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'seal?pu?lul dip ul i{F?lnJlurd 's?uqueld leluau?ulo roj ado)sqll/r{ salradsa^nf,e4lp ue st,'ollfrqdondtu n^ ollfrqdotadfrJDtJoJV lr{Jlrrruulu aql.7asu1 'saDads vl ualsaM-qlnospasn I /qaNsuaauv al]lE { r.0sar$uaplo'J :ulDN I aODdsnonatdl salJadsAursrurord lsou aql Jo .laqunu atrpl e lpql slea^ar^pnls srr{J'erlp4snv uralsa^\ Jo uoraar llaqleaq^.\ agl 'prprlsnv Eurpnlrur uraqlnos Jo seale pue-ruas aql u! Burlueld l?!Jratutuol .roJalqellns aq lq8ru leql sarf,ads alqrssodraqlo Buuoldxasr arlual paas aa{truellPrlsnv S,OUISCaql puP I/{'IVC 'sr?ad ^q ^nulof ua{euapun Auraq qlreasau luala.r ul qf,rpasarpu€ lsalalul alnqrrluor01 pareld IIa& ar? s?rJ?J? 'luasard '^lrunuuof, le salf,adspasn dluoufiuo3 tulsearlul lo lr?[qns e uaaq seq pooJ pu€ VA.\aql AulreJ a;ualFqt 'lueld lsou aql s! auoz-plrppsardsaprr uPrunq Jo alrnos € sP paasDIJDV IPIUaI.UUOIAUaluaarn ISOtu aql Sdeq.lad 'aDlJopln e r?JrJy ,,alnlrlsqns aaJJof, srllaql?aqr\\ aqi ul uorl€srurleslros OOOdNVI^INH 'sla^al ? se pasn aq u?l paas aql pup u?ar) luaulnu qr Aursrer^qaraql -all 'sar.r.rnrrsarnes 'spuel rllos pueatpyrod funo^es paperFapJo luaua^ordur pue aql ur uatorlru lr.laqdsorulpxrj 'pearq (llnu,, pue radruepol rno^pu auroJuluuPJ-uo pasParJur Jo slPo8Fnp oslesenelv'qlaqrallaqs pue qParqpub^ 'suaa.rf,s e u?dul 01 ples s! paas DIJDJVluJoq aql laau u?? llaqleaqr!\ aql ul srauao IPnsrA'sropuroluorP^lasuos 'PIrr!\ 'sueraord rnold aql urorJ[lueurud pal]allol pu?l'uorlJalassarJads alprrdorddp Jo luauqsrlqelsaaql pue sr pue rtulsnpurpooJqsnq Eurdola^ap r.tlrlA'(l!rolaq aas) uorldurnsuol uorlPlata^arp?xtlx olur palelodro]ur '.laquq aql uI slunoue IIPUTSul pasndnuasard ueunq roJ paasro arq$ poorl aqosp u?l salf,adsaqJ ^lrurtpsIorluor s! paas allle/v\'?ll?Ilsnv ulqlll.\ seqf,ns slf,npold lPlJrautuor SulJnpold puelos asrllqEsolpalueld aq ueJ sarJads 'spooJ alqEeledJo aauerP a{eu o} .rojlP4ualod aql a^eqlpql sa!?adsSursn ,rJrJy &rsra^rporqqalq sll .ro]pau,noua.r '(,tlurlps 'adeJspupl sadlf,arleuorlrperl ul papnlJu!pu? rnolJ ,{qpa^uap aq osleuer s}Uauag luanue srql Jo luauodurol olur punora sualolHJo paasaql !aFIN Eurs€ariurJo asn€t aulrd aql) salqel Iprnlpu lueJrjrutrsp sl ,?JrJy ulseg 'rpel?W ul saraolouqrallptrol Eursn ralerhEursll Jo lorluoJ aurosol p?alu€f, Auruec-nerrnwaql ul puc ellprlsnv rpalrallof, passatrordpup parols ^lrs?a tuqupld rrtal€rls roJ salradsalqelrns Jo uralsea-qlnospuP uralsa/r-qlnos are pue spunoduroJl?uorllrlnu-r1u? ro uorlralasaqJ ualqord srql 01suoqnlos Jo suolaallaql?aq,^{ aql ul ^llelladsa '[uP 'sl?