A Concept of the Development of Riverside Embankment in the Context of Cracow (A Local Centre)

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Article A Concept of the Development of Riverside Embankment in the Context of Cracow (A Local Centre)

Beata Majerska-Pałubicka and El˙zbietaLatusek *

Faculty of Architecture, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 7, 44—100 Gliwice, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-608-035-396

Received: 27 December 2019; Accepted: 4 March 2020; Published: 13 March 2020

Abstract: The subject of this article is the presentation of site conditions and the authors’ concept of the development of the degraded riverside area located in the city of Cracow-Kraków Zabłocie. The concept transforms the above-named area into a multifunctional complex including museum, coworking, business and hotel functions. The area subject to development borders three important districts of Cracow: Old Town (Stare Miasto), Grzegórzki and Podgórze on the bank of the Vistula (Wisła) river. In the land development and urban planning documents of the city of Cracow this area has been marked as the public space which is to become a local focal point or a local centre. The main objective of this work was to find answers to the posed research questions concerning the historic context, formal and legal state, significance for the community as well as economic and ecological implications of the area to be developed. The main purpose was to properly develop the degraded riverside embankment in the downtown environment. The research method was based on own mixed method which encompassed the studies of historical literature and the legal–formal status as well as in situ examinations, including the analyses of the condition of the built and natural environment, traffic and circulation as well as photographic documentation. The authors also familiarised themselves with the activities undertaken by the local community with a view to the area’s regeneration. On the grounds of initial investigations, the SWOT analysis was performed and the evaluation of groups of prospective users was conducted. Comparative studies were conducted including selected examples of European riverside development projects. In its assumptions, the proposed concept of the riverside development in Kraków-Zabłocie is to meet the needs of the local community, enable further development of tourism, which is very important to Cracow, and satisfy the paradigm of sustainable development. The effect is a multi-functional complex that becomes an inherent part of the existing context.

Keywords: Kraków Zabłocie; Podolski Boulevard; development of riverside embankment; downtown riverside areas; urban local centre; community; historical context; multifunctional complex

1. Introduction Cracow (Kraków), being an important point on the map of Polish historical heritage, is associated mainly with impressive buildings of historic signiﬁcance well known in Poland and abroad. However, not all city districts have been developing as dynamically as the city centre. Very often the districts of crucial historic importance have been neglected. One of such places was Zabłocie, whose importance has been noticed only in recent years [1]. This area is located in a post-industrial part of the district of Podgórze (Figure1), in the vicinity of the city’s chief arterial roads. There are also two trestle bridges being built at the moment, which are to join the eastern and southern railway exit from Cracow

Buildings 2020, 10, 56; doi:10.3390/buildings10030056 www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings BuildingsBuildings 2020 2020, ,10 10, ,x x FOR FOR PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW 22 ofof 2828 Buildings 2020, 10, 56 2 of 27 roads.roads. ThereThere areare alsoalso twotwo trestletrestle bridgesbridges beingbeing builtbuilt atat thethe moment,moment, whichwhich areare toto joinjoin thethe easterneastern andand southernsouthern railwayrailway exitexit fromfrom CracowCracow (Kraków).(Kraków). InIn addition,addition, therethere isis aa newlynewly renovatedrenovated interchangeinterchange (Kraków). In addition, there is a newly renovated interchange station Kraków Zabłocie adjacent to the stationstation KrakówKraków ZabZabłłocieocie adjacentadjacent toto thethe subject-relatedsubject-related arareaea fromfrom thethe westernwestern direction.direction. FormerFormer subject-related area from the western direction. Former industrial areas of Zabłocie of some historic industrialindustrial areasareas ofof ZabZabłłocieocie ofof somesome historichistoric importanceimportance areare beingbeing convertedconverted intointo residentialresidential areas.areas. importance are being converted into residential areas. As a result, the number of district inhabitants AsAs aa result,result, thethe numbernumber ofof districtdistrict inhabitantsinhabitants andand usersusers hashas beenbeen steadilysteadily growinggrowing inin recentrecent years.years. and users has been steadily growing in recent years.

((aa)) ((bb))

FigureFigure 1.1. DiagramsDiagrams showingshowing showing thethe the locationlocation location ofof of thethe the project-relatedproject-related project-related area:area: area: ((aa)) ( PodgórzeaPodgórze) Podgó rze districtdistrict district areaarea area inin thethe in thecontextcontext context ofof otherother of other CracowCracow Cracow districts;districts; districts; ((bb) () b ZabZab) Zabłociełłocieocie areaarea area withinwithin within thethe the scopescope scope ofof of PodgórzePodgórze Podgórze district district andand inin proximityproximity ofof thethe OldOld TownTown [[2] 2[2]] (elaborated(elaborated (elaborated byby by E.E. E. Latusek).Latusek). Latusek).

TheThe subjectsubject ofof thisthis workwork isis aa fragmentfragment ofof ththethee riversideriverside embankment embankment of ofof the thethe river riverriver Vistula VistulaVistula (Wis (Wisła)(Wisłła)a) inin CracowCracow (Krak(Kraków).(Kraków).ów). This ThisThis riverfront riverfrontriverfront is isis in in many many re respectsrespectsspects a a veryvery interestinginteresting area,area, andand itit hashas notnot beenbeen properlyproperly developeddeveloped yet.yet. This This particular particularparticular site sitesite was was selected selected due due toto itsits purpose:purpose:purpose: in in urbanurban planningplanning documentsdocuments thisthis placeplace isis intendedintended forfor thethe functionfunction ofof aa locallocal centrecentre (Figure(Figure2 2). ).2). ItIt It isis is aa a sociallysocially socially signiﬁcantsignificant significant place.place. This This site site requires requires a a proper proper approach approach to to desi designingdesigninggning with withwith a aa focus focusfocus on onon the thethe creation creationcreation of ofof architecture. architecture.architecture. AfterAfter thethe researchresearch andand spatialspatial analyses,analyses, itit waswas decideddecided thatthat aa multi-functionalmulti-functionalmulti-functional complexcomplex shouldshould bebe designeddesigned tototo meet meetmeet the the needsthe needsneeds of Cracow’s ofof Cracow’sCracow’s inhabitants inhabitantsinhabitants and visiting andand tourists. visitingvisiting This tourists.tourists. work and ThisThis investigations workwork andand concerninvestigationsinvestigations the area concernconcern which the wasthe areaarea designated whichwhich was aswas a designated localdesignated centre as inas theaa locallocal Study centrecentre of Conditions inin thethe StudyStudy and ofof Directions ConditionsConditions of Spatialandand DirectionsDirections Development ofof SpatialSpatial of the DevelopmentDevelopment City of Cracow ofof thethe (Krak CityCityó w). ofof CracowCracow (Kraków).(Kraków).

FigureFigure 2.2. FragmentFragment ofofof the thethe regeneration regenerationregeneration area, area,area, sub-area sub-areasub-area Stare StareStare Podg Podgórze–ZabPodgórze–Zabórze–Zabłocie,łłocie,ocie, own ownown elaboration elaborationelaboration by byby E. LatusekE.E. Latusek Latusek on on theon the the basis basis basis of theofof th th mapee map map extract extract extract from from from the the the Study. Study. Study. Buildings 2020, 10, 56 3 of 27

In 2014, a section of Podolski Boulevard (Podolski Bulwar) was given a new name of Boulevard of the Allied Forces Pilots (Bulwar Lotników Alianckich) because of two important anniversaries: 1 August, the 70th anniversary of the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising, and 1 September, the 85th anniversary of the outbreak of the Second World War [3]. To commemorate the Polish Air Forces a memorial is planned to be erected there. This fact does not significantly influence the way of development or utilisation of the embankment. Quoting M. Przybyła, “by analysing the course of events connected with the development of the urban space of Zabłocie after 1989, it can be stated that Zabłocie potentially constitutes one of the most important development-prone areas of the city of Cracow” [4]. Everything that is happening around the project-related area shows how interesting and valuable place this is. Two questions arise: Why is this area still neglected? Why has its potential not been used so far? It is worth emphasizing that “one of the crucial, however much delayed, elements of the programme of {Zabłocie regeneration} is the creation of a representative space having functions of a local centre [ ... ] This newly defined showpiece of the area may not only be a magnet attracting tourists interested in the history of technology but also may increase the attractivity of the neighbouring areas” [5]. The main objective of this article is to present methods of the formulation of bespoke concepts of land development in the area of riverside embankment in the downtown zone with a multifunctional complex including the Museum of the Allied Forces Pilots, which will constitute a local centre in the context of the spatial development of a section of the Vistula riverside.

2. Materials and Methods One of the fundamental assumptions of this work is a holistic multifaceted analysis of the study area. To make the most appropriate decisions concerning the selection of a research method, the authors analysed the suitability of a series of research methods usually applied to complex issues requiring an extensive analysis. The study was based on two, in the authors’ opinion the most adequate, research methods in a given context:

Method of logical argumentation—as a search for theoretical interpretation of developments • (events) with the application of a logical description of reality, based on analysis and synthesis. Heuristic method—understood as ways and rules of proceedings serving the purpose of making • the most appropriate decisions in complicated situations, requiring the analysis of available information and the prediction of future phenomena. The method is based on creative thinking and logical combinations [5].

Both the method of logical argumentation and heuristic methods help systemize the activities connected with investigations, beginning from the determination of the study subject and ending at the definition of expected results from the work conducted. In the above-mentioned methods, the subject and scope of the study defined aspects such as the search for key developmental factors, types of investigations (theoretical, analytical), humanistic and philosophical interpretation of architectural issues, etc. Next, the types of undertaken activities are determined (deduction, synthesis, analogies, drawing conclusions, abstract and logical analysis). The heuristic methodology specifies a study approach, for instance, if it is expected to share one’s knowledge and opinions, as well as if the researcher should enter some social interactions. Both methods also define techniques applied in order to carry out investigations, such as logical interpretations, SWOT analyses, scenarios, Delphi technique, and foresight. The researcher also determines which tools will be used (architectural documentation, lists and comparisons, and tables). Finally, the expected results are predicted. In the heuristic method, determination of possible directions of development (empirical approach) and definition of methods of implementation of strategic goals (normative approach), or in the case of the method of logical argumentation, for example, if it is planned to publish the study results. Buildings 2020, 10, 56 4 of 27

The combination of two methods into one mixed method (Table1) aims at the systematization of the undertaken work which is supposed to yield specific effects. Although creating their own mixed method, the authors based it on the rules and methods used in deconstructivism, which challenges fixed patterns and ponders on a given issue anew, from scratch, following simultaneously technological changes. This approach was very helpful when it came to the questioning of the legitimacy of the so-far well-established, either by law or custom, decisions, and activities. It facilitated also the search for the balance between individual issues, which had been earlier deconstructed into separate elements. In Tischner’s book we read that “Jackques Derrida proposed that the act of creation should be the goal in its own right, not a piece of creation itself, even in architecture. However, this seems to be an extreme view, suspending the centuries-long aim of building engineering” [6].

Table 1. Development of own mixed method on the basis of heuristic methods and the method of logical argumentation, (table by E. Latusek, based on [7]).

Type of Activity Own Mixed Method A concept of the development of the riverside called Podolski Boulevard Subject (Bulwar Podolski) in Cracow-Kraków Zabłocie into a multifunctional complex. Objective Development of degraded riverside areas in the downtown zone. Research issue Proper development of degraded riverside areas in the downtown zone. A multifunctional complex including the Museum of Allied Forces Thesis Pilots may constitute a local centre in the context of the spatial development of a section of the Vistula riverside embankment. Will the change of the way of development of downtown riverside areas Hypothesis positively aﬀect the surrounding social environment? Theoretical and analytical research, humanistic interpretation of architectural issues, diagnosis of the present-day (social, environmental Scope of research issues and economic) state and prediction of directions of development, search for key developmental factors. Research on experts’ opinions, use of logic, analysis, comparative analysis deduction, synthesis, analogies, drawing conclusions, logical Activities undertaken abstract thinking, opinion surveys of local communities and analysis of undertaken local activities of revitalisation Sharing knowledge and opinions; search for theoretical interpretation of Research approach objective or abstract facts. Description, explanation, logical interpretation, comparative studies, Techniques applied scale of grades and SWOT analysis. Subject literature, architectural and urban planning documentation, Tools used computer and software programmes, comparative lists, tables and the Internet. Description of the problem and its interpretation, development of a procedure. Presentation of logical conclusions (academic approach). Eﬀects expected Prediction of possible ways of development (empirical approach). Determination of ways of implementation of strategic goals (normative approach).

