Discovering Our CRM Aviation Heritage rom the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Canadian to the Mexican border and all along the Gulf of Mexico there is a host VOLUME 15 NO. 2 of historic sites that illustrate the history of American aviation. 19 9 2 Many of these sites are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The documentation of these sites for listing in Fthe National Register provides a unique database and educational THis resource for the American people. The preservation of these sites, and Issue their associated museums, illustrates an important link with our aviation A New Era for Canada's Parks heritage. No matter where you live in the United States there is proba­ Canadian historian bly an aviation-related historic site James E. Candow talks about near you awaiting your visit. The interpreting cultural resources in national parks following articles illustrate just a PS-21 small seqment of these resources. Bill Chapman's article tells us Saving Sites from Natural Disaster about Wright Brothers National Memorial, now a unit of the national NPS ranger Arthur McDade park system, and the site associated and SC park archeologist in the minds of most Americans Dormie Barker describe efforts with the Wright Brothers and the to repair storm damage at two archeological sites development of the first airplane. pg.18 While the first sustained flight in a (continued on page 3) Surveying World War II Sites Archeologist Dirk Spennemann reports on problems with tourists in the Republic of the Marshall Islands pg. 15

Cultural Resources Management Information for Parks, Federal Agencies, Indian Tribes, States, Local Governments and the Private Sector

U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Wilbur and Orville Wright (August Brunsman, 1989); first flight of the original Wright Flyer, photo by the Wright brothers; Little Joe rocket, NASA Wallups Island Field Station, photo courtesy NASA;drawing of Cultural Resources original Wright brothers wind tunnel, NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch. Content*

Features Discovering Our Aviation Heritage 1 CRM Wright Brothers National Memorial: A Short History 4 William Chapman VOLUME 15: NO. 2 Cathleen Turner Published by the National The Birth of Aviation in Dayton, Ohio: Park Service to promote Is a New NPS Unit About to Take Off? 7 and maintain high Ronald W. Johnson standards for preserving and managing cultural An Examination of the Variable Density Wind Tunnel: resources. NASA's Most Unique National Historic Landmark 9 Harry A. Butowsky Director James M. Ridenour The Rogers Dry Lake National Historic Landmark 11 Associate Director Lunar Landing Research Facility 13 Jerry L. Rogers Held in Common: Historic Architecture 14 Editor in America's National Parks Ronald M Greenberg Caroline Bedinger Production Manager Karlota M. Koester Apocalypse Now? The Fate of World War II 15 Sites on the Central Pacific Islands Advisors Dirk H.R. Spennemann Joan Bacharach CRM at East Base, Antarctica 17 Museum Registrar, Nil's Cathy Spude Randall J. Biallas Historical Architect, NPS Robert Spude John A. Burns Architect, NPS Joint NPS-TVA Slump Restoration Project at Harry A. Butowsky Russell Cave National Monument 18 Historian, NPS Arthur McDade Pratt Cassity Acting Executive Director, National Alliance of Stabilization Project: Santee Indian Mound 19 Preservation Commissions Donnie B. Barker Muriel Crespi Cultural Anthropologist, Nl'S Cultural History in National Parks: 21 Craig W. Davis Archeologist, NPS The Case of Broom Point, Newfoundland Mark R. Edwards James E. Candow Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer, Spanish Architectural Drawings for the Maryland John Hnedak United States in Foreign Archives 23 Architectural Historian, Nl'S James C. Massey H. Ward Jandl Architectural Historian, Nl'S Roger E. Kelly Departments Archeologist, NPS Washington Report 24 Antoinette). Lee Historian, NPS Capitol Contact John Poppeliers Bruce Craig International Liaison Officer for Cultural Resources, NPS NPS Symposium Calls for Reform Loran Fraser Juliette Tahar Writer-Editor, NPS Preservation Resources 25 Contributing Editors Book Review Betsy Chittenden Steven F. Mehls Information Management Coordinator, NPS New Directions for the National Register Bruce Craig Antoinette J. Lee Cultural Resources Coordinator National Parks and Conservation Information Management 28 Association NPSTV? NPS Enters the Video Age Consultants Betsy Chittenden Mary V. Maruca Editor, NPS Courier Viewpoint 29 Michael G. Schene The Curation of Archeological Materials Historian, NPS Brit Allan Storey Kay D. Weeks Lechnical Writer-Editor, NPS Expanding Public Benefits for the 21st Century Kay D. Weeks Local News 31 Staffing the Preservation Commission in Montgomery County, MD Stephen A. Morris Bulletin Board 33

2 1992 No. 2 Discovering Our Aviation Heritage (continued from page 1) heavier-than-air machine was made here by Wilbur and Orville Wright on December 17,1903, there is more to the story. Before and after the events of that momentous day in North Carolina, the Wright Brothers lived and worked on the development of the airplane in Dayton, OH. Ron Johnson's article relates this lesser-known part of the Wright Brothers' story. Wilbur and Orville Wright built the world's first successful airplane in Dayton, making that city the birthplace of aviation. A visitor to Dayton today can walk or bike an aviation trail and see the Wright Brothers Cycle Shop, Hawthorn Hill—the home of Orville Wright, Carillon Park—the home of the Wright Flyer III Machine, and the Huffman Prairie—the site of the world's first flying field. The Huffman Flying field eventually evolved to become the site of Wright- Patterson Air Force Base, now the largest air force base in the United States and the site of the finest aviation museum in the country. In the years after the development of the airplane by the Wright Brothers, American aviation fell into a period of decline. The article by Harry Butowsky on the devel­ opment of the Variable Density Wind Tunnel at the Langley Research Center in Hampton, VA, illustrates this process of decline was arrested. As a result of the Saturn I and other rockets. Alabama Space and activities of Rocket Center, Huntsville, AL. the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics, founded in 1915, American avi­ ation literally soared to the edge of space at the Edwards Air Force Base. In Columbia being prepared for lift off, NASA our final arti­ Space Transportation System - 5, Kennedy Space cle, we see Center, FL. Photo by Eric Delony. that with the establishment of the National Aeronautics and Space Readers of CRM who are interested in more informa­ Administration we reached for the Moon and beyond. tion on these properties should contact the National These articles illustrate only a small sample of the avia­ Register of Historic Places, Interagency Resources tion-related resources that are now listed on the National Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Register and preserved for the enjoyment and use of Washington, DC 20013-7127. future generations.

1992 No. 2 3 Interest in the commemoration of the site began to pick Wright Brothers up in the late 1920s in large part due to a revival of patri­ otic interest in America's contribution to early flight. In 1926, Commander Byrd and co-pilot Floyd Bennett flew National Memorial: over the North Pole in their three-engine monoplane the "Josephine Ford"; and 1927 was the year of Charles A Short History Lindbergh's famous solo flight across the Atlantic, an event that won Lindbergh the coveted Orteig Prize and William Chapman captured the imagination of the world. The next year Cathleen Turner Amelia Earhart and pilots Stultz and Gordon repeated Lindbergh's feat in their monoplane "Friendship" (Gibbs-Smith 1970). he Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kitty Airflight was exciting, romantic and appealed to the Hawk, NC is something of an anomaly among combined American affinity for adventure and ingenu­ historic sites. The original location of Orville ity. It was time, as the Smithsonian Institution's own and Wilbur Wright's successful glider experi­ acquisitions programs demonstrated, for the seminal ments of the early 1900s and also of the first event in flight history to be marked (Crouch 1978; Oehser Tpowered flight of December 7,1903—the 120-foot culmi­ 1970; Boyne 1987). nation of many years of study and experiment—the Kitty Hawk site itself possesses nothing in terms of historic buildings or features directly associated with the Wright Brothers early experiments. During the period when the Wright Brothers lived on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, the only distinguishable natural landmark was a large sand dune, known locally as Kill Devil Hill. Orville and Wilbur, who had been attracted to the area by reports from a correspondent in the local U.S. Weather Bureau station on the favorable wind conditions along the North Carolina coast, had added a simple frame "quarters" and a frame hangar for their use while in residence (Combs and Caidin 1979a and 1979b). Both buildings were of board-and-batten construction and did not survive the brothers departure for Dayton, OH (after seasonal use of the Kitty Hawk "camp") to begin what was to become their successful business careers promot­ ing the airplane they had invented (Howard 1988). In the years following the initial experiments, the "quar­ ters" and hangar collapsed and the Kill Devil Hill, which had provided the necessary incline for the track- launched experimental gliders and motor-powered air­ plane, drifted several hundred feet to the southwest. There was little thought given to memorializing the Wright Brothers achievement, which throughout the 1910s and early 1920s was still shrouded in controversy and patent litigation (see Bilstein 1983; Anderson 1985; Kelly 1944). The Kitty Hawk site was threatened by potential future development, as the Outer Banks was opened up to automobile traffic, and vacation homes became more popular in the area (Stick 1958: 245-46).

Wright brothers' Memorial, Kill Devil Hills,NC. Photo by W. Chapman

The first steps toward recognition were taken by the crusading editor of the Elizabeth City, NC Independent, W.O. Saunders (Stick 1958: 241). Saunders advocated the construction of a national memorial on the site beginning as early as 1926. His idea was picked up by congression­ al representative Lindsay C. Warren of North Carolina— an indefatigable champion of development along North Carolina's neglected coastal area—and independently by Wright brothers' quarters. Kill Devil Hills,NC. Photo by W. Chapman Connecticut Senator Hiram Bingham, the famous discov-

4 1992 No. 2 erer of Machu-Pichu, the "Lost" Inca city in Peru (Hiram for the essentially symbolic beacon. The whole memorial Bingham 1963). On March 2,1927, President Coolidge rested on the Kill Devil Hill, stabilized beginning in 1929 signed an Act "for the erection of a memorial in com­ by Captains Gilman and Kindervater of the War memoration of the first successful attempt of a power- Department using a variety of beach grasses, a process driven airplane flight" (cited in Hewes 1967:12). And on later repeated in the nearby Cape Hatteras National December 17,1928, following the donation of land Seashore area south of Kitty Hawk (Stick 1958). secured by New Jersey-based real estate developer Frank In 1933, the memorial was transferred to the National Stick, the cornerstone of what was intended to be a Park Service and the "caretaker," Horace Dough, a native memorial "shaft" or "pylon" was laid at the top of the "Banker," became the effective superintendent for both dune. Simultaneously, a rock-faced commemorative the Kill Devil Hill Monument—the site would not be granite boulder was erected by the National Aeronautics renamed more appropriately as the Wright Brothers Association at the presumed site of the first powered National Memorial until 1953—and the nearby Fort "lift-off" of 25 years before (Hewes 1967). Interestingly, Raleigh National Historic Site, which was acquired by the chosen location for the boulder was based in part on the National Park Service from the State of North the estimated distance from the by-then dilapidated Carolina in 1941 (Powell 1965). A superintendent's quarters and hangar buildings, which three witnesses to house was completed in 1936, in a modernistic style the flight were still able to identify. roughly compatible with the original monument. A new The setting of the cornerstone—which would later be curvilinear circulation pattern was introduced in 1934, relocated as the idea of the memorial "evolved"— substituting for the original direct concrete pathway built marked the beginning, not the end, of a controversy over by the War Department, and plans were made, and remade the nature of the commemorative monument. Initial for a commemorative airship, finally added in 1963. plans were for a commemorative marker of some kind, The Park Service's main efforts, however, settled on the ideally a masonry shaft or similar memorial. However, interpretation of the site. In 1953, to mark the 50th William P. MacCracken, Jr., the Assistant Secretary of anniversary of the Wright Brothers' achievement, the two Commerce for Aeronautics, along with a delegation structures used by the Wrights were rebuilt on their including Herbert Hoover, the future President, recom­ approximate original site (reading back from the location mended a marine light and possibly a coast guard sta­ of the commemorative boulder, which was also adjusted tion, combined with a memorial. Saunders and Warren at this time). The reconstructions were based on fairly accepted the idea as a necessary expedient—Hoover had complete photographic documents of the Wright expressed his reluctance to dump "a quarter of a million Brothers' activities and were in the spirit of interpretive dollars of public money on a sand dune where only a few exhibits of the period (see Hewes 1967; Combs and neighborhood natives would see it" (Elizabeth City Caidin 1979a). The buildings proved popular with the Independent November 18,1932)—but Bingham was public and while continually damaged by the harsh cli­ determined not "to combine memory with utility" (cited matic conditions and ever-threatening termite infestation in Hewes 1967: 28). Utility would eventually win out; were rebuilt in 1963. The hangar has been replaced and while the Coast Guard would not in fact share again, in 1976. The Park Service also reoriented the site, responsibility for the memorial as once proposed, the changing the visitors' entrance from the southside adja­ final monument would be both a memorial and a naviga­ cent to the superintendent's residence, to a new location tional beacon—though, as the contract-winning architect next to the state highway flanking the site. Long planned would later say, more of a memorial with a beacon than a for, a visitor center, designed by the Philadelphia firm of glorified beacon (Hewes 1967: 34). Mitchell/Giugola, who also created the Liberty Bell The competition for the design was announced in 1928 pavilion at Independence National Historical Park, was and closed at the end of January 1929. In all, 36 entries finally added to the site in 1960, as part of the national were received by the jury appointed by the Quarter Mission '66 program instigated by National Park Service Master General of the Army, the agency responsible ini­ Director Conrad Wirth (see Rowan 1963). tially for the administration of the site. The winning The Wright Brothers National Memorial stands now as design, approved by the Senate Commission of Fine Arts a fairly complex site. There is the 1931-32 shaft or and the Joint Committees on the Library, was submitted "pylon," visible for miles; the modernistic, 1960 visitors' by the New York firm of Rodgers and Poor. Alfred E. center, suggestive in fact of a miniature airline terminal; Poor, noted in part for his early study of Cape Cod hous­ the reconstructed Wright Brothers quarters and hangars; es, was to be the principal designer (Neio York Times and the National Aeronautics Association memorial January 16,1988; Hewes 1967: 34). boulder of 1928. The superintendent's residence, the The final design was what we would now consider an original gateway into the site, and the powerhouse are "Art Deco masterpiece" (see Duncan 1988). Rising 61' now off to the edge of the park area, adjacent to the above its 36'x43' base, the granite memorial took the maintenance yards, and no longer constitute major fea­ form of stylized wings, suggestive of ancient Egyptian tures of the site. The airstrip, used by visiting air enthu­ motifs, topped by a viewing platform and beacon. It was siasts, is located to the northwest, just within view of the fitted with stainless steel and nickel doors and metal main visitors' area. relief of the world depicting myths and events in the his­ The site is fairly confusing to anyone not familiar with tory of flight, located on the interior (Construction its history. The commemorative "layering" of the park is Division Office of the Quartermaster General 1930). A obscured by the more dramatic interpretive displays, separate powerhouse, in a more conventional Beaux Arts such as the replica 1903 flyer housed in the visitor center, style, was located at the base of the hill to provide power (continued on page 6)

1992 No. 2 5 Wright Brothers National Memorial: A Short History References Cited (continued from page 5) Anderson, John D. Jr. 1985. Introduction to Flight. 2nd and the reconstructed quarters and hangar. Overall the ed. New York: McGraw Hill. Wright Brothers National memorial is a kind of object Bilstein, Roger E. 1983. Flight Patterns: Trends of lesson in America's relationship to its own past and the Aeronautical Development in the United States, 1918-1929. events that have shaped the modern world. The replica Athens: University of Georgia Press. plane and the quarters both paradoxically tend to inspire Bingham, Hiram (1875-1956) 1963. The Columbia a sense of awe in visitors, who speak in hushed tones Encyclopedia. New York: Columbia University Press. when looking in upon the reconstructed quarters of the Boyne, Walter. 1987. The Smithsonian Book of Flight. two brothers, complete with canned goods, books, and New York: Crown. burlap-bag bunks. The pylon is a separate memorial, a Combs, Harry and Martin Caidin. 1979a. The Air Age monument to walk up to, energy permitting, to view the Was Now. American Heritage. 31: 45-60. sprawling residential and commercial development Combs, Harry and Martin Caidin. 1979b. Kill Devil Hill: around the site. The dune itself, the Kill Devil Hill, is Discovering the Secret of the Wright Brothers. Englewood, now a grassy knoll, located well away from its location at NJ: Ternstyle Press. the time of the Wright brothers' historic flight. Construction Division, Office of the Quartermaster So what then is the Wright Brothers National Memorial General. 1930. Specifications for the Construction of Wright in terms of cultural resources management issues? It is Memorial. . . at Kitty Haivk, North Carolina. Washington, in large part a succession of things. It's a hallowed site, DC: War Department. but also a commemorative one. It is a place to celebrate Crouch, Tom. 1978. December: Diamond Anniversary the accomplishments of two young inventors from of Man's Propulsion Skyward. Smithsonian 9,9: 36-46. Dayton, OH, but also to recognize the Nation's own Duncan, Alastair, 1988. Art Deco. London: Thames and efforts to memorialize an event of international propor­ Hudson. tions. It is a site with two important architect-designed Gibbs-Smith, Charles Howard. 1970. Aviation: An buildings, one by Alfred Poor in the best tradition of Historical Survey. London: Her Majesty's Stationary early 1930s architecture, and another by Ramaldo Office. Giurgola, whose architectural career is now widely Hewes, Andrew M.. 1967. Wright Brothers National acclaimed (see Mitchell and Giurgola 1983). The historic Memorial: An Administrative History. Washington, DC: site incorporates all of these contributions and gains both U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, significance and texture from the acts of veneration in the History Division. form of buildings, memorials, and more recently, instruc­ Howard, Fred. 1988. Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of tional exhibits. Like an ancient shrine, it is really the the Wright Brothers. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. votive contributions that convey significance, not the Kelly, Fred C. 1944. The Wright Brothers. New York: original event—an event which can never be recaptured Harcourt, Brace and Company. or even conveyed given the present site. As the Park Mitchell, Ehrman B. and Romaldo Giurgola. 1983. Service readjusts its own management program, it is Mitchell/Giurgola Architects. New York: Rizzoli. clear that the recognition of this commemorative layering Oehser, Paul H. 1970. The Smithsonian Institution. New will need to take a higher priority in its own planning York: Praegel. policies and its future interpretive programs. Powell, William S. 1965. Paradise Preserved: A History of the Roanoke Island Historical Association. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Rowan, Jan C. 1963. Kitty Hawk Museum, Progressive This article is based on research conducted as part Architecture. 63:112-20. of an on-going study of cultural resources in south­ Stick, David. 1958. The Outer Banks of North Carolina. eastern national parks, undertaken by the Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. University of Georgia's School of Environmental Newspapers Cited Design in cooperation with the Southeast Region of New York Times the National Park Service. Information has been Elizabeth City (North Carolina) Independent provided especially by Bebe Woody, cultural resources manager at the Fort Raleigh National Historic Site at Cape Hatteras National Seashore, as well as National Park Service personnel at the Wright Brothers National Memorial.