^al 'erlerlsny Jlxol Jo J! mol urEuor spaas uraqlnosur spueluleJ ralouraqllnd rraql SullueldJo srea^ Ieul8reupue papuBap Jo uoqEaaa^ar orrl urqlrf sdoD paas^Apaq arnpo.ld pue ro] adors *at? stallo DIJDV 'paqsltqslsa slo^r^rnsluallarxa ^lrs?aare 'suortarpapalJP-lps urqlro\ sanadsasaql lPl{l paFa^ars€q r{rrpasau sqnrqspue saarl Jo sar€ltaquolll[u 'qealqpurr\^ pue poomIanJ loj ^llelJadsa aarql l?uorlppeup Jo Sullueldaql sr 'sasn 'uPId asodrnd-lllnturoJ ^llpultlro uorlrv ,qrurPsuelF4snv ulalsa \ parnporlu! aral^ asaql asruord paspalal^nualar s,luaruura^ot alES aql 'ylelnf,ru?d 'ualqord l?art Surnoqs arp'?a/oJ ur ur pagrluaprse srqlBurssa.lppe 'pue Dplutvv' lluosluoql'v' DuDaprcr roj saraale4sar{l Jo auo uoll?lnutnf,lp ,lrrJy seqJns salradsuerlerlsny uorfia.r ;agempuno.rFssaf,xa ol anp ^lrurles pFe 'araH pruJVus?qes-qnsJo suortar FursealJul^q'{upruud'pasnP) suialqord pue-ruas ur pooJu?unq ,,v\auluPuodur r!ruouo3apuP Ieluauuor!Aua snouas ue auof,aq 01 paslod are sarJadsauos Aur)uauadxa^Fuallnl sr uorflars1q1 'lf,eJ 'uralold 'eare uI alerp^rloqrelpue le] ur qry-salf,adslsou aql AulaquolBa] 'elF.rlsnv qtlq .illp d6l s! spaas,lrrry auoz-pup llaqPai!\4pIIP-ItUas aql qll'\ uelP4snv urcual ]o sqPls lPuoqr4nu uralsa^4ur punoJ sr ?rolj Ilera^o aql leql urvloqsa^?q sarpnls ,prry s,€rtP4snvJoJIPr.l uPql aro arerestricted to WesternAustralia. While th( currenldomeslic mirket lor Acacia seedis worth lessthan $1 million per annum,it is expectedto gro$,over the nexttew years, especially as the recently createdAustraiian Native Bushfood lndustryCommittee identifiedrlcacra as a core group for future development.At present.theviability ofan exportmarket lor l(4./,1seeJ,Jllhouph il nossibilily.is still highll,speculative. Thereare indications that seeds fronr somesemi-arid acacias may find a niche market as a human food. Horuever, considerableresearch, including market researchand development,is neededif thesespecjes are to be developedas rvidelyplanted commercial crops for human consumption.0f particular relevanceis the needfor biochemical analys(slo ensur(((eds do nL,lcontdin toricor anti-nutritionalcompounds, and rese,rr(hJemonrtraling lhJt the species ivill not hecomeenvironmental \!eeds. There is also a need for better informationon thebiological, nutritional and silviculturalcharacteristics of tne mostpromising species. TRADITIONALKNOWLEDGE It is inportant to acknorvledgethat much of rvhatn'e know concerningtne suitabilityof ,,lczcraas a humanfooo rs basedon AustralianAl.ariginal uses. About50 arid zonespecies ofl.?cr.t are knouln t0 have been a seasonal componentof traditionalAboriginal diets. The common method of preparatron\!as to roast the mature seeds,grind them into flourwith a little \\,aterand cook the resultant pasteas a damper.Cooking dynf,lures c(rtf,in toxic compoundskno$'n to occurin somerau, seed.In a fe\! casesthe greenseeds and