Similarly to two basic methods, the authors’ own mixed method determined the types of activities that had to be undertaken to meet speciﬁc investigation needs. The initial phase of the work encompassed the deﬁnition of study subject and scope, types of activities, research approach to analyses and design, tools and techniques to be applied as well as expected results. To facilitate the general reception, Table1 was supplemented with the aspects, such as: subject, work objective(s), research problem, thesis and hypothesis. Own mixed method aimed at the following. Buildings 2020, 10, 56 5 of 27

Initial determination of the study area resulting in

historical literature research, # examination of the formal and legal status, # analysis of the built and natural environment, # analysis of traﬃc and circulation, # photographic documentation and # familiarisation with activities undertaken by the local community with the purpose of the # area revitalisation.

Development of the following items on the basis of the initial research:

SWOT analysis, # assessment of the user groups and # performance of comparative studies with selected European examples of # riverside development.

Collection and systemization of analysed data according to certain order. Ordering and facilitation of the researchers’ activities in the scope of undertaken studies. Facilitation of the researchers’ insight into basic issues connected with the conducted analyses.

The research on the formal and legal state of the area of Zabłocie and the project-related land encompassed many urban planning documents, which had an impact on designing decisions in the scope of land development, position of the object on the building plot and its forms. The analysed formal and legal documentation first included documents such as the Building Law, types of flood risk and other legal acts. The legal–formal documentation analysed included first of all documents such as the Act on the Building Law and types of flooding risk. The analysed legal acts concerning the project-related area encompassed the following: A Study of Conditions and Directions of Spatial Development of the City of Cracow (Kraków), Prognosis of Environmental Impact, A Local Programme of Zabłocie Regeneration, Update of Municipal Regeneration Programme of the City of Cracow (Kraków), A Local Plan of the Vistula Riverside “Wisła Boulevards” and A Local Plan of Zabłocie.

2.1. Research Questions Why has the riverside area of Podolski Boulevard (Bulwar Podolski) not been properly • developed yet? Will the change in the development of downtown riverside areas positively inﬂuence the • surrounding community and contribute to the creation of a local centre?

2.2. Historical Research Extensive historical research was conducted beginning with the district of Podgórze, through the area of Zabłocie, Podolski Boulevard (Bulwar Podolski) and Boulevard of the Allied Forces Pilots (Bulwar Lotników Alianckich). This article contains only a fragment of the above-mentioned study due to its length and broad scope. The name “Zabłocie” meant the land is located behind a muddy area, in relation to royal forests “circa Zabloczyc” [4]. The second half of the 19th century was a period of the greatest development of this area. On the eastern side of the town of Podgórze the main railway line of Galicia was constructed. That sparked the development of railway workshops, industrial plants and warehouses as well as a river port. The urban development was steadily increasing and was barred from the Vistula (Wisła) river with a ﬂood embankment. In 1991, Zabłocie was incorporated into District 13-Podgórze. In the early 20th century, many new factories were built there, for instance, Minor Poland’s Factory of Enamelware and Metal Products ‘Record’ (Małopolska Fabryka Naczy´n Buildings 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 28

increasing and was barred from the Vistula (Wisła) river with a flood embankment. In 1991, Zabłocie Buildingswas incorporated2020, 10, 56 into District 13-Podgórze. In the early 20th century, many new factories were6 built of 27 there, for instance, Minor Poland’s Factory of Enamelware and Metal Products ‘Record’ (Małopolska Fabryka Naczyń Emaliowanych i Wyrobów Blaszanych “Rekord”), later Schindler’s Factory, today’s Emaliowanychmuseum of Oscar i Wyrob Schindler’sów Blaszanych Enamel Factory. “Rekord”), After later 1989, Schindler’s the neighb Factory,ourhood today’s went museum into decline of Oscar as a Schindler’sresult of liquidation Enamel Factory. of many After state-owned 1989, the neighbourhoodplants and companies. went into In decline1991, an as administrative a result of liquidation reform ofmerged many the state-owned areas of Podgórze, plants and P companies.łaszów and Inhistoric 1991, anZab administrativełocie into the reform13th District merged of the the areas city of PodgCracowórze, (Kraków) Płaszów [8]. and historic Zabłocie into the 13th District of the city of Cracow (Kraków) [8]. The list of objects and groups of objects under conservation and legal protection deﬁneddefined by the Municipal Plan of Spatial Development of 2006 clearl clearlyy pointed out elements that required protection and inclusion in the project. In accordance with th thee decision on the enlisting of some objects in the project-related areaarea in in the the heritage heritage register, register, there th areere followingare following objects objects and facilities and facilities in “ZONE in A–Stare“ZONE PodgA–Stareórze Podgórze (Old Podg (Oldórze)” Podgórze)” which have which been have recorded been inrecorded the heritage in the register heritage [9 ]:register restaurant [9]: restaurant “Zabłocie 13”“Zab andłocie a cultural13” and anda cultural community and community centre ‘Workshop’ centre ‘Workshop’ (‘Warsztat’) (‘Warsztat’) (Figure3). (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Objects recorded in the heritage register (photo by E. Latusek).

2.3. Examination of the Contemporary State Since the late 1990s, activities have been undertakenundertaken to regenerate this area, which has been one of thethe mostmost dynamicallydynamically developing developing districts districts of of Cracow. Cracow. In 2001,In 2001, Kotlarski Kotlarski Bridge Bridge (Most (Most Kotlarski) Kotlarski) was builtwas built [10], [10], resulting resulting in better in better transport, transport, traﬃ ctraffic and circulationand circulation conditions conditions of this of partthis ofpart the of city the with city thewith city the centre. city centre. At the At beginning the beginning of the 21stof the century, 21st century, a new educational a new educational centre was centre built was in Zabłocie, built in namely,Zabłocie, the namely, Andrzej the Frycz Andrzej Modrzewski Frycz Modrzewski Higher School Higher (Krakowska School (Krakowska Szkoła Wy˙zszaim. Szkoła Wy Andrzejaższa im. FryczaAndrzeja Modrzewskiego). Frycza Modrzewskiego). Also, Cracow Also, Artistic Cracow Schools Artistic (Krakowskie Schools (Krakowskie Szkoły Artystyczne) Szkoły Artystyczne) have been therehave sincebeen 1992.there In since 2006, Zabłocie1992. In was2006, considered Zabłocie towas be aconsidered strategic area to in be the a development strategic area of thein citythe ofdevelopment Cracow (Krak of theów) city and of a Cracow programme (Kraków) of activisation and a programme and regeneration of activisation was born and [11 regeneration]. For centuries, was theborn area [11]. of For Zabłocie centuries, played the aarea function of Zab ofłocie industrial played background, a function of initially industrial for thebackground, district of initially Kazimierz, for laterthe district for Podg of Kazimierz,órze. Nowadays, later for therePodgórze. is tendency Nowada eitherys, there to removeis tendency or adapteither oldto remove post-industrial or adapt buildingold post-industrial development building into residential development objects. into Zabłocie residential is acquiring objects. Zab newłocie features is acquiring and values new thanks features to subsequentand values culturalthanks objectsto subsequent having interestingcultural object architecturals having forms interesting and yet architectural preserving the forms context and of theyet site.preserving Recent the years context have of witnessed the site. Recent an increase years in have the numberwitnessed of thean increase area inhabitants. in the number Cultural of the actions area organisedinhabitants. by Cultural various associations actions organised and by the by district various dwellers associations are transforming and by the this district place intodwellers a thriving are parttransforming of the city. this In place spite ofinto these a thriving changes, part the of area the hascity. not In lostspite its of industrial these change characters, the andarea ishas home not tolost a considerableits industrial numbercharacter of and small is andhome medium to a consid enterprises,erable number printing of shops, small carpenter’s, and medium locksmith’s enterprises, or toolmaker’sprinting shops, shops. carpenter’s, On the other locksmith’s hand, newly or builttoolmaker’s exclusive shops. apartment On the buildings other (Gardenhand, newly Residence) built andexclusive modern apartment oﬃce buildings buildings (Diamante (Garden Plaza) Residence) are contributing and modern greatly office to thebuildings improved (Diamante and favourable Plaza) imageare contributing of Zabłocie greatly (Figure to4 ).the improved and favourable image of Zabłocie (Figure 4). Buildings 2020, 10, 56 7 of 27

Buildings 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 28

FigureFigure 4. 4.Potentially Potentially important important places places in thein the vicinity vicinity of the of project-relatedthe project-related area: area: (1) Project-related (1) Project-related area; (2)area; Boulevard (2) Boulevard of the Alliedof the ForcesAllied PilotsForces (Bulwar Pilots (B Lotnikulwar óLotnikóww Alianckich); Alianckich); (3) Planned (3) Planned memorial memorial of the Alliedof the Forces Allied Pilots; Forces (4) Pilots; The project-related (4) The project-relate area bordersd area with borders a lighting with company;a lighting (5) company; New residential (5) New quartersresidential ATAL quarters Residence ATAL and Residenc Gardene Residence; and Garden (6) Residence; Park “Vistula (6) Station”Park “Vistula (“Park Station” Stacja Wisła”) (“Park which Stacja gainedWisła”) an which award gained in the an contest award for in the the best contest developed for the space best developed in Poland; (7)space Planned in Poland; Cracow (7) MarinaPlanned (“MarinaCracow Marina Kraków”); (“Marina (8) Planned Kraków”); ﬂyover (8) forPlanned pedestrians flyover and for bicycles;pedestrians (9) Railwayand bicycles; station (9) KrakRailwayów Zabłocie;station Kraków (10) Kotlarski Zabłocie; Bridge (10) (MostKotlarski Kotlarski) Bridge (elaborated(Most Kotlarski) by E. (elaborated Latusek). by E. Latusek).

TheThe riverside riverside embankmentembankment calledcalled Podolski Boulev Boulevardard (Bulwar (Bulwar Podolski), Podolski), which which is is the the subject subject of ofthis this work, work, stretches stretches along along the the right right bank bank of the of Vistula the Vistula (Wis (Wisła)ła) river, river, between between the mouth the mouth of the of Wilga the Wilgariver and river the and railway the railway bridge bridge in Zab inłocie. Zabłocie. The embankment The embankment is linked is wi linkedth the with other the bank other by bankmeans by of meansJózef Pi ofłsudski Józef PiłsudskiBridge (Most Bridge Józefa (Most Piłsudskiego) Józefa Piłsudskiego) and Silesian and Insurgents Silesian Bridge Insurgents (Most Bridge Powsta (Mostńców PowstańcŚląskich)ó asw wellSl´ ˛askich)as as railway well bridges as railway and the bridges flyover and for the bicycles flyover and for pedestrians. bicycles and The pedestrians. topography The of topographythe riverside of area the riverside is varied. area From is varied.the direction From theof directionthe mouth of of the the mouth Wilga of River the Wilga there River stretches there a stretchesretaining a retainingwall built wall in builtthe late in the 19th late 19thcentury century as flood as flood defence. defence. From From the the boundaries boundaries ofof thethe project-relatedproject-related area, area, the the lie oflie theof landthe changesland change intos a floodbankinto a floodbank descending descending gradually gradually in the direction in the ofdirection the river. of The the furtherriver. The east further from there east youfrom go, there the moreyou go, neglected the more and neglected overgrown and with overgrown wild plants with thewild landscape plants the becomes. landscape The Localbecomes. Plan ofThe Spatial Local Development Plan of Spatial (Miejscowy Development Plan Zagospodarowania (Miejscowy Plan Przestrzennego)Zagospodarowania [12] providesPrzestrzennego) for a place [12] where provides the flyover for a place for bicycles where andthe pedestriansflyover for isbicycles to be built and inpedestrians order to link is to two be banks built in of order the Vistula to link (Wisła) two banks river. of There the Vistula is an inland (Wisł sailinga) river. trail There on is the an Vistula inland Riversailing in trail Cracow on the called Vistula “Waterway River in of Cracow the Upper called Vistula “Waterway River” (“Droga of the Upper Wodna Vistula Górnej Wisły”),River” (“Droga which willWodna implement Górnej sailing Wisły”), facilities which as awill further implement element ofsailing the programme facilities as of thea further development element of inlandof the waterwaysprogramme in of Poland. the development Prompted by of the inland inhabitants, waterways the authorities in Poland. of Prompted the city of by Cracow the inhabitants, (Kraków) arethe planningauthorities to implementof the city of a project Cracow of (Kraków) the Cracow are Marina planning (‘Marina to implement Kraków’). a project There is of also the an Cracow international Marina cycling(‘Marina trail Kraków’). on the route There of Cracow–Moravia–Vienna, is also an international which iscycling an eco-tourism trail on corridor the revealingroute of theCracow–Moravia–Vienna, cultural, natural and historic which heritage is an eco-tourism of the Central corridor Europe, revealing including the the longestcultural, alley natural of trees and inhistoric Europe. heritage of the Central Europe, including the longest alley of trees in Europe.