William Chapman is an associate professor in the School of Environmental Design, The University of Georgia. He is con­ ducting cultural resources studies for the Southeast Region of the National Park Service. Cathleen Turner was formerly a graduate assistant at the University of Georgia. She is currently with the North Georgia Regional Development Center in Gainesville.

6 1992 No. 2 and Hawthorn Hill. These properties were recognized as The Birth of possessing national significance and outstanding physical integrity, which are the requirements for landmark status. In early 1989, a group of business representatives, gov­ Aviation in Dayton, ernment officials, ATI members, and Dayton citizens organized a non-profit corporation known as the 2003 Ohio: Is a New Fund Committee named for the centenary of flight. At the request of Congressman Tony Hall and through NPS Unit About to funding provided by the 2003 Fund Committee, planners from the Denver Service Center (DSC)-Central Team working with the Midwest Regional Office of the NPS, Take Off? the Mound City Group National Monument, and the 2003 Fund Committee evaluated the potential of Ronald W. Johnson Dayton's aviation-related cultural resources for possible NPS designation. The inter-disciplinary team completed a study of alternatives in April 1991. hrough community action and the political The study described three nationally-significant sites in process, the National Park Service may be Dayton that could serve as the nucleus of a proposed directed to embark upon a new partnership in NPS unit: the Wright Cycle Company building in the Dayton. Several studies and plans have result­ West Dayton neighborhood where the Wright Brothers ed in draft legislation which would designate a lived for many years; the Wright Flyer III displayed at TDayton Aviation Heritage National Historic Park. This Carillon Park; and the Huffman Prairie Flying Field at action marks a Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Rather decade-long effort than concentrating on NPS management by Dayton's citi­ exclusively for these cultural resources, zens to commemo­ the study demonstrated how state, local, rate the Wright and private interests, with the NPS acting Brothers' contribu­ as a catalytic force, could manage and tions to the birth of develop these nationally-significant cul­ aviation. tural resources for traditional preserva­ In order to tion goals as well as heritage tourism. respond to the loss The study of alternatives was developed of many historic with the cooperation of the 2003 Fund buildings and Committee-National Park Service sites, and to pro­ Subcommittee, a 20-member group creat­ mote Dayton's role ed to guide the NPS project. The DSC in the birth of avia­ planners presented the draft conceptual tion, a handful of alternatives to the NPS subcommittee for local citizens consensus and approval. The NPS pre­ formed Aviation pared the document under the direction Trail, Incorporated (ATI) in 1981. During the 1980s, ATI restored the Wright Cycle Wright Cycle Company building. Company building as a museum, purchased the nearby Hoover Block, and encouraged preservation of the West Dayton neighborhood where Wilbur and Orville Wright lived. At the request of ATI, the NPS completed a National Historic Landmark (NHL) study in 1989 to evaluate approximately 45 sites related to the early aviation story in Dayton. The NPS submit­ ted seven aviation sites or properties to the National Park System Advisory Board for consid­ eration as NHLs—Wright Cycle Company build­ ing, Hoover Block, Wright Flyer III, Huffman Huffman Prairie Flying Field. Prairie Flying Field, Hawthorn Hill, Building 1 and Building 2 (The Wright Company), and the Wright of a locally-chartered foundation without hint of unto­ Seaplane Base on the Miami River. ward dictates to arrive at a predetermined position. The Following the Advisory Board's recommendation, the NPS served as a contractor providing professional ser­ Secretary of the Interior designated four aviation-related vices to a local client, supported with locally-donated properties as NHLs—the Wright Cycle Company build­ funds rather than Federal appropriations. ing, Huffman Prairie Flying Field, the Wright Flyer III, (continued on page 8)

1992 No. 2 7 The Birth of Aviation in Dayton, Ohio: Is a New NPS Unit On May 14,1991, at the Air and Space Museum in About to Take Off? Washington, DC, Ohio Senator John Glenn and (continued from page 7) Congressman Tony Hall announced introduction of a bill (H.R. 2321) entitled "Dayton Aviation Heritage National The 2003 Fund Committee held a series of strategy Historic Preservation Act of 1991" to establish Dayton meetings to initiate legislation to implement the NPS Aviation Heritage National Historic Park. At the study. The NPS was invited to send representatives to a Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands of the workshop with community leaders and congressional House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, the staffers to provide input on possible alternative futures NPS opposed the bill as drafted, due to the lack of suit­ for Dayton's aviation-related cultural resources. While ability of the majority of the sites and the open-ended the legislation was being drafted, the NPS received costs to the Federal Government. numerous requests for technical assistance concerning The Dayton community, including both public and pri­ specific wording and refinement of partnership concepts. vate entities, demonstrated an ability to lead a partner­ The bill drafters incorporated a partnership approach ship and could do so without the creation of a federally- but emphasized that the Federal Government manage, authorized and funded commission and historic preser­ preserve, and interpret nationally-significant aviation vation district. The NPS recommended that Federal par­ resources. The bill contained a number of provisions ticipation in such a partnership should be limited to including a large-scale federally-chartered and funded existing general assistance mechanisms. The NPS testi­ commission, creation of a federally-funded preservation mony suggested the designation of a small national his­ district, and potential commitments for urban transit, and toric site granted status as an affiliated unit under local properties not to be owned by the NPS. The proposed management, including a core area consisting of the Dayton Historic Preservation Commission would admin­ Wright Cycle Company building and the Hoover Block. ister the Wright-Dunbar Historic Preservation District, Through existing programs, subject to available funding, sponsor loans and grants for making improvements for and upon request from appropriate local authorities, the aviation-related resources, and manage, preserve, revital­ NPS could be willing to provide short-term technical assis­ ize, and promote cultural resources such as the Paul tance to preserve and interpret other nationally-significant Laurence Dunbar NHL, the home of the noted Black poet resources and ancillary structures identified in the bill. (a boyhood friend of the Wrights), and the birth of avia­ tion, especially in West Dayton along the Third Street In late November the national parks subcommittee gave business corridor and surrounding residential neighbor­ the redrafted bill its unanimous approval. The measure hoods. This expansive legislative direction caused the will probably receive House action in early spring, 1992. NPS to oppose the draft legislation at a subsequent con­ The revised bill directs the NPS to acquire the Wright gressional hearing. Cycle Company building and the Hoover Block. The proposed park would also include the Wright Flyer III, Regarding new park designations the NPS has been Huffman Prairie field, and the Dunbar House, although directed by Congress to assume an active partnership current ownership would continue. The bill's sponsors role with local resource managers but not necessarily heeded the NPS opposition, and scaled back Federal become the principal player—a direction supported by involvement to emphasize a more viable partnership. the Department of the Interior. The study of alternatives Although the NPS opposed the first bill at the August clearly demonstrates this intention. Management of hearing, the congressional subcommittee saw merit in properties such as Huffman Prairie Flying Field and the aviation heritage initiative and approved a revised Wright Brothers Hill (currently under the jurisdiction of bill. These maneuvers provide a good lesson in the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base); the 1905 Wright Flyer inherent tension that exists between the executive depart­ III (displayed by Carillon Park, private, non-profit); ment and the legislative branch concerning the designa­ Hawthorn Hill (operated by National Cash Register as a tion of new NPS areas—despite opposition that Congress corporate guesthouse); and the Paul Laurence Dunbar may feel compelled to designate new parks for its politi­ House (Ohio maintains the property as a museum) cally-driven reasons. During this process the subcom­ would remain the responsibility of current owners under mittee members saw merit in the commemoration of avi­ potential partnership arrangements with the NPS. ation history. The bill's supporters heeded the opposition Revitalization of the West Third Street commercial dis­ of the NPS as they made substantial adjustments to the bill. trict and its adjacent residential neighborhoods to pro­ In addition to a possible new NPS unit, the designation vide a physical and historical context for the Wright of a national aviation trail could build on the ground­ Brothers' early years and the origins of aviation should breaking efforts of the handful of volunteer aviation remain the responsibility of local authorities. Additional boosters in Dayton's pioneer ATI. This national aviation sites or properties within the proposed urban cultural trail could feature the Dayton sites, air museums, Wilbur park or within the community such as the Wright air­ Wright's birthplace near Millville, IN, Fort Myer, VA, plane factory building at a General Motors plant, the and Kitty Hawk, NC, among others. A nationwide the­ Wrights' homesite lot (in 1936 the house and a bicycle matic framework is needed to link aviation resources in a shop were dismantled and re-erected at the Edison comprehensive package for preservation and interpretive Institute), Greenfield Village and Henry Ford Museum purposes for the vast number of Americans who remain NHL near Detroit, and Orville's laboratory site, could be fascinated with the birth and development of aviation. managed and interpreted through a variety of viable partnerships created with the NPS, state, local govern­ ments, and the private sector. Ron Johnson is a supervisory planner, Central Team, Denver Service Center, National Park Service.

8 1992 No. 2 After their 1903 success at Kitty Hawk the Wright An Examination of Brothers returned to Dayton where they continued their work. In 1904 and 1905 working at the Huffman Prairie, now on the grounds of the Wright Patterson AFB, the the Variable Wrights developed the Wright Flyer III—the world's first airplane. Density Wind From 1905 until 1908 the Wright Brothers stopped fly­ ing and working on the airplane. Instead they developed Tunnel: NASA's strategies for selling their invention and concentrated on patents for the airplane. By 1908 they startled both the European and American aviation communities with their Most Unique invention.

National Historic Evolution of Wind Tunnel Technology The success of the Wright Brothers' airplane was fol­ Landmark lowed by a technological backward slide by the American aircraft industry. British, French, and German Harry A. Butowsky designers soon surpassed the Wright Brothers and other American aircraft builders. By World War I American leadership in aerodynamic research had unquestionably he Variable Density Wind Tunnel (VDT) at the shifted to Europe. Prominent Americans including NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Alexander Graham Bell and Alexander Walcott Virginia, is a little known facility that is not (Secretary of the Smithsonian) and farsighted leaders in familiar even to historians of American avia­ the Congress saw the importance of the airplane, not tion history. The VDT, an unimposing struc­ only as a weapon of war but also as a means of trans­ Tture, was constructed during the period from 1921 to 1923 portation that would revolutionize the world. They were at the direction of the National Advisory Committee for determined that America would take a back seat to no Aeronautics (NACA). nation in the field of aeronautics. The tunnel was built by the Newport News After intense lobbying Congress passed the enabling Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., of Newport News, legislation creating NACA on a Naval Appropriations Virginia, and was capable of withstanding a working Act in 1915. This bill was signed into law by President pressure of 21 atmospheres. It was built of steel plates Woodrow Wilson, establishing the National Advisory lapped and riveted according to the usual practice in Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) March 3,1915. steam boiler construction; although, because of the size The responsibility of NACA, as the new agency was of the tank and the high working pressure, the construc­ called, was to "supervise and direct the study of the tion is unusually heavy. The test section was made 5 feet problems of flight, with a view to their practical solu­ in diameter and the maximum air velocity was 50 mph tion...." The act also provided for the construction of at a pressure of 20 atmospheres. research facilities and a laboratory site near Hampton, By the 1940s the tunnel was obsolete and was gutted. The VDT continued to serve the needs of NACA and was (continued on page 10) used as a pressure tank to support the operation of other, more modern wind tunnels until it was declared potentially unsafe for further operations in 1978. In order to understand the importance of the VDT we need to look at the history of the development of the airplane by the Wright brothers.

Wilbur and Orville Wright Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inven­ tors of the modern airplane, were scien­ tists. Unlike Otto Lilienthal and others engaged in the study of flight in the late 19th century the Wrights attacked the problem of developing the airplane in a scientific manner. To do this they built a wind tunnel and tested their theories, both in their bicycle shop in Dayton, Ohio and at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In this way the Wrights were able to identify and solve the problems that needed to be Variable Density Wind Tunnel, 1922. Photo by National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. overcome to enable man to fly.

1992 No. 2 9 An Examination of the Variable Density Wind Tunnel: The Importance of the Variable Density Wind Tunnel NASA's Most Unique National Landmark (continued from page 9) This was the significance of the Variable Density Tunnel. The VDT, for the first time, placed in the hands Virginia. Thus the Langley Research Center came into of NACA engineers a research tool superior to that found being in 1917 and set about the problem of building a anywhere else in the world. The VDT was able to predict wind tunnel to conduct aeronautical research. Because of flow characteristics of test aircraft models more accurate­ the lack of experience in this area Langley first construct­ ly than any other tunnel then in existence. The VDT ed NACA Wind Tunnel No. 1, a low speed tunnel with quickly established itself as a primary source for aerody­ no return circuit for air passing through the test section. namic data at high Reynolds numbers. Although useful as a learning tool, this tunnel was obso­ lete by the standards of the day and produced no signifi­ The result of this research led to the publication of cant findings. NACA Technical Report 460 in which aerodynamic data for 78 related airfoil sections were presented. Information In June 1921, NACA's Executive Committee decided to contained in this report eventually found its way into the leapfrog European wind tunnel technology and build a design of such famous aircraft as the DC-3, B-17 and the P-38. tunnel in which pressures could be varied. This concept was strongly advocated by Max Munk, a NACA techni­ The VDT led to the production of superior American cal assistant, who was familiar with European wind tun­ aircraft that have dominated the airways of the world nel design from his days at Gottingen. since that time. All modern Variable Density Tunnels now in operation are but an extension of the original The purpose of the Variable Density Tunnel was to ideal first formulated and put into operation by Max solve the problem of applying experimental results Munk in 1921 with the construction of the original obtained from scale model aircraft to full size aircraft. Variable Density Tunnel at Langley. Almost all wind tunnel tests at the time were, and still are, performed on scale model aircraft because of the The Variable Density Wind Tunnel began a tradition of expense involved in constructing full scale wind tunnels. excellence in engineering and creative design that became the hallmark of NACA and the American aircraft industry. In a classic set of experiments, Osborne Reynolds (1842- The VDT was only the first of a long line of facilities that 1912) of the University of Manchester demonstrated that made America preeminent in the field of aeronautical the airflow pattern over a scale model would be the same research and recaptured that spirit of excellence and innova­ for the full-scale vehicle if certain flow parameters were tive thinking that was the hallmark of the Wright Brothers. the same in both cases. This factor, now known as the Reynolds number, is a basic parameter in the description The Wright Brothers National Memorial, the four newly of all fluid-flow situations, including the shapes of flow pat­ designated Dayton National Historic Landmarks associ­ terns, the ease of heat transfer, and the onset of turbulence. ated with the Wright Brothers, the VDT and other NASA wind tunnels designated in previous years in the Man in Space Study, (Variable Density Wind Tunnel, Full Scale Wind Tunnel and Eight Foot High Speed Wind Tunnel at Langley and the Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel at the NASA Ames Research Center) link together those early generations of American aeronautical engineers, inventors and scientists who created a world in which time and space have changed forever. These National Historic Landmarks, not only pre­ serve an important part of America's Aeronautical Heritage, but also help us to remember our history and inspire us to achieve our best. For further information the following sources are recommended: Donald. D. Baals and William R. Corliss. The Wind Drawing of Variable Density Wind Tunnel Tunnels of NASA. NASA, 1981. Tom D. Crouch. The Bishops Boys: The Life of Wilbur and Orville Wright. W.W. Norton, 1989. In 1921 all wind tunnels were operating at normal atmospheric pressure using scale models. This meant James R. Hansen. Engineer in Charge: A History of the that experimental results using these wind tunnels were Langley Aeronautical Laboratory. NASA, 1987. open to question because the Reynolds number obtained Fred Howard. Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of the did not match those encountered in using full-scale air­ Wright Brothers. Alfred A. Knopf, 1987. craft. Thus, the Reynolds number of a 1/20 scale model Fred. C. Kelly. The Wright Brothers: A Biography being tested at operational flight velocities in an atmos­ Authorized by Orville Wright. Harcourt Brace, 1943. pheric wind tunnel would be too low by a factor of 20. Lynanne Wescott and Paula Degen. Wind and Sand—The NACA engineers realized that since the Reynolds num­ Story of the Wright Brothers at Kitty Hawk. Eastern Acorn ber is also proportional to air density that a solution was Press, 1983. possible by testing 1/20-scale models at a pressure of 20 atmospheres. The Reynolds number would be the same Dr. Harry A. Butowsky is a historian in the History Division, in the wind tunnel as in actual flight. National Park Service.

