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Assessment of Companion Modelling Effects for Integrated Farming and Sustainable Renewable Resource Management in Lam Dom Yai Watershed, Ubon Ratchathani Province

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Assessment of Companion Modelling Effects for Integrated Farming and Sustainable Renewable Resource Management in Lam Dom Yai Watershed, Ubon Ratchathani Province ASSESSMENT OF COMPANION MODELLING EFFECTS FOR INTEGRATED FARMING AND SUSTAINABLE RENEWABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN LAM DOM YAI WATERSHED, UBON RATCHATHANI PROVINCE MANITCHARA THONGNOI THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE EQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE MAJOR IN INTEGRATED FARMING FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UBON RAJATHANEE UNIVERSITY YEAR 2008 COPYRIGHT OF UBON RAJATHANEE UNIVERSITY I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research conducted formed the basis of this thesis and the completion of the M.Sc. in Integrated Farming program. I am very grateful for the support many people have given me throughout the research. I would like to acknowledge Associate Professor Dr.Nuntiya Hutanuwatr, the chairperson of the advisory committee and Associate Professor Dr.Worapong Suriyapat, all of whom gave me sound advice as consultants throughout the research process. I am most grateful to Dr.Guy Trébuil from CU-CIRAD ComMod project, who took a very active part in advising this study. I also acknowledge my companion modelling approach (ComMod) consultants and the main resource people Dr.Christophe Le Page, CIRAD project coordinator for Echel-Eau Project scholarship, Dr.Ingon Trébuil, and Mr.Warong Naivinit. I thank Associate Professor Dr.Nantana Gajaseni, on the thesis committee at Chulalongkorn University. The residents of Ban Mak Mai village, Tombon Klang, Det Udom district, Ubon Ratchathani province for their cooperation and valuable time during the repeated interviews in the ComMod process. I also received kind support and encouragement from friends and lecturers at the Faculty of Agriculture Dr.Praneet Ngamsnae, Associate Professor Dr.Narong Hutanuwatr, Dr.Prayong Udomworaparnt, Dr.Kritsna Siripon, and the thesis editor Mr.Michael Beljak, Faculty of Liberal Art, Ubon Ratchathani University. Moreover, I am very grateful for the Echel-Eau Project scholarship and other financial support they gave me during 2006 to 2008, and the Ubon Ratchathani University scholarship. (Miss Manitchara Thongnoi) Researcher II บทคัดยอ เรื่อง : การประเมินผลแบบจําลองเพื่อนคูคิดสําหรับการเกษตรผสมผสานและ การจัดการทรัพยากรทดแทนอยางยั่งยืนในเขตลุมน้ําลําโดมใหญจังหวัด อุบลราชธานี โดย : มาณิชรา ทองนอย ชื่อปริญญา : วิทยาศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาวิชา : เกษตรผสมผสาน ประธานกรรมการที่ปรึกษา : รองศาสตราจารย ดร. นันทิยา หุตานุวัตร ศัพท : แบบจําลองเพื่อนคูคิด การติดตามประเมินผลแบบมีสวนรวม เกษตรผสมผสาน ผลดานการเรียนรู ความสามารถในการคิด แบบจําลองเพื่อนคูคิด (Companion Modelling, ComMod) ซึ่งเปนวิธีการแบบมีสวนรวม วิธีหนึ่งไดถูกนํามาใชเพื่อศึกษาความซับซอนของความสัมพันธระหวางการจัดการพื้นที่ การจัดการ น้ําและแรงงาน ในระบบนิเวศที่ราบลุมนาน้ําฝนของลุมน้ําลําโดมใหญ จังหวัดอุบลราชธานี ใน ระหวาง ป พ.ศ. 2548 ถึง พ.