DOCSLIB.ORG

A Salinity Module for SWAT to Simulate Salt Ion Fate and Transport 2 at the Watershed Scale 3 4 Ryan T

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Salinity Module for SWAT to Simulate Salt Ion Fate and Transport 2 at the Watershed Scale 3 4 Ryan T Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-614 Manuscript under review for journal Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discussion started: 22 January 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 A Salinity Module for SWAT to Simulate Salt Ion Fate and Transport 2 at the Watershed Scale 3 4 Ryan T. Bailey1*, Saman Tavakoli-Kivi1, Xiaolu Wei1 5 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 1372 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 6 80523-1372, United States. 7 8 *Correspondence to: Ryan Bailey ([email protected]) 9 10 Abstract. Salinity is one of the most common water quality threats in river basins and irrigated regions worldwide. However, no 11 available numerical models simulate all major processes affecting salt ion fate and transport at the watershed scale. This study 12 presents a new salinity module for the SWAT model that simulates the fate and transport of 8 major salt ions (SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, 13 K, Cl, CO3, HCO3) in a watershed system. The module accounts for salt transport in surface runoff, soil percolation, lateral flow, 14 groundwater, and streams, and equilibrium chemistry reactions in soil layers and the aquifer. The module consists of several new 15 subroutines that are imbedded within the SWAT modelling code and one input file containing soil salinity and aquifer salinity 16 data for the watershed. The model is applied to a 732 km2 salinity-impaired irrigated region within the Arkansas River Valley in 17 southeastern Colorado, and tested against root zone soil salinity, groundwater salt ion concentration, groundwater salt loadings to 18 the river network, and in-stream salt ion concentration. The model can be a useful tool in simulating baseline salinity transport 19 and investigating salinity best management practices in watersheds of varying spatial scales worldwide. 20 21 1 Introduction 22 Salinity is one of the most common water quality threats in river basins and irrigated regions worldwide. Sustainability of 23 crop production in irrigated areas in semi-arid and arid areas is threatened by over-irrigation, poor quality of irrigation water 24 (high salinity), inadequate drainage, shallow saline groundwater, and salinization of soil and underlying groundwater, all of 25 which can lead to decreasing crop yield. Of the estimated 260 million ha of irrigated land worldwide, approximately 20-30 26 million ha (7-12%) is salinized (Tanji and Kielen, 2002), with a loss of 0.25 to 0.5 million ha each year globally. Approximately 27 8.8 million ha in western Australia alone may be lost to production by the year 2050 (NLWRA, 2001), and 25% of the Indus 28 River basin is affected by high salinity. Within the western United States, 27-28% of irrigated land has experienced sharp 29 declines in crop productivity due to high salinity (Umali, 1993; Tanji and Kielen, 2002), thereby rendering irrigated-induced 30 salinity as the principal water quality problem in the semi-arid regions of the western United States. 31 Salinization of soil and groundwater systems is caused by both natural processes and human-made activities. Salt naturally 32 can be dissolved from parent rock and soil material, with salt minerals (e.g. gypsum CaSO4, halite NaCl) dissolving to mobile 2+ - + - 33 ions such as Ca , SO4 , Na , and Cl . In addition, salt ions can accumulate in the shallow soil zone due to waterlogging, which is 34 a result of over-irrigating and irrigating in areas with inadequate drainage. Salts moving up into the soil zone can become evapo- 35 concentrated due to the removal of pure water by crop roots. Soil water salinization leads to a decrease in osmotic potential, i.e. 36 the potential for water to move from soil to the crop root cells via osmosis, leading to a decrease in crop production. 37 Numerical models have been used extensively to assess saline conditions, simulate salt movement across landscapes and 38 within soil profiles, predict salt build-up and movement in the root zone, and investigate the impact of best management 39 practices (Oosterbaan, 2005; Schoups et al., 2005; Burkhalter and Gates, 2006; Singh and Panda, 2012). Available models that 40 either have inherent salinity modules or can be applied to salinity transport problems include UNSATCHEM (Šimůnek and 1 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-614 Manuscript under review for journal Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discussion started: 22 January 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 41 Suarez, 1994), HYDRUS linked with UNSATCHEM (Šimůnek et al., 2012); DRAINMOD, LEACHC (Wagenet and Hutson, 42 1987), SAHYSMOD (Oosterbaan, 2005; Singh and Panda, 2012), CATSALT, and MT3DMS (Burkhalter and Gates, 2006). 