10 When the post office refused permission to name the area The Rogers Dry "Corum," because of the similiarity to another California town, the Corum family reversed the spelling of their name to "Muroc" and so named their settlement. Lake National In 1933, the U.S. Army first came to Muroc to design and maintain a bombing range for the Army Air Corps. Historic Landmark Within a few years Muroc became a large Army air base testing new generations of fighter aircraft. At the outbreak of World War II, the lake was used for When most preservationists think of National Historic training P-38 fighter pilots, and B-24 Liberator and B-25 Landmarks, visions of buildings with significant archi­ Mitchell bomber crews. During this time, Navy pilots tectural or historic associations come to mind. Other conducted realistic bombing runs on a 650-foot model of visions conjure up well-known battlefields or sites associ­ a Japanese navy heavy cruiser, dubbed the "Muroc- ated with important events in American history. Maru." However, the National Historic Landmarks Survey rec­ ognizes sites in all areas of significance in American his­ In 1942, the United States chose Muroc as the best area tory and increasingly, in to flight test the secret Bell XP-59—America's first jet air­ recent years, sites that are plane. The Bell XP- important in the develop­ 59 was the first of ment of the history of sci­ many generations of ence and technology, airplanes to be tested such as the Lowell at Muroc. Observatory, in Flagstaff, By the end of the AZ; the Variable Density war the Army Air Wind Tunnel in Langley, Force asked the VA; and the Rogers Dry National Advisory Lake in Muroc, CA, come Committee for to mind as examples. Aeronautics for help Each of these sites shares in designing and a common theme—they flight testing are technological sites advanced jet aircraft. that have been found to NACA responded be nationally significant favorably, and by in the history of science in 1946, NACA engi­ the United States. Each neers from the has its own unique story Langley Research to tell. The Rogers Dry Center in Virginia Lake, designated as part were working at of the overall Man in Muroc on the prob­ Space National Historic lems associated with Landmark theme study, high speed flight offers a good example. testing of advanced aircraft. The most The Rogers Dry Lake is famous result of 65 miles square and these early tests was shaped like a lopsided the flight by Air figure-8,12 1/2 miles Force Captain long and 5 miles wide. Charles E. "Chuck" The lake is naturally flat Yeager on October and its surface is unusally 14,1947, when he hard and can support piloted the Bell XS-1 even the heaviest test air­ and passed the speed craft. The lake is dry for of sound. Captain most of the year except Yeager's record- for brief occasions when NASA drawing. breaking flight was rainfall fills the dry bot­ kept a secret from the tom to a depth of a few American public by both the Air Force and NACA until inches. It is the natural resource of the Rogers Dry Lake June 1948, when press leaks forced the Air Force to coupled with other natural attributes of clean air, isolated acknowledge that the speed of sound had been broken. locations, ideal weather and variable terrain, that first drew aeronautical engineers and the military to the area. In 1947, NACA made its presence at Muroc official when it formally established its facility there as the High The Rogers Dry Lake was first settled in 1910, by the Speed Flight Research Center. The High Speed Flight family of Clifford Corum when they built a combination store and post office for other homesteaders in the area. (continued on page 12)

1992 No. 2 11 The Rogers Dry Lake National Historic Landmark Skyrocket—the first plane to fly at twice the speed of (continuedfrom page 11) sound; the X-3—the first plane to rely on light, tough tita­ nium as the main material for construction; and finally Research Center, later renamed the Dryden Flight the X-5—the first plane with wings that swept in flight. Research Center, along with the previously established In the years from 1959-1981, Dryden made significant NACA centers at Langley, Lewis and Ames, gave NACA contributions to the American space program. During a full complement of field offices in which to conduct these years researchers at Dryden first tested the X-15, an research into problems relating to aeronautics and astro­ airplane that represented a cross-over technology that lit­ nautics. erally took men out of the atmosphere for brief periods of These centers formed the core of the research facilities time and returned them to earth. In a sense, the X-15 was that NACA would bring to NASA in 1958. They were both an aircraft and a true spacecraft, for it reached alti­ the foundation upon which NASA would build the tudes of 67 miles where 99.999 % of the earth's atmos­ American space program. phere lay below. In 1950, the Air Force renamed Muroc, Edwards Air The X-15 demonstrated the ability of pilots to fly rocket- Force Base, in honor of test pilot Glen Edwards who died propelled aircraft out of the atmosphere and back again in a test flight in 1948. Test pilots working for the Air to precision pinpoint landings. Information and experi­ Force and research technicians working for the Flight ence gained by NASA as a result of the X-15 program Research Center continued their efforts to probe the mys­ was to pay dividends later in the design and develop­ teries of flight. ment of America's space shuttle. The major contributions of NASA, using the Rogers Dry Other Dryden programs that supported the American Lake over these years were in two primary areas. The space effort were the development and testing of the first of these was to the early development of supersonic Lunar Landing Research Vehicle that trained Apollo flight technology. The second was on the problem of astronauts to land on the moon, and research into the flight out of the atmosphere, including lifting re-entry "Lifting Body" program that tested various aerodynamic during the return from orbit. Unlike other NASA cen­ shapes designed to reenter the earth's atmosphere from ters, Dryden relied on a new research tool—the research space. In 1978, Dryden was home to the space shuttle airplane that used the sky as a laboratory. approach and landing tests that demonstrated that the Research associated with supersonic flight was dealt shuttle could be landed safely once it returned from with during the years from 1945-1959 and was associated space. Starting in 1981, the early shuttle flight used the with such famous aircraft as the Bell X-l—the first air­ wide and long natural runways at Dryden for landing the craft to fly faster than the speed of sound; the D-558 II shuttle. All shuttle flights land at the Rogers Dry Lake today. On October 3,1985, the Secretary of the Interior designated the Rogers Dry Lake, the home of Edwards Air Force Base and the Dryden Flight Research Center, a National Historic Landmark, as part of the Man in Space National Historic Landmark theme study. In common with all of the other National Historic Landmarks that have been designated in the years since the passage of the Historic Sites Act of 1935, the Rogers Dry Lake preserves and relates the story of the important events in the history of the United States.

Space shuttle landing at Edwards Air Force Base.

12 1992 No. 2 Lunar Landing Research Facility

This article is taken from a speech delivered in May 1991, by Dr. Harry Butowsky at the unveiling of the newly restored NASA Lunar Excursion Module Simulator (LEMS) and the dedication of the Lunar Landing Research Facility as a National Historic Landmark. With this recognition, the Lunar Excursion Module and the Lunar Landing Research Facility joined the select group of National Historic Landmarks that over the past 50 years have been determined by the Secretary of the Interior to be significant in the History of the United States of America.

ational Historic Landmarks are special properties—they commemorate and illus­ trate our history and culture—they are by definition nationally significant properties that rank in importance with any historical Lunar Landing Research Facility with Lunar Excursion Module attached. NASA uniNt of the national park system. In the 55 years since the photo. inception of the National Historic Landmarks Program only a limited number of properties have been so desig­ Lunar Landing Research Facility with its Lunar nated. National Historic Landmarks are identified by Excursion Module was designed to solve one part of this theme or special studies prepared by professional histori­ problem, that is, how to land men on the surface of the ans, they are recommended by the National Park System Moon. The need for such a facility arose from the fact Advisory Board and are designated by the Secretary of that there was no direct parallel between the unique the Interior under the authority of the Historic Sites Act piloting problems of the LEM and normal aircraft operat­ of 1935. ing in Earth's atmosphere. Conditions encountered by The Lunar Landing Research Facility—with its Lunar the LEM were different due to the Moon's lack of an Excursion Module Simulator—represents a property that atmosphere and low gravitational force. has been determined, through a process of independent The Lunar Landing Research Facility permitted NASA study and review, to be important in the history of the to train the Apollo astronauts to fly in a simulated lunar United States in the theme of the aeronautical and space environment. Experience gained here enabled Neil sciences. Armstrong and others to train with a greater degree of National Historic Landmarks also teach us about our confidence on the Lunar Research Training vehicle at past. Each site has its unique story to tell to the Houston and Edwards Air Force Base and eventually to American people. The Lunar Landing Research Facility journey to the Moon in July 1969. tells us how the decision by President John F. Kennedy to The adaption of this Apollo era facility to serve as an land a man on the Moon by 1969 was implemented by Impact Dynamics Research Facility also illustrates the NASA in a timely manner. With the decision to go to the determination and foresight of NASA engineers and sci­ Moon NASA had to quickly determine the method of entists to give to the United States the best aeronautical accomplishing the journey. NASA engineers evaluated scientific and engineering research facilities in the world. three means to do this by 1962: direct ascent, Earth-orbit This tradition dates back to the construction of the rendezvous (EOR), or lunar-orbit rendezvous (LOR). Variable Density Wind Tunnel at Langley Field in 1921, Direct ascent to the Moon was ruled out because of the and illustrates a proud legacy of engineering excellence size of the launch vehicle required to accomplish the mis­ and wealth of technical research facilities upon which the sion. The EOR concept was ruled out because two American aircraft industry is based today. This legacy launch vehicles were required to meet mission require­ enabled America to be the first nation to fly to the Moon ments. NASA chose the LOR concept which called for a and has enabled the American aircraft industry to pro­ single rocket to launch two spacecraft into lunar orbit duce commercial and military airplanes that dominated where one would remain in orbit while the other would the skies of the world. descend to the Moon. The vehicle on the Moon would Today, while we honor those who have restored the then boost itself back into lunar orbit, rendezvous and Lunar Excursion Module we must also recognize the dock with the mother ship, which would then return to generations of NASA engineers and scientists who con­ the Earth. ceived of the Lunar Landing Research Facility as well as While this was a bold plan that held out the promise of the Variable Density Wind Tunnel, the Full Scale Wind achieving a lunar landing by 1969, it presented many Tunnel and the Eight Foot High Speed Tunnel and the technical difficulties. The LOR plan was based on the Rendezvous and Docking Simulator—all National premise that NASA trained astronauts could master the Historic Landmarks in recognition of their contributions techniques of landing the LEM on the lunar surface and to the advancement of the Aeronautical and Space returning to orbit and docking with the mother ship. The Sciences.

1992 No. 2 13 Held in Common: Historic Architecture in America's National Parks

Caroline R. Bedinger

he exhibition, T"Held in Common: Historic Architecture in America's National Parks," was devel­ oped by the staff of the Historic American Buildings Survey / Historic American Above: Artie Brotherhood Building, Skagway, Engineering Alaska. Photo by Walter Smalling, Jr., for HABS, NFS, 1982. Record Left: Quapaw Bathhouse, Hot Springs National (HABS/HAER) Park, Hot Springs Arkansas. Photo by Jack E. Boucher for HABS, NPS, 1984. and the National Below: Mission San Jose y San Miguel de Aguayo, Building Museum west elevation, San Antonio Missions National to celebrate the Historic Park, Texas. Christopher J. Gribbs, 1984 75th anniversary of (delineator), HABS, NPS. the National Park Service and to acquaint the American people with the richness and diversity of the historic structures entrusted to the care of the National Park Service. From December 6,1991 to March 1,1992, "Held in Common" was exhibited at the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C. The majority of the drawings and photographs in the exhibition were produced by HABS/HAER. The focus of the exhibition is the lesser known cultural resources that the National Park Service protects and interprets: the man-made places, structures, and objects that reflect our history as a nation. As part of its responsibility for cultural resources, the Park Service manages more than 20,000 structures of his­ toric importance throughout the United States. Structures at eleven National Park Service sites are pre­ sented in the exhibition. They were selected because of exhibited throughout the United States at a variety their wide spread geographical location and because they national parks so as to make Americans better aware of are each unique types of buildings that are found in the the great variety and diversity of historic structures park system. The goal of the exhibition is to increase vis­ under the care of the National Park Service. For more itors' awareness of structures in the National Park information about the travelling schedule of this exhibi­ Service. tion, contact Susan Cadwalader at Harpers Ferry Center With funding made available from the National Parks (304-925-6214). Preservation Fund, established at the National Park Foundation through a generous contribution by Citibank Visa and Mastercard, this exhibition will be travelled by Caroline Bedinger is a historian in the HABS/HAER Division, the Harpers Ferry Center. "Held in Common" will be National Park Service, Washington Office.

14 1992 No. 2 form of beer bottles and the like. Battlefields were left Apocalypse Now? behind littered with burned-out tanks and vehicles, scat­ tered small arms and ammunition; even the orderly U.S. withdrawal from temporary bases after the Japanese sur­ The Fate of World render left behind a great number of remains. The con­ centration of such remains in Micronesia had been so War II Sites on the great that it had acquired the nickname of "Rust Territory." What is happening to these sites today? Some are still Central Pacific Islands in use. After having originated as fighter and bomber strips built by either side, a number of airfields and run­ ways are still in use, while others, based on World War II strips, have been substantially enlarged and have become Dirk H.R. Spennemann hubs of modern aviation. Henderson Field on Guadal Canal in the Solomon Islands, and Nadi Airport in Fiji immediately come to mind, but so are Fua'amotu Airport ith the 50th anniversary of the Japanese attack on in Tonga, Funafuti in Tuvalu and a number of strips in WPearl Harbor just behind us, it is time to take stock the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Roads are some­ of the impact this event and the subsequent four years of times still used, such as the island road on Efate warfare had on some parts of the Pacific. Not in terms of (Vanuatu). death and destruction, or in terms of changed political In several instances bunkers and the like are now used alliances, such as the creation of the (former) Trust as sheds and pig sties, and larger structures, such as air Territory of the Pacific Islands, but in terms of the visible command centres or ammunitions depots, are used for remains of these times and the role they play in the mod­ human habitation. The radio-direction finding and com­ ern world. mand building of the Japanese base on Taroa Island, As early as the late 1930s some of the islands of Maloelap Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, serves Micronesia had seen the development of large Japanese as a church. naval and air bases. After the outbreak of the war, with Other sites have been left untouched and vegetation has the expansion of the area conquered by the Japanese, fur­ reclaimed them. But this historical heritage has been ther base development took place in the Philippines, exposed to some destruction and impairment by a num­ Indonesia, Kiribati (the for- ber of factors, which leaves mer Gilbert Islands), Nauru, us with little compared with Papua, New Guinea and the There are four horsemen of the apocalypse for his­ what had been left behind Solomons. At the same time, toric sites: the first is war and the impact wreaked after surrender in September the other combatants devel­ on sites and collections; the second is neglect and 1945, but with a great deal oped their own bases, such destruction labeled modernization or development; compared with other historic as Eneen-Kio (Wake battlefields and sites. the third is the army of avid collectors, raping and Island)—later to be con­ From the late 1950s until the quered and further devel­ pillaging sites, as well intentioned as some of them mid 1970s, local and foreign oped by the Japanese— may be. The fourth of the horsemen of the apoca­ entrepreneurs pillaged these Samoa, Tongatapu (Tonga), lypse is about to visit upon these sites: the tourist. sites in search of scrap iron Viti Levu (Fiji), Funafuti and especially non-ferrous (Tuvalu, the former Ellice metals. For some islands Islands), Efate (Vanuatu, formerly the New Hebrides) scrap metal was a major source of revenue. In the and so on. While the U.S. bases as well as those in the Marshall Islands, for example, scrap metal was the sec­ Japanese-conquered areas were of a temporary nature ond largest export commodity in the late 1960s. One of only, the Japanese bases in Micronesia had been built as the effects of the ]eanette Diana affair, a U.S. purse seiner permanent installations. caught by the Solomon Islands fishing illegally in their The impact of the American offensive left many of these fishing zone in 1985, was that scrap metal imports from bases by-passed by the U.S. forces, cut off from supplies the Solomon Islands were prohibited by the U.S. These and "left to wither on the vine," with thousands of scrap metal drives continued the destruction of the his­ Japanese soldiers dying of starvation. At the same time torical resources at an unprecedented rate. While a the U.S. erected their own temporary bases in Micronesia bombed and burned-out generator station was still easily concurrent with their advance. recognizable as such, these generators were cannibalized Many of the Japanese military installations had been for the copper wiring of the anchors, the fly-wheels, and destroyed from a military point of view by the often the like. What remains is often a sorry sight. daily bombing runs, but much of the substance of the In retrospect, the scrap metal collectors, as well as the buildings is still around. In modern terms this means well-intentioned cleanups and the removal of unexplod- that these islands are littered with war remains, ranging ed World War II ammunition during the same period from runways and other parts of the air installations to caused more structural damage to the World War II her­ piers, gun positions, bunkers and the like. The artifactual itage than the war itself. inventory includes shipwrecks, airplane wrecks, tanks, Now a new threat has developed from people collecting vehicles, as well as heavy guns, an abundance of unex- war remains, labeled "relics," to increase their spiritual ploded ammunition and aspects of after-hours life in the (continued on page 16)

1992 No. 2 15 Apocalypse Now? The Fate of World War II Sites on the napalm or destroyed by tanks plowing through them; Central Pacific Islands their villages shelled by naval vessels and canoes sunk by (continued from page 15) aircraft; the islanders themselves were commandeered for forced labor, experienced food shortages and starva­ value and thus the collector's justification for taking tion. Some of them were even executed because of suspi­ them in the first place. These artifacts end up in their pri­ cion of collaboration with the enemy. In short, the great vate collections or for sale to major U.S. and Japanese Pacific War, which forms an important event in world museums specializing in this line of business. These col­ history from a Western and Eastern point of view, is all lectors range from one-time individuals—who encounter but a very short intermission from the Pacific Islanders a number of artifacts and take one "for the fun of it"—to perspective. It is a time of painful memories and thus a fanatics driven by the desire to possess a complete collec­ time better forgotten. And it would have been largely tion of all Japanese infantry gear or the like. Apart from forgotten were it not for all the war remains lying about these individuals, there are also a few who come to the the atolls and islands of the Pacific, which even 50 years islands to obtain war planes and other remains for even­ after the event cause carnage by hidden ammunition tual restoration and resale to museums. Their argument exploding on unsuspecting villagers. is commonly that they will take a number of plane wrecks in order to return one restored plane to the com­ But these remains have signified little to the Pacific munity. In the end, this most likely does not happen, but Islanders and if they did, they were reminders of that the island is stripped of all plane remains since it takes pain-ful period. The entire period would have been parts of more than one wrecked plane to restore a plane. repressed were it not for all those who come to see these sites. The Republic of the Marshall Islands recently had to deal with such an attempt, and so had the Solomon Islands Museum. In Belau a court case is ongoing on the rights to salvage and export a submerged plane. Salvaging of shipwrecks and their cargo is also an ongo­ ing problem, as recent events in Papua, New Guinea tes­ tify. The level of legal protection of this kind of heritage is often either non-existent or only too wide-meshed in many Pacific countries, which are also plagued by lack of a sufficient number of trained staff to manage the resources. Any removal of artifacts or any further dam­ age and impairment of the sites and resources will lead to the depletion of that part of the Pacific Region's his­ toric heritage to a level that the overall integrity of some resources may be gone forever. People, especially collectors with a vested interest, have argued that the remains are left to rot and decay and that islanders do not really care about them or at least did not care about them in the past. The question not asked is Japanese concrete heavy machine-gun position, Mile Island, Mile Atoll, why they should have cared in the first place. With some Republic of the Marshall Islands. exceptions the Pacific Islanders were not actively involved in and had little stake in the war. It happened They come to see the sites on land, and they come to around them; it happened against them. Their islands dive on the sunken ships. The sunken Japanese fleet on were bombed and burned; their gardens burned by the botton of Chuuk (Truk) lagoon has become a Mecca for divers. And so have many shipwrecks in the Solomon Islands, and so will the fleet sunk in 1946 dur­ ing the nuclear testing period on Bikini Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. At the same time sites on land, such as the air bases on Mile and Maloelap Atolls, Republic of the Marshall Islands, while part of the World War II history of Efate (Vanuatu) is promoted by Air Vanuatu in the in-flight magazines of their partial parent airline Ansett, advertis­ ing Efate throughout Australia. With tourism espoused by many Pacific Islands governments as a new and major source of national revenue, if not as a panacea, these war tourists have been recognized as an economic force, and with them the sites they come to see. The World War II remains have become national assets and as such they are in need of proper management, now more than ever. The Tourism Council of the South Pacific has recently financed the restoration of the Japanese coastal defense

Japanese 127mm dual purpose gun (type 96) emplaced on Mile Island, Mile (continued on page 22) Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands.

