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Anti-Semitism: a History
ANTI-SEMITISM: A HISTORY 1 www.counterextremism.com | @FightExtremism ANTI-SEMITISM: A HISTORY Key Points Historic anti-Semitism has primarily been a response to exaggerated fears of Jewish power and influence manipulating key events. Anti-Semitic passages and decrees in early Christianity and Islam informed centuries of Jewish persecution. Historic professional, societal, and political restrictions on Jews helped give rise to some of the most enduring conspiracies about Jewish influence. 2 Table of Contents Religion and Anti-Semitism .................................................................................................... 5 The Origins and Inspirations of Christian Anti-Semitism ................................................. 6 The Origins and Inspirations of Islamic Anti-Semitism .................................................. 11 Anti-Semitism Throughout History ...................................................................................... 17 First Century through Eleventh Century: Rome and the Rise of Christianity ................. 18 Sixth Century through Eighth Century: The Khazars and the Birth of an Enduring Conspiracy Theory AttacKing Jewish Identity ................................................................. 19 Tenth Century through Twelfth Century: Continued Conquests and the Crusades ...... 20 Twelfth Century: Proliferation of the Blood Libel, Increasing Restrictions, the Talmud on Trial .............................................................................................................................. -
Americans and the Holocaust Teacher Guide Interpreting News of World Events 1933–1938
AMERICANS AND THE HOLOCAUST TEACHER GUIDE INTERPRETING NEWS OF WORLD EVENTS 1933–1938 ushmm.org/americans AMERICANS AND THE HOLOCAUST INTERPRETING NEWS OF WORLD EVENTS 1933–1938 OVERVIEW By examining news coverage around three key events related to the early warning signs of the Holocaust, students will learn that information about the Nazi persecution of European Jews was available to the public. They will also consider the question of what other issues or events were competing for Americans’ attention and concern at the same time. Despite the many issues that were on their minds during the period 1933–1938, some Americans took actions to help persecuted Jews abroad, with varying degrees of effectiveness. This lesson explores the following questions: n How did Americans learn about the Nazi persecution of Jews in Europe in the context of other international, national, and local news stories? How did they make sense of these events? HISTORY KEY QUESTIONS EXPLORED 1. What information about the Nazi persecution of Jews was being reported in the news media throughout the United States? 2. What else was being covered in the news and competing for the public’s attention during this period? 3. How did Americans respond to this knowledge? What impact did these actions have? 4. How might competing issues have influenced the willingness of the American public to respond to the early persecution of Jews in Europe? HISTORY LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Students will learn that information about the persecution of European Jews was available in newspapers throughout the United States. 2. Students will understand that competing concerns influenced the willingness of the American people to respond to this persecution. -
A Concept of the Development of Riverside Embankment in the Context of Cracow (A Local Centre)
buildings Article A Concept of the Development of Riverside Embankment in the Context of Cracow (A Local Centre) Beata Majerska-Pałubicka and El˙zbietaLatusek * Faculty of Architecture, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 7, 44—100 Gliwice, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-608-035-396 Received: 27 December 2019; Accepted: 4 March 2020; Published: 13 March 2020 Abstract: The subject of this article is the presentation of site conditions and the authors’ concept of the development of the degraded riverside area located in the city of Cracow-Kraków Zabłocie. The concept transforms the above-named area into a multifunctional complex including museum, coworking, business and hotel functions. The area subject to development borders three important districts of Cracow: Old Town (Stare Miasto), Grzegórzki and Podgórze on the bank of the Vistula (Wisła) river. In the land development and urban planning documents of the city of Cracow this area has been marked as the public space which is to become a local focal point or a local centre. The main objective of this work was to find answers to the posed research questions concerning the historic context, formal and legal state, significance for the community as well as economic and ecological implications of the area to be developed. The main purpose was to properly develop the degraded riverside embankment in the downtown environment. The research method was based on own mixed method which encompassed the studies of historical literature and the legal–formal status as well as in situ examinations, including the analyses of the condition of the built and natural environment, traffic and circulation as well as photographic documentation. -