2.4.2.4. StudiesStudies of of User User Groups Groups TheThe research research question question of whetherof whether the changethe change in the in ways the of ways development of development of downtown of downtown riverside areasriverside will areas positively will positively influence influence the surrounding the surroun socialding environment social environment aims to drawaims to attention draw attention to the significanceto the significance of transformations of transformations occurring occurring in the public in the space. public For thisspace. reason, For this the studiesreason, of the user studies groups of wereuser conductedgroups were (Table conducted2). The Polish (Table society 2). The is goingPolish to society face changes is going which to willface reshuchangesffle thewhich labour will market;reshuffle the the baby labour boom market; generation the baby will boom retire, generation and will be will replaced retire, and by only will halfbe replaced the number by only of new half employees.the number The of majoritynew employees. of them willThe probablymajority beof fromthem ‘generationwill probably Y’. Thebe from notion ‘generation of ‘generation Y’. The Y’ notion of ‘generation Y’ appeared for the first time in 1993 in the magazine ‘Advertising Age’ denoting the last generation to be born in the 20th century; in Poland it means people born between Buildings 2020, 10, 56 8 of 27 appeared for the first time in 1993 in the magazine ‘Advertising Age’ denoting the last generation to be born in the 20th century; in Poland it means people born between 1984 and 2000. The expectations of generation Y differ from the expectations of previous generations: “older generations lived to work, whereas millennials work to live” [13]. People at the age of twenty and thirty will dominate the future labour market and because of this the functioning of the working world will depend on their lifestyle, needs and expectations. The characteristic features of the representatives of “generation Y” are as follows:

they are familiar with technological novelties, • thanks to the Internet access they live in a “global village”, • they have a less materialistic approach to life than previous generations, • they are characterised by high self-esteem and high professional competences, • they are well educated and ready for further development, • they live longer with their parents delaying the entry into the adulthood and • they were brought up in the realities of free market. •

Table 2. User groups in the project-related area and their needs (table by E. Latusek).

New Residential Vistula Cracow City Centre and the Museums Businesses Objects (Flats and Boulevards Academy and District of and Cultural and Industrial Apartments) (Bulwary Wisły) Film School Kazimierz Objects Objects New inhabitants Tourists and Tourists and Tourists and Students Employees (Generation Y) visitors visitors visitors Employees of Cracow Visiting Children schools and Cracow inhabitants Customers inhabitants school groups universities New inhabitants Customers at of Cracow after riverside completion of their restaurants and studies ﬂoating bar barges Cycling tourism

In combination with negative demographic trends and depopulation of Polish cities, it means a tremendous challenge for local authorities, which will be more and more interested in attracting young specialists in order to maintain their competitiveness [14]. Therefore, the question is not if, but how to compete for young talents? The understanding of the present-day situation of young Poles may provide some suggestions in relation to the project-related area. Inhabitants living in newly-built residential buildings in Zabłocie will also use and contribute to the local centre. Despite the fact that a local centre was designated within the area of the nearby Cracow Academy College (Akademia Krakowska–Studium), it has no functions either within a wide range of possibilities of community integration or a big choice of entertainment and recreation.

2.5. Research on the Local Community’s Initiatives In 2014, with relation to the 70th anniversary of the outbreak of Warsaw Uprising and the 75th anniversary of the outbreak of the Second World War, the City Council passed a resolution to give a section of Podolski Boulevard (Bulwar Podolski) a new name: Boulevard of the Allied Forces Pilots (Bulwar Lotników Alianckich) [15,16]. It was done to commemorate the catastrophe of an Allied Forces’ plane “Liberator” [17], which happened in significant historic circumstances, as well as to indicate the connection between this section of the Vistula Valley (Dolina Wisły) with the history of aerial operations over the Minor Poland (Małopolska) region as a result of global political and military developments. In 1986, thanks to the efforts made by the Cracow Club of Aviation Seniors (Krakowski Klub Seniorów Lotnictwa), the catastrophe was commemorated by placing a memorial plaque in the wall of Buildings 2020, 10, 56 9 of 27 the Schindler’s Factory at 4 Lipowa Street (ul. Lipowa 4). The plaque pays tribute to the crew of the shot-down aircraft [17]. Buildings 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 28 In 1999, the Institute of Landscaping of the Cracow University of Technology (Instytut Architektury KrajobrazuVistula riverside Politechniki from the Krakowskiej) side of Zab drewłocie. up The a project above-mentioned of the development concept of was the Vistulatriggered riverside by the fromplanned the sidere-building of Zabłocie. of the The Vistula above-mentioned river floodbanks. concept The was students’ triggered designs by the referred planned to, re-building among other of thethings, Vistula the rivercreation floodbanks. of a memorial The students’ of the catastroph designs referrede site and to, the among aircraft other crew things, who met the creationa tragic end. of a memorialSince 2006, of there the catastrophe have been anniversary site and the aircraftwalks “Liberator crew who above met a Zab tragicłocie” end. organised Since 2006, every there year have on beenthe day anniversary of the catastrophe walks “Liberator by the Association above Zabłocie” Podgor organisedze.PL. These every walks year onfollowing the day the of the “traces” catastrophe of the byshot-down the Association aircraft Podgorze.PL. Liberator KG-933 These attract walks several following dozens the “traces” of people of theinterested shot-down in the aircraft past of Liberator the city KG-933and the attract district. several The dozenswalks are of peopleadvertised interested in the in local the past and of regional the city andmedia, the district.and the Thehistory walks often are advertisedappears in inthe the press local [18]. and regional media, and the history often appears in the press [18]. Moreover,Moreover, the the local local community’s community’s initiatives initiatives included included the creation the creation of a mural of a showing mural ashowing Liberator a aircraftLiberator on aircraft the wall on of the buildingwall of the located building at 14 located D ˛abrowskiego at 14 D streetąbrowskiego (ul. D ˛abrowskiego street (ul. D 14)ąbrowskiego in Cracow (Krak14) inó Cracoww) as well (Kraków) as the raising as well of aas memorial the raising obelisk of a memorial at the exit obelisk of Przemysłowa at the exit street of Przemys (ul. Przemysłowa)łowa street to(ul. commemorate Przemysłowa) the to sitecommemorate of the catastrophe. the site of the catastrophe. TheThe professorsprofessors and and students students of the of Facultythe Faculty of Landscaping of Landscaping of the Cracow of the University Cracow ofUniversity Technology of undertookTechnology the undertook task of preparing the task of the preparing land development the land development project and the project concept and of the the concept memorial of the as continuationmemorial as continuation of the efforts of of the the efforts aviation of the and aviation pilot community and pilot community aiming to commemorate aiming to commemorate the aerial combatthe aerial over combat Cracow over (Krak Cracowów) and(Kraków) Minor and Poland Minor (Małopolska) Poland (Ma regionłopolska) [19]. region [19].

2.6.2.6. LegalLegal andand FormalFormal StateState TheThe LocalLocal PlanPlan ofof SpatialSpatial DevelopmentDevelopment ‘Zabłocie’‘Zabłocie’ [[12]12] preparedprepared inin 20062006 isis nono longerlonger upup toto datedate duedue toto recentrecent transformationstransformations thethe areaarea ofof ZabłocieZabłocie isis undergoing.undergoing. TheThe discusseddiscussed PodolskiPodolski BoulevardBoulevard (Bulwar(Bulwar Podolski)Podolski) stretches stretches between between the the mouth mouth of of the the Wilga Wilga River, River, which which flows flows into into the the Vistula Vistula and and a railwaya railway bridge bridge (Figure (Figure5). 5). The The Local Local Plan Plan of of Spatial Spatial Development Development “Vistula “Vistula Boulevards” Boulevards” (“Bulwary (“Bulwary Wisły”)Wisły”) (2013) (2013) [20 [20]] defines defines the the rules rules and and regulations regulations of space of space formation, formation, but only but does only so does for the so western for the partwestern of the part riverside of the area.riverside In the area. document In the Studydocument of Conditions Study of and Conditions Directions and of SpatialDirections Development of Spatial (2014),Development an analysis (2014), of the an justification analysis of ofthe the justification preparation of of the a new preparation plan Zabłocie–East of a new (Zabłocie–Wschplan Zabłocie–Eastód) was(Zab made,łocie–Wschód) which demonstrates was made, which the Cracow demonstrates City Council’s the Cracow interest City in furtherCouncil’s development interest in further of this post-industrialdevelopment of part this of post-industrial Podgórze. part of Podgórze.

FigureFigure 5.5.Boulevard Boulevard of theof Alliedthe Allied Forces Forces Pilots (BulwarPilots (Bulwar Lotnikó wLotników Alianckich) Alianckich) within Podolski within Boulevard Podolski (BulwarBoulevard Podolski) (Bulwar only Podolski) partially only covered partially by thecovered Local by Plan the ofLocal Spatial Plan Development of Spatial Development of the area calledof the ‘Vistulaarea called Boulevards’ ‘Vistula Bo (‘Bulwaryulevards’ Wisły’) (‘Bulwary [20], Wis (elaboratedły’) [20], by(elaborated E. Latusek). by E. Latusek).

2.7.2.7. ResearchResearch onon UrbanUrban DevelopmentDevelopment CompositionComposition BothBoth nationalnational andand EuropeanEuropean roadsroads runrun throughthrough CracowCracow (Krak(Kraków)ów) (Figure(Figure6 ).6). TypicalTypical tra trafficffic intensityintensity duringduring rushrush hourshours doesdoes notnot exceedexceed criticalcritical limits.limits. HighHigh tratrafficffic intensityintensity occursoccurs alongalong thethe second ring road of Cracow, in Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego Street and in the vicinity of the Kotlarski Bridge and the Marshal Józef Piłsudski Bridge. However, traffic jams appear on the regional road no. 776 in Powstańców Wielkopolskich Street. Buildings 2020, 10, 56 10 of 27 second ring road of Cracow, in Gustawa Herlinga-GrudzińskiegoStreet and in the vicinity of the Kotlarski Bridge and the Marshal Józef Piłsudski Bridge. However, traffic jams appear on the regional roadBuildingsBuildings no. 2020 2020 776, ,10 10 in, ,x Powstańcx FOR FOR PEER PEERó REVIEW REVIEWw Wielkopolskich Street. 1010 ofof 2828

FigureFigureFigure 6. 6.6. Main Main arterialarterial roadsroads ofof CracowCracowCracow (Krak (Kra(Kraków),ków),ów), (elaborated (elaborated(elaborated by byby E. E.E. Latusek). Latusek).Latusek).

CracowCracowCracow (Krak(Kraków)(Kraków)ów) isisis oneoneone ofofof the thethe largest largestlargest railway railwayrailway interchange interchangeinterchange stations stationsstations in inin Poland PolandPoland (Figure (Figure(Figure7 ).7).7). It ItIt is isis linkedlinkedlinked to toto the thethe majority majoritymajority of cities ofof citiescities in Poland, inin Poland,Poland, including includingincluding express Pendolinoexpressexpress PendolinoPendolino links with links Warsawlinks withwith (Warszawa) WarsawWarsaw and(Warszawa)(Warszawa) Gda´nsk.In andand addition, GdaGdańńsk.sk. it hasInIn addition, internationaladdition, itit hashas connections internationalinternational with Vienna,connectionsconnections Prague, withwith Budapest Vienna,Vienna, and Prague,Prague, Lviv. TheBudapestBudapest Main andRailwayand Lviv.Lviv. Station TheThe MainMain in Cracow RailwayRailway along StationStation with inin theCracowCracow Małopolska alongalong withwith Region thethe Ma CoachMałłopolskaopolska Station, RegionRegion municipal CoachCoach publicStation,Station, transport municipalmunicipal (buses, publicpublic underground transporttransport (buses,(buses, fast tram) undergroundunderground and the link fastfast to tram)thetram) Cracow-Balice andand thethe linklink International toto thethe Cracow-BaliceCracow-Balice Airport makeInternationalInternational up a complex AirportAirport called makemake the upup Cracowaa complexcomplex Public calledcalled Transport thethe CracowCracow Centre. PublicPublic By TransportTransport the end of Centre.Centre. 2020, fourByBy thethe new endend rail ofof tracks2020,2020, fourfour will new havenew railrail been trackstracks built willwill on two havehave newly beenbeen built constructedbuilt onon twotwo railway newlynewly constructedconstructed trestle bridges railwayrailway on the trestletrestle crosstown bridgesbridges line. onon Thethethe crosstown Polishcrosstown Railways line.line. TheThe PKP PolishPolish Polskie RailwaysRailways Linie Kolejowe PKPPKP PolskiePolskie S.A. LinieLinie (Joint KolejoweKolejowe Stock Company) S.A.S.A. (Joint(Joint link StockStock the centralCompany)Company) railway linklink stationthethe centralcentral with the railwayrailway station station Krakstationów-Płasz withwith óthethew facilitating stationstation Kraków-PKraków-P thus the trałłaszówaszówﬃc of agglomerationfacilitatingfacilitating thusthus and thethe long-distance traffictraffic ofof trains.agglomerationagglomeration The station andand Krak long-distancelong-distanceów-Zabłocie istrains.trains. currently TheThe under stationstation modernization, Kraków-ZabKraków-Zab whichłłocieocie isisis connected currentlycurrently with underunder the above-mentionedmodernization,modernization, whichwhich investment. isis connectedconnected wiwithth thethe above-mentionedabove-mentioned investment.investment.