L6 1992 No. 2 CRM at East Base, Antarctica Cathy Spude Robert Spude

he ice-breaker slowed to the pace of a row boat as it Tcrunched through the brackish ice of the LeMaire Straits. Disturbed crab eater seals looked briefly toward the big red boat, then slid away into the sea. Penguins, startled in disbelief at the intruder, dove off their ice blocks. We were bound for Stonington Island, site of America's and Antarctica's most recently designated his­ toric monument. Captain Alex of Erebus ensured our safe arrival on February 21,1991, the final destination of a journey that began six months earlier with a phone call. A crew of 25 Americans built East Base, Stonington Island, Antarctica in 1940. Much of the environmental community is disturbed After a year's occupation, they evacuated the base hurriedly because of the fore­ boding events leading to World War II. An astonishing number of items of the about the untidy nature of the continent, and the expedition—from shirts and kitchen utensils to vehicles and the base build­ National Science Foundation, concerned as well, had ini­ ings—endured 50 harsh winters before the site was designated a historic monu­ tiated measures to clean up former research stations. ment under the terms of the Antarctic Treaty. The National Science Foundation plans to preserve East Base as a landmark to American wintering-over expedi­ tions. Photo by Robert Spude, 1991.

Army, knock-down buildings built by a crew of 23 under Richard Black. The men used a Curtiss-Wright Condor airplane and dog sleds to survey the peninsula. In 1941, as wartime pressure increased and the pack-ice in the bay prevented a planned departure by ship, Black decid­ ed to hurriedly evacuate the base by air. Crates of food, a spare plane engine, a tank and tractor and much gear were left behind. In 1947-1948, the privately funded Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE) re-occu­ pied East Base. Finn Ronne, Richard Black's second in command, led RARE and conducted more explorations. The RARE expedition was also significant for being the first site where women (Edith "Jackie" Ronne and Jennie Darlingon) wintered-over in the Antarctic. When we arrived, on a calm, sunny (55 degrees) uncommon Antarctic day, the completeness of the site amazed us. Buildings and material culture were in sur­ A cache of trail items remains in open crates behind the Ronne hut. Jackie Ronne put together trail bags of tea, cocoa, matches and assorted items under prisingly good shape. Pothunters and bottle collectors the canvas addition to her hut. Photo by Robert Spude, 1991. would have destroyed a similar 50-year-old site in the United States. Trash dumps contained material in While planning their effort, they recognized the historic incredible condition—a 1939 Reader's Digest in which significance of "East Base, Stonington Island," site of an one could read about sex education in public schools, a early winter-over expedition. Further research and con­ shirt from Ike Musselman, one of the USASE crew, bot­ ferences changed the NSF mission from clean-up to one tles from the doctor's office, a spare 1930s Curtess- of sympathetic preservation of the site while ensuring Wright plane engine, hay piles, and three of the build­ that hazardous materials were removed. After a 1990 ings. Everything had a history, a history pieced together field check, they found that East Base, the oldest remain­ by published books, records at the National Archives and ing U.S. base in the Antarctic, had a host of artifacts. interviews. Mrs. Jackie Ronne drew us a layout of her That is when they called the National Park Service for hut on a napkin at a MacDonald's restaurant in technical advice. In February, we boarded a boat bound Washington, DC before we left. It helped piece together for Antarctica. on-the-ground evidence: stacks of trail mixings, caches of East Base was established as part of Admiral Byrd's coal for stoves, and on and on. third expedition to the Antarctic (1939-1941). Known Our report, a description of resources and recommen­ officially as the U.S. Antarctic Service Expedition dations for management, will be used by the National (USASE), the full scale exploration of the continent was Science Foundation to manage the site and, in the imme­ supported by President Roosevelt. Admiral Byrd estab­ diate future, remove any hazardous material: a corbel of lished two bases, West Base at Little America III and East Base on Stonington Island. The base was a cluster of U.S. (continued on last page)

1992 No. 2 17 and supplies for the restoration of the slump area (inter­ Joint NPS-TVA Slump estingly, Graham's father was one of the original archae­ ologists who excavated Russell Cave in the 1950s, and Bennett Graham himself spent many a night camped out Restoration Project in the cave with his father during those early digs). On a field trip to Russell Cave in March 1990 he directed and at Russell Cave assisted park resource management staff in reducing the National Monument embankment slope to 65 degrees, and in staking a geo-

Arthur McDade

torrential rainstorm on July 4,1989, presented the Astaff of Russell Cave National Monument, AL, with a serious resource management situation. Russell Cave is one of the most significant archeological sites in the southeastern United States, with a continuous human occupation covering 8,000 years of prehistory. The July rainfall caused major flooding of a seasonal creek that feeds into the entrance of the cave, creating a huge pool of swirling water 20' deep. The flood water seriously undermined an embankment in front of the sensitive archeological area. When the water receded several days later, a major portion of the archeological embank­ ment slumped off into the creek, exposing lithic and ceramic artifacts. Without restora­ tion work to shore up the embankment, Park ranger McDade installing Geo-Web on slump area. more serious Photo courtesy Russell Cave National Monument. damage to the park's significant archeological web "honeycomb" support over the erosion resources would area. Dirt and sand from the creek were used .result. to fill in the geo-web, and native plants were restored. All hopes were that the geo-web Park staff would hold during the next flood. received permis­ The natural revegetation of the slump area sion to initiate during the spring and summer that followed stopgap mea­ provided a lush reinforcement to the buried sures to prevent geo-web support. Park resource management further erosion. staff monitored the area to determine Wire fence and whether the restoration would stand up to netting were subsequent high water and erosion. The staked down at slump area has successfully withstood heavy the bottom of the TVA archeologist Bennett Graham directing park ranger Arthur rainfall and flooding on several occasions slump area in McDade in the slump restoration project at Russell Cave. Photo cour­ since the restoration, and has returned to its order to support tesy Russell Cave National Monument. historic appearance. the embankment The project successfully restored a critical and capture erosion area that threatened the centerpiece archeological eroded earth. A "Triple X" compliance form was com­ resource of Russell Cave National Monument. The pro­ pleted and sent to the NPS Southeast Regional Office, ject cost very little, thanks to the generous contribution of outlining the restoration work that was required. What supplies and technical advice from archeologist Graham was urgently needed was significant reinforcement of the and the TVA. It is a classic example of multi-agency col­ whole embankment area, to prevent further slumping. laboration for the preservation of a Federal cultural Through the auspices of the NPS Southeastern resource, a collaboration that saved thousands of scarce Archaeological Center (SEAC), and John Ehrenhard of resource management dollars. the NPS Southeast Regional Office, rehabilitation assis­ tance was secured from Bennett Graham, Chief of the Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA) Archeological Arthur McDade is a park ranger at Chickamauga and Resources Protection Division. Archeologist Graham Chattanooga National Military Park, GA. He was formerly reviewed the situation and provided technical expertise park resource management specialist at Russell Cave National Monument, AL.

18 1992 No. 2 Consultation began with the National Clearinghouse for Stabilization Project: Archaeological Site Stabilization, Andropogon Associates Ltd., biologists and nurserymen, and other sources perti­ nent to a stabilization plan. Santee Indian Mound On March 12,1991, a task force formed to oversee the mound's stabilization met at the site to discuss details of Donnie B. Barker the proposed plan. The task force included two archeol- ogists from the National Park Service, an archeologist uring the evening of September 21,1989, Hurricane from the State Historic Preservation Office, the deputy DHugo passed through South Carolina, devastating state archeologist, the manager of Santee National much of the state. The damage on state parks alone Wildlife Refuge, and state park personnel. As a result of exceeded $4.5 million. One of the many storm-damaged the meeting, letters of approval for the proposed stabi­ historic sites in the park system was an Indian temple lization plan were later received from the State Historic mound located in Clarendon County, known as the Preservation Office and the regional director of the Santee Indian Mound. As the storm crossed almost National Fish and Wildlife Service. directly over the mound, all of the trees were either blown down or damaged beyond recovery. Stabilization Plan Santee Indian Mound is typical of pyramidal, flat- topped mounds that were widely distributed throughout the southeastern United States. It is, however, the only Indian mound of its type in South Carolina that is open to the public. Interpretation, protection and stabilization methods consistent with public access were all considera­ tions in designing the plan. Step 1 The first step was to kill the existing vegetation on the mound to prevent competition with the new ground cover to be added. Monsanto's Roundup herbi­ cide was selected as the best way to accomplish this objective. Roundup enters the plant by being absorbed through green leaves and stems and is carried to the root system. It loses its herbicidal qualities on contact with soil and then is rapidly biodegraded by soil and water micro-organisms into natural products—carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen and phosphate. Existing vines and weeds on the mound were sprayed with Roundup with two applications two weeks apart. After two more Photograph of Santee Indian Mound taken before Hurricane Hugo passed weeks, a crew of eight workers cleared the dead vegeta­ through South Carolina on September 21,1989. Hugo uprooted or severely tion from the mound by cutting all existing plants at the damaged all of the trees on the mound. surface and removing them by hand. This laborious task took three days. The goal was to kill the root systems but leave them in place to help stabilize the ground surface. Since 1948, the South Carolina State Parks Division has Hand rakes were used to remove small debris and leased a 2.8-acre portion of the Santee National Wildlife Refuge which includes the Santee Indian Mound. The (continued on page 20) Parks Division, therefore, works closely with Federal as well as other state cultural resource agencies in the man­ agement of this resource. Considering the enormous workload on the Parks Division as a result of the storm, and the fact that the mound's surface was well covered with debris and not subject to erosion, the delicate task of removing debris from the mound was postponed until the following spring. In April of 1990, the Parks Division arranged a meeting at the site, which included the deputy state archeologist, state parks staff, and the debris removal contractor, to discuss the cleanup of the mound. The work, completed in the following two days, involved cutting trees and attached vines at ground level. Additional cutting was then required to reduce the debris into small sizes which were hand carried off the mound. It was determined at that time that the remaining vines and weeds on the mound were not sufficient to control erosion and a stabi­ lization plan for the mound would be necessary. Photograph of Santee Indian Mound taken after initial cleanup of the mound to remove damaged trees and large debris.

1992 No. 2 19 expose the ground surface for good seed contact, with trol erosion until it was crowded out by the Bermuda minimal disturbance. At this point, the locations of three grass. The combination of 2/3 hulled and 1/3 unhulled small holes made by "pot hunters" and uprooted trees Bermuda seed was used to help ensure a successful stand were recorded and lined with black plastic before being of grass. The hulled seeds would sprout in 21-30 days, filled with yellow sand, clearly different from the gray while the unhulled seeds would sprout in 35-50 days. If sandy loam of the mound. weather or other uncontrollable circumstances damaged Step 2 Hydroseeding the mound with Bermuda grass the grass from the hulled seeds, the unhulled seeds were was completed on May 7,1991, immediately following already in place. the removal of the dead vegetation. Hydroseeding was selected because it causes less disturbance to the ground surface and controls erosion better than other methods of seeding.

Santee Indian Mound after stabilization with first season's growth of Bermuda grass.

Photograph showing hydroseeding of Santee Indian Mound in progress. The sprayer mounted on the truck was used on the front side of the mound and a hose was used to reach the top, sides and back. Fertilizer In addition to 8-8-8 and 10-10-10 fertilizer, a 16-4-8 slow Hydroseeding involves spraying the ground surface release fertilizer was used to eliminate the need for possi­ with a mixture of grass seed, fertilizer, cellulose fiber ble additional applications during the first summer, mulch, an organic tackifier to hold all the material togeth­ which would have required walking on the slopes of the er, and water. Soil testing indicated a PH of 6.3 which is mound. ideal for Bermuda grass, making it unnecessary to add lime. Bermuda grass seed was selected because it is a Preliminary arrangements were made to water the native grass of South Carolina, it requires low mainte­ mound but the unseasonably wet summer made it nance and is drought resistant, it has shallow roots and unnecessary. The biggest problem during the first sea­ forms a thick mat at the surface, it is tall enough to dis­ son was the growth of weeds, apparently from dormant courage walking through (12"-18"), and it provides a seeds already on the mound. The problem with re- clear visual outline of the mound. sprouting of weeds that had been sprayed with Roundup was minor. The weeds grew rapidly and shaded the sun­ light from the sprouting Bermuda grass. This made it Hydroseeding Process necessary to walk on the mound, cut the weeds and The hydroseeding process was modified to the particu­ remove them by hand. The process will be continued lar needs of this mound. Since the ground surface was when necessary until the grass crowds out the weeds. It irregular and could not be smoothed out and prepared as is expected that, in two or three years, this maintenance is normally done before hydroseeding, a second applica­ need will be greatly reduced and the mound will be cov­ tion of cellulose fiber and tackifier was added over the ered with a thick growth of Bermuda grass up to 18" initial application that included the seed and fertilizer. high. Annual soil samples and the general appearance of This second layer was to help insure protection from ero­ the grass will determine the need for additional fertilizer sion on the steep slopes before the grass sprouted, keep in the future. the seeds and fertilizer in place, and prevent the seeds from separating from the irregular ground surface as the cellulose fiber dried. This procedure was suggested by Donnie B. Barker is the state park archeologist, South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism, Columbia, SC. Andropogon Associates Ltd. and apparently worked very well. Photos by the author. Grass Seed A small amount of rye grass seed was included in the hydroseeding mixture. It grew rapidly and helped con­

20 1992 No. 2 the Napoleonic Wars. Broom Point received its first per­ Cultural History in manent inhabitants, Alex and Sara Short, in 1808. Settlement remained modest until the 1860s when there was a boom in the herring fishery, caused by the bait National Parks: requirements of the American, French, and Nova Scotian bank fleets. The decline of the herring fishery after 1875 The Case of Broom was more than offset by the emergence of a lobster fish­ ery. Lobster had become commercially important in Point, Newfoundland Nova Scotia and New England in the 1820s, and it was a Nova Scotian who erected the first lobster canning facto­ ry on Newfoundland's west coast in 1873. By 1887 the James E. Candow lobster fishery provided employment for 1,000 Newfoundlanders. ntil recently, the Canadian Parks Service maintained Industrial-scale lobster canning factories soon gave way Ua fairly rigid distinction between its natural and cul­ to small, family-run operations. In a production pattern tural resources, commemorating the former at national common to the coast, Broom Point's 10 inhabitants pro­ parks, and the latter at national historic sites. Cultural duced 25 48-lb. lobster cases in 1900. resources located within national parks fared poorly In the early 20th century, permanent habitation at because the Parks Service's standard approach had been Broom Point gave way to a pattern of seasonal occupa­ to expropriate the land of people who resided within tion, by which fishermen from other communities park boundaries and to remove all vestiges of human migrated to the site at the start of the fishing season and occupation, after which left when it ended. the landscape was Brothers Tom, Steve, and allowed to revert gradu­ Alex Mudge of Norris ally to its "natural" state. Point purchased property Several factors, includ­ at Broom Point in 1941. ing protracted legal bat­ Together with their fami­ tles waged by former res­ lies, they fished each sum­ idents, have given rise to mer at Broom Point until a new era in the Parks 1975. Faced with failing system, where it is now health, the brothers sold recognized that cultural the property to Parks resources can play a Canada (now the valuable interpretive role Canadian Parks Service), at national parks. A so it could be incorporated restored fishing station at into Gros Morne National Broom Point, Park (established 1973). Newfoundland, in Gros The property included a Morne National Park, cabin, a fish store, and a presents a compelling "factory," so-called example of the advan­ because the Mudges tages of this new canned lobster and salmon approach. It results in there. The factory blew the preservation of build­ down in the 1980s, but the ings and artifacts associ­ other buildings have sur­ ated with a disappearing vived and are now the lifestyle, enriches the focus of Candian Parks park visitor's experience, Service interpretation at and fulfills the depart­ the site. ment's environmental mandate by raising ques­ In 1981, interpretation tions about the interac­ planning for Gros Morne tion between humans National Park identified a and nature. cultural history theme: "Evolving Lifestyles Broom Point's teeming Focused on the Sea." marine life has made it a prime fishing location for over Commemoration of the park's human history did not 2,300 years. Its earliest fishermen were Palaeo-Eskimos begin until 1989, when a temporary exhibit of late-19th of the Groswater and Dorset cultures. From 1713 to 1904, and 20th-century photographs was installed in the French fishermen enjoyed fishing privileges on all or part Lobster Cove Head Lighthouse. In 1990, this was of Newfoundland's west coast, a fact reflected in area replaced by the permanent "Evolving Lifestyles" exhibit, place names. Broom Point itself is a corruption of the which treated the entire history of human habitation in French "Point Brun" (Brown Point). English settlement the park. At the same time, Broom Point was opened to on the west coast dates from the first decade of the 19th century, when French fishermen were absent because of (continued on page 22)