43 Whereas several of these models include major ion chemistry for salt ions (e.g. precipitation-dissolution, cation exchange, 44 complexation) (UNSATCHEM, HYDRUS), their application typically is limited to small field-scale or soil-profile domains (e.g. 45 Kaledhonkar and Keshari, 2006; Schoups et al., 2006; Kaledhonkar et al., 2012; Rasouli et al., 2013). Conversely, models such 46 as SAHYSMOD and MT3DMS have been applied to regional-scale problems, but lack the reaction chemistry and treat salinity 47 as a conservative solute. SAHYSMOD uses seasonal water and salt balance components for large-scale systems on a seasonal 48 time step (Singh and Panda, 2012). MT3DMS is a finite-difference contaminant transport groundwater model that uses 49 MODFLOW output for groundwater flow rates, but does not include salt ion solution chemistry (Burkhalter and Gates, 2006). 50 Schoups et al. (2005) used a hydro-salinity model that couples MODHMS with UNSATCHEM to simulate subsurface salt 51 transport and storage in a 1,400 km2 region of the San Joaquin Valley, California. The model, however, does not consider 52 salinity transport in surface runoff or salt transport in streams, limiting results to soil salinity and groundwater. Currently, there is 53 no model that simulates salt transport in all major hydrologic pathways (surface runoff, soil percolation and leaching, 54 groundwater flow, streamflow) at the watershed-scale that also considers important solution reaction chemistry. Such a model is 55 important for assessing watershed-scale and basin-scale salt movement and investigating the impact of large-scale salinity 56 remediation schemes. 57 The objective of this paper is to present a salinity transport modeling code that can be used to simulate the fate and transport 58 of the major ions (SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, CO3, HCO3) in a watershed hydrologic system. The salinity module is implemented 59 within the SWAT modeling code, and thereby salt transport pathways include surface runoff, percolation, soil later flow, 60 groundwater flow and streamflow. The soil water and groundwater concentration of each salt ion is also affected by equilibrium 61 chemistry reactions: precipitation-dissolution, complexation, and cation exchange. The use of the model is demonstrated through 62 application to a 732 km2 region of the Lower Arkansas River Valley (LARV) in southeastern Colorado, an irrigated alluvial 63 valley in which soil and groundwater salinization has occurred over the past few decades. The model is tested against salt ion and 64 total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration in surface water (Arkansas River and its tributaries), groundwater (from a network of 65 monitoring wells), and soil water (from a large dataset of soil salinity measurements). The salinity module for SWAT can be 66 applied to any watershed to simulate baseline conditions and to test the effect of best management practices on watershed 67 salinity. 68 69 2 Development of the SWAT Salinity Module 70 This section provides a brief overview of the SWAT model, followed by a description of the SWAT salinity module. Sect. 3 71 demonstrates the use of the salinity module to a regional-scale irrigated stream-aquifer system in the Lowe Arkansas River 72 Valley, Colorado. 73 2.1 The SWAT Model 74 The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool, Arnold et al., 1998) hydrologic model simulates water flow, nutrient 75 mass transport and sediment mass transport at the watershed scale. It is a continuous, daily time-step, basin-scale, distributed- 76 parameter watershed model that simulates water flow and nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus) transport in surface runoff, soil 77 percolation, soil later flow, groundwater flow and discharge to streams, and streamflow. The watershed is divided into subbasins, 78 which are then further divided into multiple unique combinations (Hydrologic Response Units HRUs) of land use, soil type and 79 topographic slope for which detailed water and nutrient mass balance calculations are performed. Routing algorithms route water 80 and nutrient mass through the stream network to the watershed outlet. SWAT has been applied to hundreds of watersheds and 2 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-614 Manuscript under review for journal Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discussion started: 22 January 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 81 river basins worldwide to assess water supply and nutrient contamination under baseline conditions (Abbaspour et al., 2015) and 82 scenarios of land use change (Zhao et al., 2016; Zuo et al., 2016; Napoli et al., 2017), best management practices (Arabi et al., 83 2006; Maringanti et al., 2009; Ullrich and Volk, 2009; Dechmi and Skhiri, 2013), and climate change (Jyrkama and Sykes, 2007; 84 Ficklin et al., 2009; Tweed et al., 2009; Haddeland et al., 2010; Brown et al., 2015). However, it has not yet been applied to 85 salinity issues. 86 2.2 Salinity Module for SWAT 87 The new SWAT salinity module simulates the fate and transport of 8 major salt ions (SO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, CO3, HCO3) 88 via surface runoff, soil later flow, soil percolation and leaching, groundwater flow, and streamflow, subject to chemical reactions 89 such as precipitation-dissolution, complexation, and cation exchange within soil layers and the alluvial aquifer.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Water Balances