FigureFigureFigure 7. 7.7. Railways Railways inin CracowCracow (Krak(Kraków),(Kraków),ów), (elaborated (elaborated(elaborated by byby E. E.E. Latusek). Latusek).Latusek).

PolandPolandPoland is is toto ultimatelyultimately ultimately househouse house fivefive five greengreen green bicyclebicycle bicycle trailstrails trails referredreferred referred toto asas to greenways.greenways. as greenways. LocalLocal bicyclebicycle Local bicycleloopsloops have loopshave been havebeen beenopenedopened opened onon onthethe the AmberAmber Amber GrGr Greenwayeenwayeenway (Szlak(Szlak Bursztynowy:Bursztynowy:Bursztynowy: Budapest-BańskaBudapest-BaBudapest-Bańńskaska Szczawnica-Cracow-Gdańsk).ThereSzczawnica-Cracow-GdaSzczawnica-Cracow-Gdańńsk).sk). ThereThere is is anis an internationalan internationalinternational trail trail betweentrail betweenbetween Cracow–Moravia–Vienna, Cracow–Moravia–Vienna,Cracow–Moravia–Vienna, being anbeingbeing eco-touristic anan eco-touristiceco-touristic corridor corridor exhibitingcorridor exhibitingexhibiting the cultural, thethe natural cucultural,ltural, and naturalnatural historic and heritageand historichistoric of Central heritageheritage Europe. ofof CentralCentral In the future,Europe.Europe. the InIn aforesaid thethe future,future, corridor thethe aforesaidaforesaid should becomecorridorcorridor the shouldshould longest becomebecome “alley thethe of trees” longestlongest in “alley Europe.“alley ofof Intrees”trees” the direct inin Europe.Europe. vicinity InIn ofthethe the directdirect study vicinityvicinity area there ofof the arethe manystudystudy local areaarea bicycle therethere areare lanes manymany and alocallocal public bicyclebicycle bike rentallaneslanes system.andand aa publicpublic bikebike rentalrental system.system.Along the river Vistula (Wisła) in Kraków there is an inland shipping route known as “Waterway of theAlongAlong Upper thethe Vistula riverriver River” VistulaVistula (Droga (Wis(Wis Wodnałła)a) inin Kraków GKrakówórnej Wisły). therethere Inisis 2018,anan inlandinland the Ministry shippingshipping of Marinerouteroute knownknown Economy asas “Waterway“Waterway ofof thethe UpperUpper VistulaVistula RiRiver”ver” (Droga(Droga WodnaWodna GórnejGórnej WisWisłły).y). InIn 2018,2018, thethe MinistryMinistry ofof MarineMarine EconomyEconomy andand InlandInland NavigationNavigation signedsigned anan agreementagreement forfor thethe developmentdevelopment ofof aa transporttransport analysis,analysis, beingbeing thethe firstfirst studystudy ofof thisthis typetype inin relatirelationon toto inlandinland waterwater transport.transport. TheThe analysisanalysis shouldshould concernconcern inlandinland navigationnavigation onon thethe riverriver OdraOdra andand WisWisłła,a, asas anotheranother elementelement ofof thethe programmeprogramme aimedaimed toto developdevelop inlandinland waterwayswaterways inin Poland.Poland. TheThe citycity ofof Cracow,Cracow, encouragedencouraged byby itsits residents,residents, isis planningplanning toto implementimplement aa projectproject namednamed “Marina“Marina Kraków”.Kraków”. Buildings 2020, 10, 56 11 of 27 and Inland Navigation signed an agreement for the development of a transport analysis, being the first study of this type in relation to inland water transport. The analysis should concern inland navigation on the river Odra and Wisła, as another element of the programme aimed to develop inland waterways in Poland. The city of Cracow, encouraged by its residents, is planning to implement a project named “MarinaBuildings 2020 Krak, 10ó,w”. x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 28

2.8.2.8. Urban Development DominantsDominants NearNear thethe studystudy areaarea therethere areare threethree newnew high-standardhigh-standard residentialresidential complexes.complexes. SouthSouth ofof thethe areaarea therethere areare spacesspaces withwith strongstrong historicalhistorical connotations:connotations: Cricoteka,Cricoteka, GhettoGhetto HeroesHeroes Square,Square, aa conceptconcept toto createcreate thethe PlanetPlanet LemLem object,object, OscarOscar Schindler’sSchindler’s EnamelEnamel FactoryFactory andand MuseumMuseum ofof ContemporaryContemporary ArtArt inin Cracow-MOCAKCracow-MOCAK (Figure(Figure8 8).). Nearby Nearby large large educational educational establishments establishments include include the the Andrzej Andrzej Frycz Frycz ModrzewskiModrzewski HigherHigher SchoolSchool inin Cracow,Cracow, thethe InstituteInstitute ofof CeramicsCeramics andand BuildingBuilding Materials,Materials, GlassGlass andand BuildingBuilding MaterialsMaterials DivisionDivision inin KrakKraków-Podgórze,ów-Podgórze, AMAAMA FilmFilm Academy,Academy, students’students’ dormitorydormitory ofof thethe AcademyAcademy ofof MusicMusic in in Cracow Cracow and and the the Adam Adam Mickiewicz Mickiewicz Secondary Secondary School School of of General General Education Education no. no. 4. Nearby4. Nearby hotels hotels include include 4-star standard4-star standard Qubus Hotel, Qubus Hotel Hotel, Galaxy, Hotel PURO Galaxy, Hotel KrakPUROów Hotel Kazimierz Kraków and INXKazimierz Design and Hotel INX as wellDesign as manyHotel other as well hotels as many located other in the hotels district located of Kazimierz. in the district Nearby of recreational Kazimierz. facilitiesNearby recreational include shopping facilities mall include Galeria shopping Kazimierz, mall Saturn Galeria Fitness, Kazimierz, Gym Park Saturn ﬁtness Fitness, centre, Gym FitNOW Park ﬁtnessfitness centrecentre, and FitNOW dietician’s, fitness Laserpark centre and laser dieticia entertainmentn’s, Laserpark centre laser and, locatedentertainment by the river,centre Wisła: and, alocated water tramby the stop river, and Wis a kayakła: a water rental tram point. stop On and the a oppositekayak rental bank point. of the On river the Wisła opposite there bank is Galeria of the Kazimierzriver Wisła shopping there is Galeria mall, which, Kazimierz in the shopping future, will mall, be which, accessible in the via future, a footbridge will be (for accessible pedestrians via a andfootbridge cyclists). (for pedestrians and cyclists).

FigureFigure 8.8. SigniﬁcantSignificant characteristiccharacteristic buildingbuilding developmentdevelopment surroundingsurrounding thethe studystudy areaarea (elaborated(elaborated byby E.E. Latusek).Latusek).

2.9.2.9. Major Vistas TheThe areaarea of of Podolski Podolski Boulevard Boulevard (Bulwar (Bulwar Podolski) Podolski) is located is located between between the mouththe mouth of the of Wilga the Wilga river andriver the and railway the railway bridge bridge in Zabłocie in Zab inłocie the in district the district of Podg of Podgórze.órze. The LocalThe Local Development Development Plan Plan for thefor Areathe Area of the ofVistula the Vistula Riverside, Riverside, the so-called the so-called “Wisła “Wis Boulevards”,ła Boulevards”, contains contains regulations regulations related related to land to development,land development, yet only yet inonly relation in relation to the to western the western part ofpart Podolski of Podolski Boulevard, Boulevard, without without its eastern its eastern part locatedpart located in Zabłocie in Zab (Figurełocie (Figure9). This 9). part This of part riverside of riverside including including areas located areas located east of theeast railway of the railway bridge hasbridge not beenhas not regulated been inregulated terms of landin terms development, of land supplementationdevelopment, supplementation of landscape architecture of landscape and lighting,architecture adjustment and lighting, of greenery. adjustment The general of plangreen providesery. The for relatedgeneral supplementation plan provides as for well related as the maintainingsupplementation of main as well passageways as the maintaining and viewpoints. of main passageways and viewpoints. Buildings 2020, 10, 56 12 of 27 Buildings 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 28

FigureFigure 9. Main 9. Main vistas vistas in the in context the context of Podolski of Podolski Boulevard Boulevard (Bulwar (Bulwar Podolski) Podolski) (elaborated (elaborated by E. by Latusek). E. Latusek). 2.10. Research on Greenery Elements The2.10. preliminaryResearch on Greenery analyses Elements related to the study area provoked a number of questions, one of which is concernedThe withpreliminary the lack analyses of the appropriaterelated to the development study area provoked plan for Podolskia number Boulevard.of questions, The one detailed of assessmentwhich is of concerned the existing with conditionthe lack of revealedthe appropri thatate an development intended spaceplan for of Podolski historical Boulevard. commemoration The was todetailed be the Boulevardassessment ofof Alliedthe existing Forces Pilotscondition (Bulwar revealed Lotnik thatów an Alianckich). intended space Today, of thishistorical area is still wastelandcommemoration (Figure 10 was) (overgrown to be the Boulevard with grass of andAllied high Forces greenery) Pilots (Bulwar despite theLotników fact that Alianckich). nearby there Today, this area is still wasteland (Figure 10) (overgrown with grass and high greenery) despite the are new apartment buildings and the Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Higher School in Cracow. Only a fact that nearby there are new apartment buildings and the Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Higher plaqueSchool with in the Cracow. boulevard Only name a plaque stresses with the the signiﬁcance boulevard name of the stresses area. Becausethe significance of the fact of the that area. Zabłocie is characterisedBecause of the by fact the high-densitythat Zabłocie is housing characterised development by the high-density of the city housing centre, anddevelopment yet does notof the have a payable parking zone, today the boulevard is often used as a “wild” car park. Buildingscity centre, 2020 , and10, x FORyet PEERdoes REVIEWnot have a payable parking zone, today the boulevard is often used13 ofas 28a “wild” car park.

FigureFigure 10. Plots10. Plots constituting constituting the the main main partpart ofof thethe deve developmentlopment ofof the the design design of a of multi-functional a multi-functional complexcomplex with with objects objects and and sites sites under under the the conservation conservation (photo (photo by by E. E. Latusek). Latusek).

2.11. Architectural Research Historic housing development of the district of Podgórze is undergoing gradual regeneration (Figure 11). In the area of post-industrial Zabłocie, there is one of the most important historic objects, namely, Oskar Schindler’s Enamel Factory (Figure 12). The owner of the factory rescued Jews from the Holocaust during the Second World War, which was shown in the film “Schindler’s List” made in 1993. The Municipal District Authorities incorporated this building into the Historical Museum of the City of Cracow (Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Krakowa) in 2005. The permanent exhibition held in this place “Cracow–Under Occupation 1939–1945” received an award for the best historical exhibition in Poland in the contest ‘Sybilla 2010′. Monthly, as many as 15–20 thousand tourists from all over the world visit this exhibition [21].

Figure 11. Cultural dominants of Podolski Boulevard (Bulwar Podolski): (1) Project-related area; (2) Oskar Schindler’s Enamel Factory; (3) Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków-MOCAK; (4) Centre for the Documentation of the Art of Tadeusz Kantor–Cricoteka; (5) Centre of Literature and Language–‘Planet Lem’ (‘Planeta Lem’); (6) Zabłocie Business Park; (7) Student Hall of Residence Livinn Cracow; (8) Park ‘Vistula Station’ (‘Stacja Wisła’); (9) ATAL Residence; (10) Cracow Marina, (elaborated by E. Latusek).

Buildings 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 28

BuildingsFigure2020, 1010., 56Plots constituting the main part of the development of the design of a multi-functional13 of 27 complex with objects and sites under the conservation (photo by E. Latusek).