1992 No. 2 21 Cultural History in National Parks: Apocalypse Now? The Fate of World War II Sites on the The Case of Broom Point, Newfoundland Central Pacific Islands (continued from page 21) (continued from page 16) the public. The Mudges' fish store and cabin were guns at Betio, Tarawa Atoll, Republic of Kiribati—an restored and furnished to the mid-1960s period, and the indication of the importance a regional tourism organiza­ garden which the Mudge ladies tended was re-estab­ tion gives World War II-related tourism. lished. There are four horsemen of the apocalypse for historic As historical restorations go, the Broom Point installa­ sites: the first is war and the impact wreaked on sites and tion is extremely accurate. Although the Mudge brothers collections; the second is neglect and destruction labeled have all passed away, other family members, including modernization or development; the third is the army of their widows, are still alive. It was therefore possible, avid collectors, raping and pillaging sites, as well inten- through a series of recorded interviews with family and tioned as some of them may be. The fourth of the horse­ friends, to gain detailed knowledge of the Mudges' fish­ men of the apocalypse is about to visit upon these sites: ing operation and lifestyle at Broom Point. The feeling of the tourist. And the tourist will not come alone but with trust which developed between the Mudges and Parks many of the same: with hundreds of feet trampling over staff was reflected in the family's decision to provide the site, poking here, poking there, with hundreds of many original artifacts for inclusion in the installation. curious hand-pulling there, picking up this and that and This was fortunate, since it proved more difficult to chucking it back in the general direction it came from. locate some 1960s artifacts than artifacts from other cen­ Some are descendants of the third horsemen and will turies. The site is staffed by two area fishermen, includ­ take away some parts of the resource, little by little, but ing one who fished at Broom Point while the Mudges with a steady flow. The dimensions and complexities of were active there. This provides the visitor with an several of the sites are daunting; management and visitor opportunity for first-hand knowledge that is rare in the surveillance are problems in view of extremely limited Parks system. staffing. Visitors seem almost immediately at ease at Broom The Historic Preservation Office of the Republic of the Point, probably because it is such a refreshing change Marshall Islands, with financial support from the from the usual historic buildings associated with elite fig­ Department of the Interior, Office of Territorial and ures or particular architectural styles. Put another way, International Affairs, has begun a program to take stock the visitor feels at home. It may be, too, that because of the existing resources, ranging from complete airbases Broom Point is interpreted to the mid-1960s, the visitor with aircraft wrecks, gun emplacements with guns does not face the same demands on his or her imagina­ installed, concrete installations, personnel shelters, tion and sensibility as when confronted with a site from a bunkers, support structures including vehicles and the previous century. like. The lagoons of several atolls are littered with The Mudges' fishery was a family enterprise very much wrecks of ships and aircraft, or with war surplus material in the mould of the traditional Newfoundland inshore discarded by the U.S. forces after the Japanese surrender. fishery. In the 1950s that fishery came to be seen as an Majuro Lagoon, for example, sports a huge graveyard of economic liability, and government accordingly promot­ U.S. military vehicles. ed the growth of a modernized offshore fishery that was The program, which will cover the atolls of Jaluit, Mile, technology intensive and required fewer workers. The Maloelap and Worje, all locations of major Japanese government hoped to improve the product and to raise bases, focuses on the survey of the extant World War II the standard of living of those fortunate enough to sites, which will be mapped, inventoried, described and remain in the industry. Over the past four decades, this documented. Based on these surveys, management has entailed a transformation of the Newfoundland fish­ plans for the resources will be drawn up to determine the ing industry. Unfortunately, that transformation, com­ needs and directions of future management and preser­ bined with the impact of Canadian and foreign overfish­ vation efforts. Ultimately, tourism management and ing, has caused a drastic decline in fish stocks and has development plans will be developed for each atoll to precipitated a crisis in the fishery. ensure that the onslaught of the brigade of fourth horse­ The Broom Point installation therefore not only allows men will not cause more detriment to the resources than visitors to learn about a type of fishery and associated all three previous horsemen taken together. lifestyle that have almost disappeared within a genera­ tion; it also raises fundamental questions about the marine ecology, and the impact that fisheries moderniza­ Dirk H.R. Spennemann is chief archeologist in the Historic tion has had upon it. It points out, as well, the impossi­ Preservation Office of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. bility of divorcing cultural and natural history in a resource economy such as Newfoundland's, and ulti­ mately confirms the wisdom of the decision to include cultural history as an interpretive theme in national parks, where human activity, good or bad, has played a role side by side with nature that cannot be ignored.

James E. Candow is a historian in the Atlantic Regional Office of the Canadian Parks Service.

22 1992 No. 2 Spanish Architectural Drawings for the United States in Foreign Archives

James C. Massey

ortunately for the study of architectural history in the Fformer Spanish territories of the United States, from Puerto Rico and Florida to California, the Spanish gov­ ernment was a great record keeper as a result of a highly organized colonial bureaucracy. There is a great wealth of architectural and engineering drawings for the American colonies, perhaps as many as 800 to 900 locat­ ed in a number of Spanish archives, as well as significant holdings in the archives of Mexico and Cuba. These drawings are not as widely known as might be expected, nor are they comprehensively cataloged, despite almost a century of American and Spanish study of records in these archives. Many specialized studies have been made, including those of National Park Service struc­ tures (particularly at St. Augustine and San Juan) and regional studies in Puerto Rico, Louisiana, and Florida. The most important of these studies was carried out by Facade of a church in St. Augustine, Florida (Manano de la Rocque, 1789). the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriquena for Spanish Archivo General De Indias, Seville. records related to Puerto Rico. Also, many individual scholars, both American and Spanish, have worked on selective research projects based on these archives. The part of the United States. Its collections are noted for basis for studies of American documents in European their early period, quality, quantity, and breadth of area archives, including those of Spain as well as of Cuba and represented (no fewer than 14 states and Puerto Rico). Mexico, was established by a remarkable series of mis­ Of some 3,400 maps and plans, perhaps 400 relate to the sions carried out by the Carnegie Institution in the early United States. These holdings— which were first pub­ years of this century. These and most other studies have lished in a catalog in 1900—are probably the best known, generally been more concerned with manuscripts and published, and cataloged in the Spanish archives. Other maps rather than with architectural and engineering significant holders of American architectural and engi­ drawings (with some notable exceptions such as the neering drawings include several military archives, par­ work of Jack D. L. Holmes of the University of Alabama ticularly the Servicio Historico del Ejercito Archivo in at Birmingham in the 1960s). Madrid (especially rich in fortification drawings), which In 1966, sponsored by the Ford Foundation and on a has been relatively well-published by the archives, and leave of absence from the National Park Service, the the Museo Naval and the Archivo Central Militar in writer carried out a preliminary reconnaissance of the Segovia. There are three significant civil archives with location and institutional holdings of these records. The pertinent collections: the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid, findings were published in a 1969 report, Sources for the Archivo Historico Nacional in Madrid, and the American Architectural Drawings in Foreign Collections, and Archivo General de Simancas in Valladolid, which is the the survey materials were deposited in the Smithsonian oldest archive in Spain (founded in 1545). Institution's Museum of American History, which had In Mexico, architectural drawings are found primarily collaborated on organizing the project. in the Archivo General de la Nacion in Mexico City and While significant holdings of architectural drawings probably in provincial and ecclesiastical archives, as well. were located in Great Britain, France, Denmark, These cover both the Spanish colonial period and the Germany, Spain, Canada, and Mexico, certainly the most period of Mexican administration of areas now part of numerous sources pertaining to the former Spanish terri­ the United States. The Archivo Nacional de Cuba in tories of the United States were in Spain, with occasional Havana is known to have significant drawings, but drawings for other areas as well. The primary institution access at the time of my study was not possible. These is the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, which is the Cuban records have been less studied. However there is central repository of records related to territories now (continued on page 24)

1992 No. 2 23 Spanish Architectural Drawings for the United States records (legajos), and it is fairly certain that there remain in Foreign Archives plans and maps still bound in the original legajos and not (continuedfrom page 23) yet known or cataloged. Similarly, comprehensive research requires work with documents that once accom­ a four-volume catalog of maps and plans published in panied the plans in these legajos. For example, I noted Cuba in the 1950s. Subsequent researches by Jack D. L. the proposed design of an 18th-century church for Holmes were published in the 1960s; and there is of course, Monterey, California, which was forwarded to Mexico the indispensable Carnegie Institution volume for Cuba. for review, and subsequently a revised design was sent There is a wide variety of drawing types such as archi­ back to Monterey for execution. tectural drawings of proposed buildings, some built and For research it is important to check the many finding some not; some pure fantasy; design drawings; as-built aids and catalogs, even though they are not directed sole­ drawings; construction details; and engineering draw­ ly at architectural/engineering records for America, as ings for fortifications and bridges. They date from the well as books that make a substantial use of these draw­ very earliest periods of settlement, including one for a ings, such as American Forts: Architectural Form and fort at St. Augustine, believed to date ca. 1595. As might Function, by Willard B. Robinson, published in 1977; and La be expected in the settlement of a new land in a con­ Guerra del Caribe en el Sigh XVII (1964) and La Fortification tentious age, the records are heavily military and govern­ Abaluartada en America (1978) by Juan Manuel Zapatero. mental in nature, but there are numerous plans for The wealth of this graphic material is remarkable and churches, houses and other types of buildings as well. its survival and conservation today are extraordinary. There are also a number of detailed city plans showing We are deeply indebted to the Spanish historical aware­ individual buildings, which form an invaluable aid in ness and record-keeping for this. dating, as well as providing knowledge of roads, land­ scapes, and, in the Southwest, the acequias. The periods represented extend through the era of Spanish and James C. Massey is a partner in Massey-Maxwell Associates, Mexican governance, which for Puerto Rico takes one to historic preservation consultants, and president of the National the end of the 19th century. Preservation Institute, which is concerned with technical assis­ tance and training projects. A cooperative agreement between The maps and plans have most frequently been collect­ the institute and the National Park Service was signed in ed into separate groups of records (mapas y pianos), con­ February 1991. Mr. Massey is a former chief of the Historic served flat with a degree of cataloging. Historically, they American Buildings Survey and former vice president for his­ would have been folded and bound in with the original toric properties of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

for the area (P.L. 102-201). Two new historic preservationists, and NPCA National Historic Landmark theme stud­ negotiated with the church to see if offi­ WosHiggLpft ies received congressional blessing—one cials could be persuaded to change their for African American History (P.L. 102- minds about the 24-acre parcel. Though 98) and another focusing on American preservationists were willing to pay fair Labor History (P.L. 102-101). Boundary market value plus an incentive payment Capitol Contact expansions for the Monocacy National if officials would agree to relocate, the Battlefield (P.L. 102-211), Morristown church remained adamant—they would National Historical Park (P.L. 102-118) not sell. As a consequence, the Tennessee Bruce Craig and Stones River National Battlefield delegation had the church parcel deleted (P.L. 102-225) also were enacted into law. from the boundary bill which then passed and was signed into law by 102nd Congress: First Session Wrap-up President Bush. While the church has yet The first session of the 102nd Congress Stones River Boundary Expansion to begin construction, officials have ended with a flurry of legislative activity. promised to work with the National Park By the end of the session one new his­ During the closing hours of the first ses­ Service to minimize the visual impact toric area had been established, a number sion, as Congress prepared to act on a and potential loss of integrity to the bat­ of theme studies had been sanctioned, 300-acre addition to the Stones River tlefield. and several boundary expansions were National Battlefield in Tennessee, the authorized. state's congressional delegation learned that a church had recently bought a 24- With the enactment of H.R. 690, Steamtown Gets Authorization Hearing acre parcel of land in the middle of the Congress authorized the Mary McLeod new proposed boundary expansion. The Bethune Council House National Historic Back in 1986, in an Interior and Related property the church purchased was his­ Site in Washington, DC as a full-fledged Agencies Appropriations bill, money was torically significant, as it included the site earmarked for Steamtown National unit of the national park system (P.L. and lands associated with the Cowan Historic Site in Scranton, PA. Funding 102-211). The Bethune Council House is farmhouse, an area of concentrated fight­ for the area was provided to "further the home of a famous black educator and ing during the 1862 battle. public understanding and appreciation leader of the women's rights movement of the development of steam locomotives (see Capitol Contact, CRM Vol 14, No. Church officials felt that God had led them to that particular site for their new in the region." Since then, through fiscal 4). church edifice and told the congressional year 1991, about $43 million has been In addition, the session saw Custer delegation that the church did not want appropriated to Steamtown. Today, the National Battlefield renamed Little to see the land in the park boundary nor area operates on a budget just under $2 Bighorn Battlefield National Monument; were they interested in selling to the million and has approximately 60 full- an Indian memorial was also authorized Government. Congressional aides, local time employees.

24 1992 No. 2 While Steamtown has continued to Personnel Management on qualifica­ In early February, the Deputy Director's receive Federal monies for some time and tions and classification standards for team met in Washington to begin plan­ is considered a National Park Service the park ranger series ning the broader implementation pro­ unit, the area is controversial as it has • scheduled a joint meeting of cultural gram. A preliminary draft of the final never been formally authorized by either and natural resource managers report and a range of models to organize the House or Senate committees that (March 10-12) to outline and initiate the effort were discussed. It is likely that have jurisdiction over national park mat­ steps to expand communications a variety of special working groups and ters. between program areas and to task forces will be created. Team mem­ On October 8,1991, Congressman Joe strengthen common research bers will recommend people for these McDade (R-PA) introduced H.R. 2737, a methodologies efforts, and readers should contact them bill authorizing the formal "establish­ • prepared a legislative package to to volunteer to participate. Members are: ment" of Steamtown. On October 22, submit to Congress—now in Bob Barbee Mike Finley 1991, the House Subcommittee on Departmental review Wallace Hibbard Dick Powers National Parks and Public Lands con­ • set up a Strategic Planning Office in Maria Burks Maureen Finnerty ducted a hearing on McDade's bill as Denver to help with implementation Steve Kesselman John Reynolds well as another introduced by the con­ and to guide management over the Diane Dayson Denis Galvin gressman, which seeks to authorize addi­ long-term Ernest Ortega Dick Ring tional appropriations for the park. Three • established a "Lead by Example" John Debo Paul Haertel panels of witnesses testified both in sup­ task force to identify ways the Stan Ponce Rick Smith port and opposition to the area's estab­ Service can model and promote Kate Stevenson lishment. On November 20,1991, a sub­ environmentally-sensitive manage­ Dick Marks, Nancy Nelson, and Loran stantially rewritten bill was reported out ment (scheduled to meet February Fraser are providing staff support to the of the House Interior and Insular Affairs 27-28) Deputy Director. Committee. Among other provisions, the • developed a proposal for a manda­ The Symposium report will be available rewritten bill established an Advisory tory Servicewide orientation Servicewide in late March. All employ­ Committee to assist in the development program ees should read the report, discuss it with of the park and caps the amount that can • established a task group which is at fellow employees (organize meetings be spent on Steamtown at $58 million. work preparing proposals for the explicitly for this purpose), and look for The legislation has yet to pass the full Service to better inform employees opportunities to get involved. House or be heard in the Senate. about non-park programs If you would like more information on Additionally, though late in the process, any of the legislation discussed above, funding increases were included in the drop a note to me at: NPCA, 1776 1993 budget to address other concerns Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 200, raised by the Symposium, including: Washington, DC 20036. • $8 million for up to an additional 1,000 seasonal interpreters in 130 Preserv^spurces NPS Symposium Calls for parks and $3 million to expand the Reforms "Parks-As-Classrooms" concept to extend our educational outreach • $23 million to speed improvements Loran Fraser in employee housing Review • $10 million for a Targeted Resource As readers of CRM know, the 75th Recovery Program to strengthen our Yosemite, the Embattled Wilderness by Anniversary Symposium of the National science and research capability Alfred Runte. Lincoln: University of Park Service—October 7-10,1991—stim­ • $400,000 to expand social science Nebraska Press, 1990; ulated extraordinarily frank dialogue programs, including new initiatives xii + 262, index; $24.95 hardbound. among the 600-plus Park Service and out­ to collect data about visitor use and Reviewed by Steven F. Mehls, principal side participants about the need for orga­ crowding investigator, Western Historical Studies, nizational change. The final report of the • $60 million for the Land and Water Inc., Lafayette, CO. Symposium Steering Committee is due Conservation Fund state grants pro­ this month and it is certain to spark gram (nearly triple last year's appro­ Alfred Runte appropriately entitled his excitement. It describes the National priation) and $40 million for the work to provide readers with a perspec­ Park Service as "beset by controversy, Historic Preservation Fund tive of the difficulties encountered in the concern and weakened morale within," battle between preservation and use at and it calls on NPS leaders to institute a • $8 million for the Rivers and Trail technical assistance program ($3 Yosemite National Park. Focusing on broad program of reforms to rejuvenate two primary issues, the management of a the organization. While it is impossible million more than last year's appro­ priation) natural sanctuary and the resultant envi­ to predict how this will play in ronmental erosion by development, Washington, early actions are encourag­ • $5 million for a new challenge cost- share program to encourage new Runte relates the story of Yosemite. ing. Immediately after the Symposium, While the author focuses on natural NPS Director Ridenour charged Deputy partnerships to preserve America's natural and cultural heritage resources, many of his same arguments Director Cables to spearhead action on easily apply to cultural resources as well. the report, to create a team of senior and • $1.7 million for the Servicewide Intake Piogram (double last year's In essence, this book examines in micro­ mid-level personnel to propose imple­ cosm the inherent tension in the National mentation strategies. At Ranger appropriation) to strengthen our efforts in the recruitment and reten­ Park Service's mission to both make the Rendezvous in November, a number of park areas accessible to the current public actions were announced, and since then, tion of a culturally diverse work force and to preserve their resources, natural or WASO has: cultural, for future generations. Runte, • $300,000 to base-fund the Strategic • created a Ranger Series Task Force— Planning Office (continued on page 26) now meeting with the Office of