'lbp left: Kalkardi lAcacia elacantha) andits close relatives produce large I quantitiesof highlynutritious seeds. Toprighl: Acacia co acea srbsp. pendensis confinedto the Pilbara i region.1'he seeds were once consumed bytraditional Aboriginal people. il Centrcfight:Women from the Utopia i community(N'l') use traditional ij methodto grind/lcacrdseed. l,lRigiL' Vanilla-scentedwattle (Acacra fl redolens),confined to thesouth-west of fl WA. Photo- Penn)-Hussey

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'suolaarplre u! pPardsap!,n 'alqeleled puelu?punqe sr€tlnw I ra^oJpunort (raso.,ola a elala^a luld gllt toJnauDDlJosy1 efipy1 :ya7 | '( 966I Fur.rds,rdOJS ONVI aas) sllPdJuauulsur lmlsntu puesa)ard leluaueu.ro Jo aJnlJplnu?u I aql ro, alqplrnssr lDdJDJorfrdodl DIJDJVIleiw lD$aM:Ual aooqva 'Elte4snv P4uar Pueuraquou JospuElalqel i$llor aql uo rnJJosarlual trlepuotasalrq,\ '?llellsnv uatseau! apr^rol?ar5 ll puellaqlpa'{i\ v A aqt I aresPare lsaqJlr aqJ ?rJDy JoJssauqlu I -sJfJadsro sEa.rps,\-{oqs dew :Aal dotl

