DOCSLIB.ORG

Communicable Disease Control

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Communicable Disease Control School Health Services Guide: Communicable Disease, Control of Revised: May 2014 I-9 Communicable Disease Control A communicable disease is any illness or disorder transmitted from a person or an animal to another person directly by contact with excreta or discharges from the body, or directly by substances or inanimate objects. Many communicable diseases are present at any given time whenever children are in close proximity of each other, as in schools. Students in close contact with each other should be observed routinely for signs and symptoms of communicable diseases. When a suspected communicable disease is observed, that student should be referred to the school nurse for assessment. After assessment, notification should be made to the student’s primary provider, the teacher, and the principal if the illness is a suspected reportable communicable disease. As part of a preventative health program, the primary provider and the teacher should be given exclusion and re-admittance parameters. Periodic information from the school to parents/community regarding the signs and symptoms, treatment, and exclusion and re- admittance criteria for the more common “childhood” communicable diseases will help to foster the home-school partnership bond and alleviate fears and uncertainties within the community. The school nurse should coordinate with the local medical treatment facility regarding reportable communicable diseases, signs and symptoms, treatment, and parameters for re-admittance to school. At all times the privacy of the student and his or her family should be of the utmost importance. Faculty and staff may need to be reminded that this information is confidential and is being shared with them on a need-to-know basis. 1 School Health Services Guide: Communicable Disease, Control of Revised: May 2014 I-9 COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CHART DISEASE INCUBATION CONTAGIOUS SYMPTOMS CONTACTS ROUTE OF TREATMENT REFERENCE PERIOD PERIOD INFECTION Chicken pox Average 14–16 Day before to Slight fever and Observe for Airborne Exclude at least 5 See CDC: (Varicella zoster days for new about 6 days after eruptions eruptions during respiratory, i.e. to 7 days or until http://www.cdc.g virus) exposures. lesions appear. progress from incubation directly from all pustules are ov/chickenpox/ab May be prolonged red bumps to period. person to person dry, longer for out/ in altered small blisters and through immuno- immunity. pustules to discharges of compromised crusts. All forms nose and throat. persons. Exclude of rash may be immuno- seen at the same suppressed time. children who are non-vaccinated with negative history during outbreaks. Chlamydia If symptoms Untreated sexual “Silent disease”— Sexual contacts. Sexually Treat with antibiotics. See CDC (Chlamydia occur, they partner transmits 75% of women and transmitted If untreated, causes http://www.cdc.g 50% of men have no severe reproductive Trachomatis) usually appear the bacteria during symptoms. Most (acquired) and other health ov/std/chlamydia/ within 1–3 weeks vaginal, anal, or infected people are bacterial problems including stdfact- of exposure. oral sex. not aware of their infection. pelvic inflammatory chlamydia.htm Highly contagious, infection. disease (PID). Critical Untreated men may link to infertility and immediate have urethral tubal pregnancy. May infection. infection and swollen also cause adverse and tender testicles. outcomes of Women may have pregnancy (neonatal vaginal discharge or conjunctivitis and burning sensation pneumonia). with urination. With infection spread there may be pain, nausea, and bleeding. Permanent and irreversible damage can occur. Screening yields definitive diagnosis. 2 School Health Services Guide: Communicable Disease, Control of Revised: May 2014 I-9 DISEASE INCUBATION CONTAGIOUS SYMPTOMS CONTACTS ROUTE OF TREATMENT REFERENCE PERIOD PERIOD INFECTION Conjunctivitis, 24–72 hours. Until discharges Redness of sclera Observe for Contact with eye Exclude until See CDC: Bacterial/viral and symptoms with tearing and symptoms. discharges and completion of 24- http://www.cdc.g (Pink eye) have cleared. irritation, swelling articles soiled hr. effective ov/conjunctivitis/ of lid, sensitivity with discharge. treatment with about/symptoms. to light, and thick Contagious, but ophthalmic html purulent transmitted less solution, until discharge with easily than viral discharge and crusting during form. signs of infection sleep. Itchiness have cleared. may be present. Hand washing. Fifth Disease 1–2 weeks. Most contagious Fever, malaise, Watch those Droplets of Exclude until See CDC: (Erythema just before onset headache, most likely to respiratory fever free for 24 http://www.cdc.g Infectiosum) of fever, gradually “Slapped-face” have secretions or hours. ov/parvovirusB19 declining during erythema of complications. secondarily by Emphasize /index.html the following cheeks, lace-like Persons with hands. importance of week, and low to rash on arms, anemia or hand washing. absent by the time trunk, chest, immuno- Concern for the rash appears. thighs, deficiencies and immuno- Disease often extremities. non-immune suppressed occurs in late Rash may recur pregnant women persons. winter and spring, 1–3 weeks or may choose to Pregnant women so Dx may be longer if exposed avoid exposure who become suspected in pre- to sunlight or to contacts. infected in the rash infective heat; arthritis They should be first 4–5 months stage if it has may be a advised to are at risk for occurred in other complication. consult with their spontaneous family members. Fifth disease may physician. abortion. Advise These children be sub clinical. pregnant staff to should not be in consult their school. doctor. 