SS-Totenkopfverbände from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (Redirected from SS-Totenkopfverbande)
Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history SS-Totenkopfverbände From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from SS-Totenkopfverbande) Navigation Not to be confused with 3rd SS Division Totenkopf, the Waffen-SS fighting unit. Main page This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason Contents has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (December 2010) Featured content Current events This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding Random article citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010) Donate to Wikipedia [2] SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV), rendered in English as "Death's-Head Units" (literally SS-TV meaning "Skull Units"), was the SS organization responsible for administering the Nazi SS-Totenkopfverbände Interaction concentration camps for the Third Reich. Help The SS-TV was an independent unit within the SS with its own ranks and command About Wikipedia structure. It ran the camps throughout Germany, such as Dachau, Bergen-Belsen and Community portal Buchenwald; in Nazi-occupied Europe, it ran Auschwitz in German occupied Poland and Recent changes Mauthausen in Austria as well as numerous other concentration and death camps. The Contact Wikipedia death camps' primary function was genocide and included Treblinka, Bełżec extermination camp and Sobibor. It was responsible for facilitating what was called the Final Solution, Totenkopf (Death's head) collar insignia, 13th Standarte known since as the Holocaust, in collaboration with the Reich Main Security Office[3] and the Toolbox of the SS-Totenkopfverbände SS Economic and Administrative Main Office or WVHA. -
British-Humanitarian
saved from certain death. But he would never Five years after being made an MBE for his forget the 250 young people on the last train charity work, his life-saving Kindertransport scheduled to leave Prague on 1 September 1939, work of 1939 was finally revealed in 1988, when swallowed by darkness after Germany invaded the scrapbook recording his pre-war experiences Poland and closed all the borders. came to light and his remarkable story was Winton was born Nicholas Wertheim – the reported on British television. family name was changed in 1938 – in London, Knighted in 2003, Sir Nicholas eschewed the second child of a businessman. His father’s publicity. “I just saw what was going on,” Bavarian Jewish parents had settled in Britain he said, “and did what I could to help.” in the 1860s, while his Nuremberg-born mother had arrived in England in 1907. Winton and his sister were baptised in the Church of England – though in his late twenties he became an Winton at Prague Railway Nicholas Winton with Hansi Beck, one of agnostic – and he was educated at Stowe School. Station in March 1998. the children he helped to rescue. In late December 1938, Nicholas Winton, a young stockbroker, received a telephone call from a friend in Prague who had volunteered to help with the influx of refugees fleeing the Czech Sudetenland, after the Nazi invasion. After travelling to the city to offer his assistance, Winton became heavily involved in the aid operation, where he conceived the idea of moving endangered children to the UK. -
National Life Story Collection - the Living Memory of the Jewish Community
LIVING MEMORY OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY NICHOLAS WINTON, O.B.E. Interviewed by Milenka Jackson C410/094/01-03 IN PARTNERSHIP WITH IMPORTANT Every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of this transcript, however no transcript is an exact translation of the spoken word, and this document is intended to be a guide to the original recording, not replace it. Should you find any errors please inform the Oral History curators. This transcript is copyright of the British Library. Please refer to the oral history section at the British Library prior to any publication or broadcast from this document. Oral History British Library Sound Archive 96 Euston Road NW1 2DB 020 7412 7404 [email protected] F832 - Side A This is the life story of Nicholas Winton, in the National Life Story Collection - The Living Memory of the Jewish Community. The date is l4th August, l99O, and Milenka Jackson is the interviewer. Mr. Winton, do you mind telling me about when you were born, and about your family? I was born on l9th May, l9O9, in Hampstead, London. My mother, at that time, must have been l9. She married my father when she was l7, and I was the second child. She, herself, was born in Nürnburg and her name was Wertheimer. She was, in fact, the first girl in Germany to pass the Abitur when that exam became available to ladies. My mother then was Wertheimer, and my father was Wertheim, and he was born, in fact, in Moscow, when his father, as a German, was American Consul to Moscow, which sounds very complicated, but that's as it was. -
