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Conditions and Terms of Use PREFACE Copyright © Heritage History 2009 The lives which we here present in a condensed, simple Some rights reserved form are prepared from those of Plutarch, of whom it will perhaps be interesting to young readers to have a short account. Plutarch This text was produced and distributed by Heritage History, an organization was born in Chæronea, a town of Bœotia, about the middle of the dedicated to the preservation of classical juvenile history books, and to the promotion first century. He belonged to a good family, and was brought up of the works of traditional history authors. with every encouragement to study, literary pursuits, and virtuous The books which Heritage History republishes are in the public domain and actions. When very young he visited Rome, as did all the are no longer protected by the original copyright. They may therefore be reproduced intelligent Greeks of his day, and it is supposed that while there he within the United States without paying a royalty to the author. gave public lectures in philosophy and eloquence. He was a great admirer of Plato, and, like that philosopher, believed in the The text and pictures used to produce this version of the work, however, are the property of Heritage History and are licensed to individual users with some immortality of the soul. This doctrine he preached to his hearers, restrictions. These restrictions are imposed for the purpose of protecting the integrity and taught them many valuable truths about justice and morality, of the work itself, for preventing plagiarism, and for helping to assure that of which they had previously been ignorant. compromised or incomplete versions of the work are not widely disseminated. After his return to his native land, Plutarch held several In order to preserve information regarding the origin of this text, a copyright important public offices, and devoted his time to forming plans for by the author, and a Heritage History distribution date are included at the foot of every the benefit of his countrymen. Living to an advanced age, he page of text. We request all electronic and printed versions of this text include these wrote many important books; but the one which gave him most markings and that users adhere to the following restrictions. celebrity is the "Lives" from which we have derived this work. He 1) This text may be reproduced for personal or educational purposes as long as consulted all the historians of his day, but did not follow them the original copyright and Heritage History version number are faithfully blindly; for after carefully comparing and weighing their reproduced. statements, he selected those which seemed most probable. There can be no doubt that he shared the belief of the age in which he 2) You may not alter this text or try to pass off all or any part of it as your own lived, for his works give evidence of devotion to the pagan gods. work. The legends of the Heroic age must not be accepted as historical 3) You may not distribute copies of this text for commercial purposes unless you facts, nor must any importance be attached to the prophecies of have the prior written consent of Heritage History. priests, omens, oracles, and the divinations of soothsayers, except in so far as they afford a picture of ancient superstitions, and show 4) This text is intended to be a faithful and complete copy of the original how even the most powerful minds had their weaknesses. They document. However, typos, omissions, and other errors may have occurred during preparation, and Heritage History does not guarantee a perfectly may be traced to natural causes, and it seems probable that the reliable reproduction. Roman and Greek armies were victorious or the reverse, because they went into battle impressed by the favorable or unfavorable Permission to use Heritage History documents or images for commercial prophecies, as the case might be, of their soothsayers. Plutarch purposes, or more information about our collection of traditional history resources can says, "It must be borne in mind that my design is not to write be obtained by contacting us at [email protected] histories, but lives." This is why anecdotes, short sayings or a word or two of repartee are frequently recorded. For they furnish a Original Copyright 1883 by Rosalie Kaufman 2 Distributed by Heritage History 2009 better insight into the thoughts and character of a man than his most glorious exploit, famous siege, or blood battle. So it is lives, and not a history, that we offer; this must be borne in mind when some of the most important events the world has ever known receive insufficient mention. R.K. Original Copyright 1883 by Rosalie Kaufman 3 Distributed by Heritage History 2009 FABIUS .................................................................................. 156 TABLE OF CONTENTS MARCELLUS .......................................................................... 162 PHILOPOEMEN ....................................................................... 168 THESEUS ................................................................................... 5 FLAMININUS .......................................................................... 172 LYCURGUS .............................................................................. 11 MARCUS CATO ..................................................................... 176 ROMULUS ............................................................................... 18 AEMILIUS PAULUS ................................................................ 181 NUMA POMPILIUS ................................................................... 24 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS ............................................................ 187 SOLON .................................................................................... 30 CAIUS GRACCHUS ................................................................. 191 PUBLICOLA ............................................................................. 36 CAIUS MARIUS ...................................................................... 194 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS ............................................... 43 SYLLA ................................................................................... 202 THEMISTOCLES ....................................................................... 49 CRASSUS ............................................................................... 207 ARISTIDES .............................................................................. 56 LUCULLUS............................................................................. 213 CIMON .................................................................................... 61 POMPEY ................................................................................ 218 PERICLES ................................................................................ 65 CICERO ................................................................................. 226 NICIAS .................................................................................... 69 CAESAR................................................................................. 230 ALCIBIADES ............................................................................ 72 CATO THE YOUNGER ............................................................. 236 LYSANDER .............................................................................. 77 MARCUS BRUTUS .................................................................. 242 CAMILLUS............................................................................... 81 ANTONY ................................................................................ 247 ARTAXERXES .......................................................................... 87 SERTORIUS ............................................................................ 251 AGESILAUS ............................................................................. 90 GALBA .................................................................................. 255 DION ....................................................................................... 95 OTHO .................................................................................... 258 PHOCION ............................................................................... 101 PELOPIDAS ............................................................................ 106 TIMOLEON ............................................................................ 111 DEMOSTHENES ..................................................................... 116 ALEXANDER ......................................................................... 120 EUMENES .............................................................................. 131 DEMETRIUS........................................................................... 134 PYRRHUS .............................................................................. 139 ARATUS ................................................................................ 144 AGIS ..................................................................................... 149 CLEOMENES .......................................................................... 153 Original Copyright 1883 by Rosalie Kaufman 4 Distributed by Heritage History 2009 CHAPTER I Pittheus, Æthra's father, took charge of his grandson, and engaged a tutor named Connidas to educate him. In later years the Athenians sacrificed a ram to this tutor on the day before the THESEUS celebration
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