1992 No. 2 25 Review: Yosemite, The Embattled Runte has effectively used the Yosemite Wilderness Research Library, other archives and The Public Historian (continuedfrom page 25) numerous secondary sources to delineate the issues and major battles between Volume 13, Number 3 preservation and development. while challenging park decisions, does Special Issue on Preservation Technology understand and amplify myriad conflict­ Protection of resources and the contradic­ ing choices facing resource managers. tion inherent in the concept of manage­ Introduction Michael G. Schene This book is useful to the general public ment are well detailed and should be of Technology Transfer, Historic Preservation, and Public as well as cultural resource professionals. particular interest to cultural resource Policy As a needed addition to the literature on managers as only the locales vary in this Ray A. Williamson ami jannellc Warren-Findley increasingly acrimonious debate. Runte The Fragility of Paper: Can Our Historical Records Be Saved? national parks, Runte addresses many Nancy E. Gwinn argues strongly in favor of preservation important issues that will continue to When Cultures Collide: Computer Technology and the remain critical for managers, visitors and through education and behavior modifi­ Cultural Resources Professional Betsy Chittenden interested persons as visitation increases cation. Many of his arguments could be, The National Maritime Initiative: An Interdisciplinary but budgets do not. Runte's readable and have been, used in histories of other Approach to Maritime Preservation Jama P. Delgado style frames the issues within a historical national parks. This volume is a signifi­ Nonintrusive Site Evaluation and Stabilization Technologies for Archaeological Resources perspective. cant addition to the growing body of lit­ Douglas D. Scott ami Paul R. Nickens erature documenting the consequences to Runte does not retrace the career of Mapping History Using Geographic Information Systems John Muir nor does he provide a detailed the natural or historic resources from the John ]. Knoerl chronology of events in Yosemite congressionally-mandated tension inher­ Cultural Landscapes and the New Technologies Cathy Gilbert National Park. Rather, this is a study of ent in the Service's mission to both pre­ serve and make accessible America's nat­ Preservation Technologies: As Answers Get Easier, natural environment management begin­ Questions Remain Hard Carroll Pursell ning with the 1864 Yosemite Park Act ural and cultural wonders. which established the 60-square mile- The Public Historian is the official publication of the National park for scenic preservation. Council on Public History. Subscriptions to TPH Publications are a benefit of membership in the NCPH, which may be Subsequently the 1890 Yosemite National obtained for $32 for individuals or $45 for institutions from Park Act set aside an area approximately University of California Press, 2120 Berkeley Way, 25 times larger. "Protecting the Past" Berkeley, CA 94720. Single issues of the Preservation Technologv special issue are also available from From 1865 onward concern was voiced, the Press (individuals, $8; institutions $11.25). The National Trust has published a although sometimes suppressed, that the guide entitled, Protecting the Past from beauty of Yosemite would be seriously Natural Disasters," by Carl L. Nelson, damaged by the arrival of hundreds of which shows how everyone who cares thousands of annual visitors. Frederick writing to Publication Specialist, National for our past can prepare for, respond to, Law Olmsted, in 1865, provided a mani­ Park Service, Archeological Assistance and recover from the next disaster. festo for park management and visitor Division, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, Available in paperback for $14.95, plus usage. His preservationist report was not DC 20013-7127. applicable taxes. Order from National released and his resignation in 1866 from Trust for Historic Preservation, Mail the Yosemite Park Commission resulted Order Division, 1600 H Street, NW, New Directions for the in the loss of a strong pro-resource voice. Washington, DC 20006; 202-673-4200, or Instead, visitor management became the National Register 1-800-274-3694. primary concern of park staff. No doubt a similar pattern could be discovered at Antoinette J. Lee any number of parks established for their "Downtown Design" historic values. Runte's historical per­ The National Register of Historic Places spective is timely given recent continued Developing Downtown Design has issued four new publications: debate over the issues of protection and Guidelines by Janice Pregliasco, A.I.A., is National Register Bulletin 15: How to Apply preservation, visitation and access limita­ a valuable tool for anyone concerned the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, tion for national park resources. with design guidelines. To order, con­ National Register Bulletin 16 A: How to Runte details the changes as park staff tact California Main Street Program, Complete the National Register Registration concerned themselves with management California Department of Commerce, 801 Form, National Register Bulletin 16B: How of people and resulting resource manipu­ K Street, Suite 1700, Sacramento, CA to Complete the National Register Multiple lation. The issues and conflicts the 95814; 916-322-1398. Property Documentation Form, and National author discusses seem vaguely repetitive Register Bulletin 39: Researching a Historic as only the time and players changed. He Archeology Technical Brief Property. These publications offer com­ traces the compromises between the prehensive and detailed guidance on ideals of preservation, and the need for A new report entitled Legal preparing National Register of Historic visitor access that changed the natural Background of Archeological Resources Places nominations, including how to environment in many ways. He argues Protection (Technical Brief No. 11) is the research, document, and evaluate historic that the lack of consistent dedication to latest in a series of technical information properties. preservation is not peculiar to Yosemite. reports that the NPS Archeological National Register Bulletin 15 represents Rather, it is inherent in national parks Assistance Division publishes. Protection an update and revision of earlier guid­ administration and management general­ of archeological resources on Federal ance on using the National Register crite­ ly. National parks, cultural or natural, lands is examined in its legal context, ria, criteria considerations (exceptions), exist for the wide audience, which both historically and current. Laws that and integrity aspects in evaluating his­ requires certain amenities. Visitation cre­ shape preservation, such as the toric and archeological properties nomi­ ates stress which results in a further cycle Antiquities Act of 1906 to the most recent nated to the National Register of Historic of resource degradation. Runte grudging­ 1988 amendments to the Archaeological Places. National Register Bulletin 16A and ly concedes that the ideal of preserving a Resources Protection Act (ARPA), are National Register Bulletin 16B give sepa­ pristine locale is probably not viable listed and examined in detail. Technical rate guidance for preparing nominations under those circumstances. Brief 11 is available free of charge by of individual properties to the National

26 1992 No. 2 Register (16A) and preparing multiple Historic Preservation Act of 1966. them, and used to their potential in the property documentation forms(16B). The Listings are arranged by state and county museum's program." The time and latter form provides justification for nom­ and include street address, date of and money invested in the documentation, inating groups of properties organized by criteria for listing, and NRIS (National preservation, and protection of park theme or geographical area to the Register Information System) number. museum collections is ultimately justified National Register. Indication is made of National Park by the use that they receive by park staff National Register Bulletin 39 is a new Service properties and designated and visitors and by non-NPS persons and publication that provides guidance on National Historic Landmarks. A brief institutions. The appropriate use of park researching historic properties. It introduction discusses the National museum collections needs to be encour­ includes pertinent advice, such as know­ Register and its functions during its first aged and developed. ing when enough material has been gath­ 25 years as well as provides a description The Curatorial Services Division has ered to complete a National Register of historic preservation and its benefits to begun the project to write Part III of the form; how to work with research libraries the Nation. Also included in this new NPS Museum Handbook to provide guid­ and collections, and a "general guide to edition is a complete list of state and ance on the use of museum collections. sources" organized in a matrix according Federal historic preservation This part of the handbook will provide to material and the material's sources, offices and officers. guidance for using objects and specimens potential information yielded, and possi­ in exhibits, furnished rooms, interpretive ble application to the National Register and educational programs, and research. nomination. The publication concludes It will provide answers to such questions with a list of additional sources and bibli­ as: What are the policies and procedures ography. for responding to requests to reproduce The purpose of the new National original objects for commercial sale?; Register publications is to increase the What are the policies and procedures for public's knowledge of the National responding to requests to perform Register program and to encourage nomi­ destructive analysis on objects as part of a nations of properties by members of the research request?; How does a park miti­ public. In addition, the publications pro­ gate the effects of special events on muse­ vide detailed guidance for Federal, State, um objects?; and How does park staff and local agencies; preservation profes­ read an exhibit plan to ensure that preser­ sionals, and others regarding the require­ vation, protection, and maintenance con­ ments of the National Register program. cerns for objects identified for use in an In order to obtain a copy of these publi­ exhibit are addressed? The handbook cations, contact: Information Desk, also will focus on other uses that may be National Register of Historic Places, used to extend information about collec­ Interagency Resources Division, National tions to wider audiences, including publi­ Park Service, P. O. Box 37127, cations, multi-media technology, pho­ Washington, D.C. 20013-7127. Copies of tographs, and reproductions of original materials. In addition, it will provide National Register Bulletin 16A and National The listings are from all across the guidance on copyright and use of museum Register Bulletin 16B also may be ordered United States and its territories and objects and use of collections by Native from the Superintendent of Documents, include 42,753 buildings, 8,029 historic American and other cultural groups. Government Printing Office, Washington, and archeological districts, 4,048 sites, D.C. 20402-9325. Please use the follow­ 2,944 structures, and 144 objects. A new Museum Handbook Steering ing stock numbers: 16A: #024-005-01096, The Preservation Press accepts both Committee has been organized to assist $8.50 each; 16B: #024-005-01092-1, $2.00 telephone and written orders. Ordering the Curatorial Services Division with each. information for the National Register of development of Part III. Members of this Historic Places is ISBN 0-89133-1956, 894 committee are as follows: Michele pages, 11 illustrations, $98.00 plus $4.00 Aubry, senior archeologist, Anthropology Preservation Press to Distribute shipping and handling. For telephone Division, WASO; John Brucksch, staff National Register of Historic orders, call 1-800-766-6847; VISA, curator, Historic Furnishings Division, Places MasterCard, and American Express HFC; Dan Chure, paleontologist, charges are accepted. For written orders, Dinosaur National Monument; Dale The Preservation Press of the National write to: Preservation Press, 1785 Durham, regional curator, SERO (com­ Trust for Historic Preservation is now the Massachusetts Avenue, NW, mittee chairperson); Julia Holmaas, staff official distributor for the National Washington, DC 20036. curator, Exhibit Planning and Design Register of Historic Places, 1966-1991. The Division, HFC; Diane Nicholson, muse­ National Register is a complete listing of um curator, Golden Gate National more than 58,000 properties of national, Recreation Area; Carolyn Rose, senior research conservator, National Museum state, and local significance entered in the NPS Museum Handbook, National Register of Historic Places by of Natural History, Smithsonian the National Park Service. The National Part III Institution; Virginia Salazar, regional Register is published every other year; curator, SWRO; and Sandy Weber, inter­ pretive specialist, Division of Interpre­ the 1992 edition includes all listings Anthony M. Knapp through June 30,1991. tation, WASO. Trinkle Jones, archeolo­ gist, WAAC; and Steve Harrison, deputy This essential reference contains the In his book Manual for Museums, Ralph regional curator, SERO, are alternate comprehensive list of all properties listed Lewis states that a museum collection is members of the committee. These com­ in the National Register of Historic well managed when the objects and spec­ mittee members, selected for their broad Places, the nation's official list of historic imens in the collection are: "chosen pur­ discipline backgrounds and museum places deemed worthy of preservation by posefully, readily available for study, experiences, will ensure the oversight the National Park Service. The National properly preserved, accompanied by ade­ Register was established by the National quately organized information about (continued on page 28)

1992 No. 2 27 NPS Museum Handbook, Part HI All of the equipment involved in video­ (continuedfrom page 27) conferencing is fairly standard television technology, with the exception of the needed in this project. codec. The codec, contained in the elec­ The Museum Handbook Steering tronics module, is the equipment that Committee held its first meeting in changes the standard analog television September 1991 to develop a content out­ signal into a digital signal that can be line for the handbook and to develop an transmitted over telephone lines. The action plan for completing the project. telephone lines used are special only in The draft outline was sent to the field for that they are a higher capacity than those review and comments in October 1991. normally used for voice telephone ser­ The Committee met again in January 1992 vice. (These lines still have limitations in to discuss and recommend revisions to the amount of signal that can be transmit­ the outline based on the comments ted, which produces the jerky quality of received from the field. In addition to motions.) It was dramatic improvements providing project oversight, each com­ and price reductions in the codec that mittee member will assist in recruiting made videoconferencing affordable for authors and coordinating the writing of the NPS—setups can be had for around specific sections. that can be hooked up include a VCR, an $25,000, and typical phone line costs are Watch for future news notes in CRM for extra camera, a personal computer, or a about $30 per hour, contrasted with updates on this project. The final hand­ document camera (similar to an overhead prices only a few years ago of several book is to be distributed to the field for projector except with a small television hundred thousand dollars for each equip­ implementation in 1994. Part III of the camera mounted where the reflector ment setup and phone costs of up to handbook is expected to be available for would be). On-screen menus guide the $2000 per hour. purchase by non- NPS users through the user through dialing a phone number to Two levels of videoconferencing service U.S. Government Printing Office. connect to the other conference site. Once connected, one person at each end are being implemented in NPS as part of controls the camera angles and what the larger NPS ParkNet communications Anthony M. Knapp is staff curator in the appears on the screen. Using the main project. Parknet "Channel 1" is a higher Curatorial Services Division, National screen and a small screen window, the quality service, which will deliver "near- Park Service, Washington, DC. controller can see one or two images at full-motion" pictures, at a higher cost. once, flipping back and forth between ParkNet Channel 1 is being installed at any combination of the other location, the Albright Training Center and in the what the others are seeing of you, and training facilities at WASO. The rest of images projected from any optional the Service will receive ParkNet equipment. If a VCR is installed, the con­ "Channel 2" service with the standard In/^gg*"** ference can be videotaped, videotapes picture quality, sufficient for most pur­ played for viewing, or still images "cap­ poses. A major improvement to the NPS tured" on videotape. videoconference process planned for FY93 is the addition of a "multipoint NPSTV? NPS Enters the Something a little different about video­ Video Age bridge" that would allow up to 16 users conferencing is that you spend most of to conduct concurrent videoconference the time controlling the camera at the meetings (currently while any site can Betsy Chittenden other location, and the other location con­ call any other site, only two sites can con­ trols the camera aimed at you, switching ference at once). While each videoconfer­ On January 20,1992, NPS Director the camera angle from speaker to speaker encing site will have its own rules for Ridenour and other NPS staff participat­ as the meeting progresses. Camera access set by each office (yet to be deter­ ed in a meeting that was routine in con­ angles that can be preset by the users mined), it is anticipated that accessing the tent, but historic in setting: it was held in make fast switching from speaker to facilities will be little different than two different locations linked by televi­ speaker easier. Another difference is the reserving conference rooms and lining up sion. In what may have been the first use picture quality for moving images: move­ standard audiovisual equipment is now. ments are somewhat jerky and slow, not of FTS2000 videoconferencing services in Why is videoconferencing important to a civilian Federal agency, NPS offices at unlike the effect that is produced by using a strobe light on dancers in a disco the Service? Videoconferencing will help 1100 L Street were linked to the Main achieve goals of improved communica­ Interior Building. By the time you read (still images, and people sitting still, are not affected). Most people are not both­ tions, improved productivity, and this, videoconferencing installations reduced expenses among the geographi­ should be operational or nearly so in all ered by this, however, and quickly become used to it, particularly as most cally dispersed offices of the National 10 NPS regional offices, the Albright Park Service. Training can be held in two training facilities at Grand Canyon, and meeting situations don't involve much movement. As with a handheld cam­ places at once; guest speakers can give the Denver and Harpers Ferry service presentations without traveling to the centers. corder, focusing is automatic and no spe­ cial lighting is needed, although, like training site. The service centers are How does it work? A videoconferenc­ Richard Nixon, one quickly becomes planning to use videoconferencing for ing setup is plugged into a standard aware that wearing brighter colors on fast track design and construction pro­ power outlet and into special phone lines. television makes you more visible. jects, as discussions can be held with both This setup consists of a television camera, Operating the system requires no special parties simultaneously looking at the a stereo television monitor, a control key­ training: most people need only five or same drawings or illustrations. A cultur­ pad that includes the microphone, and an ten minutes to learn it using on-screen al resource site could be filmed with a "electronics module" about the size of a menus and experimenting with the con­ camcorder, and meeting participants bread box. Some models combine the trols; programming your VCR is proba­ "see" and discuss the site without neces­ camera, monitor, and module into a bly more difficult. sitating travel costs or time. Equipment rolling storage cart. Optional equipment and shipping crates have already been

28 1992 No. 2 purchased to allow videoconferencing the National Recreation and Park Rehabilitation and Shopping equipment to be shipped quickly to major Association, 1990. Diane also spent two disaster sites in the Service, facilitating months at Steamtown NHS where she T.S. Eliot's line comes to mind. management of fast-moving disaster situ­ developed a library policy statement and "Human kind cannot bear much reality." ations. These are only the initial ideas for recommendations for the future develop­ Thirty years ago I thought this spoke of using videoconferencing; let your imagi­ ment of the Steamtown NHS Library. In human frailty. I still do today, but see it nation be your guide and make television addition to her NPS experience, Diane in another light as well. Most of human a part of your toolkit. brings an understanding of museums and kind has to bear reality; some, however, photograph archives from her 11 years at have the option of escaping for awhile. the Smithsonian Institution's National Eliot is speaking from a privileged point Library Program Underway Museum of American Art. Diane has vis­ of view. Let's call the group which can ited numerous parks and historic sites afford to escape, "shoppers." By defini­ The National Park Service Library across the U.S. and is deeply interested in tion, it moves beyond sustenance to the Survey conducted in 1990 by the both the natural and cultural resources of acquisition of things. Let's call the group Information and Telecommunications the National Park System. which must bear reality, "others." It has Division of WASO (see CRM, Vol. 14, No. Diane welcomes comments and sugges­ neither time nor money for optional 2,1991) revealed a wealth of unique and tions for development of the NPS library acquisition. valuable research resources all over the system as a research resource. Write or As we've all noticed, the privileged and NPS. The custodians of these resources, call Diane Mallos, Library Coordinator, the not privileged become increasingly the regional and park library managers, National Park Service, Information and separated as new, architecturally upscale as well as the park staff and researchers Telecommunications Division, P.O. Box malls move old town centers to safer who use the resources, are anxious to 37127, Washington, D.C. 20013-7127. environments for shoppers—enclosed, find better ways to organize them and Telephone: (202) or (FTS) 343-4430. patrolled, and highly orchestrated to pro­ make them available to a variety of users. mote a hearty appetite for buying things. For example, an automated NPS "Union Streets and older malls are left to "oth­ Catalog," listing the combined resources ers," while the better off simply walk of all the park libraries, could help park away into a different kind of space. managers keep abreast of the information An early goal of historic preservation and research their counterparts are com­ Viewpoint was to counterbalance the destruction of piling or producing in other parks. A historic neighborhoods and downtowns. prototype system has already been imple­ The 1966 Act stated: "the historical and mented in the Pacific Northwest Regional cultural foundations of the Nation should Office. For park managers, knowledge of be preserved as a living part of our com­ who has done what, and where they have Expanding Public Benefits for munity life and development in order to done it could be a significant saver of the 21st Century give a sense of orientation to the time and money in making park manage­ American people." To me, this meant ment decisions, answering park visitors' retaining the buildings on streets together questions, producing interpretive materi­ Kay D. Weeks with their history and sense of place— all als, developing and implementing fund­ for the public benefit. ing strategies and supporting research The NPS grants-in-aid program for pro­ Regrettably, today, many commercial efforts inside and outside the NPS. ject development, begun in the early 70s, districts seem to be an extension of the Before NPS libraries are able to auto­ requires recipients of grant funds used enclosed shopping malls we were trying mate, there are a number of steps that for interior work to hold open house at to counterbalance in the early years of must be taken. Park libraries must coor­ least 12 days a year so that anyone who historic preservation—that is to say, dinate their systems for acquiring, cata­ wants to can see how Federal funds were although these places are not architec­ loging and classifying their holdings by used for interior preservation. This may turally enclosed, they are contained by an developing and implementing NPS not be widely taken advantage of by the attitude. High prices and a "thing" orien­ library standards and policy guidelines. public—entering someone's kitchen and tation connect them in spirit to their They must raise the level of staff training bedroom that has been fixed up—but the newer suburban counterparts. Tight, and quality of library services. These and principles of fairness and accountability controlled design are the watchwords other areas of concern are what Diane are there. The '80s Tax Incentives pro­ here, as randomness and confusion are Mallos, the new NPS Library Coordinator gram dropped the specific public access planned away. The resulting preserva­ will begin examining over the next sever­ covenants perhaps because of the "cred­ tion vision is soft and smooth—too al months. Diane plans to work closely it" vs. "cash" nuance, but probably more smooth to be real history, which, as we all with the NPS regional librarians to devel­ because it could be argued that the con­ know, is jerky, cluttered, and obscured by op a long-term strategy for funding and cept of public benefit was built in to reha­ subtle or violent overlays of human infor­ developing the NPS library system. bilitation. Commercially speaking, places mation. In short, these "Sameplaces" are such as restaurants and shoppes are open neither history nor life, but simply good Diane Mallos joined the policy and to the public. But how broad a public? commercial art. planning staff in the Information and When the old covenants were shelved, When buildings and neighborhoods Telecommunications Division in January historic preservation projects moved into from our past are treated like Hollywood 1992. She has a Master of Library an important second phase, supported by sets, more than architecture is lost. These Science/Information Management from a new competitive economic framework. places are doubly exclusionary and dou­ Drexel University. Her previous NPS For example, if an old building were bly dishonest—they not only blur or experience includes three years with the turned into apartments, only those who demolish the real history, what's left is Mid-Atlantic Regional Office Planning could afford the rent would really see the fluffedup and used as shopping places and Grants Assistance Division where result of the work. And old buildings for those who can afford to escape too she edited and published a 2000-term the­ turned into rows of expensive shoppes much reality. The Act never said this: to saurus entitled, The Thesaurus of Park, began to skew public benefit in more sub­ Recreation and Leisure Service Terms, tle ways. National Park Service in partnership with (continued on page 30)