3 School Health Services Guide: Communicable Disease, Control of Revised: May 2014 I-9 DISEASE INCUBATION CONTAGIOUS SYMPTOMS CONTACTS ROUTE OF TREATMENT REFERENCE PERIOD PERIOD INFECTION Hand/Foot/ Usually 3 – 5 Most contagious Usually starts Observe for An infected There is no See CDC: Mouth Disease days post during the first with a fever, poor symptoms. person may specific treatment http://www.cdc.g (HFMD) exposure. week of illness. appetite, malaise, Exclude those spread the for hand, foot ov/hand-foot- (Coxsackievirus People can and sore throat. with fever, sore viruses that cause and mouth mouth/index.html A16 or sometimes be One or 2 days throat and hand, foot, and disease. Enterovirus 71) contagious for after fever starts, blisters. Stress mouth disease However, some days or weeks painful sores good hand through: things can be after symptoms go usually develop in washing. done to relieve close away. Some the mouth symptoms, such personal people, especially (herpangina). as: contact, adults, who get They begin as Taking over- infected with the small red spots the air the-counter viruses that cause that blister and (through medications hand, foot, and that often coughing or to relieve mouth disease become ulcers. sneezing), pain and may not develop The sores are contact with fever any symptoms. often in the back feces, (Caution: However, they of the mouth. A Aspirin may still be skin rash contaminated should not be contagious. This develops over 1 objects and given to is why people to 2 days. The surfaces children.) should always try rash has flat or to maintain good raised red spots, Using hygiene (e.g. hand sometimes with mouthwashes washing) so they blisters. The or sprays that can minimize their rash is usually on numb mouth chance of the palms of the pain spreading or hands and soles getting infections. of the feet; it may also appear on the knees, elbows, buttocks or genital area. 4 School Health Services Guide: Communicable Disease, Control of Revised: May 2014 I-9 DISEASE INCUBATION CONTAGIOUS SYMPTOMS CONTACTS ROUTE OF TREATMENT REFERENCE PERIOD PERIOD INFECTION Head Lice The louse cycle: Contagion remains Lice don’t carry Observe for Direct contact Personal treatment: See CDC: (Pediculosis Eggs (nits) hatch possible as long as disease, but a presence of nits with infected non- prescription lice http://www.cdc.g capitis) in 7–10 days; the louse or nits are sensitivity or or lice. Treat person, linens, shampoos and ov/parasites/lice/ generic equivalents female is able to present on allergic reaction household and brushes, hats, kill lice but not all head/ lay eggs 10 days infected persons. to the saliva of personal and scarves. nits. They must be later and has a Repeat the louse’s biting contacts if Head-to-head used as directed on life span of 30 shampooing is the scalp causes findings positive. contact - fabric dry hair, not days. Adults can essential to control itching. Screening of items may be previously conditioned. Re- survive 1–2 days newly hatched Scratching the whole considered direct shampooing in 7–10 off a human host. nymphs. scalp can result classrooms is no contact. Non- days is necessary to Both the nymphs in secondary skin longer practiced. fabric items are kill newly hatched and adult lice feed infection and However, a low risk, such as nymphs. on human blood. enlarged lymph notice to the headphones, solid Environmental nodes. Newly whole school to helmets, and vinyl treatment: Hot laundry (130˚ F for laid nits are remind parents headrests. at least 5 minutes) located on the These should be and dryer for bed hair shaft at the cleaned for linen, night clothes, scalp. Nits 3–4 general hygiene. washable head mm from the wear, helmet liners, scalp are etc. Dry cleaning or storage in a bag for considered non- 2 weeks for un- viable. Nits and washable items. Hot egg casings may water (130˚ F) stay on the hair soaking of combs shaft as it grows. and brushes. Fumigation or The presence of insecticide sprays nits alone is not are not advised; indicative of a vacuuming is live infestation. sufficient. Educate Nits do not need families to treat to be removed promptly so the infected child can for school return to school the attendance. same day, no later than the next day. 5 School Health Services Guide: Communicable Disease, Control of Revised: May 2014 I-9 DISEASE INCUBATION CONTAGIOUS SYMPTOMS CONTACTS ROUTE OF TREATMENT REFERENCE PERIOD PERIOD INFECTION Hepatitis A=2–6 weeks.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Picture of the Month
