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On a Collection of Ascidians from the Southern West Coast of India with Three New Records from Indian Waters

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On a Collection of Ascidians from the Southern West Coast of India with Three New Records from Indian Waters Available online at: www.mbai.org.in doi: 10.6024/jmbai.2015.57.1.01834A-09 On a collection of ascidians from the southern west coast of India with three new records from Indian waters H. Abdul Jaffar Ali*, V. Sivakumar1, M. Tamilselvi2, A. Soban Akram and M. L. Kaleem Arshan Department of Biotechnology, Islamiah College (Autonomous), Vaniyambadi - 635 752, India. 1 Director of Research and Conservation, 4e India NGO (Reg 188/2010). 2Department of Zoology, V.V. Vanniaperumal College for Women, Virudhunagar - 626 001, India. *Correspondence e-mail: [email protected] Received: 30 Dec 2014, Accepted: 09 Apr 2015, Published: 30 Apr 2015 Original Article Abstract Keywords: Ascidian, distribution, diversity, India, southwest Diversity and distribution of 42 species of ascidians belonging to coast, tunicate, new records. 7 families and 19 genera from six different stations along the southwest coast of India were documented. Most of the species were recorded for the first time from the southwest coast of India while three species appear to be new records from India. Previous records of these species in India were usually from Gulf Introduction of Mannar particularly in Thoothukudi water. The family Didemnidae was represented by 13 species of 4 genera followed The Class Ascidiacea of sub-phylum Tunicata constitutes a by Styelidae (11 species of 7 genera), Polyclinidae (7 species of unique group of animals that serve as an essential source 2 genera), Pyuridae (6 species of 2 genera), Perophoridae (two of a variety of studies in fields ranging from development species) and Polycitoridae and Ascidiidae (one species each). The and evolution to immunology and biotechnology. There are present study showed that the diversity and distribution of about 3000 species of ascidians reported worldwide so far. ascidians have changed considerably when compared to a previous report. Recruitment of ascidians in Vizhinjam Bay Ascidians have been proven for their potential to produce region was more than in the other regions. As many as 28 new lead molecules with significant pharmacological species of ascidians were recorded in Vizhinjam Bay, 16 species activities (Davidson, 1993; Rinehart, 2000; Haefner, 2003 in Colachel, six in Kadiapattanam, five in Chinna Muttom and and Jain et al., 2008). They are also used as food in the form four each in Muttom and Leepuram. The percentage composition of various preparations in many parts of the world including of representatives of various genera was: Didemnum and India (Nanri et al., 1992 and Tamilselvi et al., 2010).A few Polyclinum each by 15%, Microcosmus-12%, Botryllus- solitary ascidians serve as indicators to assess the quality of 8%,Trididemnum-10%, Botrylloides, Symplegma, Eudistoma and Diplosoma each by 5%; and Phallusia, Herdmania, Styela, water (Abdul Jaffar Ali, 2004; Tamilselvi, 2008 and Abdul Monandrocarpa, Polycarpa, Cnemidocarpa, Aplidium, Jaffar Ali et al., 2011). On the other hand non-indigenous Lissoclinum, Perophora and Ecteinascidia each by 2%. The ascidians have significant effects on the natural fauna (Cohen results showed that distribution of colonial ascidians were more et al., 2005) leading to significant economic problems since at majority of the stations whereas the simple ascidians were ascidians form an important group of fouling communities restricted to port area. Diversity, distribution and invasive status (Carver et al., 2003). of ascidians are discussed in detail. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 57 (1), January-June 2015 H. Abdul Jaffar Ali et al. Although during the past two decades there has been number of ascidians known from the southwest coast appears considerable progress in the study of tunicates throughout to be due to lack of intensive surveys. With this in view an the world, very little attention has been given to this group intensive survey of different habitats was undertaken at six in India. The increasing evidence of multifarious potential of stations along the southwest coast of India. ascidians, highlights the need for additional research into the diversity and distribution of ascidians for sustainable Material and methods utilization and conservation. The present study was conducted during November 2013 Though Indian subcontinent is blessed with diversified marine - September 2014 period covering all seasons at six stations habitats dotted with 12 major and a number of minor ports, (Table 1 and Fig.1) along the southwest coast of India. which are ideal for entry and settlement of ascidians, so Samples were collected from various marine habitats such as far only 450 species of ascidians have been recorded (Oka, intertidal flats, rocky intertidal zones, deep sea, sandy beach, 1915; Das, 1945; Sebastian, 1956; Renganathan, 1981; muddy water, harbour/port water and shellfish reefs. Intertidal Renganathan, 1984; Meenakshi and Senthamarai, 2013a; flats were visited during low tide. At shallow water regions, Abdul Jaffar Ali and Sivakumar, 2007; Abdul Jaffar Ali et al., small boulders were overturned, examined and then attached 2009; Tamilselvi et al., 2011). A mere list of ascidian fauna ascidians were sampled. Snorkelers were engaged to collect along the Gulf of Mannar and other coasts of India were ascidians from large submerged rocks, boulders, harbour compiled by Meenakshi and Senthamarai (2013b). installations, jetty etc. up to a depth of 4 m. Fish landings were examined for deep water forms. Both simple and colonial Since ascidians can thrive on both stationary and mobile ascidians were collected from the undersides of floating docks artificial structures (Shenkar, 2008), they have a high potential and barges by engaging SCUBA divers at marinas. for introduction into new regimes. Moreover, diversity and distribution of ascidians have changed over the past two The specimens were narcotized and then preserved in 8% decades with the ongoing bio-geographical changes in seawater formalin. In the case of large colonial ascidians, marine ecosystem and the arrival as well as proliferation of a portion of the colony was collected after noting the non-indigenous ascidians in India. Earlier knowledge on the structure and dimension of the whole colony. In the case of ascidian fauna needs updating to have a better understanding synacidians, a representative was collected. The specimens of the present status of ascidian diversity. The relatively low were identified with the help of Tokioka, 1967; Miller, 1975; Fig.1. Map showing the study areas Table 1. List of different stations and the available substratum Sl No Stations Coordinates Substrata 1 Vizhinjam Bay 8°22’30”N 76°56’15”E Small stones, embedded rocks, pebbles, intertidal rocks, chank beds, barges, hulls of ships, oyster cages and other harbour installations 2 Colachel 8°8’17”N 77°18’12.7”E Large boulders, cement blocks, hulls of boats 3 Kadiapattanam 8°8’4”N 77°18’31”E Large boulders 4 Muttom 8°8’17”N 77°18’12.7”E Large boulders, embedded rocks, small stones 5 China Muttom 8°5’47”N 77°33’50”E Small stones, embedded rocks, pebbles Intertidal rocks, cement blocks 6 Leepuram 8°6’46”N 77°33’19”E large boulders, embedded rocks, small stones 58 Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India Vol. 57, No.1, Jan-Jun 2015 Ascidians from the southern west coast of India Kott, 1985, 2001; Renganathan, 1986; Monniot and Monniot, 1996. Voucher specimens were housed at Zoology Museum of Islamiah College (Autonomous), Vaniyambadi. In accordance with a terminology adapted from Carlton (1996), identified ascidians were categorized into Cryptogenic (C), Non-indigenous (NI), Non-indigenous Established (NIE) and Non-indigenous Invasive (NII). The criteria of the WWF (2009) were also used to classify the species. Results A total of 42 species of ascidians belonging to 7 families and 19 genera were documented (Table 2), three of which; Microcosmus sulcatus, Botryllus niger and Eudistoma sluiteri (Fig. 2) appear to be new records for India. Description of these three species are given below: 1. Botryllus niger Michaelsen, (1921). Colony is thinner and transparent. Zooids are black and grey coloured. They are moderately large and robust. Atrial languet is short. Number of tentacles is more than 14 in number. Thorax contains 16 rows of stigmata. The stomach has commonly 9 complete and one short incomplete glandular longitudinal folds, enlarged toward the blind distal end, and often only moderately curved. Presence of eggs posterior to the testes is the characteristic feature of this species; the other species has the eggs in front of the testes. A single large egg on each side of the body is usually present divided into lobules of uniform size and not numerous, often as few as five. Remarks: B. planus appears to differ from B. niger in a number of minor characters. The former species shows different series of colour variations in living condition, but in preservation the zooids usually turn purple, blackish or brownish as in B. niger, the test remaining yellowish or nearly colorless. Apparently in B. planus the zooids average wider and shorter, the atrial languet longer, the rows of stigmata somewhat fewer, more than 8 tentacles. The stomach, on the other hand, furnishes an easy method of distinguishing these species from each other, although not necessarily from other species of other regions. In B. planus single egg is anterior to the testis and is a compact, convex mass divided into lobules by deep clefts. 2. Eudistoma sluiteri Hartmeyer, 1909 Colonies are smooth and rounded cushions about 1.0 to 2.0 cm in maximum extent.
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