2.11.2.11. ArchitecturalArchitectural ResearchResearch HistoricHistoric housinghousing developmentdevelopment ofof thethe districtdistrict ofof PodgPodgórzeórze isis undergoingundergoing gradualgradual regenerationregeneration (Figure(Figure 11 11).). InIn thethe areaarea ofof post-industrialpost-industrial Zabłocie,Zabłocie, therethere isis oneone ofof thethe mostmost importantimportant historichistoric objects,objects, namely,namely, Oskar Oskar Schindler’s Schindler’s Enamel Enamel Factory Factory (Figure (Figure 12 ).12). The The owner owner of theof the factory factory rescued rescued Jews Jews from from the Holocaustthe Holocaust during during the Second the Second World World War, which War, which was shown was shown in the ﬁlm in the “Schindler’s film “Schindler’s List” made List” in made 1993. Thein 1993. Municipal The Municipal District Authorities District Authorities incorporated incorporated this building this building into theHistorical into the Historical Museum Museum of the City of ofthe Cracow City of (MuzeumCracow (Muzeum Historyczne Historyczne Miasta Krakowa) Miasta Kr inakowa) 2005. in The 2005. permanent The permanent exhibition exhibition held in held this placein this “Cracow–Under place “Cracow–Under Occupation Occupation 1939–1945” 1939–1945” received an received award foran theaward best historicalfor the best exhibition historical in Polandexhibition in the in Poland contest in ‘Sybilla the contest 20100 .‘Sybilla Monthly, 2010 as′. manyMonthly, as 15–20 as many thousand as 15–20 tourists thousand from tourists all over from the worldall over visit the this world exhibition visit this [21 exhibition]. [21].

FigureFigure 11.11. Cultural dominants dominants of of Podolski Podolski Boulevard Boulevard (Bulwar (Bulwar Podolski): Podolski): (1) (1)Project-related Project-related area; area; (2) (2)Oskar Oskar Schindler’s Schindler’s Enamel Enamel Factory; Factory; (3) Museum (3) Museum of Contemporary of Contemporary Art in ArtKraków-MOCAK; in Kraków-MOCAK; (4) Centre (4) Centrefor the for Documentation the Documentation of the of Art the Artof Tadeusz of Tadeusz Kantor–Cricoteka; Kantor–Cricoteka; (5) (5) Centre Centre of of Literature andand Language–‘PlanetLanguage–‘Planet Lem’Lem’ (‘Planeta(‘Planeta Lem’);Lem’); (6)(6) ZabłocieZabłocie BusinessBusiness Park;Park; (7)(7) StudentStudent HallHall ofof ResidenceResidence LivinnLivinn Cracow;Cracow; (8)(8) ParkPark ‘Vistula‘Vistula Station’Station’ (‘Stacja(‘Stacja Wisła’);Wisła’); (9)(9) ATALATAL Residence;Residence; (10)(10) CracowCracow Marina,Marina, Buildings(elaborated(elaborated 2020, 10, x by byFOR E.E. Latusek).PEERLatusek). REVIEW 14 of 28

Figure 12. Museum-OskarMuseum-Oskar Schindler’s Schindler’s Enamel Enamel Factory Factory in in Cracow Cracow (Item (Item 10, 10, Figure Figure 1)1 )(photo (photo by by E. E.Latusek). Latusek).

InIn contrastcontrast toto thethe heavilyheavily historically-orientedhistorically-oriented Oskar Schindler’s Enamel Factory, there is thethe Museum of ContemporaryContemporary Art in KrakKrakówów (MOCAK)(MOCAK) (Muzeum Sztuki WspWspóółczesnejłczesnej w Krakowie) (Figure(Figure 1313)) focusingfocusing onon ethicalethical andand cognitivecognitive values,values, andand showingshowing thethe connectionconnection art hashas withwith everyday life.life. TheThe exhibitionsexhibitions encompass encompass the the latest latest international international art, art, education education as wellas well as research as research and publishingand publishing projects. projects.

Figure 13. Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków-MOCAK, designed by Claudio Nardi Architette (Item 10, Figure 1) (photo by E. Latusek).

Another characteristic building facing the Vistula (Wisła) river consists of the facilities of the former Podgórze Power Plant and plays a function of the Centre for the Documentation of the Art of Tadeusz Kantor-Cricoteka (Centrum Dokumentacji Sztuki Tadeusza Kantora–Cricoteka) (Figure 14) [22]. The form of regeneration of the former power plant presented by designers (Architectural Office Vision-Biuro Architektoniczne Wizja and nsMoonStudio) represents an interesting way of activisation of the Vistula (Wisła) riverside. Buildings 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 28

Figure 12. Museum-Oskar Schindler’s Enamel Factory in Cracow (Item 10, Figure 1) (photo by E. Latusek).

In contrast to the heavily historically-oriented Oskar Schindler’s Enamel Factory, there is the Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków (MOCAK) (Muzeum Sztuki Współczesnej w Krakowie) (Figure 13) focusing on ethical and cognitive values, and showing the connection art has with everydayBuildings 2020 life., 10 ,The 56 exhibitions encompass the latest international art, education as well as research14 of 27 and publishing projects.

Figure 13.13. MuseumMuseum of of Contemporary Contemporary Art inArt Krak in ów-MOCAK,Kraków-MOCAK, designed designed by Claudio by NardiClaudio Architette Nardi Architette(Item 10, Figure (Item1 10,) (photo Figure by 1) E. (photo Latusek). by E. Latusek).

Another characteristic characteristic buildi buildingng facing facing the the Vistula Vistula (Wis (Wisła)ła) river consists of the facilities of the formerformer Podgórze Podgórze Power Plant and and plays a a function function of of the the Centre Centre for the the Documentation Documentation of the Art Art of of Tadeusz Kantor-CricotekaKantor-Cricoteka (Centrum (Centrum Dokumentacji Dokumentacji Sztuki Sztuki Tadeusza Tadeusza Kantora–Cricoteka) Kantora–Cricoteka) (Figure (Figure 14)[ 14)22]. [22].The formThe form of regeneration of regeneration of the of former the former power po plantwer presentedplant presented by designers by designers (Architectural (Architectural Oﬃce OfficeVision-Biuro Vision-Biuro Architektoniczne Architektoniczne Wizja and Wizja nsMoonStudio) and nsMoonStudio) represents represents an interesting an interesting way of activisation way of activisationBuildingsof the Vistula 2020, of10 (Wisła), thex FOR Vistula PEER riverside. REVIEW (Wisła) riverside. 15 of 28

Figure 14. Centre of the Documentation of the Art of Tadeusz Kantor-Cricoteka, designed by Biuro Architektoniczne Wizja andand nsMoonStudionsMoonStudio (Item(Item 10,10, FigureFigure1 1),), (photo (photo by by E. E. Latusek). Latusek).

In March 2019, an architecturalarchitectural andand urbanurban planningplanning competitioncompetition waswas adjudicated.adjudicated. It It aimed to select the best concept of a multi-functionalmulti-functional centrecentre of literatureliterature andand language.language. The winning concept plans to to regenerate regenerate the the 18th 18th century century Salt Salt Warehouse Warehouse (Sk (Składład Solny) Solny) located located at 8 at Na 8 NaZjeź Zje´zdziestreetdzie street (ul. (ul.Na Zje Naź Zje´zdzie8)dzie 8) in Cracow in Cracow and and the the creation creation of ofthe the Centre Centre of of Literature Literature and and Language–Planet Language–Planet Lem (Centrum Literatury i J˛ezyka–PlanetaLem).Języka–Planeta Lem). The object is supposed to become an operational centre for the programme Cracow City of Literature (Krak(Krakówów MiastoMiasto Literatury)Literatury) UNESCOUNESCO [[23].23]. ZabZabłociełocie beingbeing one one of of the the oldest oldest Cracow Cracow districts districts lies in lies the vicinityin the ofvicinity the city of centre, the city a fashionable centre, a fashionabledistrict of Kazimierz district of and Kazimierz numerous and colleges, numerous which colleges, undoubtedly which undoubtedly is a great asset is from a great a perspective asset fromof a perspectivethe localisation of the of localisation office buildings. of office On buildings. the site of On the the Cracow site of Electronic the Cracow Plants Electronic Telpod Plants (Krakowskie Telpod (KrakowskieZakłady Elektroniczne Zakłady Elektroniczne Telpod) including Telpod) shop including floors of approximatelyshop floors of approximately 5 000 m2 and 10 5 000 m 2 ,and a new 10 000office m complex2, a new office Zabłocie complex Business Zab Parkłocie is Business to be created Park [ 24is ].to Thebe created first 7-storey [24]. The building first 7-storey of class A, building having of class A, having a BREEAM certificate and offering 11 300 m2 of surface, was commissioned in 2017. Another, out of four objects, will be completed in mid-2020 [25]. In the same area, a student residence hall, Akademik Livinn Kraków, was built (Figure 15). The building includes 290 flats for over 700 students.

Figure 15. Student Residence Hall Livinn Kraków, renovation and modernisation by Unibep (Item 10, Figure 1) (photo by E. Latusek).

In June 2017, in the area of the former railway station Podgórze-Wisła (later Kraków-Wisła) a park was created called Park Vistula Station (Park Stacja Wisła) (Figure 16). The competition was won by the design devised by Michał Grzybowski, a post-graduate student of the Landscaping at Buildings 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 28

Figure 14. Centre of the Documentation of the Art of Tadeusz Kantor-Cricoteka, designed by Biuro Architektoniczne Wizja and nsMoonStudio (Item 10, Figure 1), (photo by E. Latusek).

In March 2019, an architectural and urban planning competition was adjudicated. It aimed to select the best concept of a multi-functional centre of literature and language. The winning concept plans to regenerate the 18th century Salt Warehouse (Skład Solny) located at 8 Na Zjeździe street (ul. Na Zjeździe 8) in Cracow and the creation of the Centre of Literature and Language–Planet Lem (Centrum Literatury i Języka–Planeta Lem). The object is supposed to become an operational centre for the programme Cracow City of Literature (Kraków Miasto Literatury) UNESCO [23]. Zabłocie being one of the oldest Cracow districts lies in the vicinity of the city centre, a fashionable district of Kazimierz and numerous colleges, which undoubtedly is a great asset from a perspective of the localisation of office buildings. On the site of the Cracow Electronic Plants Telpod Buildings(Krakowskie2020, 10 Zak, 56 łady Elektroniczne Telpod) including shop floors of approximately 5 000 m2 and15 of 10 27 000 m2, a new office complex Zabłocie Business Park is to be created [24]. The first 7-storey building of class A, having a BREEAM certificate and offering 11 300 m2 of surface, was commissioned in 2 a2017. BREEAM Another, certificate out of andfour oobjects,ffering 11will 300 be m completedof surface, in wasmid-2020 commissioned [25]. In the in 2017.same Another,area, a student out of fourresidence objects, hall, will Akademik be completed Livinn in mid-2020Kraków, [was25]. built In the (Figure same area, 15). aThe student building residence includes hall, 290 Akademik flats for Livinnover 700 Krak students.ów, was built (Figure 15). The building includes 290 flats for over 700 students.

Figure 15.15. StudentStudent ResidenceResidence HallHall Livinn Livinn Krak Kraków,ów, renovation renovation and and modernisation modernisation by by Unibep Unibep (Item (Item 10, Figure10, Figure1) (photo 1) (photo by E. by Latusek). E. Latusek).

In JuneJune 2017,2017, in in the the area area of of the the former former railway railway station station Podg Podgórze-Wisórze-Wisła (laterła (later Krak Kraków-Wisów-Wisła) a parkła) a was created called Park Vistula Station (Park Stacja Wisła) (Figure 16). The competition was won by Buildingspark was 2020 created, 10, x FOR called PEER ParkREVIEW Vistula Station (Park Stacja Wisła) (Figure 16). The competition16 ofwas 28 thewon design by the devised design bydevised Michał by Grzybowski, Michał Grzybowski, a post-graduate a post-graduate student of thestudent Landscaping of the Landscaping at the Cracow at theUniversity Cracow of University Technology of (ArchitekturaTechnology (Architektur Krajobrazu,a PolitechnikaKrajobrazu, Politechnika Krakowska). Krakowska). The park obtained The park an obtainedaward in thean award competition in the for competition the best developed for the be spacest developed in Poland space [26]. in The Poland nearby [26]. premises The nearby of the premisesformer factory of the “Miraculum” former factory were “Miraculum” earmarked to were be the earmarked site of construction to be the ofsite high-class of construction residential of high-classbuildings ATAL residential Residence buildings (Figure ATAL 16)[27 Residence]. The investment (Figure 16) was [27]. implemented The investment nearby was the Vistulaimplemented (Wisła) nearbyriver in the Zabłocie Vistula street. (Wis Ała) character river in Zab of thisłocie building street. A development character of fusesthis building modern anddevelopment post-industrial fuses modernfeatures, and matching post-industrial a new face features, of Zabłocie matching to its historica new face landscape. of Zabłocie This to policy its historic contributes landscape. to the This fact policythat Zabłocie contributes is one to of the the fact best that developing Zabłocie partsis one of of Cracow the best (Krak developingów). parts of Cracow (Kraków).

Figure 16.16.Park Park Vistula Vistula Station Station (Park (Park Stacja Stacja Wisła), Wis designedła), designed by Michał by Grzybowski. Michał Grzybowski. In the background, In the background,residential building residential ATAL building Residence ATAL Krak Residenceów, designed Kraków, by Biurodesigned Rozwoju by Biuro Krakowa Rozwoju S.A. Krakowa (Item 10, S.A.Figure (Item1), (photo 10, Figure by E. 1), Latusek). (photo by E. Latusek).