1992 No. 2 29 Expanding Public Benefits for the 21st them. Federal archeological collections agency to serve as a national archeologi­ Century are scattered in dozens, perhaps hun­ cal repository for all Federal archeologi­ (continuedfrom page 29) dreds, of locations - many of which are cal collections. This agency would be not even known to the responsible similar in concept to the National take working people's history and com­ Federal agency. They are stored in loca­ Archives and Records Administration as munities and turn them into upscale tions lacking security, lacking appropri­ a repository for Federal historic records. mini-malls. Clearly, the Act itself is as ate storage conditions, and lacking acces­ This agency would be a specialist dealing relevant in its goals today as it was in sibility. with archeological collections. Like the 1966: ". .. should be preserved as a living The theory of the Federal program is National Archives, it would have region­ part of our community life and develop­ that the Federal Government is investing alized repositories which could economi­ ment in order to give a sense of orienta­ time, energy, and money, in archeology cally warehouse and care for collections tion to the American people." I think it's to protect the information for the benefit — and it could quickly retrieve Federal time to look very carefully at what is of the American people. In reality, how­ archeology collections for research. meant by public benefit as our programs ever, archeological data is often extracted These regional repositories should not and projects bridge the 20th and 21st cen­ from sites, inadequately explored, and only store the artifacts, samples, and data turies. squirreled away in scattered locations in coherent collections, but they should with inadequate finding aids. The data be responsible to gather and preserve gathered is seldom appropriately synthe­ even the ephemeral archeological reports Kay Weeks is a technical writer-editor in sized so that the public can understand it. of the region to facilitate needed Federal the Preservation Assistance Division of In some parts of the country, the vast research. Like the National Archives, this the National Park Service. output of artifacts, samples, data, records, agency would reduce overall costs of and reports from the Federal CRM pro­ curation to the Federal government while gram has strained or even broken the greatly enhancing the accessibility and ability of non-Federal repositories to pro­ research potential of the collections. vide even elementary storage - much less The idea I suggest in the form of a Where to Now? more sophisticated management needs. National Archeological Repository is not The Curation of Many repositories now recognize their new. In 1976 a symposium titled Archeological Materials valuable gift of free storage to the Federal "Regional Centers in Archaeology: Government and are no longer interested Prospects and Problems" at the annual in storing Federal archeological collec­ meeting of the Society for American tions for free; many are charging annual Archaeology in St. Louis, Missouri, in Brit Allan Storey fees (sometime exorbitant) to store the 1976, addressed the issue. Soon there­ materials; and, even in the absence of after, the Heritage Conservation and proof, we must fear and suspect that Recreation Service's 1980 study titled New initiatives in the Federal CRM pro­ Federal collections are being disposed of "The Curation and Management of gram are resulting in a crisis in the man- or culled as internal institutional pro­ Archeological Collections: A Pilot Study" agement/curation of archeological mate­ grams continue to generate more arti­ recommended development of a national rials in many Federal agencies; 36 CFR facts, samples, data, and reports which system of public repositories.1 Part 79, the Native American Graves are competing for limited storage facili­ The approach I suggest has several Protection and Repatriation Act, and the ties — and we must not lose sight of the advantages which I consider particularly Secretary of the Interior's museum and fact that those new materials are of more appealing. artifacts initiative each contribute to the immediate interest to the current man­ • The new agency could provide more complex issues. agers of the storage facilities. The Federal economical storage than the Federal The Federal Government faces a crisis in response to this breakdown in non- agencies can provide individually. Federal repositories has been the often dealing with curation of archeological • The new agency should be responsi­ haphazard and improperly planned materials which is every bit as real as the ble for efforts to identify, inventory, development of scattered agency reposi­ crisis in records management which and protect Federal archeological col­ tories. Often those repositories are unat­ resulted in establishment of the National lections. tended (only sometimes truly secure), Archives in the 1930s. The National • There will inevitably be controversy inappropriate in terms of storage condi­ Archives provided a cost-effective, over ownership of Federal collections tions, basically unfunded, and unstaffed. appropriate means of securing and mak­ deposited in the past in various state In some situations this storage is very ing available records of the Federal gov­ agencies, museums, universities, good, but that does not obviate the fact ernment. Before establishment of the libraries, historical societies, etc.. National Archives, the records of the that the overall approach is scatter-gun in effect and extremely uneven in results. • On the Federal side, current guidance Federal government were stored in scat­ and regulations assert Federal owner­ tered, inaccessible, inappropriate, and Tremendous amounts of Federal money ship and control of collections which even destructive locations. Not only are going into the archeology program. have not really been in Federal con­ were the historic records often inaccessi­ To both realize and protect the promise of trol for years, perhaps even decades. ble, they survived improper storage and the Federal archeology program, I sug­ The Federal agencies have not clerical housecleanings only by chance. gest that it is time to develop an entirely checked on the collections in all that Records storage neither assured protec­ new program for management of archeo­ time, and the scrambling which is tion of the records nor stored them eco­ logical collections. It is time to develop a going on among the agencies clearly nomically. storage program which permits collec­ shows that they are not sure where That situation for historic records in the tions to be held in a few centralized loca­ "their" collections are. On the reposi­ 1930s parallels the one faced now for tions where they are easily researched, tories' side, they have lost sight of the Federal archeological materials. The pri­ physically accessible, locatable through Federal involvement in the collection mary difference is that Federal agencies finding aids, protected from deteriora­ and often even think they own the generally did not give their historic tion, secure, and stored economically. collection. This approach provides a records to outside interests to store while I suggest it is time for the Federal gov­ mechanism to clearly establish still asserting ownership and control over ernment to establish an independent Federal responsibility over specific

30 1992 No. 2 archeological collections. Those expanded, renamed, and assigned this resent positions of either the Bureau of which are determined to be Federal additional responsibility. NARA is the Reclamation or the Federal Preservation responsibilities can be collected into only Federal agency in-place with the Forum, or of CRM. centralized repositories while other appropriate ethic of conservation storage

collections are clearly renounced and of large masses of materials, accessibility 1 no longer present the problem of of materials through tight inventory con­ Heritage Conservation and Recreation whether or not they are a direct trol, regionalized facilities, and commit­ Service, Department of the Interior, "The Federal responsibility. ment to service to researchers. Curation and Management of Archeological Collections: A Pilot Study," • Regional repositories would tend to There are many vested interests which (Washington, D.C., 1980). collect culturally affiliated data col­ will believe themselves threatened — the lections. That would result in ease of National Park Service, the Federal agen­ research - at least in Federal collec­ cies, the current repositories, and various tions. In point-of-fact, regional repos­ Indian groups are among only the most itories would likely be established on obvious of those vested interests. the basis of culture areas. There are many legal issues — for C • This approach would relieve Federal instance: has the Federal Government agencies of curation responsibilities abandoned collections to the local reposi­ L° *W which are centralized in a single tory after a given period of years, and agency with special expertise and its what will happen in cases where long- own budget for curation responsibili­ term storage contracts have been signed? Staffing the Preservation ties. Federal CRM programs are To work out such concerns and issues Commission in Montgomery already spread thinly, and this there will have to be a serious discussion approach will permit agencies to con­ and negotiation period before and during County, MD: A Case Study serve their limited CRM resources in implementation of a program. We must more productive activities instead of have some idea of the extent of Federal Stephen A. Morris dispersing and diluting existing pro­ collections over which Federal responsi­ grams. bility and authority are asserted. We In which branch of local government • This approach will avoid the problem must understand the complexities that should staff to the local historic preserva­ of CRM personnel being assigned the will be confronted in effectively bringing tion commission be located? Although responsibility for management of Federal archeological collections back staffing issues can be a critical factor in archeological collections as Federal under the purview of the Federal the success or failure of a local preserva­ property. It has been decided that Government. Another issue which will tion program, this is a question which is archeological collections are Federal surely arise is whether such a repository seldom explored in any depth. Typically, property and part of the Federal shouldn't also manage the scattered art where the preservation commission has a property management system. That and artifacts of the Federal agencies. staff (many don't), it is borrowed from a means that accountable Federal prop­ These are all reasons why we must begin planning department or a community erty officers will delegate responsibil­ to study and assess the situation. development department, i.e., a planner ity for management of archeological However difficult the going, we must is assigned to work with the commission. collections to custodial officers — assess the costs to the Federal Often, such staffing arrangements evolve CRM personnel. With that assign­ Government in real money and lost without careful consideration of their ment is a responsibility to assure the opportunities, and balance those against advantages and disadvantages. annual inventory and the effective the economic and intellectual benefits of The agency in which the staff to the protection of the property. such a program. When that is thought­ commission is located can greatly affect • Federal archeological collections fully done, I am confident that the basic how the commission relates to the local would be better curated, better pro­ 1980 recommendations of the Heritage chief executive and agencies in the execu­ tected, and more economically stored Conservation and Recreation Service will tive branch, how it is perceived by the than is now the case. be renewed. Some form of National public, how much funding it gets, and • Research to provide the syntheses Archeological Repository will be found a how well it is able to carry out its mis­ and overviews so badly needed to needed and important addition to the sion. These issues were discussed in inform and educate the public should Federal Government's historic preserva­ unusual detail in a recent report on the be easier with regionalized reposito­ tion program — one which will reestab­ Historic Preservation Commission in ries. lish effective Federal control and manage­ Montgomery County, Maryland ("A • Regional repositories will eliminate ment of Federal property which is vitally Description and Evaluation of the the evolving establishment of indi­ important to understanding our national Montgomery County Historic vidual-agency or several-agency prehistory and history. Preservation Commission," November repositories on a haphazard and often At that point the issue then becomes 1990). Conducted by the county's Office ill-conceived, ill-planned basis. development of a program by the agen­ of Legislative Oversight, an independent • The Federal property represented in cies which is politically acceptable and legislative branch office that conducts our archeological collections would implementable. program evaluations and investigations be returned to proper Federal control for the County Council, the report sum­ and protection. marizes the results of a study on the Establishment of The National Brit Allan Storey is the senior historian of effectiveness of the Commission in carry­ Archeological Repository will not be the Bureau of Reclamation. He served as ing out its statutory responsibilities. a caseworker on the staff of the Advisory easy. Quite the contrary, it will probably Montgomery County, Maryland is a Council on Historic Preservation for over be rather difficult. sprawling urban-suburban jurisdiction 14 years before moving to Reclamation in Establishment of an independent bordering Washington, D.C. on the north­ 1988, and he is the immediate past presi­ agency may be difficult or impossible. If west. More than 750,000 people live dent of the Federal Preservation Forum. that is the case, I suggest the surprising within the county's 495 square miles. This paper represents the personal solution that the National Archives and thoughts of the writer and does not rep- Records Administration (NARA) be (continued on page 32)

1992 No. 2 31 Staffing the Preservation Commission in Planning Board which of these should be to handling the Commission's work. Montgomery County, MD: A Case Study officially designated as sites and districts The study identified other county agen­ (continued from page 31) on the Master Plan (resources on the cies providing direct or indirect staff sup­ inventory receive only limited protection, port to the historic preservation program Its inventory of historic resources spans not the full level of protection conferred in the County. The county planning more than 400 years and ranges from a to those designated in the Master Plan). office, an independent agency which blacksmith shop associated with the The backlog of unevaluated inventory staffs the Planning Board, has employed county's early settlement in the beginning resources has been especially problemat­ one or two historic preservation planners of the 18th century, to early 19th century ic. The bulk of the county's inventory to assist the Board in responding to rec­ agricultural complexes, to residential was completed in 1976 and contains ommendations from the Preservation neighborhoods created as Victorian-era almost 1,000 historic resources. When the Commission on the designation of sites railroad suburbs, to the commercial archi­ county's preservation ordinance was on the Master Plan for Historic tecture of a 1930s suburban shopping passed in 1979 it was anticipated that the Preservation. The Planning Board staff center. The county government's efforts Historic Preservation Commission would work closely with the Commission staff in historic preservation date to the early have evaluated all of these resources to coordinate research on inventory 1970s although the Historic Preservation within five years, and either recommend­ resources to facilitate their evaluation and Commission was not established until ed them for designation on the Master consideration for listing in the Master 1979. Plan or removed them from the invento­ Plan. The Planning Board staff also ry. Properties included in the inventory screen subdivision applications and for­ For many smaller jurisdictions in less were given interim protection from ward those that affect designated historic urban places than Montgomery County, demolition or substantial alteration until sites to the Preservation Commission for considerations about staffing the local they were fully evaluated. The rate of their review. historic preservation commission may be evaluation of inventory resources relatively straightforward. Coordination Other county agencies that have a role declined from a high of 92 in 1981 to a between government agencies and con­ in the preservation program include the low of 15 in 1988 (for a total of 510 evalu­ cerns about conflicting agency missions County Attorney's office which provides ated properties by 1990). This has left a are less likely to be problematic issues the Commission with legal advice, substantial number of properties in where most of the players know each reviews, and edits Commission decisions, "limbo" with property owners restricted other personally and where there are fre­ and answers procedural questions. The in their use of property included on the quent opportunities to exchange informa­ county's Department of Environmental inventory for an indefinite period of time. tion and viewpoints. In more populous Protection, which issues building per­ localities and those that have developed a An additional consequence of the mits, also issues or denies HAWPs full panoply of governmental programs Commission's preoccupation with pro­ according to the Commission's instruc­ such as housing, community develop­ cessing HAWPs is the limited attention it tions; in addition, it maintains a property ment, planning, parks and recreation, and has been able to give to providing infor­ address database with information on environmental protection there is a mation and educational materials to the whether or not individual properties greater need to give careful thought to public about historic preservation. have been identified as historic (either how to promote coordination between Although the Commission produces a through having been listed in the inven­ these various programs and historic newsletter with Certified Local tory or designated on the Master Plan for preservation. Government grant funds from the Historic Preservation). The Montgomery County study was Maryland State Historic Preservation The study considered three alternative prompted by concerns over the ability of Office, it has been unable to implement staffing and administrative location the Historic Preservation Commission to the comprehensive public outreach pro­ arrangements to improve the deal effectively with its increasing work­ gram which the county's preservation Commission's effectiveness: load. A volunteer body of nine members ordinance intended. Also languishing • Maintaining the status quo, i.e. keep­ appointed by the County Executive and are the county's Historic Preservation Tax ing staff support to the Commission confirmed by the County Council, the Credits, Easement, and Loan and Grant within the Executive branch (in the Historic Preservation Commission is Programs, which the Commission is Department of Housing and given by law a wide range of duties. charged with implementing. Community Development) was the Among these is to approve or disapprove In spite of the indirect support the first of these. Greater opportunity to applications for Historic Area Work Preservation Commission receives from coordinate with other Executive Permits( HAWPs), which are filed by several different county agencies, the branch departments was seen as a property owners seeking to alter historic study found that the current staffing major benefit of this arrangement. sites listed on the county's Master Plan structure did not enable it to meet effec­ Another factor in favor of keeping the for Historic Preservation (the local regis­ tively all of its statutory responsibilities. Commission's staff within the ter). As is often the case, Montgomery Department is the fact that acting on County's staffing arrangement evolved HAWPs is a regulatory function As the number of sites and districts des­ which is related to the building per­ ignated on the Master Plan has increased, over the years as the Commission matured. mit function handled by the the amount of time the Commission has Executive branch. Also, since the spent on reviewing and acting on In its early years, the Commission received part-time staff support from the Department of Community HAWPs has gone up accordingly, rising Development is a large department, it to almost 75% of its time. The increasing Office of the County Chief Administrative Officer with advice had been "subsidizing" historic complexity of HAWPs has also added to preservation by not specifically time required for the Commission to regarding the evaluation of historic resources provided by Parks Department charging all operating expenses (e.g., process them. This has left the use of the motor pool) to the Commission much less time than before historians. At the time the study was conducted, responsibility for staffing the Preservation Commission. However, to perform one of its other main duties— the potential for historic preservation researching historic resources contained commission was assigned to the Department of Housing and Community to have to compete with other in the county's inventory of historic Departmental priorities was seen as a resources and recommending to the Development, which had one profession­ al and an administrative aide dedicated negative factor in maintaining this