    SPECIAL FEATURE SECTION EDITOR: WALTER W. TUNNESSEN, JR, MD Picture of the Month Kevin A. Slavin, MD; Ilona J. Frieden, MD 15-MONTH-OLD child had a 4-day history of fever and a 1-day history of a rash. On physical examination she was irritable and had a temperature of 38.3°C. Scattered vesicles were present on her thumb and Afifth toe (Figure 1), erythematous papules and a few vesicles were present over her perineum (Figure 2), and a few superficially eroded papules were evident on her lips (Figure 3). The lesions were gone 3 days later, but a playmate presented with early findings of a similar ex- anthem. From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (Dr Slavin) and the Department of Pediatrics and Dermatology (Dr Frieden), University of California, San Francisco School of Figure 2. Medicine. Figure 1. Figure 3. ARCH PEDIATR ADOLESC MED/ VOL 152, MAY 1998 505 ©1998 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/28/2021 Denouement and Discussion Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease Figure 1. Vesicles are present on the thumb and fifth toe. foot-and-mouth disease).1,2,5-9 The lesions on the but- tocks are of the same size and typical of the early forms Figure 2. Multiple erythematous papules and a few scattered vesicles are of the exanthem, but they are not frequently vesicular present over the perineum. in nature. Lesions involving the perineum seem to be more Figure 3. Superficially eroded papules are present on the lips. common in children who wear diapers, suggesting that friction or minor trauma may play a role in the develop- ment of lesions.
    [Show full text]
  • Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (Coxsackievirus) Fact Sheet
    Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (Coxsackievirus) Fact Sheet Hand, foot, and mouth disease is caused by one of several types of viruses Hand, foot, and mouth disease is usually characterized by tiny blisters on the inside of the mouth and the palms of the hands, fingers, soles of the feet. It is commonly caused by coxsackievirus A16 (an enterovirus), and less often by other types of viruses. Anyone can get hand, foot, and mouth disease Young children are primarily affected, but it may be seen in adults. Most cases occur in the summer and early fall. Outbreaks may occur among groups of children especially in child care centers or nursery schools. Symptoms usually appear 3 to 5 days after exposure. Hand, foot, and mouth disease is usually spread through person-to-person contact People can spread the disease when they are shedding the virus in their feces. It is also spread by the respiratory tract from mouth or respiratory secretions (such as from saliva on hands or toys). The virus has also been found in the fluid from the skin blisters. The infection is spread most easily during the acute phase/stage of illness when people are feeling ill, but the virus can be spread for several weeks after the onset of infection. The symptoms are much like a common cold with a rash The rash appears as blisters or ulcers in the mouth, on the inner cheeks, gums, sides of the tongue, and as bumps or blisters on the hands, feet, and sometimes other parts of the skin. The skin rash may last for 7 to 10 days.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Clinical Management and Public Health Response for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD)
    A Guide to Clinical Management and Public Health Response for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) WHO Western Pacific Region PUBLICATION ISBN-13 978 92 9061 525 5 A Guide to Clinical Management and Public Health Response for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A Guide to clinical management and public health response for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) 1. Hand, foot and mouth disease – epidemiology. 2. Hand, foot and mouth disease – prevention and control. [ ii ] 3. Disease outbreaks. 4. Enterovirus A, Human. I. Regional Emerging Disease Intervention Center. ISBN 978 92 9061 525 5 (NLM Classification: WC 500) © World Health Organization 2011 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]). For WHO Western Pacific Regional Publications, request for permission to reproduce should be addressed to the Publications Office, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, P.O. Box 2932, 1000, Manila, Philippines, (fax: +632 521 1036, e-mail: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Occupational Health Follow up of Communicable Diseases for Manager/Supervisors