    On website waterlog.info Agricultural hydrology is the study of water balance components intervening in agricultural water management, especially in irrigation and drainage/ Illustration of some water balance components in the soil Contents • 1. Water balance components • 1.1 Surface water balance 1.2 Root zone water balance 1.3 Transition zone water balance 1.4 Aquifer water balance • 2. Speficic water balances 2.1 Combined balances 2.2 Water table outside transition zone 2.3 Reduced number of zones 2.4 Net and excess values 2.5 Salt Balances • 3. Irrigation and drainage requirements • 4. References • 5. Internet hyper links Water balance components The water balance components can be grouped into components corresponding to zones in a vertical cross-section in the soil forming reservoirs with inflow, outflow and storage of water: 1. the surface reservoir (S) 2. the root zone or unsaturated (vadose zone) (R) with mainly vertical flows 3. the aquifer (Q) with mainly horizontal flows 4. a transition zone (T) in which vertical and horizontal flows are converted The general water balance reads: • inflow = outflow + change of storage and it is applicable to each of the reservoirs or a combination thereof. In the following balances it is assumed that the water table is inside the transition zone. If not, adjustments must be made. Surface water balance The incoming water balance components into the surface reservoir (S) are: 1. Rai - Vertically incoming water to the surface e.g.: precipitation (including snow), rainfall, sprinkler irrigation 2. Isu - Horizontally incoming surface water. This can consist of natural inundation or surface irrigation The outgoing water balance components from the surface reservoir (S) are: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation Simulating the Fate And
    DISSERTATION SIMULATING THE FATE AND TRANSPORT OF SALINITY SPECIES IN A SEMI- ARID AGRICULTURAL GROUNDWATER SYSTEM: MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION Submitted by Saman Tavakoli Kivi Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2018 Doctoral Committee: Advisor: Ryan T. Bailey Co-Advisor: Timothy K. Gates Michael J. Ronayne Aditi Bhaskar Copyright by Saman Tavakoli Kivi 2018 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT SIMULATING THE FATE AND TRANSPORT OF SALINITY SPECIES IN A SEMI- ARID AGRICULTURAL GROUNDWATER SYSTEM: MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION Many irrigated agricultural areas worldwide suffer from salinization of soil, groundwater, and nearby river systems. Increased salinity concentrations, which can lead to decreased crop yield, are due principally to the presence of salt minerals and high rates of evapotranspiration. High groundwater salt loading to nearby river systems also affects downstream areas when saline river water is diverted for additional uses. Irrigation-induced salinity is the principal water quality problem in the semi-arid region of the western United States due to the extensive background quantities of salt in rocks and soils. Due to the importance of the problem and the complex hydro-chemical processes involved in salinity fate and transport, a physically-based spatially-distributed numerical model is needed to assess soil and groundwater salinity at the regional scale. Although several salinity transport models have been developed in recent decades, these models focus on salt species at the small scale (i.e. soil profile or field), and no attempts thus far have been made at simulating the fate, storage, and transport of individual interacting salt ions at the regional scale within a river basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Irrigation Performance on Water Balance: Krueng Baro Irri- Gation Scheme (Aceh-Indonesia) As a Case Study
    DOI: 10.2478/jwld-2019-0040 © Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Committee on Agronomic Sciences JOURNAL OF WATER AND LAND DEVELOPMENT Section of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering in Agriculture, 2019 2019, No. 42 (VII–IX): 12–20 © Institute of Technology and Life Sciences (ITP), 2019 PL ISSN 1429–7426, e-ISSN 2083-4535 Available (PDF): http://www.itp.edu.pl/wydawnictwo/journal; http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jwld; http://journals.pan.pl/jwld Received 07.12.2018 Reviewed 05.03.2019 Accepted 07.03.2019 Effects of irrigation performance on water balance: A – study design B – data collection Krueng Baro Irrigation Scheme (Aceh-Indonesia) C – statistical analysis D – data interpretation E – manuscript preparation as a case study F – literature search Azmeri AZMERI1) ABCDEF , Alfiansyah YULIANUR2) AD, Uli ZAHRATI3) BC, Imam FAUDLI4) BC 1) orcid.org/0000-0002-3552-036X; Universitas Syiah Kuala, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department Jl. Tgk. Syeh Abdul Rauf No. 7, Darussalam – Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; e-mail: [email protected] 2) orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-1792; Universitas Syiah Kuala, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; e-mail: [email protected] 3) orcid.org/0000-0001-8665-8193; Office of River Region of Sumatra-I, Lueng Bata, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; e-mail: [email protected] 4) orcid.org/0000-0002-4944-3449; Hydrology and hydraulics consultant; e-mail: [email protected] For citation: Azmeri A., Yulianur A., Zahrati U., Faudli I. 2019. Effects of irrigation performance on water balance: Krueng Baro Irri- gation Scheme (Aceh-Indonesia) as a case study.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Modeling the Distribution Of
    THESIS MODELING THE DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR SALT IONS IN REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER SYSTEMS: MODEL CALIBRATION AND APPLICATION Submitted by Abdullah B. Javed Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Spring 2020 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Timothy K. Gates Co Advisor: Ryan T. Bailey Michael J. Ronayn Copyright by Abdullah B. Javed 2020 All Rights Reserved 2 ABSTRACT MODELING THE DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR SALT IONS IN AGRICULTURAL GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER SYSTEMS: MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION Irrigated lands in Colorado’s Lower Arkansas River Valley (LARV), like many irrigated agricultural areas worldwide, suffer from salinization of soil, groundwater, and adjacent river systems. Waterlogging and salinization are prevalent throughout the LARV, which have diminished the crop yields and threatened the long-term sustainability of irrigated agriculture. Increased salinity concentrations are primarily due to the presence of salt minerals and high rates of evapotranspiration in the LARV, coupled with inefficient irrigation practices. Shallow groundwater in the LARV drives saline groundwater back to the stream network, thereby degrading the surface water quality, which affects the downstream areas where it evapo- concentrates when saline water is diverted for additional use. The goal of the current study is to develop, calibrate and test a physically-based, spatially distributed numerical model to assess soil, groundwater and surface water salinity at a regional scale to better understand the baseline nature of the problem. Several salinity models have been developed in recent decades; however, no attempts thus far have been made at simulating the fate, storage, and transport of salt ions at a regional scale in both groundwater and streams within an irrigated stream-aquifer system.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 3. the P-GBSD Model the Present Study
    Appendix 3. The P-GBSD model The present study demonstrates the use of a coupled Physical-Group-Built System Dynamics Model (P-GBSDM) for shock scenario simulation and data extraction. This model was selected for the present study due to 1) its capacity to accurately represent complex socio-environmental systems as a result of its dynamically coupled structure and built-in feedback networks and 2) the participatory nature of model development, including variables and system level flow networks defined by local stakeholders. The P-GBSDM, built by Inam, Adamowski, and Malard of the present paper, was created by integrating the physical Spatial Agro Hydro Salinity Model (SAHYSMOD) with a participatory, group-built system dynamics model (GBSDM) consisting of social, environmental, and economic variables. The GBSDM is a participatory model and all of its assumptions (e.g. farmer perceptions, government loan pay-back ratio, sedimentation rate, farm water storage potential, surface water /groundwater use ratio, crop rotation etc.) were refined through interviews with local stakeholders. Moreover, constants/parameters were defined through discussions with scientists with the necessary and relevant expertise (e.g., irrigation engineers, land reclamation experts, research officers, modelers etc.).The overall participatory (GBSD) model and its structure, equations, development methodology, and component details are presented in Inam et al. (2017). Socioeconomic interdependencies and feedbacks were determined through the participatory model-building process (conducted by Inam, Adamowski and Malard of the present paper) with local stakeholders in the Rechna Doab basin of northeastern Pakistan (Inam et al., 2015). The participatory model-building approach used in the initial stages of P-GBSDM development involved the application of stakeholder-built causal loop diagrams (CLD).