32 1992 No. 2 staffing arrangement. Another nega­ applications and those for minor According to P. L. 102-101, the Secretary tive cited in the study is the potential modifications; is to consult with workers, workers' rep­ for conflict between historic preserva­ • establishing a "consent calendar" in resentatives, scholars of labor history, tion and other policy goals of the which the staff prepares a list of and historic preservationists for technical Department. straightforward and non-controver­ assistance and for the preparation of • The second alternative was consoli­ sial applications for an expedited guidelines for the theme study. The law dating the County's preservation hearing and decision process; also requires the study to be transmitted efforts in the county's planning • authorizing the Commission to send no later than three years after the date agency. Benefits to such an arrange­ controversial and time-consuming funds are made available. At this time no ment would include less confusion cases to the Hearing Examiner in the funds have been made available for the among the public about where to go Office of Zoning and Administrative completion of the American Labor Theme with questions concerning historic Hearings for report and recommen­ Study. preservation and the elimination of dation with final decision authority Any suggestions regarding the form any duplication of effort by county remaining with the Commission. and content of the study, as well as sites government staff and staff of the As the Montgomery County study to be considered, are welcome. For fur­ independent planning agency. A demonstrates, the placement of the ther information please contact Harry major disadvantage, however, would Commission and its staff within the local Butowsky, National Park Service, be increased difficulty in coordinat­ bureaucracy is an important factor in Division of History, P.O. Box 37127, ing the work of the Preservation how well the Commission interacts with Washington, DC. 20013-7127; 202-344- Commission with that of Executive other key governmental programs and, 8155. branch departments. ultimately, how effective it is. • The third staffing option considered For further information on the study, by the study was that of establishing contact Ms. Karen Orlansky, Accessibility Workshop the Historic Preservation Montgomery County Office of Legislative Commission as an independent com­ Oversight, 301-217-7990. Accessibility and Historic Preservation, a mission, either as part of the workshop for public officials on the Executive branch or the Legislative Americans with Disabilities Act and his­ branch. According to the study, Stephen A. Morris is a preservation plan­ toric properties, will be offered May advocates for this approach identified ner in the Interagency Resources 26-28,1992, in Springfield, MA, and June several benefits: greater public visibil­ Division, National Park Service. 18-20 in Denver, CO. ity and identity for the commission as a separate entity not subsumed with­ Passage of the Act in 1990, and its cor­ in a large department; more direct responding regulations has broadened control over budgetary resources; the scope of accessibility laws to include and, reduced potential for conflict almost all properties open to the general between Commission goals and Butte%grd public. Many of these properties are his­ departmental goals. The study dis­ toric, and challenges of making historic missed this option on the grounds properties accessible to a growing seg­ that it would be too expensive and ment of our society is the subject of the that it might isolate historic preserva­ workshops. Co-sponsored by the National Park tion and thereby harm the Labor National Historic Commission's ability to coordinate its Service, the National Conference of State actions with other county activities Landmark Theme Study Historic Preservation Officers, the that affect the preservation of historic Advisory Council on Historic resources. Preservation, and Historic Windsor, Inc.,. On August 17,1991, President Bush the workshops will provide participants As a result of the issues raised in the signed P. L. 102-101 authorizing the with an in-depth understanding of the study the County Executive and the Secretary of the Interior to prepare and relationship between accessibility and County Council decided to consolidate transmit to the Congress a National historic preservation laws at the Federal the preservation staff in the county plan­ Historic Landmark Theme Study on and state levels. ning agency. As part of this shift the American labor history. For more information and a workshop planning agency has been authorized to The purpose of the theme study is to brochure, contact Historic Windsor, Inc., hire an additional staff person to research identify the key sites in American labor P.O. Box 1777, Windsor, VT 05089; 802- unevaluated historic sites on the County history, including the history of workers 674-6752. inventory (though funding is not current­ and their work, of organizing, unions and ly available for this position). strikes, of the impacts of industrial and In addition, Council staff has been technological change, and of the contribu­ White House Observance directed to prepare amendments to the tions of American labor to American his­ historic preservation ordinance that tory. In addition, the theme study is to To commemorate the 200th anniversary of implement some of the report's other rec­ nominate those districts, sites, buildings, ommendations including setting a sunset the setting of the White House cornerstone, and structures as National Historic the White House Historical Association has date for the inventory and a schedule for Landmarks that best illustrate or com­ evaluating the remainder of the unevalu­ published a booklet entitled, The White memorate American labor history in its House: The First 200 Years. Besides a brief ated inventory resources. To lighten the fullest variety. Commission's workload, the report rec­ history, there are listings of exhibits, a sym­ In addition, the law requires the ommended additional changes to the posium, lectures, and films, as well as other Secretary to prepare a list, in order of preservation law regarding how the programs. To obtain a copy of the free importance, of the most appropriate sites Commission handles HAWPs. They booklet, write to the White House Historical for possible addition to the national park include the following: Association, 740 Jackson Place, NW, system. This list is to include a discus­ Washington, DC 20503. • authorizing the Commission to dele­ sion of the feasibility and suitability of gate to staff the approval of routine such sites.

1992 No. 2 33 BFRL Symposia Series 21,000-acre Ghost ranch was once home to 89557-0024; 702-784-4046, and ask for the the Anasazi and the Ute peoples. The course brochure announcing Preparing The 1992 Building and Fire Research workshop is sponsored jointly by the Agreement Documents Under Section Laboratory (BFRL) Symposia Series, to be National Association for Interpretation and 106 of NHPA. held on various dates and at different the Council for American Indian A four-week advanced seminar on locations, provides a forum for identify­ Interpretation. The registration deadline is building materials is held yearly in Rome ing problems and a means for transmit­ April 9. For Workshop information contact and is sponsored by the International ting new knowledge for improved design Glen Kaye at 505-988-6838/FTS 476-1838 in Centre for the Study of the Preservation and construction practices. The symposia Santa Fe, NM, or Wilson Hunter, Jr. at 602- and the Restoration of Cultural Property are a major element of the National 674-5436 at Canyon de Chelly National (ICCROM) and the University of Institute of Standards and Technology's Monument. Pennsylvania. For an application, contact efforts to advance the Nation's building David DeLong, chairman, Graduate technology and to facilitate its application PIBC Workshops Program in Historic Preservation, for public benefit. For more information, University of Pennsylvania, 214 write to Richard N. Wright, Director, The 10th Annual Workshop Series of Meyerson Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104- BFRL, National Institute of Standards and The Preservation Institute for the 6311. Applications for snorter ICCROM Technology, U.S. Department of Building Crafts (PIBC) is being offered courses on teaching skills, wood conser­ Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899. through June 1992. The workshops offer vation technology, and the preservation a variety of hands-on preservation skills of the earthen architectural heritage may be obtained from the Advisory Council Lost Lake Workshops training for all levels. For more informa­ tion and eligibility requirements, contact on Historic Preservation, The Old Post Office Building, 1100 Pennsylvania Mount Hood National Forest is spon­ Executive Director, The Preservation Institute for the Building Crafts, Historic Avenue, NW, #809, Washington, DC soring a series of workshops during the 20004. The applications should then be summer of 1992. Each workshop will be Windsor, Inc., P.O. Box 1777, Windsor, VT 05089-0021; 802-674-6752/674-6729. sent to ICCROM, Training Section, 13 Via dedicated to the enhancement of techni­ di San Michele, 00153 Rome RM, Italy. cal skills and the philosophy involved in historic structure preservation. All par­ Campbell Center Courses ticipants will be taught the skills neces­ Getty Conservation Institute sary for the maintenance, restoration, The Campbell Center for Historic rehabilitation and care of historical struc­ Preservation Studies announces its 1992 As part of the Materials Research tures. All sessions will take place at Lost courses in architectural preservation, care Society's annual spring meeting, to be Lake Resort, southeast of Mount Hood, of collections, and conservation refresher held April 27-May 2,1992 in San Oregon. For more information, contact courses. For a catalog and registration Francisco, the Getty Conservation John Platz, Mount Hood National Forest, information, contact Campbell Center for Institute (GCI) and the Smithsonian 2955 NW Division Street, Gresham, OR Historic Preservation Studies, P.O. Box Institution's Conservation Analytical lab­ 97030; 503-666-0649. 66, Mount Carroll, IL 61053; 815-244- oratory are sponsoring their third sympo­ 1137. sium on "Material Issues in Art and Archaeology." The purpose of the sympo­ Museums Workshop sium is to provide a multidisciplinary Advisory Council Sponsored forum for reviewing new developments The Smithsonian Institution's Office of Courses in technical studies of material culture, Environmental Management and Safety conservation science, characterization is sponsoring its annual Fire, Safety and A three-day introductory course, through compositional and structural Occupational Health Programs for Introduction to Federal Projects and Historic analysis, and mechanical and physical Museums and Other Cultural Preservation Law, is being offered in sever­ properties of materials and/or artifacts. Institutions, September 14-18,1992, in al cities during 1992. The "Working with For more information regarding the sym­ Washington, DC. This workshop is rec­ Section 106" course enables one to learn posium, contact James Druzik, ommended for persons responsible for how to meet historic preservation respon­ Conservation Scientist, the GCI. the day-to-day operation of a museum sibilities under the National Historic facility. Some of the topics include muse­ Preservation Act. For further information um safety/program administration, or registration forms, contact GSA Design Achievement Awards industrial hygiene, fire prevention, detec­ Interagency Training Center, P.O. Box tion and suppression, disaster/emer­ 15608, Arlington, VA 22215-0608, or FAX Federal Design Achievement Awards gency planning, environmental manage­ to 703-557-3025. were presented to 57 projects from across the Government on January 28. The ment, hazardous materials, asbestos A two-day advanced course, Preparing National Park Service won seven of the abatement, radiation safety and Agreement Documents Under Section 106 of awards, three of which were given to the shop/physical plant safety. Application the National Historic Preservation Act, is Preservation Assistance Division, deadline is July 17,1992. For more infor­ being offered in cooperation with the Washington Office: Windows Through mation, call or write: Smithsonain University of Nevada, Reno. It deals Time Exhibit; Historic Landscape Institution, Office of Environmental with drafting and organizing the major Initiative; and Bicentennial Lighthouse Management and Safety, 490 L'Enfant documents used to conclude project Fund Program. Plaza, Suite 4202, Washington, DC; 202- review under Section 106 of NHPA. To 287-3611. qualify for the course, participants must The purpose of the Awards is to honor have fairly extensive experience working individuals and organizations that con­ "Hidden Visions" Workshop with Section 106 and/or have successful­ tribute to successful Federal design, ly completed the Council's introductory improve the overall quality of Federal course. For registration information, con­ design, and inform the public about the A workshop entitled, Hidden Visions: value of good design. The Federal Design Discovering the Stories of the Land, will be tact Cultural Resources Management, Division of Continuing Education/048, Achievement Awards are the National held April 22-24,1992 at the Ghost Ranch Endowment for the Arts highest awards Conference Center in Abiquiu, NM. The University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV

34 1992 No. 2 in design and are presented as part of the Michael Tomlan, Chairperson for The listing will be updated regularly; Presidential Design Awards, which are NCPE, and Emogene Bevitt, Interagency initially it will be printed as a supplement administered by the Endowment's Resources and Preservation Assistance to CRM which is sent to 5,000 individu­ Design Arts Program. Divisions, WASO/NPS, are developing a als and organizations in the United questionnaire and will be compiling States, Canada, and overseas. If demand Directories Planned for 1992 information in the coming months on warrants, the listing may be printed as a these programs. The content, modeled separate publication as well. after the 1981 Guide to Undergraduate and The database is intended to include the Emogene Bevitt Graduate Education in Historic Preservation full range of available materials, from by Antoinette Lee, will include as much detailed demonstrations of correct repair as possible of the following: address, tele­ procedures for historic building fabric to Directory of Short Term/Continuing phone, and contact person for the college general introductions to preservation phi­ Education Training or training organization; average time for losophy and practice. The audio-visual completion; type of credential; average The 1992-1993 Directory of Training materials may be aimed at craftspeople, enrollment, cost, policy on internships Opportunities in Cultural Resources practicing architects and architectural and thesis, list of teaching faculty, sched­ Management will be produced as a special students, preservation professionals and uled courses for 1992-93 school year, and issue of CRM and will be sent out in late advocates, maintenance workers, school a brief description of the kinds of pro­ September 1992. The survey form is pro­ children and adults. gram enrichment the school offers. As vided with this issue. If you are plan­ Help Us Spread the Word! Please send mentioned, if this information is provid­ ning a training workshop or course dur­ us information on any sources of preser­ ed in an existing directory or catalog of ing the October 1992 - December 1993 vation related audio-visual materials of length, it will be referenced with ordering time frame, and you would like it to be which you are aware, with addresses if information in this directory. The cut-off listed in the directory, please use this known. date for receipt of material is April 24, form and send this information by June What videos have you seen that you 1992. 30,1992 to the address provided. If your would recommend for inclusion? organization offers more than one work­ If you have any questions or sugges­ Your name and address if you would shop or course, please make photocopies tions about either directory, please con­ like to be on the distribution list. and send one form for each workshop, tact Ms. Emogene Bevitt at 202-343-9561 Please return to: [survey form enclosed] or by mail: National Park Service Susan Escherich (413/424), P.O. Box 37127, Washington, National Park Service Announcing Plans for a New Directory! DC 20013-7127. Both directories are Preservation Assistance Division - 424 made possible due to special funding by P.O. Box 37127 The field of cultural resources manage­ the National Park Service through its Washington, DC 20013-7127 ment (CRM) uses the talents and energies Cultural Resources Training Initiative. 202-343-9591 of people who come from a wide spec­ This database and listing of audio-visu­ trum of educational disciplines. For the al materials for preservation education person planning their education in CRM LAMPE are made possible by special funding or in some aspect of CRM, access to infor­ under the Cultural Resources Training mation ranges from hard-to-find to easy- Initiative of the National Park Service. Susan Escherich to-find, but is always discipline-specific. The National Council for Preservation Education (NCPE) and the National Park Service are joining forces to develop and List of Audio-Visual Materials for produce a new Director]/ of College, Craft Preservation Education and Trade Programs in Cultural Resources A Comprehensive Centralized Listing of Management. This directory, as a special Available Resources issue of CRM, is scheduled for release in The Preservation Assistance Division of October 1992 to coincide with the the National Park Service is establishing Education Supplement that appears each the Listing of Audio-Visual Materials for October in the Historic Preservation News, Preservation Education (LAMPE): a data­ the newsletter of the National Trust for base of audio-visual materials related to Historic Preservation. all aspects of preservation education. The goal of this new directory is to pro­ This much-needed service will provide a vide information either directly or indi­ central source of information to which rectly (by reference to existing sub-direc­ trainers and educators can turn. Each tories) to: anthropology, archeology, entry will note the name, subject(s), architectural history, conservation, craft length, medium, appropriate audience programs, ethnography, folklife, history, and availability information including historic architecture, historic engineering, where and how it can be obtained. historic preservation, information man­ Producers are invited to send copies of agement, interpretation, landscape their videos to PAD for screening. Those preservation, linguistic preservation, that are sent will be reviewed briefly as museum studies, oral history, planning, part of their entries. The Library of the preservation law, trades programs and as National Trust for Historic Preservation, many other programs that reflect the located at the University of Maryland, knowledge and skills needed in the pro­ has offered to serve as a repository for tection and preservation of cultural her­ videos if their producers wish to donate itage in the United States. them for public use.

1992 No. 2 35 CRM at East Base, Antarctica Monument is not impacted by increased visitation. The (continuedfrom page 17) site, as a listed Antarctic national monument, may become a destination point for the few tourist boats that acid from the science lab, sulphuric acid from the doc­ venture south along the scenic Antarctic Peninsula. The tor's office and other dangers. The team will repair and number of visitors to the site are few, but during our make air-tight the buildings, unfortunately much altered journey we met Australian, French and British tourists, on the interiors by a nearby British base. The former the former while we were at East Base. bunk house was used as a seal-slaughter house and is As the movement for a world park on Antarctica con­ befouled with the waste. Preservation crews will patch tinues to be discussed and introduced in Congress, we the building and lock it shut. Its fate is uncertain. The need to continue to stress the importance of people in the valuable artifacts in the trash dumps will not be salvaged Antarctic story. The East Base site is but one piece of the at this time. At present a light covering of gravel from whole century and a half of exploration and discovery. the island will serve as a cap to ensure their preservation, The site deserves preservation. Cultural resource man­ allowing future archeologists to excavate the site based agement will continue to be an important part of the on our field mapping and photographs, as well as improve management of Antarctica. the present unsightly appearance of the rust-colored dumps. Cathy Spude is an archeologist with the Western Team at the As the preservation and clean-up effort is underway, Denver Service Center, National Park Service. Robert Spude is the National Science Foundation will prepare interpre­ chief, National Preservation Programs Branch, Rocky tive signs to ensure that the East Base Historic Mountain Region, National Park Service.

Addendum Inadvertently, a photo of a HABS Advisory Board which was used to illus­ trate an article about Dr. Ernest A. Connally in the CRM bulletin ("Ernest Allen Connally: Le maitre des bons mots," CRM, Vol. 14: No. 7,1991, pp. 8-9) was not fully credited nor were the mem­ bers identified. The meeting took place on December 3,1970, at the Custis-Lee House in Arlington, VA. The photograph was taken by NPS photographer Jack Rottier. The participants, as numbered on this outline drawing were: (1) Raymond Freeman, ASLA; (2) James C. Massey, chief, HABS; (3) Prof. George Tatum; (4) Virginia Daiker, Library of Congress; (5) Quincy Mumford, Librarian of Congress; (6) Harthon ("Spud") E. Bill, deputy director, NPS; (7) Joe Watterson, chief, Div. of Historic Architecture, NPS; (8) Robert Gaede, AIA; (9) Ernest A. Connally; (10) Ray Girvigian, AIA; (11) Roll McLaughlin, AIA; (12) Bill Alderson, Executive Director, AASLH; (13) Prof. F. Blair Reeves, AIA, School of Architecture, University of Florida; (14) Orin Bullock, AIA; (15) Prof. Barclay G. Jones, Cornell University; and (16) Richard Hale, presi­ Printed on recycled dent, SHPOs. paper