of the tools, formal designation of members of targets to be achieved under the United complexes, and the phylogenetic relationship Nations Millennium Development Goals between members of a complex and also (MDGs). between the complexes have been published. It is very important that vector control, as a In view of the importance of species complexes part of the global as well as the regional malaria in malaria control operations, an updated control strategy, should succeed. Its success edition has been prepared to provide the latest would depend on a systematic review of the information on this important subject. This is available information on vector species and part of our commitment to highlight and their biology, and of the vector control options disseminate the knowledge on species and their selective use. Most of the complexes which is so vital to malaria control anophelines that are involved in the strategy, especially when target-specific transmission of malaria in the South and South- selective and sustainable vector control is East Asian countries have been identified as urgently needed. In addition to the South-East species complexes. Species complexes are of Asia Region, the present edition covers the common occurrence among anopheline taxa. work done on the species complexes prevalent More than 30 Anopheles taxa have been in the South Asian countries as well. It presents identified so far as species complexes and they a clear summary of the work done on are important vectors of malaria in different anopheline cryptic species, and I am sure it parts of the world. Members of a species will be very useful for field malaria complex, commonly known as sibling species, entomologists, malaria control programme are reproductively-isolated evolutionary units managers and basic researchers working on with distinct gene pools and, hence, differ in species complexes. their biological characteristics. Samlee Plianbangchang, M.D., Dr.P.H. Regional Director *WHO Technical Publication, SEARO No. 18 (1998). Anopheline Species Complexes in South and South-East Asia v Acknowledgements This edition of Anopheles Species Complexes in South and South-East Asia has been produced by the World Health Organization's South-East Asia Regional Office, Department of Communicable Diseases, Communicable Diseases Control group. The author of the earlier Anopheles Species Complexes in South-East Asia (1998), Dr Sarala K. Subbarao, was commissioned to prepare the revised edition. The issuing of a new edition reflects the fact that new identification tools have been developed and identification of species is critical in control programmes for several complexes. Professor Chris Curtis, Dr Catherine Walton, Professor Nora J. Besanky and Dr Yeya Torre have made very valuable suggestions that have enriched the quality of the monograph. Professor Curtis also provided detailed editorial corrections of the manuscript. Dr K. Raghavendra, Dr Suprabha G. Pulipparacharuvil and Mr O.P. Singh have provided necessary information and help, and Mr U. Sreehari is acknowledged for his help in the preparation of the document. Dr Subbarao also wishes to recognize support given by family members. vi Anopheline Species Complexes in South and South-East Asia 1. Introduction osquitoes are ubiquitous and have East Asian countries have been identified as a tremendous reproductive species complexes,
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