    [Show full text]
  • EGU2018-11650, 2018 EGU General Assembly 2018 © Author(S) 2018
    Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 20, EGU2018-11650, 2018 EGU General Assembly 2018 © Author(s) 2018. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Looking ahead to 2100: Modeling Groundwater Management Scenarios under Climate Change Using the Stakeholder-Assisted Socio-Hydrological Modeling tool Tinamït Azhar Inam (1), Jan Adamowski (1), Julien Malard (1), Marcela Rojas (1), and Raffaele Albano (2) (1) Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, (2) School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy Climate change impacts on environmental sustainability have shifted the focus of modern research and have resulted in the development of state-of-the-art integrated modeling tools that can support climate change assess- ment. This research introduces an open source modeling tool, Tinamït, that couples a participatory group-built system dynamics and a physically based model to evaluate stakeholder preferred adaptation strategies for limiting adverse impacts of climate change. Tinamït allows for the connection of system dynamics and physically-based models through either a graphical user interface or an application programming interface and has functionalities that allow for the rapid automation of simulation runs with various policy combinations under different climate change scenarios. The latter is facilitated by the new Python package Taqdir, which is integrated into Tinamït and supports the one-way linking of weather variables generated from the MarkSim software to either the system dynamics or the physically-based model. We use a case study of a stakeholder-built system dynamics model from the Rechna Doab region of Punjab, Pakistan where the rate of groundwater exploitation is high and salinity problems have persisted despite efforts to implement remediation policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Modelling and Prediction of Soil Salinization Using Saltmod in a Gis Environment
    SPATIAL MODELLING AND PREDICTION OF SOIL SALINIZATION USING SALTMOD IN A GIS ENVIRONMENT M. MADYAKA February, 2008 SPATIAL MODELLING AND PREDICTION OF SOIL SALINIZATION USING SALTMOD IN A GIS ENVIRONMENT Spatial Modelling and Prediction of Soil Salinization Using SaltMod in a GIS Environment by Mthuthuzeli Madyaka Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, Specialisation: (Natural Resource Management – Soil Information Systems for Sustainable Land Management: NRM-SISLM) Thesis Assessment Board Prof. Dr. V.G.Jetten: Chairperson Prof. Dr.Ir. A. Veldkamp: External Examiner B. (Bas) Wesselman: Internal Examiner Dr. A. (Abbas) Farshad: First Supervisor Dr. D.B. (Dhruba) Pikha Shrestha: Second Supervisor INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS Disclaimer This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute. Abstract One of the problems commonly associated with agricultural development in semi-arid and arid lands is accumulation of soluble salts in the plant root-zone of the soil profile. The salt accumulation usually reaches toxic levels that impose growth stress to crops leading to low yields or even complete crop failure. This research utilizes integrated approach of remote sensing, modelling and geographic information systems (GIS) to monitor and track down salinization in the Nung Suang district of Nakhon Ratchasima province in Thailand.
