Conditions and Terms of Use PREFACE Copyright © Heritage History 2009 The lives which we here present in a condensed, simple Some rights reserved form are prepared from those of Plutarch, of whom it will perhaps be interesting to young readers to have a short account. Plutarch This text was produced and distributed by Heritage History, an organization was born in Chæronea, a town of Bœotia, about the middle of the dedicated to the preservation of classical juvenile history books, and to the promotion first century. He belonged to a good family, and was brought up of the works of traditional history authors. with every encouragement to study, literary pursuits, and virtuous The books which Heritage History republishes are in the public domain and actions. When very young he visited Rome, as did all the are no longer protected by the original copyright. 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There can be no doubt that he shared the belief of the age in which he 2) You may not alter this text or try to pass off all or any part of it as your own lived, for his works give evidence of devotion to the pagan gods. work. The legends of the Heroic age must not be accepted as historical 3) You may not distribute copies of this text for commercial purposes unless you facts, nor must any importance be attached to the prophecies of have the prior written consent of Heritage History. priests, omens, oracles, and the divinations of soothsayers, except in so far as they afford a picture of ancient superstitions, and show 4) This text is intended to be a faithful and complete copy of the original how even the most powerful minds had their weaknesses. They document. However, typos, omissions, and other errors may have occurred during preparation, and Heritage History does not guarantee a perfectly may be traced to natural causes, and it seems probable that the reliable reproduction. Roman and Greek armies were victorious or the reverse, because they went into battle impressed by the favorable or unfavorable Permission to use Heritage History documents or images for commercial prophecies, as the case might be, of their soothsayers. Plutarch purposes, or more information about our collection of traditional history resources can says, "It must be borne in mind that my design is not to write be obtained by contacting us at [email protected] histories, but lives." This is why anecdotes, short sayings or a word or two of repartee are frequently recorded. For they furnish a Original Copyright 1883 by Rosalie Kaufman 2 Distributed by Heritage History 2009 better insight into the thoughts and character of a man than his most glorious exploit, famous siege, or blood battle. So it is lives, and not a history, that we offer; this must be borne in mind when some of the most important events the world has ever known receive insufficient mention. R.K. Original Copyright 1883 by Rosalie Kaufman 3 Distributed by Heritage History 2009 FABIUS .................................................................................. 156 TABLE OF CONTENTS MARCELLUS .......................................................................... 162 PHILOPOEMEN ....................................................................... 168 THESEUS ................................................................................... 5 FLAMININUS .......................................................................... 172 LYCURGUS .............................................................................. 11 MARCUS CATO ..................................................................... 176 ROMULUS ............................................................................... 18 AEMILIUS PAULUS ................................................................ 181 NUMA POMPILIUS ................................................................... 24 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS ............................................................ 187 SOLON .................................................................................... 30 CAIUS GRACCHUS ................................................................. 191 PUBLICOLA ............................................................................. 36 CAIUS MARIUS ...................................................................... 194 CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS ............................................... 43 SYLLA ................................................................................... 202 THEMISTOCLES ....................................................................... 49 CRASSUS ............................................................................... 207 ARISTIDES .............................................................................. 56 LUCULLUS............................................................................. 213 CIMON .................................................................................... 61 POMPEY ................................................................................ 218 PERICLES ................................................................................ 65 CICERO ................................................................................. 226 NICIAS .................................................................................... 69 CAESAR................................................................................. 230 ALCIBIADES ............................................................................ 72 CATO THE YOUNGER ............................................................. 236 LYSANDER .............................................................................. 77 MARCUS BRUTUS .................................................................. 242 CAMILLUS............................................................................... 81 ANTONY ................................................................................ 247 ARTAXERXES .......................................................................... 87 SERTORIUS ............................................................................ 251 AGESILAUS ............................................................................. 90 GALBA .................................................................................. 255 DION ....................................................................................... 95 OTHO .................................................................................... 258 PHOCION ............................................................................... 101 PELOPIDAS ............................................................................ 106 TIMOLEON ............................................................................ 111 DEMOSTHENES ..................................................................... 116 ALEXANDER ......................................................................... 120 EUMENES .............................................................................. 131 DEMETRIUS........................................................................... 134 PYRRHUS .............................................................................. 139 ARATUS ................................................................................ 144 AGIS ..................................................................................... 149 CLEOMENES .......................................................................... 153 Original Copyright 1883 by Rosalie Kaufman 4 Distributed by Heritage History 2009 CHAPTER I Pittheus, Æthra's father, took charge of his grandson, and engaged a tutor named Connidas to educate him. In later years the Athenians sacrificed a ram to this tutor on the day before the THESEUS celebration