ศ. 2551 โดยมีเกษตรกรจากบานหมากมาย ตําบลกลาง อําเภอเดชอุดม จํานวน 11 ครอบครัวเขารวม ซึ่งแบงเปน 3 รูปแบบตามการถือครอง คือ เกษตรกรที่มีที่นาขนาดเล็ก (type A) เกษตรกรที่มีที่นาขนาดปานกลาง (type B) และเกษตรกรที่มีที่นาขนาดใหญ (type C) เครื่องมือสําคัญที่ใชในแบบจําลองเพื่อนคูคิด ไดแก เกมสบทบาทสมมุติ (Role-playing game = RPG) และ แบบจําลองคอมพิวเตอร (Agent-based model = ABM) ในการศึกษาครั้งนี้เปนสวนหนึ่งของงานวิจัยดังกลาวขางตน โดยมีวัตถุประสงค คือ 1) เพื่อติดตามและประเมินผลการใชแบบจําลองเพื่อนคูคิดที่มีผลตอผูเขารวม 2) เพื่อทดสอบวิธีการ ติดตามและประเมินผลแบบตางๆ และ 3) เพื่อใหขอเสนอแนะสําหรับการปรับปรุงแบบจําลองเพื่อน คูคิดและการประยุกตใชในพื้นที่ ในการเก็บขอมูลไดดําเนินการตลอดชวงกิจกรรมของการใช แบบจําลองเพื่อนคูคิด ในระยะเวลา 3 ป (2549 ถึง 2551)โดยใชวิธีวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ กลาวคือ การ สังเกตแบบมีสวนรวม การสัมภาษณรายบุคคล และการเลาเรื่อง การวิเคราะหใชวิธีเชิงคุณภาพ โดย เปรียบเทียบผลที่เกิดขึ้นตอเกษตรกรแตละครอบครัวในฟารมประเภทเดียวกันและตางประเภทกัน และเปรียบเทียบผลที่เกิดขึ้นกับตัวแทนองคการบริการสวนตําบลกลาง (อบต.กลาง) และตัวแทน หนวยงานรัฐ ผลการศึกษาพบวา 1) แบบจําลองเพื่อนคูคิด ที่ประกอบดวยแบบจําลองคอมพิวเตอร III และเกมสบทบาทสมมุติเอื้อใหเกิดการแลกเปลี่ยนความรู ความคิดและความเขาใจแบบมีสวนรวม ระหวางเกษตรกรและนักวิจัยได 2) แบบจําลองเพื่อนคูคิดชวยใหผูเขารวมเพิ่มเติมความรูเกี่ยวกับ การทําการเกษตรและความเขาใจตอความคิดและสถานการณของผูเขารวมคนอื่นดีขึ้น 3) ความรูที่ เพิ่มขึ้นในเรื่องน้ํา นําไปสูการเปลี่ยนแปลงรูปแบบการผลิตในฟารมและการปรับปรุงการใชน้ํา 4) สําหรับเครื่องมือที่ใชในแบบจําลองเพื่อนคูคิด พบวา เกมสบทบทบาทสมมุติใหรายละเอียด ขั้นตอนของการทํานาและกระตุนการเรียนรูโดยการลงมือทํา อยางไรก็ดีผูเขารวมที่มีอายุมากบางคน เห็นวา เกมสบทบาทสมมุติมีความซับซอนและสับสน 5) สวนแบบจําลองคอมพิวเตอร พบวา เปน วิธีการที่ทําใหการเชื่อมโยงจินตนาการและการประมวลความคิดของผูเขารวมงายขึ้น แตผูเขารวม บางคนเห็นวาแบบจําลองคอมพิวเตอรเปนทฤษฏีมากเกินไป และเหมาะสมกับเกษตรกรที่มีอายุนอย และ 6) ผูเขารวมที่ไมใชเกษตรกร พบวา ตัวแทน อบต.ไดเรียนรูวิธีการใหมสําหรับการตัดสินใจ แบบมีสวนรวมที่มีประโยชนสําหรับการวางแผน และตัวแทนหนวยงานรัฐไดเรียนรูเกี่ยวกับ การจัดการกิจกรรมแบบจําลองเพื่อนคูคิด สําหรับการแลกเปลี่ยนความคิดแบบมีสวนรวมกับคนใน ชุมชน จากการศึกษาวิจัยในครั้งนี้ มีขอเสนอแนะในการปรับปรุงการใชแบบจําลองเพื่อนคูคิด สําหรับการเกษตรผสมผสานและการจัดการทรัพยากรทดแทนอยางยั่งยืนใหไดผลยิ่งขึ้น คือ ผูเขารวมจะมีสวนรวมเพิ่มขึ้น ถาไดเขารวมในชวงการวิเคราะหปญหาและในชวงการเตรียมสื่อ อุปกรณ นอกจากนี้ผูเขารวมที่เปนคนใหมควรจะเขารวมในเกมสบทบาทสมมุติสองครั้งเปนอยาง นอยกอนเขารวมในแบบจําลองคอมพิวเตอร IV ABSTRACT TITLE : ASSESSMENT OF COMPANION MODELLING EFFECTS FOR INTEGRATED FARMING AND SUSTAINABLE RENEWABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN LAM DOM YAI WATERSHED, UBON RATCHATHANI PROVINCE BY : MANITCHARA THONGNOI DEGREE : MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) MAJOR : INTEGRATED FARMING CHAIR : ASSOC.PROF. NUNTIYA HUTANUWATR, Ph.D. KEYWORDS : COMPANION MODELLING APPROACH / PARTICIPATORY MONITORING AND EVALUATION / INTEGRATED FARMING / LEARNING EFFECT / CAPACITY BUILDING Companion modelling (ComMod), a participatory research approach, was used to better understand the complex interaction among land, water and labour management in the rainfed lowland rice ecosystem of the Lam Dom Yai watershed, Ubon Ratchathani province. Eleven local farming households took part in five field workshops spanning a period of four years from 2005 to 2008 at Ban Mak Mai village, Klang sub-district, Det Udom district. They were divided into three farm types of size: small (type A); medium (type B); large (type C). The main tools used were role-playing games (RPG) and agent-based models (ABM). This research was one part of the main research project mentioned. It was conducted