Mauthausen-Gusen Concentration Camp System Varies Considerably from Source to Source
Mauthausen-Gusen concentrationCoordinates: 48°15camp′32″N 14°30′04″E From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mauthausen Concentration Camp (known from the summer of 1940 as Mauthausen- Gusen Concentration Camp) grew to become a large group of Nazi concentration camps that was built around the villages of Mauthausen and Gusen in Upper Austria, roughly 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of the city of Linz. Initially a single camp at Mauthausen, it expanded over time to become one of the The Mauthausen parade ground – a view largest labour camp complexes in German- towards the main gate controlled Europe.[1][2] Apart from the four main sub-camps at Mauthausen and nearby Gusen, more than 50 sub-camps, located throughout Austria and southern Germany, used the inmates as slave labour. Several subordinate camps of the KZ Mauthausen complex included quarries, munitions factories, mines, arms factories and Me 262 fighter-plane assembly plants.[3] In January 1945, the camps, directed from the central office in Mauthausen, contained roughly 85,000 inmates.[4] The death toll remains unknown, although most sources place it between 122,766 and 320,000 for the entire complex. The camps formed one of the first massive concentration camp complexes in Nazi Germany, and were the last ones to be liberated by the Western Allies or the Soviet Union. The two main camps, Mauthausen and Gusen I, were also the only two camps in the whole of Europe to be labelled as "Grade III" camps, which meant that they were intended to be the toughest camps for the "Incorrigible Political -
Nazi Concentration Camp Guard Service Equals "Good Moral Character"?: United States V
American University International Law Review Volume 12 | Issue 1 Article 3 1997 Nazi Concentration Camp Guard Service Equals "Good Moral Character"?: United States v. Lindert K. Lesli Ligomer Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Ligorner, K. Lesli. "Nazi Concentration Camp Guard Service Equals "Good Moral Character"?: United States v. Lindert." American University International Law Review 12, no. 1 (1997): 145-193. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMP GUARD SERVICE EQUALS "GOODMORAL CHARACTER"?: UNITED STATES V. LINDERT By K Lesli Ligorner Fetching the newspaper from your porch, you look up and wave at your elderly neighbor across the street. This quiet man emigrated to the United States from Europe in the 1950s. Upon scanning the newspaper, you discover his picture on the front page and a story revealing that he guarded a notorious Nazi concen- tration camp. How would you react if you knew that this neighbor became a natu- ralized citizen in 1962 and that naturalization requires "good moral character"? The systematic persecution and destruction of innocent peoples from 1933 until 1945 remains a dark chapter in the annals of twentieth century history. Though the War Crimes Trials at Nilnberg' occurred over fifty years ago, the search for those who participated in Nazi-sponsored persecution has not ended. -
Refugees and Relief: the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and European Jews in Cuba and Shanghai 1938-1943
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2015 Refugees And Relief: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee And European Jews In Cuba And Shanghai 1938-1943 Zhava Litvac Glaser Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/561 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] REFUGEES AND RELIEF: THE AMERICAN JEWISH JOINT DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE AND EUROPEAN JEWS IN CUBA AND SHANGHAI 1938-1943 by ZHAVA LITVAC GLASER A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in History in partial fulfillment of the reQuirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2015 ii © 2015 ZHAVA LITVAC GLASER All Rights Reserved iii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in History in satisfaction of the dissertation reQuirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dagmar Herzog ________________________ _________________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee Prof. Helena Rosenblatt ________________________ _________________________________________ Date Executive Officer Prof. Jane S. Gerber Prof. Atina Grossmann Prof. Benjamin C. Hett Prof. Robert M. Seltzer Supervisory Committee The City University of -
A Historical Guide to the German Camp in Płaszów 1942–1945
