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Liberal and Illiberal Nationalisms Also by Ray Taras

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Liberal and Illiberal Nationalisms Also by Ray Taras Liberal and Illiberal Nationalisms Also by Ray Taras CONSOLIDATING DEMOCRACY IN POLAND DEMOCRACY IN POLAND (with Marjorie Castle) HANDBOOK OF POLITICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ON THE USSR AND EASTERN EUROPE: Trends from the 1950s to the 1990s IDEOLOGY IN A SOCIALIST STATE: Poland 1956±83 LEADERSHIP CHANGE IN COMMUNIST STATES LE DEÂBAT LINGUISTIQUE AU QUEÂBEC (with Donat Taddeo) NATIONAL IDENTITIES AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN EASTERN EUROPE NATIONS AND POLITICS IN THE SOVIET SUCCESSOR STATES (with Ian Bremmer) NEW STATES, NEW POLITICS: Building the Post-Soviet Nations (with Ian Bremmer) POLAND: Socialist State, Rebellious Nation POLITICAL CULTURE AND FOREIGN POLICY IN LATIN AMERICA: Case Studies from the Circum-Caribbean (with Roland Ebel and James Cochrane) POSTCOMMUNIST PRESIDENTS THE ROAD TO DISILLUSION: From Critical Marxism to Post-Communism UNDERSTANDING ETHNIC CONFLICT: The International Dimension (with Rajat Ganguly) Liberal and Illiberal Nationalisms Ray Taras Tulane University New Orleans Q Ray Taras 2002 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2002 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. MacmillanT is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-42720-8 ISBN 978-0-230-59640-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230596405 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Taras, Ray, 1946± Liberal and illiberal nationalisms / by Ray Taras. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Nationalism. 2. NationalismÐHistory. I. Title. JC311.T37 2002 320.54Ðdc21 2001059848 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 Contents List of Figures viii Acknowledgements ix Introduction: New Millennium, Old Nationalisms? xi The plurality of nationalisms xi Structure of the study xii Reaching beyond Western approaches xiv 1 Nations and Nationalisms Historically 1 Introduction 1 Nationhood and language 3 The universal nations of antiquity 5 The Roman Empire and the church in the development of nations 8 Renaissance and national awakenings 14 The Westphalian state system 25 A new way to nationhood: the US 28 The French Revolution and liberal nationalism 30 The ascendance of economic and illiberal nationalisms 35 Nationalism before and after the Second World War 37 2 Nationalisms Conceptually 40 The concept of nation 40 The idea of nationality 42 The concept of the nation-state 44 The concept of national identity 45 The principle of national self-determination 48 The meaning of nationalism 50 Typologies of nationalism 52 Schools of nationalism 58 3 Home Writ Large: Nationalism and the Maintenance of Empire 65 The character of empires 66 RUSSIA: Russian nationalism and the imperial idea 70 Contemporary discourses on Russian identity 76 Russian nationalists right and left 79 Challenges from within the new Russian empire 82 Russia's view of home 85 INDIA: Thesis-antithesis: the British empire and Indian nationalism 86 Institutionalizing Indian nationalism 88 v vi Contents Gandhi, the national movement, and Muslim nationalism 90 Hindu nationalism triumphant 92 The Indian empire and subnationalist challenges 95 Secular pretensions, religious realities 99 4 Home Writ Small: Nationalisms of Separatist Movements 103 SOUTH AFRICA: Secession in a new democracy 106 The Zulu kingdom 107 Transition to democracy and ethnic politics 110 Competing visions in Zulu politics 116 Conclusions on Zulu separatism 118 CANADA: Quebec's struggle for sovereignty 118 The bases of Quebec nationalism 121 Institutionalizing nationalism 125 Legal challenges to Quebec's right to secede 128 Reimagining Quebec 132 Conclusions on Quebec nationalism 136 5 Uninational Homes: Right-Wing Nationalism 137 Reactionary forms of nationalism 137 GERMANY: Sources of right-wing extremism 138 Backlash against anti-nationalism 141 Becoming `foreign' or reclaiming the German home? 143 Political parties of the right 149 Shock troops of the right 151 Conclusions on the German radical right 153 ISRAEL: Right-wing fundamentalism 154 Zionism, nationalism, fundamentalism 155 Constructing Israel historically and conceptually 