to: 1) monitor and evaluate the different types of ComMod effects on the participants; 2) test a proposed monitoring and evaluation (M&E) methodology; and 3) make recommendations to improve that methodology and the local use of ComMod. The M&E process was conducted throughout the ComMod activities over three years (2006 to 2008). Data were gathered by integrating qualitative research methodology: participatory observation, individual interview, and story telling. Qualitative analysis was done to compare ComMod’s effects on households, farm types, a Tambon Administrative Officer (TAO) and government agency. V The results showed that 1) the ComMod participatory approach that combines computer simulations and role-playing game tools was able to facilitate collective sharing of knowledge, ideas, and perceptions between local farmers and the researchers. 2) the ComMod approach helped the participants to improve their farming knowledge and to improve their understanding of other participants’ perceptions and situations. 3) Knowledge acquisition on water issues has led to changes in farming practice and improved use of water. 4) With regards to ComMod’s specific tools, RPGs provided a detailed account of RLR transplanting and encouraged a ‘learning by doing’ approach. However, some elderly participants found the RPG complex and confusing. 5) The ABMs easily enabled the participants to use their imaginations and generate ideas, but the ABM’s features were deemed by some participants to be too theoretical, and thus more suited to younger farmers. And 6) The non-farmer participants, the TAO representative learned a new methodology for collective decision-making useful for planning and the government agency learned about organizing a ComMod workshop for collective sharing of ideas with villagers. It is recommended that, in order to improve the use of ComMod for integrated farming and sustainable renewable resource management more effectively, the collaboration among the participants would increase if they took part in problem analysis sessions and in preparing supporting tools. Also, new participants should participate in a RPG at least two times before taking part in the ABM. VI CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I THAI ABSTRACT II ENGLISH ABSTRACT IV TABLE OF CONTENTS VI LIST OF TABLES IX LIST OF FIGURES XI LIST OF BOXES XIV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XV CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of the agricultural context and its dynamics in lower northeast Thailand 1 1.2 Justification of research 22 1.3 Research questions and related objectives 23 1.4 Research site and participants 23 1.5 Expected outputs 24 1.6 Keywords 24 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ON PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES, COLLABORATIVE MODELLING, AND MONITORING AND EVALUATION PROCESSES 2.1 Diversity of participatory approaches in agricultural 26 development 2.2 Participatory modelling approaches for integrated resource 31 management (INRM) 2.3 Companion modelling tools used 35 VII CONTENTS (CONTINUED) PAGE 2.4 Monitoring and Evaluation processes 40 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Overview of the methodological framework 49 3.2 Selection of respondents in the M&E process 50 3.3 Data gathering tools 52 3.4 Data analysis 57 4 THE INTEGRATED FARMING CONTEXT OF BAN MAK MAI VILLAGE IN KLANG SUB-DISTRICT,
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