Suraq,{lluarrnJ ate (Dn4oqontw 'V\ 'v) aIIllPMPuuPru puz \DlDuanJD wPt s€ qrns slueld p?zrs-alerpauralul 'slf,npord pooi prloslu?utalduol ol sllnpo.rdallsodu.roJ-pooi spler!\ol sa^our 6t 9!U_eU,lteI uorluallps,^lrunuuoJ aql spaluElodtur zz fuour]al lelrde) lsnv euopln atunsse ^Pur s?rlads aarl Ilpus 'sasod.rnd 8Ul e!ler$DVqlnos pu€ qruqs llel slr Jo auos lnq asaql roJ alqelrnssarf,ads aall a^tlpu 89t fuolrral ulaqUoN ou seqerlp4snv ulalsa^|pood\dlnd pup 6LZ sole^/\qlnos /\^aN z9z \ puelsuoano raqurl umesu^ or8-uorlelueldJo saJlnos sP suorAaruetsV rolpue uerlellsnv 09s erleJlsnvurals9 A aql ur luPllodur a.reslueld asaql sa!)ads'o raqtun N' alels 'lLlElaqur arour.rosa.llau gC q)eJr {eLu . 'vt'tvulsnv 'v) lo sltuoltuutl cNV s3tvls lPql sa3rllsaroJ IFI ate (uofixouDput uol qlauo,ft\ vt)v)v lo s )3ds lo sulgwnN poorr$lrplqpue (wnfiuDu F1 pooMles '(slutoJltnJyn, u{otq y) anlpn {relq uraquou s? qJns sarJadsu?llPllsnv UE satJods - '(xog 6 0 ulalsea auos aas)sasn f,turouora sorcods60 - OL puP uorl€Alasuo)loJ sarlrltqtssod . sepads 61- Ot Jo s8uu?Japr.r e UJDJV ol Uedur lpr{l I sarcadsglt-08 sJrlsualtueql IelrBolorqpue saJu?lalol 'uroJ Ietr?olola qlrvro.r8ur {lrsra^rp 'ql^{olB l€arF aql sr lr la^a^ oH prd?l ^ll?a lrqrqxapup sa}?lIeArMns poo8 a^eq 'alpBpdoldpue aFurullaa ol,{spaale naql 'lelauaEuI sasnasod.lndnlntu ol palrns IIa^ uraql aIPu leql slrlsualJpl?ql ^ueru aAPq sartads D|JD)V AUSUAAIONI HICNAUTS 'pooJueurnq roJ sPrlPre auoz-PueAursltxold lsou aql Eurssass? lP paule slPul plarJur Surlpdrlrued ale pu? spaasDIJD)V lo slarlddns luErodlur ale sanrunuruof, leurarroqv 'tulsnpul ,ralrq qsnq, Aurdola^apaql ur saulEr.loqvJoluaua^lo^ur panuquof, aql uorJ paurelqo aq ol slrjauaq Ienlnu alP a.tagtr'DdJo)opadsDtJ'v 'pooj JO aser ?ql ur s? {trPus Jo 'd\?l uos PsP saulllauos ual?aalamspod usedsuccessfully in a revegetation (Apartfrom the environmental program in the northern Wheatbe[. and human food usesoutlined id the maintext, the following list includes uses both within Australia and abroad; Others such as the densely only selected foliaged representative speciesare given for each use.) Kimberfy'swattle lA. anthochaeral and Prain'swattle (,4.p/amd) makeexcellent WOODPRO D U CTS Sawn timber. Acacla windbreaks.In rangelandareas. species auriculiformit A. crassicarp;,A. mangium (ihesetropica I acacras are very importantplantation species in Asia). suchas mufga (/4.aneura) areimportant Furniture (solid wood and veneers). Acacia aulacocarpa, in minesite rehabilitation programs. A. melanoxylon \the best known, high quality Australian timber species),A-sarcrra. A. puluiniformis and A. erinacea , \,thich Pufp. Acacla aulacocarpa,A. crassi.arpa,A. mearnsii.and A. hangium (plantation are commonlylow, ground-hugging grown for pulp production). plants only a few centimetreshigh, rrray Reconstituted wood praducts. Acaciamangium, A. mearnsii(the potential of Acacla well havepotential for rockeryplantings. for this purpose has not yet been fully assesseor. Plant forms can have important Fuef wood & charcoal. A.acia colei,A. stenophylla (many ataxonomy.It is Acaciasgeneraffy have low fodder value but some species,e6p ecially A. aneura, are also important to developappropriate .neverthelessimportant drought feed in arid.rangelandareas. In some semi_arid regions A. sa/lgna is used as plant, systemsthat enablethis informationto a forage despite its low digestibility. be assessedand communicatedso that USES BY ABO RIGINAL PEOPLE the valueof the variousspecies is fully Apart from seed for food, Australian Aborigines uied most df the other parts of realised.Scientific programs within Acacr'a.They usedthe leaves.tvvigs and bark mostly for medicinal purposes,while the wood was used for fuel, a variety of tools (spears, CALMand other agencies are aiming to clubs, etc.) and artefacts. lts ash wa5 mixed with the leavesand twigs of pitu ri (Duboisiahopwoodii) to make a do just this. CALM'scomputer-based 'tobacco'. chewing A variety of insect infestations was a food source, (witchettv qrub5 tn the informationsystem called'Wattle', roots of A. kempeana, for example) currently under construction,is one H O RTICULTU R E/ FLORt(U LTUR E example.Wattle can be thought of asan Having great variation in growth form, Joliage, bark. flowers and pods,Acacia offers electronicencyclopaedia that will m0ch scopefor horticultural and floricultural uses. Acaciabaileyana, A. dealbata,A. elegantlydeliver information essential podaly ifolia arc popularin Europeas . for effectiveconservation and landcare cut flowers.,Acacia redol€ns is usedin programsand facilitate sustainable, medianstrip plantings in California and A. au culiformisis widely used multipurposeuse ofAcccra. Applying this as a streettregin Asia. new technologyto specific landcare situationsin the northern Wheatbeltof MISCELLANEOUS Pollen. Acacia WAwilloccur in 1997.Wattle provides a baileyana,A. dealbata, A. sllyeitr's(honey production). powerfulmulti-access key enabling Essential oils. Acaciadealbata, A. speciesto be quickly and accurately fanesiana. identified,and groupedaccording to the user'sneeds. For example,one can list all multi-stemmedspecies suitable for I Kimberly'swattle LAcacra anthochaeral.Many Australian wattles revegetatingsub-saline sites as well as I I haveshowy sprays ofgolden flowers, providing effectivewind breaks.This sort much soughtafter by the flora industry. ofpower,functionality and utilig hasnot

