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Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina Centro De Ciências Jurídicas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Direito

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Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina Centro De Ciências Jurídicas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Direito 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS JURÍDICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM DIREITO GABRIELA FRANZISKA SCHOCH SANTOS CARVALHO THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION FOR ANIMALS IN BRAZIL AND IN SWITZERLAND: Cruelty, Well-Being and Dignity DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO Florianópolis 2018 1 Gabriela Franziska Schoch Santos Carvalho THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION FOR ANIMALS IN BRAZIL AND IN SWITZERLAND: Cruelty, Well-Being and Dignity Dissertação submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Direito. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Letícia Albuquerque Florianópolis 2018 2 3 5 7 To my parents Für meine Eltern 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who have supported my work on this thesis and have in some way contributed to it. First and foremost, I express my gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Prof. Dr. Letícia Albuquerque. She has encouraged and accompanied my research from the beginning. Her support, generosity and friendship have been invaluable. Prof. Dr. Fernanda Luiza Fontoura de Medeiros (UNILASSALE), Prof. Dr. Marita Giménez-Candela (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) and Prof. Dr. Paula Cals Brügger Neves (CCB/UFSC) composed the Thesis Committee. I would like to thank them for their valuable comments. I also would like to thank Prof. Dr. Everton das Neves Gonçalves (PPGD/UFSC) for presiding the Thesis Committee. I am grateful to the dean of the Post-Graduate Program in Law at the Federal University of Santa Catarina (PPGD), Prof. Arno Dal Ri Jr., PhD, as well as the academic and administrative staff for welcoming me at UFSC, and to Prof. Dr. Alessandro Pinzani (PPGFIL/UFSC) for accepting me as a student in one of his classes. My fellow members at the Environmental Justice Institute (OJE/UFSC), Prof. Dr. Adriana Biller Aparicio, Camila Mabel Kuhn, Conceição Raquel Melo Sabat, Gabrielle Tabares Fagúndez, Isabele Bruna Barbieri, Leatrice Faraco Daros, Maria Alice da Silva, Rafael Speck de Souza and Thais Silveira Pertille were always available to help me with administrative issues. Thalyta dos Santos was my travel companion on the BR-101 – thank you all for your help and companionship. I would also like to thank lic. iur. Vanessa Gerritsen and the Stiftung für das Tier im Recht (TIR) in Zurich, Switzerland for giving me access to their library and for sharing their knowledge and experience. Finally, I express my gratitude to my husband, Rodrigo, not only for his support and encouragement, but also for contributing to the final version of this thesis with his vast linguistic skills and knowledge. 11 But tell us, O men! We pray you to tell us what injuries have we committed to forfeit? What laws have we broken, or what cause given you, whereby you can pretend a right to invade and violate our part, and natural rights, and to assault and destroy us, as if we were the aggressors, and no better than thieves, robbers and murderers, fit to be extirpated out of creation … From whence did thou [O man] derive thy authority for killing thy inferiors, merely because they are such, or for destroying their natural rights and privileges? (Thomas Tryon, Complaints of the Birds and Fowls of Heaven to their Creator (1688). Cited from: LINZEY, Andrew. Animal Theology. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994.) 13 RESUMO O objeto deste estudo é a tutela constitucional dos animais na Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 e na Constituição Federal da Confederação Suíça de 1999. O Direito reflete a complexa e ambivalente relação do ser humano para com os animais: por um lado, ele conceitua os animais como recursos naturais, commodities e coisas; por outro lado, ele os reconhece como co- criaturas e seres vivos e sencientes. O uso de animais para alimentação, em entretenimento e esportes, e como ferramentas é profundamente enraizado nos costumes. Contudo o uso de animais sempre foi limitado por costumes, pela moral ou por leis. Desde o final do século dezenove, legislação específica tem emergido, visando a proteger animais individuais contra determinadas interferências pelo ser humano, e definindo limites de o que se pode e não se pode fazer com os animais. Atualmente um pequeno grupo de países, entre eles o Brasil e a Suíça, menciona os animais nas suas constituições, tornando a tutela dos animais uma tarefa do Estado. A Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 explicitamente veda práticas que submetam os animais a crueldade, enquanto a Constituição Federal da Confederação