Not far from the project-related area, in the vicinity of Kotlarski Bridge (Most Kotlarski), a new investment is being planned, namely, Cracow Marina (Marina Kraków). Due to its location in the city centre, the marina will attract tourists. It will also become a leisure and recreation centre for the Cracow inhabitants who want to spend their free time by the river. The marina facilities are planned to stretch over a distance of approximately 1 km [28].

2.12. SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis (Table 3) performed in this work summarises the conducted investigations and classifies all information obtained to identify assets and advantages of the space analysed as well as weaknesses showing design barriers. The analysis also shows opportunities and aspects bringing benefits for the area analysed. On the other hand, it reveals threats and risks connected with unfavourable changes.

Table 3. SWOT analysis concerning the conditions of the existing project-related area (table by E. Latusek).

Strengths Weaknesses 1. Historic development of the district of 1. Post-industrial areas are neglected, Podgórze is undergoing gradual littered and serve as wild parking spaces. regeneration. 2. Plan to combine the investment of the 2. Local community’s activities connected flyover for bicycles and pedestrians with with the commemoration of the Liberator the construction of the memorial delays aircraft catastrophe. their implementation. 3. Diverse topography of the riverside 3. Diverse topography of the riverside (a embankment (a vertical wall of flood vertical wall of flood defences vs. defences vs. floodbank gradually going floodbank gradually going down down towards the river) as attractive towards the river) as a design- related Buildings 2020, 10, 56 16 of 27

2.12. SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis (Table3) performed in this work summarises the conducted investigations and classiﬁes all information obtained to identify assets and advantages of the space analysed as well as weaknesses showing design barriers. The analysis also shows opportunities and aspects bringing beneﬁts for the area analysed. On the other hand, it reveals threats and risks connected with unfavourable changes.

Table 3. SWOT analysis concerning the conditions of the existing project-related area (table by E. Latusek).

Strengths Weaknesses 1. Historic development of the district of Podgórze is 1. Post-industrial areas are neglected, undergoing gradual regeneration. littered and serve as wild parking spaces. 2. Plan to combine the investment of the 2. Local community’s activities connected with the flyover for bicycles and pedestrians with the commemoration of the Liberator aircraft catastrophe. construction of the memorial delays their implementation. 3. Diverse topography of the riverside (a 3. Diverse topography of the riverside embankment (a vertical vertical wall of flood defences vs. floodbank wall of flood defences vs. floodbank gradually going down gradually going down towards the river) as towards the river) as attractive elements of the development. a design- related impediment and a cost-increasing factor. 4. Main traffic and transport arteries in the vicinity. 4. Increased traffic. 5. Podolski Boulevard was one of the main topics in the 5. Declarations made during the election political campaign in the election of local self-governments in campaign were not put into practice and 2018. implemented. 6. Attempts made to regenerate this part of Cracow proved 6. Many historic industrial objects were very successful (cultural events, new cultural objects); at the demolished (for instance, Miraculum factory, same time, industrial character of the area was preserved. Telpod industrial plants). 7. Tendency to remove or adapt old buildings for the purpose 7. Difficulties resulting from joining of multi-family residential buildings resulting in the increase in different plots of land. the district population. Opportunities Risks 1. Area borders three important districts: Kazimierz, Podgórze 1. Traffic jams during rush hours. and Grzegórzki. 2. Impediments in the transformation 2. Area features objects under conservation. process of land development. 3. Noise made by trains will become 3. Railway station Kraków Zabłocie was renovated, which may difficult for the users of offices and decrease traffic. residential buildings. 4. Degradation of the environment of the 4. Two railway trestle bridges will be built. ecological corridor of the Vistula (Wisła) river. 5. Coordination of the circulation routes with the planned 5. Lack of proper separation of the cycling and pedestrian flyover and cycling paths along the circulation of pedestrians, bicycles and cars Vistula (Wisła) riverside. may lead to traffic and transport difficulties. Buildings 2020, 10, 56 17 of 27

Table 3. Cont.

6. Possibility of using the EU funds for the recultivation of a 6. Necessity of meeting restrictive part of the riverside situated in a good location. requirements of the EU projects. 7. Introduction of big changes in the district 7. A new Local Plan of Land Development is going to be development without an updated Local devised. Plan. 8. Enrichment of the embankment with 8. Enrichment of the embankment with public facilities having public facilities may unfavourably influence an interesting architectural form may positively influence the the natural environment of the Vistula image of Cracow from the riverside. riverside. 9. Tendency to remove or adapt old buildings for the purpose 9. Necessity of the removal of derelict or of multi-family residential buildings resulting in the increase in temporary buildings; flood risk. the district population. 10. A local centre for the integration of the local community 10. Conflict of interests between local was provided for in the Study of Conditions and Directions of community, investors, city authorities and Spatial Development of the City. environmental requirements. 11. Further land development should match the award winning public space of the Park Vistula Station (Park Stacja 11. Spatial and functional conflicts. Wisła) and the concept of Cracow Marina (Marina Kraków).

3. Conclusions Based on Investigations The strategic analysis showed that the most of the issues connected with the strengths of the existing project-related area, as well as opportunities of its development, may result in the transformation of this area into well-functioning space with regard to spatial, economic, social and cultural aspects. On the other hand, there are weaknesses which result from long-term negligence. However, nowadays eﬀorts are made to eliminate them. The risks can be eliminated already in the initial phase of designing new spatial development. Necessity arises of the development of Boulevard of the Allied Forces Pilots (Bulwar Lotników Alianckich) and creation of an attractive multi-functional space, which would serve as a local centre attracting local residents, tourists and visitors. A museum space connected with the history of the Allied Forces Pilots should constitute a memorial commemorating bygone events and at the same time be an important element of this area. Other functions, such as oﬃces, hotels and recreation facilities should be gradually completed. The designed development should constitute the continuation of attractive public facilities facing the Vistula (Wisła) river.

Guidelines In the Study of Conditions and Directions of Spatial Development of the City of Cracow (Kraków), the analysed area is located within the boundaries of two structural urban planning units. The delineated roads are to correspond to the guidelines provided in the local development plans. The above-mentioned guidelines for the local development plans deﬁne also the category of the analysed area as the services areas (Figure 17). Their primary purpose is to become the building development intended for the following functions: oﬃces, culture and other services along with some necessary ancillary buildings and accompanying greenery. The optional function includes arranged or unarranged green spaces, such as parks, squares, greenery spots, river parks as well as green belts around buildings and vegetation screens (the so-called “vegetation barriers”). The Resolution of the Council of the City of Cracow (Kraków) of 28 June 2006 on Passing the Local Plan of Spatial Development of the Zabłocie Area general regulations constitute that the existing building development should be preserved or rebuilt, new building development should be implemented and new investments made, the changes in the use and development of the land should be introduced. The existing valuable buildings and areas can be utilised in the previous way, until these areas are newly developed according to plan. The whole area covered by the plan is located on the Buildings 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 28

The strategic analysis showed that the most of the issues connected with the strengths of the existing project-related area, as well as opportunities of its development, may result in the transformation of this area into well-functioning space with regard to spatial, economic, social and cultural aspects. On the other hand, there are weaknesses which result from long-term negligence. However, nowadays efforts are made to eliminate them. The risks can be eliminated already in the initial phase of designing new spatial development. Necessity arises of the development of Boulevard of the Allied Forces Pilots (Bulwar Lotników Alianckich) and creation of an attractive multi-functional space, which would serve as a local centre attracting local residents, tourists and visitors. A museum space connected with the history of the Allied Forces Pilots should constitute a memorial commemorating bygone events and at the same time be an important element of this area. Other functions, such as offices, hotels and recreation facilities should be gradually completed. The designed development should constitute the continuation of attractive public facilities facing the Vistula (Wisła) river.

3.1. Guidelines In the Study of Conditions and Directions of Spatial Development of the City of Cracow (Kraków), the analysed area is located within the boundaries of two structural urban planning units. The delineated roads are to correspond to the guidelines provided in the local development plans. The above-mentioned guidelines for the local development plans define also the category of the analysed area as the services areas (Figure 17). Their primary purpose is to become the building development intended for the following functions: offices, culture and other services along with some necessary ancillary buildings and accompanying greenery. The optional function includes arranged or unarranged green spaces, such as parks, squares, greenery spots, river parks as well as green belts around buildings and vegetation screens (the so-called “vegetation barriers”). The Resolution of the Council of the City of Cracow (Kraków) of 28 June 2006 on Passing the Local Plan of Spatial Development of the Zabłocie Area general regulations constitute that the existing building development should be preserved or rebuilt, new building development should be Buildingsimplemented2020, 10, 56 and new investments made, the changes in the use and development of the land18 of 27 should be introduced. The existing valuable buildings and areas can be utilised in the previous way, until these areas are newly developed according to plan. The whole area covered by the plan is terrainlocated where on there the is terrain a risk ofwhere landslide. there Nois admissiblea risk of landslide. noise levels No inadmissible the environment noise levels were deﬁnedin the for this areaenvironment in the development were defined plan. for this The area space in the of thedevelopment site needs plan. putting The inspace order, of the that site is, needs the integration putting of land plotsin order, and that removal is, the of integration some derelict of land buildings. plots and The removal objects of under some conservation, derelict buildings. namely, The aobjects restaurant under conservation, namely, a restaurant (Zabłocie 13) and a culture and community centre (Zabłocie 13) and a culture and community centre ‘Workshop’ (‘Warsztat’) (Zabłocie 25) may be ‘Workshop’ (‘Warsztat’) (Zabłocie 25) may be included in the development context as objects of included in the development context as objects of historical signiﬁcance. historical significance.

Buildings 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 28 Figure 17. Plots constituting the main part of the development of the concept of a multi-functional

complexFigure with 17. objects Plots constituting and sites under the main the part conservation of the deve (elaboratedlopment of the by E.concept Latusek). of a multi-functional complex with objects and sites under the conservation (elaborated by E. Latusek). 4. Discussion/Proposed Solutions The4. Discussion/Proposed planned development Solutions of the project-related area located in Zabłocie Street is to provide answers toThe the planned above-posed development research of question:the project-related Whether area the changelocated in Zab theł developmentocie Street is to of provide downtown riversideanswers areas to will the positivelyabove-posed inﬂuence research the question: surrounding Whether community the change and in contribute the development to the creation of of a localdowntown centre? riverside A newly areas designed will positively multifunctional influence the complex surrounding will community ﬁll in the spaceand contribute in the existing to buildingsthe creation providing of a local services centre? and A havingnewly designed representative multifunctional functions complex (Cricoteka, will fill Qubus in the space Hotel, in Cracowthe Academy-Akademiaexisting buildings Krakowska)providing services (Figure and 18 having). The representative conditions for functions the localisation (Cricoteka, ofQubus the new Hotel, object Cracow Academy-Akademia Krakowska) (Figure 18). The conditions for the localisation of the new are that it must have a supplementary character matching the existing building development, it must object are that it must have a supplementary character matching the existing building development, comply with the requirements of the Local Plan and must not cross the boundaries of the building it must comply with the requirements of the Local Plan and must not cross the boundaries of the developmentbuilding development marked in the marked drawing in the of drawing the local of site the plan.local site plan.

FigureFigure 18. Design 18. Design concept concept in the in contextthe context of surrounding of surrounding building building development: development: (1) (1) Project-related Project-related area; (2) Crikoteka;area; (2) Crikoteka; (2) Qubus (2) Hotel; Qubu (3)s Hotel; Cracow (3) Cracow Academy Academy (elaborated (elaborated by E. by Latusek). E. Latusek).

4.1. Greenery The development of the document “Trends of the Development and the Management of Green Areas in Kraków in the Years 2017–2030” involved the development of the electronic space-related “Concept of the Public Green Areas System” and “Register of Green Areas”, helpful in the continuous management and maintenance of the areas of greenery by the Department for Municipal Greenery Management. As can be seen in the diagram below (Figure 19), a large concentration of greenery is located in the Park ‘The Vistula Station’ (Park Stacja Wisła). Along the Podolski Boulevard there are single groups of trees. Only the area designated for the “Marina Kraków” investment is characterised by the greater density of riverside greenery and high trees. The study area is intended to be planted with many trees and shrubs. The study area will be maintained as the area of ecological and landscape greenery. Ecological aspects of the introduced changes are as follows. . In accordance with the directions of development and the management of green areas in Cracow (Kraków), the green character of the study area has been maintained in the form of a green area of significant landscape and ecological values. . It is planned to plant a large number of park trees and bushes in the study area as well as to implement small architecture and lighting in the scope required for the safety of use. Buildings 2020, 10, 56 19 of 27

In accordance with the directions of development and the management of green areas in Cracow (Kraków), the green character of the study area has been maintained in the form of a green area of signiﬁcant landscape and ecological values. It is planned to plant a large number of park trees and bushes in the study area as well as to implement small architecture and lighting in the scope required for the safety of use. Buildings 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 28

FigureFigure 19.19. AnalysisAnalysis ofof greenery,greenery, (elaborated(elaborated byby E.E. Latusek).Latusek).