    Winnipeg Regional Health Authority Occupational and Environmental Safety & Health (OESH) Guidelines for Occupational Health Follow Up of Communicable Diseases For Manager/Supervisors Page | 1 2019.02.04 version 2 Winnipeg Regional Health Authority Occupational and Environmental Safety & Health (OESH) INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 WORKERS COMPENSATION BOARD (WCB) CLAIMS ........................................................................................................................... 5 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT ORGANISMS (AROS) ..................................................................................................................................... 6 BLOOD AND BODY FLUID EXPOSURES ............................................................................................................................................... 9 CIMEX LECTULARIUS (BED BUGS) .................................................................................................................................................... 10 CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) ................................................................................................................................................ 11 DIARRHEA (BACTERIAL, CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE (C. DIFFICILE), VIRAL) ........................................................................................... 12 GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS ............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hand-Foot-And-Mouth Disease Caused by Coxsackievirus A6 on the Rise
    Hand-foot-and-mouth Disease Caused by Coxsackievirus A6 on the Rise Brooks David Kimmis, MD; Christopher Downing, MD; Stephen Tyring, MD, PhD CVA16 has traditionally been the primary strain caus- PRACTICE POINTS ing HFMD, CVA6 has become a major cause of HFMD • Coxsackievirus A6 is an increasingly more common outbreaks in the United States and worldwide in recent cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), years.6-12 Interestingly, CVA6 also has been found to be often with atypical presentation, more severe disease, associated with adult HFMD, which has increased in and association with HFMD in adults. incidence. The CVA6 strain was first identified in associa- • Coxsackievirus A6 has become a major cause of tion with the disease during HFMD outbreaks in Finland HFMD outbreak in the United States and worldwide. and Singapore in 2008,13,14 with similar strains detected in subsequent outbreaks in Taiwan, Japan, Spain, France, China, India, and the United States.12,15-25 Most cases took place in warmer months, with one winter outbreak in Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a viral illness caused Massachusetts in 2012.24 most commonly by coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) and enterovirus 71 (EV71). The disease mainly affects pediatric populations younger Herein, we review the incidence of CVA6, as well as than 5 years and is characterized by lesions of the oral mucosa, its atypical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment to aid palms, and soles, lasting for 7 to 10 days. In recent years, CVA6 has dermatologists. Given the increasing incidence of HFMD become a major cause of HFMD outbreaks in the United States and caused by CVA6 and its often atypical presentation, it is worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Coxsackievirus B
    PRINCIPLE OF THE IFA PROCEDURE The MBL Bion COXSACKIEVIRUS B ANTIGEN SUBSTRATE SLIDES may be utilized in the indirect fluorescent antibody assay method first described by Weller COXSACKIEVIRUS B and Coons11 and further developed by Riggs, et al.12 The procedure is carried out in two basic reaction steps: ANTIGEN SUBSTRATE SLIDE Step 1 - Human serum is reacted with the antigen substrate. Antibodies, if present, will bind to the antigen forming stable antigen-antibody complexes. If no antibodies are present, the complexes will not be PRODUCT AVAILABILITY formed and serum components will be washed away. The following Coxsackievirus Group B Antigen Substrate Slides are available Step 2 - Fluorescein labeled antihuman IgG (or IgM) antibody is added to the individually from MBL Bion: reaction site which binds with the complexes formed in step one. This results in a positive reaction of bright apple-green fluorescence when Antigen Substrate Slide Code No. Code No. viewed with a properly equipped fluorescence microscope. If no complexes Coxsackievirus B (1-6) Screen CB-3312 CB-3306 are formed in step one, the fluorescein labeled antibody will be washed Number of Tests 12-Well 6-Well away, exhibiting a negative result. ( = Code Number) REAGENTS INTENDED USE MBL Bion COXSACKIEVIRUS B ANTIGEN SUBSTRATE SLIDES are The MBL Bion COXSACKIEVIRUS B ANTIGEN SUBSTRATE SLIDES may individually foil-wrapped slides of six or twelve wells with a mixture of be used as the antigenic substrate in indirect fluorescent antibody assays for Coxsackievirus B (1-6; NIH strains) infected and uninfected A549 cells fixed the qualitative and/or semi-quantitative determination of Coxsackievirus B onto each well.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Syndromes/Conditions with Required Level Or Precautions