158 Right-wing organizations 161 The right's grip on power 164 Rabin and the right 165 Conclusions on the Israeli right 169 6 Transnational Homes: Pan-Nationalisms 171 THE ISLAMIC UMMA: (Mis)understanding the Islamic world 172 The polycentrism of Islam 176 Islam's radical leaders 179 (Ab)uses of the Other 182 Conclusions on Islam as transnational community 185 LATIN AMERICA: Identity and anti-Americanism 185 Continental nationalism in Latin America 187 The beginnings of anti-Americanism 188 The rise and decline of anti-Americanism 191 Conclusions on anti-Americanism 194 Contents vii 7 Nationalisms, Homes, and Hostilities 196 Westerncentricity 196 The link between home and hostility 199 The multicultural threat 203 Notes 206 Bibliography 237 Index 242 List of Figures 1.1 From the Universal to the National 6 3.1 Threats to Empire in Russia and India 70 7.1 Constructions of home and types of nationalism 200 viii Acknowledgments In researching and writing this book, the largest debt I have incurred is to two university research centers which provided me with a wealth of intellectual resources and first-class facilities. During 1987±88 I was a visiting scholar at the Davis Center for Russian Studies, Harvard University. Among the inspir- ing seminars I participated in during that year, the Tuesday-night ethnicity discussion group organized and led by Lis Bernstein, the Center's deputy director, was particularly valuable in shaping my thinking about national- ism. I am grateful to Tim Colton, director of the Center, and Roman Szporluk, director of the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, for letting me take part in many stimulating lectures, seminars, and conversations in the corridors. During spring semester of 1999, I was visiting professor at the School for Postgraduate Research on Interculturalism and Transnationality (SPIRIT for short), Aalborg University, Denmark. The five-month tenure did indeed provide a rich intercultural and transnational experience, compelling further refining and reformulating of my assumptions about nationalism and iden- tity. Ulf Hedetoft, the School's director, helped in countless practical ways but, above all, in sharing his erudition. A number of other institutions provided opportunities to carry out study visits to countries forming part of the book's case studies. The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture in Golpark, Calcutta, offered research facilities and a hospitable home-away-from-home in India. A Canadian Government Faculty Enrichment Grant allowed me to develop my research on Quebec politics. A home base at Haifa University, Israel, in 1998 served as a spring- board for conducting research on politics in that country. An Andrew W. Mellon Faculty Field Research Grant enabled me to travel to several Latin American countries in search of anti-Americanism. The Committee on Re- search, Tulane University, awarded several travel grants to conduct add- itional study visits. For their valuable comments on and lively discussion of specific issues raised in various parts of this book, I would like to thank the following specialists: Susanne Baier-Allen, Center for European Integration Studies, Bonn; David Carment, Carleton University, Ottawa; Marjorie Castle, Tulane University; Flemming Christiansen, University of Leeds; Sanjin Dragojevic, University of Zagreb; Malene Gram, Aalborg University; Francois Grin, Uni- versity of Geneva; John Hall, McGill University; Marta-Lisa Magnusson, Suddansk University; Bo Petersson, Lund University; Melita Richter, Center for International Ethnic Research, Trieste; Richard Rose, University of Strath- clyde; Bill Safran, University of Colorado; Muhammad Siddiq, University of California, Berkeley; Daniel Skobla, Warsaw University; Irina Stakhanova, ix x Acknowledgments Bowling Green State University; Michael Taylor, University of Washington; Barbara Tornquist-Plewa, Lund University; Edmund van Trotsenburg, Uni- versity of Klagenfurt; and Hakan Yavuz, University of Utah. I am also grateful to Rajat Ganguly, University of East Anglia, for assistance with parts of Chapters 2 and 4. Although they still couldn't prevent me from generating hermeneutic and factual imperfections, whatever strong points there are in the study result from their input. I
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