4.2.4.2. CubatureCubature BuildingsBuildings TheThe designeddesigned multifunctionalmultifunctional complexcomplex isis locatedlocated betweenbetween historichistoric buildingsbuildings (from(from thethe northernnorthern direction)direction) andand buildingsbuildings belongingbelonging toto thethe lightinglighting companycompany (from(from thethe southernsouthern direction).direction). TheThe mainmain limitationslimitations toto thethe surfacesurface ofof thethe buildingbuildingdevelopment development are are as as follows follows (Figure (Figure 20 20):): 1.1. Areas of aa potentialpotential ﬂoodflood riskrisk (from(from thethe north).north). TheThe outlineoutline ofof thethe buildingbuilding waswas designeddesigned inin such a way so as notnot toto crosscross thethe potentialpotential line of ﬂoodingflooding in case the Vistula burstsbursts its banks.banks. For this reason, thethe surfacesurface ofof thethe plannedplanned buildingbuilding developmentdevelopment amountsamounts toto ~25%~25% ofof thethe wholewhole project-related plot.plot. A A vast vast area area in frontin front of the of designed the designed building building may practically may practically play a function play a offunction riverside of boulevardsriverside boulevards and constitute and the constitute local centre, the orlocal be acentre, continuation or be a of continuation an attractive spaceof an ofattractive the Park space Vistula of the Station Park “Park Vistula Stacja Station Wisła”. “Park Stacja Wisła”. 2.2. The proximity of thethe buildingbuilding complex,complex, as closeclose asas possible,possible, toto thethe boundaryboundary ofof thethe plotplot andand neighbouring objects belongs toto thethe lightinglighting companycompany (from(from thethe south).south).

TheThe designdesign preserves preserves the the existing existing historic historic buildings buildings located located in the project-related in the project-related area (Workshop area “Warsztat”(Workshop and “Warsztat” “Zabłocie and 13”) “Zab andłocie provides 13”) forand a provides small cubature for a small building, cubature which building, is to serve which as sports is to equipmentserve as sports rental, equipment in their immediate rental, in their vicinity. immediate vicinity.

Figure 20. Embedding the object in the context: (1) Flood risk area, (2) Designed multifunctional complex, (3) Designed sports equipment rental, (4) Existing historic buildings, (5) Existing objects of the lighting company (elaborated by E. Latusek).

4.3. Transport, Traffic and Circulation Buildings 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 28

Figure 19. Analysis of greenery, (elaborated by E. Latusek).

4.2. Cubature Buildings The designed multifunctional complex is located between historic buildings (from the northern direction) and buildings belonging to the lighting company (from the southern direction). The main limitations to the surface of the building development are as follows (Figure 20): 1. Areas of a potential flood risk (from the north). The outline of the building was designed in such a way so as not to cross the potential line of flooding in case the Vistula bursts its banks. For this reason, the surface of the planned building development amounts to ~25% of the whole project-related plot. A vast area in front of the designed building may practically play a function of riverside boulevards and constitute the local centre, or be a continuation of an attractive space of the Park Vistula Station “Park Stacja Wisła”. 2. The proximity of the building complex, as close as possible, to the boundary of the plot and neighbouring objects belongs to the lighting company (from the south). The design preserves the existing historic buildings located in the project-related area Buildings(Workshop2020, 10“Warsztat”, 56 and “Zabłocie 13”) and provides for a small cubature building, which20 is of to 27 serve as sports equipment rental, in their immediate vicinity.

Figure 20.20. Embedding the object in the context: (1) Flood risk area, (2) DesignedDesigned multifunctionalmultifunctional complex, (3) Designed sports equipment rental, (4) ExistingExisting historic buildings, (5) Existing objects of the lighting company (elaborated byby E.E. Latusek).Latusek).

4.3. Transport, TraTrafficffic andand CirculationCirculation The design provides for the coordination of circulation routes with the planned cycling and pedestrian flyover as well as cycling paths along the Vistula (Wisła) riverside (Figure 21). The pedestrians’ path (east–west) will facilitate the circulation of pedestrians to and from the existing railway station Kraków Zabłocie. A fragment of the main street ul. Zabłocie (east–west) was lowered, which enabled positioning of a smaller pedestrian flyover over the road. It is most probable that the traffic in Zabłocie street will be significantly increasing, therefore thanks to the flyover pedestrians and cyclists will be able to safely circulate between the designed multifunctional complex and the existing green areas located on the Vistula embankments. The designed underground car park with 70 places and newly-marked parking spaces located along the access road to the planned building development will prevent the creation of wild parking spaces in the riverside area. Ecological aspects of the introduced changes are as follows.

Reduction of the CO2 emission due to the restriction of motor traﬃc in favour of cycling. Expansion of biologically active areas thanks to the design of an underground car park and parking spaces along the access roads. Concept of a new footbridge for pedestrians and cyclists (a cycling link between the districts of Grzegórzki-Podgórze) to improve, in an ecological way, the accessibility of the area for new users coming from outside the district.

A social aspect is as follows:

Increase in the safety of users by separation of motor traﬃc from pedestrians and cyclists thanks to a pedestrian and cycling footbridge over the street of Zabłocie, linking the study area with the adjacent areas of the Boulevard of the Allied Forces Pilots. Buildings 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 21 of 28

The design provides for the coordination of circulation routes with the planned cycling and pedestrian flyover as well as cycling paths along the Vistula (Wisła) riverside (Figure 21). The pedestrians’ path (east–west) will facilitate the circulation of pedestrians to and from the existing railway station Kraków Zabłocie. A fragment of the main street ul. Zabłocie (east–west) was lowered, which enabled positioning of a smaller pedestrian flyover over the road. It is most probable that the traffic in Zabłocie street will be significantly increasing, therefore thanks to the flyover pedestrians and cyclists will be able to safely circulate between the designed multifunctional complex and the existing green areas located on the Vistula embankments. The designed underground car park with 70 places and newly-marked parking spaces located along the access road to the planned building development will prevent the creation of wild parking spaces in the riverside area. Ecological aspects of the introduced changes are as follows.

. Reduction of the CO2 emission due to the restriction of motor traffic in favour of cycling. . Expansion of biologically active areas thanks to the design of an underground car park and parking spaces along the access roads. . Concept of a new footbridge for pedestrians and cyclists (a cycling link between the districts of Grzegórzki-Podgórze) to improve, in an ecological way, the accessibility of the area for new users coming from outside the district. A social aspect is as follows: . Increase in the safety of users by separation of motor traffic from pedestrians and cyclists Buildingsthanks2020, 10to, 56a pedestrian and cycling footbridge over the street of Zabłocie, linking the study21 area of 27 with the adjacent areas of the Boulevard of the Allied Forces Pilots.

FigureFigure 21.21. Diagrams showing the location of the study area–transportarea–transport and circulation, (elaborated(elaborated byby E.E. Latusek).Latusek).

4.4.4.4. Programme TheThe researchresearch conducted conducted in thisin workthis contributedwork contributed to the determination to the determination of needs and of requirements needs and withinrequirementsBuildings the 2020 scope, 10 ,within x FOR of the PEER the following REVIEWscope of functions; the following museum, functions; oﬃce, museum, hotel and office, a local hotel centre and (Figure a local 22 23).centre of 28 (Figure 22). Museum: Having conducted historical analysis, a decision was made to create a museum connected with the catastrophe of a Liberator aircraft and the history of the Allied Forces Pilots. This idea was based and preceded by activities that had been carried out since 1999, including the change of the name of the embankment’s section into Boulevard of the Allied Forces Pilots (Bulwar Lotników Alianckich). The museum building may become a further unit of the Historical Museum of Cracow (Kraków) cooperating with other museums and cultural objects in the neighbourhood, such as MOCAK, Oskar Schindler’s Enamel Factory, Cricoteka and Planeta Lem. Offices: The conducted surveys of user groups indicated the necessity of the assumption that the newly designed offices are to feature functions of the space satisfying the needs of freelancers, as

FigureFigure 22.22. DesignedDesigned landland development,development, includingincluding the multifunctionalmultifunctional complex and nearby objects, ownown elaborationelaboration (elaborated(elaborated byby E.E. Latusek).Latusek).

4.5. SpatialMuseum: and F Havingunctional conducted Solutions historical analysis, a decision was made to create a museum connected with the catastrophe of a Liberator aircraft and the history of the Allied Forces Pilots. This Thanks to its new building development, a post-industrial character of Zabłocie area is being idea was based and preceded by activities that had been carried out since 1999, including the change transformed into a fashionable place for living and spending free time. The residents of the of the name of the embankment’s section into Boulevard of the Allied Forces Pilots (Bulwar Lotników apartment buildings will also co-form and co-use this local centre. The figure below shows a Alianckich). The museum building may become a further unit of the Historical Museum of Cracow diagram of the formation of the body of the designed multifunctional complex (Figure 23). (Kraków) cooperating with other museums and cultural objects in the neighbourhood, such as MOCAK, Oskar Schindler’s Enamel Factory, Cricoteka and Planeta Lem. Oﬃces: The conducted surveys of user groups indicated the necessity of the assumption that the newly designed oﬃces are to feature functions of the space satisfying the needs of freelancers, as the

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 23. Diagram of the building body formation: (a) Adjustment of the object to the building plot after the delineation of new roads; (b) Division of the complex into museum, hotel and office functions; (c) Structural isolation of the ‘wedge’ with circulation and big groups of greenery; (d) Application of a flat roof and a spatial cover reminding of an aircraft wing (elaborated by E. Latusek).

The ground floor of the designed complex houses rooms and facilities enabling community integration (Item a, Figure 24, orange colour), including activities such as: craftwork, organisation of presentations and training sessions, after school activities for children. The design provides for a large multifunctional room. The ground floor area also includes: two entrance zones to the office part (Item a, Figure 24, blue colour), the hotel part (Item a, Figure 24, green colour), an aperitif-bar and restaurant with cooking facilities, and the space of the museum exhibitions with the entrance zone (Item a, Figure 24, yellow colour). Buildings 2020, 10, 56 22 of 27 space of a coworking type, workplaces used for a certain amount of time and the space enhancing start-ups. Coworking makes it possible to work in a rented room or space. It is the space used most often by freelancers because it gives a bigger comfort of work than at home. Coworking centres can be already found in almost all large cities, also Cracow witnesses the appearance of a bigger and bigger number of such spaces. For instance, in the vicinity of the project-related area there are two such facilities: Studio Zabłocie 2 and Biznes Lab. The designed office part of the multifunctional complex provides for similar spaces, however, not competing with the existing ones. Hotel: The formation of a local centre and planned development of the area in the scope of culture and promotion of local history will cause the influx of tourists, visitors, customers of the industrial plants and people using the office facilities. Due to this fact, the design provides for the creation of a four-star hotel in this area. Although the project Cracow Marina Marina Kraków provides for the hotel connected with sports and recreational functions, the function of the newly-designed hotel will be connected with office and conference purposes. Economic aspects of the introduced changes are as follows.

Multifunctional complex features functions satisfying the contemporary needs of users of this rapidly transforming district; this aims to attract young labour force and increase the attractiveness of this area in relation to other areas located in proximity. Introduction of workplaces into the district which has a developing residential function will limit the traﬃc and circulation of inhabitants and thus positively inﬂuence the quality of life in the district. Objects under conservation policy: restaurant (Zabłocie 13) as well as culture and community centre ‘Warsztat’ (‘Workshop’ Zabłocie 25) have been included in the development context as objects of historic value and constitute an added value to the developed space by attracting clients.

Social aspects of the introduced changes are as follows.

Representative character of the public space was highlighted as a local centre for the district inhabitants and visiting tourists. Concept of the multifunctional complex enriches and revitalizes functions connected with culture, recreation and historical education. Being the “salon” of the local centre, this place and its well-adopted functions are expected to attract users and visitors with diﬀerent needs and interests. Multifunctional complex faces the Vistula (Wisła) river in order to create an attractive panorama of Zabłocie, which can be seen from the opposite riverbank; this constitutes an important element of the formation of spatial order. Concept of land development takes into account the existing vistas on a local and urban scale. Study area was developed with the preservation of its unique, on a European scale, character, in the form of a commonly accessible waterfront space called the Vistula Boulevards (Bulwary Wi´slane).