    Clinical Syndromes/Conditions with Required Level or Precautions This resource is an excerpt from the Best Practices for Routine Practices and Additional Precautions (Appendix N) and was reformatted for ease of use. For more information please contact Public Health Ontario’s Infection Prevention and Control Department at [email protected] or visit www.publichealthontario.ca Clinical Syndromes/Conditions with Required Level or Precautions This is an excerpt from the Best Practices for Routine Practices and Additional Precautions (Appendix N) Table of Contents ABSCESS DECUBITUS ULCER HAEMORRHAGIC FEVERS NOROVIRUS SMALLPOX OPHTHALMIA ADENOVIRUS INFECTION DENGUE HEPATITIS, VIRAL STAPHYLOCOCCAL DISEASE NEONATORUM AIDS DERMATITIS HERPANGINA PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS STREPTOCOCCAL DISEASE AMOEBIASIS DIARRHEA HERPES SIMPLEX PARATYPHOID FEVER STRONGYLOIDIASIS ANTHRAX DIPHTHERIA HISTOPLASMOSIS PARVOVIRUS B19 SYPHILIS ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT EBOLA VIRUS HIV PEDICULOSIS TAPEWORM DISEASE ORGANISMS (AROs) ARTHROPOD-BORNE ECHINOCOCCOSIS HOOKWORM DISEASE PERTUSSIS TETANUS VIRAL INFECTIONS ASCARIASIS ECHOVIRUS DISEASE HUMAN HERPESVIRUS PINWORMS TINEA ASPERGILLOSIS EHRLICHIOSIS IMPETIGO PLAGUE TOXOPLASMOSIS INFECTIOUS BABESIOSIS ENCEPHALITIS PLEURODYNIA TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME MONONUCLEOSIS ENTEROBACTERIACEAE- BLASTOMYCOSIS INFLUENZA PNEUMONIA TRENCHMOUTH RESISTANT BOTULISM ENTEROBIASIS KAWASAKI SYNDROME POLIOMYELITIS TRICHINOSIS PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS BRONCHITIS ENTEROCOLITIS LASSA FEVER TRICHOMONIASIS COLITIS
    [Show full text]
  • HUMAN ADENOVIRUS Credibility of Association with Recreational Water: Strongly Associated
    6 Viruses This chapter summarises the evidence for viral illnesses acquired through ingestion or inhalation of water or contact with water during water-based recreation. The organisms that will be described are: adenovirus; coxsackievirus; echovirus; hepatitis A virus; and hepatitis E virus. The following information for each organism is presented: general description, health aspects, evidence for association with recreational waters and a conclusion summarising the weight of evidence. © World Health Organization (WHO). Water Recreation and Disease. Plausibility of Associated Infections: Acute Effects, Sequelae and Mortality by Kathy Pond. Published by IWA Publishing, London, UK. ISBN: 1843390663 192 Water Recreation and Disease HUMAN ADENOVIRUS Credibility of association with recreational water: Strongly associated I Organism Pathogen Human adenovirus Taxonomy Adenoviruses belong to the family Adenoviridae. There are four genera: Mastadenovirus, Aviadenovirus, Atadenovirus and Siadenovirus. At present 51 antigenic types of human adenoviruses have been described. Human adenoviruses have been classified into six groups (A–F) on the basis of their physical, chemical and biological properties (WHO 2004). Reservoir Humans. Adenoviruses are ubiquitous in the environment where contamination by human faeces or sewage has occurred. Distribution Adenoviruses have worldwide distribution. Characteristics An important feature of the adenovirus is that it has a DNA rather than an RNA genome. Portions of this viral DNA persist in host cells after viral replication has stopped as either a circular extra chromosome or by integration into the host DNA (Hogg 2000). This persistence may be important in the pathogenesis of the known sequelae of adenoviral infection that include Swyer-James syndrome, permanent airways obstruction, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis obliterans, and steroid-resistant asthma (Becroft 1971; Tan et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Coxsackievirus A6-Induced Hand- Foot-And-Mouth Disease Mimicking Stevens-Johnson Syndrome in an Immunocompetent Adult
    Infect Chemother. 2020 Dec;52(4):634-640 https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2020.52.4.634 pISSN 2093-2340·eISSN 2092-6448 Case Report Coxsackievirus A6-induced Hand- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Mimicking Stevens-Johnson Syndrome in an Immunocompetent Adult Tae-Hoon No 1, Kyeong Min Jo 1, So Young Jung 2, Mi Ra Kim 3, Joo Yeon Kim 4, Chan Sun Park 5,*, and Sungmin Kym 6,* 1Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea 2Department of Dermatology, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea 3Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Received: Mar 31, 2020 Busan, Korea Accepted: Jun 7, 2020 4Department of Pathology, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea 5Division of Allergology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Corresponding Authors: Korea Chan Sun Park, MD 6Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Division of Allergology, Department of Internal Hospital, Sejong, Korea Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, 875 Haeun-daero, Haeundae-gu, Busan 48108, Korea. Tel: +82-51-797-2210 ABSTRACT Fax: +82-51-797-1341 E-mail: [email protected] Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, a highly contagious viral infection, occurs more common in children than in adults. However, there was a recent outbreak of Coxsackievirus A6- Sungmin Kym, MD, PhD induced infection with an atypical presentation among the adult population. Stevens– Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National Johnson syndrome is a severe mucocutaneous disease characterized by extensive necrosis University Sejong Hospital, 20, Bodeum 7-ro, and detachment of the epidermis, and this condition is commonly caused by medications.