Suíça de 1999 estabelece a proteção dos animais e da dignidade da criatura como objetivos do Estado e como princípios constitucionais. Todavia, os animais são explorados em uma escala sem precedente. O propósito deste estudo é de examinar, por meio dos exemplos do Brasil e da Suíça, o âmbito e os pressupostos subjacentes da tutela constitucional dos animais. A hipótese a ser examinada é que a concretização da tutela constitucional dos animais pelo legislador infraconstitucional e pelo judiciário levanta questões sérias devido à falta de conceitos claros e de um consenso social sobre a nossa relação ética com os animais. Esta dissertação conclui que para que normas constitucionais visando a proteger os animais possam ser eficientes, é preciso tornar explícitos os conceitos legais e seus pressupostos éticos subjacentes. A abordagem usada foi dedutiva e o método de procedimento constituiu na análise de literatura e legislação. Palavras-chave: Constituição. Direito Animal. Direito Comparado. Brasil. Suíça. 15 RESUMO EXPANDIDO Introdução Esta pesquisa inicia-se com uma apresentação da natureza ambivalente e curiosamente instável da relação entre humanos e animais: por um lado, os animais exercem um magnetismo e um fascínio nos seres humanos; olhamos para eles com espanto e admiração, e os reconhecemos como nossos semelhantes, com quem compartilhamos não apenas o planeta, mas também nossa vulnerabilidade e finitude. Por outro lado, desde tempos imemoriais, os animais são usados como recursos e ferramentas para alimentação, vestuário, pesquisa, entretenimento e esportes; por conta disso, continuamos a tratá-los como coisas e mercadorias cujo propósito é servir-nos, e aceitamos que ao fazê-lo, os animais são prejudicados, machucados e explorados. O Direito reflete essa contradição entre a exploração de animais, e um senso de responsabilidade por sua integridade e bem-estar. Os animais aparecem em textos legais como coisas, mercadorias, recursos naturais e integrantes da paisagem; no entanto, sempre houve regras que visaram proteger os animais contra uma instrumentalização excessiva e abuso. Desde o surgimento da legislação moderna de proteção dos animais, no final do século XIX, na Inglaterra vitoriana, muitos países têm adotado legislação destinada a proteger os animais. Alguns – incluindo o Brasil e a Suíça – até mencionam animais em suas constituições. Ao mesmo tempo, os animais continuam sendo explorados em uma escala sem precedentes. Essa contradição entre a promessa de proteção dos animais feita pela legislação e sua real efetivação é o ponto de partida desta dissertação. Objetivos O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em examinar o âmbito e os pressupostos éticos subjacentes à proteção constitucional concedida aos animais na Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 e na Constituição Federal da Confederação Suíça de 1999, com foco nos conceitos de crueldade, bem-estar e dignidade. Esta dissertação examina como esses conceitos jurídicos indeterminados foram concretizados pelo legislador infraconstitucional, pela administração pública e pelo judiciário, e quais pressupostos éticos podem ter guiado sua interpretação. Por meio dos exemplos da tutela constitucional dos animais no Brasil e na Suíça, esperamos contribuir para entender melhor o potencial e os limites da proteção dos animais dentro do atual marco 16 legal, e entender como o sistema legal atual pode ser usado para melhorar a situação dos animais na sociedade humana. A hipótese principal que examinamos é a de que a concretização da proteção constitucional dos animais pelo legislador infraconstitucional e pelo poder judiciário levanta sérias dúvidas devido à falta de conceitos claros e de consenso social sobre nossa relação ética com os animais. Em outras palavras, conceitos como: crueldade, bem-estar e dignidade usados para delimitar o que podemos ou não podemos fazer aos animais não são claros devido à falta de consciência e de consenso sobre sua fundamentação ética e sobre os valores que orientam nossa relação com os animais. Metodologia A abordagem metodológica utilizada foi a dedutiva e o método de procedimento consistiu na análise de literatura, legislação e decisões judiciais nacionais e estrangeiras. Resultados e Discussão A Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 proíbe expressamente as práticas que sujeitam os animais à crueldade, enquanto a Constituição Federal da Confederação Suíça de 1999 estabelece a proteção dos animais e a dignidade da criatura como objetivos do Estado e como princípios constitucionais. Crueldade, bem- estar animal e dignidade são conceitos jurídicos indeterminados. O alcance e a eficiência da proteção constitucional dos animais dependem da interpretação e concretização destes conceitos pelo legislador infraconstitucional, pela administração pública e, em última análise, pelo poder judiciário. No primeiro capítulo desta dissertação, observamos que a relação dos humanos com os animais sempre foi
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