4.5. Spatial and Functional Solutions Thanks to its new building development, a post-industrial character of Zabłocie area is being transformed into a fashionable place for living and spending free time. The residents of the apartment buildings will also co-form and co-use this local centre. The figure below shows a diagram of the formation of the body of the designed multifunctional complex (Figure 23). The ground floor of the designed complex houses rooms and facilities enabling community integration (Item a, Figure 24, orange colour), including activities such as: craftwork, organisation of presentations and training sessions, after school activities for children. The design provides for a large multifunctional room. The ground floor area also includes: two entrance zones to the office part (Item a, Figure 24, blue colour), the hotel part (Item a, Figure 24, green colour), an aperitif-bar and restaurant with cooking facilities, and the space of the museum exhibitions with the entrance zone (Item a, Figure 24, yellow colour). Buildings 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 23 of 28

Figure 22. Designed land development, including the multifunctional complex and nearby objects, own elaboration (elaborated by E. Latusek).

(a) (b) (c) (d)

FigureFigure 23. 23.Diagram Diagram of of the the building building body body formation: formation: (a )(a Adjustment) Adjustment of of the the object object to to the the building building plot plot afterafter the the delineation delineation of new of roads;new roads; (b) Division (b) Division of the complex of the complex into museum, into hotelmuseum, and ohotelﬃce functions;and office (c)functions; Structural ( isolationc) Structural of the isolation ‘wedge’ of with the circulation ‘wedge’ with and bigcirculation groups ofand greenery; big groups (d) Application of greenery; of a(d) ﬂatApplication roof and a spatialof a flat cover roof and reminding a spatial of cover an aircraft remindin wingg of (elaborated an aircraft by wing E. Latusek). (elaborated by E. Latusek). Buildings 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 24 of 28 The ground floor of the designed complex houses rooms and facilities enabling community integration (Item a, Figure 24, orange colour), including activities such as: craftwork, organisation of presentations and training sessions, after school activities for children. The design provides for a large multifunctional room. The ground floor area also includes: two entrance zones to the office part (Item a, Figure 24, blue colour), the hotel part (Item a, Figure 24, green colour), an aperitif-bar and restaurant with cooking facilities, and the space of the museum exhibitions with the entrance zone (Item a, Figure 24, yellow colour).

Figure 24.24.Functional Functional diagram diagram of theof designedthe designed multifunctional multifunctional complex: complex: (a) ground (a) ﬂoor;ground (b) repeatablefloor; (b) storeysrepeatable+1, storeys+2; (c) storey+1, +2;+ (c3) (elaboratedstorey +3 (elaborated by E. Latusek). by E. Latusek).

Storeys ++1,1, +2+2 and and +3+3 were were designed designed in in accordance accordance with with the the division division into into three chief functions: ooffice,ffice, hotelhotel andand museum.museum. The last floorfloor was supplementedsupplemented with the spacespace dedicateddedicated to biologicalbiological renewal andand bodybuildingbodybuilding toto meetmeet thethe requirementsrequirements ofof thethe four-starfour-star hotel.hotel. TheThe above-mentionedabove-mentioned functions areare connectedconnected by by means means of of a structurallya structurally isolated isolated “wedge” “wedge” with with big big clusters clusters of greenery of greenery and circulation.and circulation. The The roof roof reminds reminds of an of aircraft an aircraft wing. wi Itng. has It openingshas openings providing providing natural natural lighting lighting to the to single-spacethe single-space “wedge” “wedge” and and the roomsthe rooms on lower on lower storeys. storeys. The The main main emphasis, emphasis, however, however, was was put put on theon properthe proper design design of the of museum the museum space. space. In its central In its partcentral there part is spacethere foris aspace large for exhibit–the a large exhibit–the replica of a Liberatorreplica of aircraft.a Liberator There aircraft. are also There exhibition are also rooms exhibition connected rooms with connected the local with history. the local history. 4.6. Comparative Analysis with the Existing European Examples of Development–Regeneration of Degraded Riverside4.6. Comparative Areas Analysis with the Existing European Examples of Development–Regeneration of Degraded Riverside Areas To undertake a discussion with the existing examples of riverside development, an analysis of severalTo undertake projects a was discussion attempted, with such the existing as Paris exam Riveples Gauche, of riverside Oslo Fjord develo Citypment, & Akerselva an analysis River, of Refshaleoenseveral projects in Copenhagen. was attempted, The such above-mentioned as Paris Rive areas Gauche, considerably Oslo Fjord diff Cityer in & their Akerselva scale from River, the studyRefshaleoen area discussed in Copenhagen. herein; however, The above-mentioned they introduce areas similar considerably functional anddiffer spatial in their solutions. scale from the study area discussed herein; however, they introduce similar functional and spatial solutions. • Paris Rive Gauche Paris Rive Gauche constitutes the new 13th municipal district of Paris located south of the river Seine. The area is an example of a high-quality urban-development space (including 10 hectares of green areas) and the integration with sustainable transport. The vicinity of Austerlitz Nord contributed to the construction of a series of office buildings with shops and catering establishments on their ground floors in order to meet needs of the local community for the creation of a local centre. Similarly in Kraków-Zabłocie, there is a railway station adjacent to the study area. The analyses conducted showed that there is also a need for the creation of an active local centre. Therefore, it was proposed that the coworking office centres should be built there (as a type of space most often used by freelancers), including a museum, a culture zone for the inhabitants and a hotel with conference and catering facilities. Also, similarly to Cracow (Kraków), the development of Austerlitz Nord takes advantage of the difference in the terrain altitude (~9 m) using it for the passages for pedestrians from alleys to the waterfront. In the design of the Vistula Riverside development, a pedestrian and cycling footbridge (in a north–south direction) is planned over a heavy traffic artery located in a terrain depression. The footbridge is to facilitate traffic and circulation between the designed multifunctional centre and the riverside boulevard. The National Library in the district Paris Rive Gauche is located in a similar urban-development context to the designed multifunctional complex in Kraków-Zabłocie. A massive body of the library is separated from the river by municipal infrastructure and a row of high trees. On the other hand, in Buildings 2020, 10, 56 24 of 27

4.6.1. Paris Rive Gauche Paris Rive Gauche constitutes the new 13th municipal district of Paris located south of the river Seine. The area is an example of a high-quality urban-development space (including 10 hectares of green areas) and the integration with sustainable transport. The vicinity of Austerlitz Nord contributed to the construction of a series of office buildings with shops and catering establishments on their ground floors in order to meet needs of the local community for the creation of a local centre. Similarly in Kraków-Zabłocie, there is a railway station adjacent to the study area. The analyses conducted showed that there is also a need for the creation of an active local centre. Therefore, it was proposed that the coworking office centres should be built there (as a type of space most often used by freelancers), including a museum, a culture zone for the inhabitants and a hotel with conference and catering facilities. Also, similarly to Cracow (Kraków), the development of Austerlitz Nord takes advantage of the difference in the terrain altitude (~9 m) using it for the passages for pedestrians from alleys to the waterfront. In the design of the Vistula Riverside development, a pedestrian and cycling footbridge (in a north–south direction) is planned over a heavy traffic artery located in a terrain depression. The footbridge is to facilitate traffic and circulation between the designed multifunctional centre and the riverside boulevard. The National Library in the district Paris Rive Gauche is located in a similar urban-development context to the designed multifunctional complex in Kraków-Zabłocie. A massive body of the library is separated from the river by municipal infrastructure and a row of high trees. On the other hand, in Kraków-Zabłocie, due to the development of the terrain and introduction of changes in the road and pedestrian infrastructure, the safety of free circulation was improved between the designed building and vast green areas on the Vistula (Wisła) waterfront. Thanks to that, the space in front of the multifunctional complex freely blends with the riverside boulevard.

4.6.2. Oslo Fjord City & Akerselva River Oslo Fjord City is one of the most interesting concepts of regeneration and creation of space of urban areas in the riverside part of Oslo downtown. Former harbour space was converted into the “salon” of the city with residential buildings interwoven with commercial objects. The area of Kraków-Zabłocie is undergoing similar transformations. Significant historic post-industrial sites were built with new residential and public utility objects resulting in the gradual increase in the number of users and inhabitants of this area in recent years. The example of Oslo is important due to the way of merging public buildings with the waterfront. The central point is the Opera House—the largest building devoted to culture that has been built in Norway over the span of 700 years. This is a building whose roof was made available to users. It plays a function of a viewpoint and constitutes an integral part of the public space areas. The designed multifunctional complex in Cracow is supposed to play a similar role. Having conducted historical analyses, it was noticed that there was a need for the creation of an architectural dominant in the form of a multifunctional complex (including a museum, local centre, hotel and offices). The museum commemorating the catastrophe of a Liberator aircraft and the history of the Allied Forces Pilots is to serve the local community for the promotion of significant events connected with the history of Kraków-Zabłocie. Moreover, a multifunctional centre located in the area of the meeting point of three central districts of Cracow (Old Town, Grzegórzki, Podgórze) may be a magnet drawing new users to the southern district of Cracow (Kraków). Another solution having similar features to the one applied in Kraków-Zabłocie is the development of the waterfront of the river Akerselva, which flows entirely within the boundaries of the city of Oslo. Upon this river, meandering through the municipal park areas, there is an object proving an interesting transformation of a degraded post-industrial silo into a students’ residence hall. This exceptional building became the landmark of the city of Oslo and was awarded a prize in 2002. This shows how important it is for the space users to preserve characteristic features of the place. Similarly to the Buildings 2020, 10, 56 25 of 27

Akerselva riverside, the Vistula (Wisła) riverfront witnesses architectural and urban planning changes. Historic housing development of the Podgórze district is being subjected to gradual regeneration: a museum was created in the former Oskar Schindler’s Enamel Factory, the MOCAK museum was constructed, post-industrial objects were transformed into a students’ residence hall ‘Livinn Kraków’ and an oﬃce centre, the area of the former railway station was transformed into a park ‘Park Stacja Wisła’. The study area encompasses objects under conservation policy, i.e., a restaurant ‘Zabłocie 130 and an independent culture and community centre ‘Warsztat’ (Workshop), which are included in the context of the new development as representing historic and social values.

4.6.3. Refshaleoen in Copenhagen Refshaleoen is a flourishing place where its users may spend leisure time in an attractive way. Once degraded, the warehouses and space remaining after historic shipyard Burmeister & Wain are nowadays filled with private business which has brought in fresh commercial energy and serves the local community. This new fashionable district of Copenhagen is located just 15 min away by bicycle from the city centre. The example of the thriving island of Refshaleoen confirms that areas located in some distance from the city centre may be sufficiently attractive to appeal to many users. A similar distance must be covered to reach the area of Zabłocie from the centre of Cracow. The proposed concept of the Vistula riverside development aims to introduce solutions which will regenerate the degraded areas in terms of economic, social and pro-ecological issues.

5. Conclusions In many European cities there is a noticeable trend to build compact multifunctional complexes and public buildings in degraded areas. Not only does this help to save costs and urban space, but also enables mixing of functions and the community of users. As it turns out, local urban centres may be created not only in open public space but also in the form of ‘city salons’ within the structure of objects. Multifunctionality makes it possible to mix diﬀerent groups of users having various needs and interests, as for instance in the Lucerne Culture and Convention Centre KKL or the Oslo Opera House. Attractiveness of the regenerated spaces is increased by objects having characteristic appearance. Similarly to the case of converting a silo into a students’ residence hall in Oslo, in the study area in Kraków-Zabłocie, the buildings under conservation policy (Restaurant ‘Zabłocie 130 as well as Culture and Community Centre ‘Warsztat’–‘Workshop’) were included as historically valuable objects in the context of the development. The concept of the development of Podolski Boulevard (Bulwar Podolski) in Kraków-Zabłocie and turning it into a multifunctional complex meets the needs of the local community and enables further development of tourism, which is so important to Cracow. The analysis of the diversiﬁed design and social issues related to the study area aimed at the creation of an interesting programme as well as attractive functional and spatial solutions. In addition, historic events connected with the study area made it possible to assign a special character to this place. The concept of the development of the Vistula (Wisła) riverside including the design of a multifunctional complex having pro-social, museum, hotel and coworking functions resulted from the conducted holistic research. This made it possible to achieve expected results in compliance with vital urban planning documents for this area and the idea of sustainable development in terms of ecological, economic and social aspects.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, B.M.-P.; Data curation, E.L. and B.M.-P.; Formal analysis, B.M.-P.; Funding acquisition, E.L. and B.M.-P.; Investigation, E.L.; Methodology, E.L.; Project administration, E.L.; Resources, E.L.; Software, E.L.; Supervision, B.M.-P.; Validation, B.M.-P.; Visualization, E.L.; Writing—original draft, E.L.; Writing—review & editing, B.M.-P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Conﬂicts of Interest: The authors declare no conﬂicts of interest. Buildings 2020, 10, 56 26 of 27

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