    [Show full text]
  • STUDY of EXPRESSION of Αvβ6 INTEGRIN in POTENTIALLY MALIGNANT LESIONS – an IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY STUDY
    STUDY OF EXPRESSION OF αvβ6 INTEGRIN IN POTENTIALLY MALIGNANT LESIONS – AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY STUDY Dissertation submitted to THE TAMILNADU Dr. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY In partial fulfilment for the Degree of MASTER OF DENTAL SURGERY BRANCH VI ORAL PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY MAY 2018 Acknowledgement ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who has helped me through this journey. I would like to start with my very respected and benevolent teacher, Dr. Ranganathan K, Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital. I consider myself blessed to have the opportunity to study under his guidance. He has always been a source of inspiration to excel in academics and career. I would offer my obeisance unto him for having taken interest in my study and instilling knowledge. Thank you so much sir. I owe enormous debt of gratitude to my professor Dr. Uma Devi K Rao for helping me in completing my thesis. She always has been a pillar of support and encouragement all throughout my post graduate life. She was approachable for any help and always made me feel at home by her caring nature. I want to take this opportunity to acknowledge and thank her for the help and support. Thank you mam. I express my profound gratitude to my revered guide Dr. Elizabeth Joshua, Professor for her encouragement, advice and guidance which helped me complete my dissertation. She has been an integral part of my post graduation and I want to take this opportunity to acknowledge and thank her for her help and support.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Children Returning to Child Care After Illness
    I. Introduction: Communicable Diseases/Conditions and Return to Childcare .......................... 4 II. General Information ................................................................................................................ 5 III. Attendees ................................................................................................................................. 6 IV. Staff ......................................................................................................................................... 6 V. Exclusion Criteria .................................................................................................................... 7 VI. Chickenpox (Varicella) ............................................................................................................ 9 VII. Shingles (Varicella Zoster) ...................................................................................................... 9 VIII. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) ..................................................................................................... 10 IX. Diarrheal Diseases. ................................................................................................................ 10 X. Shigatoxin producing E. coli (STEC), including E.coli O157:H7 ....................................... 11 XI. Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum) ................................................................................... 12 XII. “Flu” (Influenza) ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Atypical Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Associated with Coxsackievirus A6 Infection, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, January to February 2014
    Rapid communications Atypical hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus A6 infection, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, January to February 2014 C Sinclair1, E Gaunt2, P Simmonds2, D Broomfield3, N Nwafor3, L Wellington4, K Templeton5, L Willocks4, O Schofield1, H Harvala ([email protected])2,5 1. Department of Dermatology, Lauriston Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 2. Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom 3. Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 4. Public Health and Health Policy, Waverley Gate, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 5. Specialist Virology Centre, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, United Kingdom Citation style for this article: Sinclair C, Gaunt E, Simmonds P, Broomfield D, Nwafor N, Wellington L, Templeton K, Willocks L, Schofield O, Harvala H. Atypical hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus A6 infection, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, January to February 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(12):pii=20745. Available online: http:// www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20745 Article submitted on 03 March 2014 / published on 27 March 2014 In January to February 2014, 16 hand, foot and mouth resembled eczema herpeticum and five were sus- disease (HFMD) cases were identified in Edinburgh, pected of having chickenpox. Molecular typing [2] iden- United Kingdom. All presented with atypical features, tified coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) in all 11 of the typed 16 with most (n=13) resembling eczema herpeticum or cases, including the first four. chickenpox. Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) was identi- fied in all the typed cases (n=11). As atypical forms Background of HFMD associated with CV-A6 are likely to emerge HFMD is an acute febrile infection characterised by throughout Europe, clinicians should be alert to unu- vesicular exanthema on the hands, feet and oral sual clinical presentations of HFMD and virologists mucosa, typically occurring in children under the age aware of effective diagnostic testing and enterovirus of 5 years [3].
    [Show full text]