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ur lnf,to ,sarf,adsd\au, asaql Jo 'paleJrpu! asrMlaqlossalun urlsew ?rnl8 ,{qsoloqd ,4luofpue) paqursapun sarrads 00I pup 'palalduol 'alaq pasnusaq a^pq qlnsal qlleasatpaqsrlqndun pue paqsrlqnd 09 uaaillaq surPu?ra.raql 'IIeg u?aq seq D!3o)v asoq,{(ne orrs}dr@aoua^ u.r{ Ireur-a IgZ (90):laJ) (OUI$) a4ual paasaa{L lo luaurlParl uerle4snvaql salerJoss"pup gEs aql pue aFsasalozns ,uosuoql x4 ol palqapu! DllD4snv Jo D.told aqt q3noql ua^3 Jo '{roM osP-staH alJrw slql Bi!.Pdardur alqPnl?ul uaaqaAPq suoFnquluor asoq!\Jui^org fulsa.loJ-olappue uorle^.rasuof, 'sanapallo? -uollru.r?H€larls dlFDadsa pu?spuauJ l{uetu aql s{ueqlloqlne aql surd.rapunlpql uorleutojur lrlauaF 'nP' oB'e,1uJP'r@ualnlq pup Iprnlln ^lrs'lptrBolof,a'lptrrtolorq aql aleurur?ssrppup alquasse Ire,x-aro 0190t0g (60)uo papsluot aqus3aH fqdutalal IPrJnrr \ qsnBEanssr srql ur .{oog alll A\ /haN,aas) 4rrJy qlr,r atuarradxaEur{lo/r ol paau aql uo srsPqdua qlrrl 'pa.rrnbar 'ta^a|^oH sJsatt0g peq spqoq,r W.IVCqlr.r lsrlualls qlreasauloluas e srurlspw atntg sr qf,.rpasararour 'sarlr^rlf,p lprf,rauluoJpup sutprFotd luaura^ordurrade)spu€l'satFaletls '(!!u!otd DlrDrv) aole*s,ure.rd jadogy lpr"Fr, .,u, u, ,rrru uorleA.rasuoJolur p?lerod.lotrur 'pnauo 'el 'lprlualod otJD)Vealnw alqeue^^lqFrq 01qJnu seq lerlsnv ul sluPld,{poo^ aq uef, sarradsotJDV 1!-q1 ,r/Jrry 's{e^\ aqtuo{ paqsrnFurlslp^lFrutoJ ^lluatrar Jo dnolE lsaElpl alFurs aql pue lenllP qloq aql Jo auros ^l{luosBAl sallads srqJ'(DnauDJDd .SpaaU IerJoS pup IelUatuuOrlAua sdoqs al u€ srqJ pasn-l?pun^l?^llelar rrJrrJy)etln(u Furdaaw:a4uac lUalrnf, ol 1unnr1r, ,r_o"1no sr snuat aql {llunol srql ulqlt/!\ 'pporqe sasodlndJo {laup^ p .loJ pasn Buraqa.le ro'ler.rl rapun ^llua.unl atp selrer€uerlerlsnv ^uPu qBnoqllV 'slupld uprlpllsnvJo snuaaluelrodul slql roJ alqplre^e^lsnor^ard uaaq