a historical guide to the german camp in płaszów 1942 płaszów in camp german the to guide historical a Ryszard Kotarba A HISTORICAL GUIDE TO THE GERMAN CAMP in płaszów 1942–1945 A map with a visiting route inside – 1945 Ryszard Kotarba A HISTORICAL GUIDE TO THE GERMAN CAMP in płaszów 1942–1945 © Copyright by Institute of National Remembrance – Commission of the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation, 2014 REVIEVER dr Joanna Lubecka EDITING Rafał Dyrcz TRANSLATION AND PROOFS Kamil Budziarz, Language Link Dorota Plutecka, Language Link PROOFREADING Tytus Ferenc GRAPHIC DESIGN, TYPESETTING AND PRINT Studio Actiff / www.actiff.pl Photos from the collection of the Institute of National Remembrance (1-6, 10, 12-15, 17-27, 29, 31-37, 42-43, 45-46, 48, 52, 55-57, 59), the National Archives in Kraków (7, 9, 11, 16) and Ryszard Kotarba (8, 28, 30, 38-41, 44, 47, 49-51, 53-54, 58). Photo on the cover from the collection of the Institute of National Remembrance. ISBN 978-83-932380-8-8 Foreword In 1939, the Republic of Poland was attacked by Germany (supported by Slovakia) and the Soviet Union. Although France and the UK declared war on Germany, they did not pursue any activities to provide their Polish ally with any real assistance. Despite its total defeat and its entire territory being occupied, Poland did not surrender. Escaping to France and then to the UK, the authorities of the Republic of Poland demonstrated legalism and maintained the continuity of the Polish state. Poland as a state continued to be an actor of international law, and within the Allied bloc, it was the legal representative of all the citizens of the Republic of Poland – regardless of their nationality, religion or political views. -
Spaces of Killing Using National Research to Inform Your Classroom Practice
CENTRE FOR HOLOCAUST EDUCATION The entrance sign to Treblinka. Credit: Yad Vashem Spaces of killing Using national research to inform your classroom practice. Highlights from our research report ‘What do students know and understand about Research the Holocaust?’ Evidence from English secondary schools (Foster et al, 2016) briefing 4 Free to download at www.holocausteducation.org.uk/research If students are to understand the significance of the Holocaust and the full enormity of its scope and scale, they need to appreciate that it was a continent-wide genocide. Why does this matter? The perpetrators ultimately sought to kill every Jew, everywhere they could reach them with victims Knowledge of the ‘spaces of killing’ is crucial to an understanding of the uprooted from communities across Europe. It is therefore crucial to know about the geography of the Holocaust. If students do not appreciate the scale of the killings outside of Holocaust relating to the development of the concentration camp system; the location, role and purpose Germany and particularly the East, then it is impossible to grasp the devastation of the ghettos; where and when Nazi killing squads committed mass shootings; and the evolution of the of Jewish communities in Europe or the destruction of diverse and vibrant death camps. cultures that had developed over centuries. This briefing, the fourth in our series, explores students’ knowledge and understanding of these key Entire communities lost issues, drawing on survey research and focus group interviews with more than 8,000 11 to 18 year olds. Thousands of small towns and villages in Poland, Ukraine, Crimea, the Baltic states and Russia, which had a majority Jewish population before the war, are now home to not a single Jewish person. -
As a Young Man, He Saved 669 Children from the Nazis
As a young man, he saved 669 children from the Nazis. The world has lost one of its most inspiring men with the death of 106-year-old Sir Nicholas Winton. At the outbreak of World War Two, his efforts saved 669 children — most of them Jewish — from the Nazis. But Sir Nick is just as famous for what he did after the war; or, rather, what he didn’t do. He was born in England in 1909 to two recently emigrated German Jews. His family changed their last name from Wertheim to Winton, and converted from Judaism to Christianity. Nicholas Winton became a champion fencer, worked as a stockbroker, and was active in left- wing politics. While preparing to go on a ski vacation with a friend at the end of 1938, the two decided instead to go to Prague, which was the capital of Czechoslovakia, and is now the capi- tal of the Czech Republic. Winton and his friend found Prague in chaos, especially among the city’s large Jewish population. At the time, Nazi Germany was slowly moving across Czecho- slovakia, and there were no efforts to save Jewish children. So Winton took on the job himself. Working out of his hotel in Prague, he took down the names of thousands of children, and found people who could help smuggle them onto trains out of Czechoslovakia. Winton then went back to London and lobbied Europe’s governments to find places for all of them. Only England and Sweden agreed to take them in. During 1939, his contacts in Prague were able to get eight trainloads of children — a total of 669 in all — to foster families in London.