    [Show full text]
  • S a L T M O D Description of Principles, User Manual, And
    S A L T M O D Description of Principles, User Manual, and Examples of Application A computer program for the prediction of the salinity of soil moisture, ground water and drainage water, the depth of the water table, and the drain discharge in irrigated agricultural lands, using different (geo)hydrologic conditions, varying water management options, including the use of ground water for irrigation, and several cropping rotation schedules. Version 1.3 The following text gives the introduction only of the manual at https://www.waterlog.info/pdf/saltmod.pdf R.J.Oosterbaan ILRI, Wageningen, The Netherlands May 2002 On website https://www.waterlog.info/saltmod.htm public domain, latest upload 20-11-2017 2 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1. General Saltmod is computer program for the prediction of the salinity of soil moisture, ground water and drainage water, the depth of the water table, and the drain discharge in irrigated agricultural lands, using different (geo)hydrologic conditions, varying water management options, including the use of ground water for irrigation, and several cropping rotation schedules. The water management options include irrigation, drainage, and the use of subsurface drainage water from pipe drains, ditches or wells for irrigation. The computer program was made in Fortran by R.J. Oosterbaan and Isabel Pedroso de Lima at ILRI. A user shell in Turbopascal was developed by H. Ramnandanlal, and improved by R.A.L. Kselik of ILRI, to facilitate the management of input and output data. The program was designed keeping in mind a relative simplicity of operation to promote its use by field technicians and project planners.
    [Show full text]
  • Involving Marginalized Communities in Tz'olöj Ya', Mayan Guatemala
    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1283–1306, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1283-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Multi-level storylines for participatory modeling – involving marginalized communities in Tz’olöj Ya’, Mayan Guatemala Jessica A. Bou Nassar1, Julien J. Malard1, Jan F. Adamowski1, Marco Ramírez Ramírez2, Wietske Medema1, and Héctor Tuy2 1Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada 2IARNA, Universidad Rafael Landívar, Vista Hermosa III, Campus Central, Zona 16, Edificio Q, Oficina Q-101, Guatemala City, Guatemala Correspondence: Jessica A. Bou Nassar ([email protected]) Received: 24 August 2020 – Discussion started: 8 September 2020 Revised: 31 January 2021 – Accepted: 2 February 2021 – Published: 15 March 2021 Abstract. Unconventional sources of data that enhance ranges, and emerging from three different marginalized lin- our understanding of internal interactions between socio- guistic backgrounds (Kaqchikel, Tz’utujil, and K’iche’), in economic and hydrological processes are central to modeling the PM activity. The proposed approach facilitated the partic- human–water systems. Participatory modeling (PM) departs ipation of marginalized stakeholders. Moreover, it (1) helped from conventional modeling tools by informing and concep- develop an understanding of mechanisms governing the eu- tualizing human–water systems through stakeholder engage- trophication of the lake, (2) initiated a dialogue between ment. However, the implementation of many PM processes Indigenous Peoples and non-Indigenous stakeholders, and remains biased, particularly in regions where marginalized (3) extracted potential solutions targeting the system’s lever- communities are present.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Group Built Coupled Physical-Socio- Economic Modelling Framework for Soil Salinity Management in Agricultural Watersheds in Developing Countries
    GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES MCGILL UNIVERSITY FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF MUHAMMAD AZHAR INAM BAIG DEPARTMENT OF BIORESOURCE ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF A GROUP BUILT COUPLED PHYSICAL-SOCIO- ECONOMIC MODELLING FRAMEWORK FOR SOIL SALINITY MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES March 30th, 2017 9:00 AM Macdonald-Stewart Building, Room MS2-022 McGill University, Macdonald Campus COMMITTEE: Dr. Reza Salavati (Pro-Dean) (Institute of Parasitology) Dr. G.S.V. Raghavan (Chair) (Bioresource Engineering Department) Dr. Shiv O Prasher (Supervisor) (Bioresource Engineering Department) Dr. Jan Adamowski (Co-Supervisor) (Bioresource Engineering Department) Dr. Zhiming Qi (Internal Examiner) (Bioresource Engineering Department) Dr. Dror Etzion (External Member) (Desautels Faculty Management) Dr. Josephine Nalbantoglu, Dean of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Members of the Faculty and Graduate Students are invited to attend ABSTRACT Stakeholder involvement in environmental modeling has gained considerable importance over the past twenty years. However, many water resource planning and management frameworks encounter significant challenges when trying to develop tools that do not require significant funding, time, or expertise and that facilitate stakeholder engagement in developing countries. This study aims to address such challenges by developing a stepwise participatory modeling framework to link physically-based models with stakeholder-assisted socio-economic models in the context
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Scenarios for Northwest Africa from The
    P25 AB1 A1 B1 Climate Change Scenarios for Northwest Africa Climatefrom the Change Continental Scenarios to the for Catchment Northwest Scales Africa Assessing waterfrom use, the groundwater Continental availability to the and Catchmentsoil salinity in theScales Middle Drâa basin S. Klose 1, A. Klose 2, C. Rademacher 3, H. Busche 2, O. Schulz 2 and B. Reichert 1, B. Diekkrüger 2, M. Rössler 3 1 Steinmann Institute - Geology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 8, Bonn 2 Institute of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, Bonn 3 Institute of Cultural and Social Anthropology, Albertus-Magnus-Platz 1, Cologne. Introduction Support for solutions Availability and quality of surface water from the upstream reservoir Mansour Eddahbi and individually • Interdisciplinary work provides: pumped groundwater determine irrigation within the six Drâa oases. - Assessment of surface water availability from the reservoir Mansour Eddahbi In order to cover the irrigation demand more and more alluvial aquifers are tapped which are located - Assessment of domestic water consumption beneath each oasis. - Assessment of crop water demand Problems: - Groundwater balance modelling • Water scarcity and soil salinity restrict agricultural production - Soil salinity modelling • Recurrent droughts, unplanned groundwater mining, groundwater and soil salinity as well as • The developed Spatial Decision Support System IWEGS provides system analysis and population growth and urbanization are the major problems. the simulation of management options concerning groundwater and soil. Domestic water use The modelling approach considers: Surface water availability Mm³ / a Inhabitants urban water consumption Mm³ / a 1 70000 • Releases from the reservoir Mansour Eddahbi, so-called Lâchers (fig. 1.) rural water consumption Supposed annual outlet (ORMVAO, 1995) 700 0.9 urban population 60000 90 % quantile 0.8 rural population • Groundwater availability (model BIL, fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Subsurface Drainage
    FAO IRRIGATION Guidelines and computer AND DRAINAGE programs for the PAPER planning and design of 62 land drainage systems W.H. van der Molen Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands J. Martínez Beltrán Water Development and Management Unit FAO Land and Water Division W.J. Ochs Water Management Engineers Annandale, United States of America FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2007 iii Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgements x List of acronyms xi List of symbols xii 1. Introduction 1 Need for and benefits of land drainage 1 Current context of land drainage 1 Need for guidelines and computer programs for planning and design 3 Importance of following a planning and design procedure 3 Scope of this publication 4 2. Environmental considerations in drainage projects 7 Introduction 7 Environmental problems 9 Changes in hydrological peaks 9 Water quality management 9 Soil conservation 11 Wetland and wildlife habitat areas 11 Water conservation and recycling within the project area 11 Improving on-farm irrigation management 12 Shallow water table management 12 Drainage water reuse 14 Groundwater management 15 Land retirement and dry drainage 15 Biological drainage 16 Drainage outlet and disposal to avoid or minimize downstream effects 17 General remarks on outlet structures 17 Disposal to the sea and tidal waters 17 Disposal to a lake 18 Disposal to a river 19 Evaporation ponds 19 Constructed wetlands and related systems 20 Groundwater recharge wells 21 Options for drainage water treatment 21 Removal of organic compounds and nutrients 22 Water desalination 22 Trace element treatments 23 Adsorption of soluble pesticides 23 Removal of heavy metals 23 iv 3.
    [Show full text]