.vlt Jo llaqlP?r|| ualsa^r -qtnqsaql ot pauuuoc 'saFa{roru! ro ra^ol punort e sealqellns 'llet ur 0z a^oq?lou sleul asurPsruroJ pue Ealqluerq (urdsseq 'sallleM l! lsall?ursI s.?rlerlsnvJoauo 'struJolutalnd I u2DJv I ,slotllo ^lrure,talD?M leol6 aq] ]o siaqueu lle ole ]s6uoure 'uerre^pue'elrqM-e-l!e'\'qsnq-ellaJq!!n ,oa[Iur IJo)]tr.l,ao6lr6 ,qstur,!-peap .eqoo) 'e6lnu 'ssJoq 'lle^n ,eDel!,, h^ole6uq etletlsnv +o5Ued ulolsoM le] eqt u t 4leln)tued ,io^aMoq,alueM snuaOaq] ]o slupldol patlddeIllera^tun sueaLuou Iq st uljal Eqf 'aldood ,osnst pouorqsp,r-plo/l^al e ls6uoul e ldolxe p olut ualle,t]soulle seq,eulorle) o] 'our€u polldde se eql oltqM ']ou Jo 6utlup^^ JoI posnole s6tM] pup sue$ treqiteqtaqrur 'luaurluo) s!q] ,tosued Foul ut ,selDeM.se pasru6o)alale esaqlpue,asodlnd aq] 'eDe)V 'slueld ,Illuanbasqns .speaq io] pasn araM llpt Mou aM qltqM JaLl'lo lelnqol6 -ueoJl u|sroe\ol] pornolo seq pue (slaMoll ]o speoq aq] ,|.oatueJeadde oq] o] 'JreLl'eulo) 'ln+rlneaq 'sole) uolsnlle ur pue )aalg aqt UJoJJ)euloll//e) se slstueloq ol ,asodlnd uMou>ls! ll ,alueM ))e18, ro alueM, palle) lsll] pue oql Jo, pasn ^lluonbol] seM q)rqM'sura$ alqrxal,'ulql qll'\ aal] lleutse'sesJno)-loleM oq] 6ut6ueqJo^o 'o)uepunqe .,allle^ ut /\^oJbaleql a^ol IoupIS ldaN , posn leualeuJ oql pue 's6utldes ,'6urlDeM,palle) se/l^ uorlerodo aql ]tldspue s6tMl]o sbutpltnqreqlo pue s6urllaMpr!aql +oslle/v\ oq] ,to )|lo^^auJelloq] llnllsuo) o] lug!uonuo>1 punol r(uo1o1 's^ep '(spalptp srq] ,|o srolDasIpea_oql-uaqM pup ulopoul o] leltut^old u! Illatq)) po^rrunsseq proM oql laqloool ua^oMJslut lo polteld spot alquall lo s6utldes,s6t^^l 'sor.lr] sar+ruorspue uoxes-ol6uv.rlol,t salep I lnoqe ourol seq }| ^^oq st stql pup 'u/\^oJnose patdope^lJetln)ad o^eq erle.r}snyur am q>rqaaeuostallteM ploM aql '869t ,sale :ueprpt^tH f ^q sa/Berl ]noqv pq) V )aqopo palep A qlnos e\aN ,o otlazeg leJnlln)ubV aql u.loJ+peluo ue,o uortetdepe ue st 6ut/v\ollol lii756,t LANDSCOPE VOLUMETWELVE NUMBER 3,AUTUMN 1997

OCEANSOF WEALTH CHRISSIMPSON, NICK D ADAMOAND CAROI.YN THOMSON...... 1 O

AUSTRALIASGOLDEN FUTURE

PARKFOR THE PEOPLE

ULMb neu Marine Corceruation Branch gets in deep(page 10)to plaA its uital role in safeguardingthe health of WAbuniqte marine enaironment- Aquatic bugs are helping scientbts to determine the health of WA's BUILDINGA BETTER BIBBULMUN TRACK waterways.See Spineless lndicators on page 49. MOUNDBUILDERS OFTHE PILBARA STUARTANSTEE,TONYSTARTAND KEITH M0RRIS.,.....,.....,...... 42

SPINELESSINDICATORS MIKESMIIH,WINSTONMYADRIAN PINDERAND

Called 'Karlamilgi' bg desertAborigines, RudaURiuer National Park (page28) is steepedin historA and b^tling uith wildlife.

ENDANGEREDrue ruIGHI PARRoT

Theeconomic, social and conseruation Fancga walk?Join us whilewe look at potential ofAcacia in WA, a storg of a the maironmmLhistory and buiuing golden future on page 16. of a newBibbulmun Track. See page 36.

lllaragirg Editor:Ron Kawalilak EditonDavid Gough story Editors:vernacostello, Mitsivancq iohn Hunter Scientificrtechnicaladvi(e: Andrew Budidge, lanAbbott, PaulJonesand staff of CAtM'sScience & Infomalion Division Designand production: Maria Duthie, Sue Marais Finish€dark l\,lariaDuthie. Sue lllarais. Gooitzen van der Meer lllurtrationrGooitzen van der l\,leer,lan Dickinson C.rtographf PromacoGeodraft Marketing:EstelledeSan Migueltt (09) 334 02% Fax:(09)334 0498 Subrcdptionenquirie.: t (09)334 0481 or(09)334 0437 ColourSeparation byPrepress Services PrintedinWestern Australia by Lamb Print @rssN 0815-4465.Allmatedalcopyrighr. Nopan of dre contenB oJrhe publicaton maybe rcproduced wirhout rhe consent ofte publishert VisitLANOSCOPfonlin€ on ourawad-winningIntemel site Nature8ase at http://wwwcalm.wa,govau/ Publishedby DrS Shea,Executive Director Departmentof Conservationand Land Manaqement, 50 HaymanRoad, Como,Western Australia

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