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Preparation and Characterization of Biodiesel from Melon Seed Oil and Tigernut Tuber Oil

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Preparation and Characterization of Biodiesel from Melon Seed Oil and Tigernut Tuber Oil University of Nigeria Research Publications SURMA, Nguamo Author Author PG/M.Sc/05/39981 Preparation and Characterization of Biodiesel From Title Melon Seed Oil and Tigernut Tuber Oil Physical Sciences Faculty Faculty Pure and Industrial Chemistry Department Department Date January, 2008 Signature Signature PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESEL FROM MELON SEED OIL AND TIGERNUT TUBER OIL SURMA, NGUAMO PGIM.Sc/05/39981 DEPARTMENT OF PURE AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA JANUARY, 2008 PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESEL FROM MELON SEED OIL AND TIGERNUT TUBER OIL SURMA, NGUAMO PG/M.Sc/05/39981 A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PURE AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA JANUARY, 2008 CERTIFICATION SURMA, NGUAMO, a postgraduate student in the department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry with registration number PG/M.Sc/05/39981 has satisfactorily completed the requirements for course and research work for the degree of M.Sc. in Industrial Chemistry. The work embodied in this project work is original and has not been submitted in part or in full for any diploma or degree of this or any other university. PROF. C.A. NWADINIGWE DR. C.O.B. OKOYE (Supervisor) (Head of Department) DEDICATION This project work is dedicated to God Almighty for His guidance and protection and to the memory of my late mum Mrs. Esther Rumun Surma and also my dad Mr Robert Ityover Surma for the countless sacrifices made for my sake. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My utmost gratitude goes to God Almighty for His love, mercy, guidance and protection given to me to this stage of my life. I appreciate the hard work of my Supervisor Prof. C.A. Nwadinigwe in ensuring a critical scrutiny of this work. I am also grateful for his care and concern. My thanks goes to the Head of Department and all the lecturers of the Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry for the time and energy used in training me. I also wish to thank Mr. Emmanuel Mbaoji and all the staff in the various Chemistry laboratories for their kind support and co-operation. The head of Department of Civil Engineering and the Chief technologist of fluid mechanics need special thanks for allowing me use their laboratory equipments. I also wish to thank Mr. Onah and Mr. Obi of the National Institute for Energy Research and Development for allowing me use their laboratory equipment. I am greatly indebted to my Dad Mr. Robert Ityover Surma for ensuring that I am not academically deprived. I am also grateful for his love, care and financial support. My appreciation goes to my sisters Joyce, Erdoo, Wueseter, Kwaghdoo, Hembamtorkwase and my cousins Vershima, Mbaveren, Kpamsy, Mkuma and Hembadoon for their unfailing love. I am also grateful to Mrs. Lilian Wayo, Mrs Ashiungwa Anyatii, Mr. Emmanuel Waghbo, Mr. Saater Igyuse, Mr Anom, Mr. Abiji, Mama Maakaven Surrna Mama Mbawuan, Kwaghdoo Akem and Kaase Atogbon for supporting me in one way or the other. I wish to thank all my friends and colleagues Chiamaka Ibekwe, Alexander Mamtur, Ibingo Waibinte, Chidinma Olisaemeka, Chidinma Okpara, Collete Bosa, Alexander Asogwa, Mark Udom, Laz Okeke, Omuabor Owigho, Chinelo Alioke, Chinwe Ulasi, Cynthia Ibeto,Nkemjika Ngwa, Mrs Ijeomah, Obinna Oje, Collins AjalqMoses Oga and a host of others for their love and concern. ABSTRACT Oils were separately solvent extracted from lOOOg of dried, powdered tubers of tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) and seeds of melon (Cucumis melo). After striping off the solvent by rotatory evaporation, each oil was dried at 55OC and characterized. Results showed viscosity (centipoise), specific gravity (g/cm3), heat of combustion (k,saponification value (mg/g), acid value (mgKOWg), iodine value (g/100g), peroxide value (mg/g), percentage moisture content (% by vol), percentage yield (% by wt), and colour for melon seed oil to be 20.450,0.902, 36807.891, 5.049, 107.870, 10.400, 1.000,47.140, and light yellow respectively. The corresponding values for tigernut tuber oil are: 34.190, 0.908, 39764.191, 185.130, 3.366, 83.750, 3.400, 0.900, 24.800, and golden yellow respectively. Transesterification of the oils with methanol and potassium hydroxide as catalyst gave their corresponding methylesters (biodiesels) and glycerol which were washed, dried at (55OC) and characterized under the same conditions for viscosity (centipoise), specific gravity (g/cm3) heat of combustion (kjlkg), saponification value (mglg), acid value (mgKOWg), iodine value (g/lOOg), peroxide value and colour of melon biodiesel; 5.348, 0.861, 36002.665, 178.117, 0.208, 104.058, 49.000, 0.050 and light yellow respectively; tigernut biodiesel:4.650, 0.865, 38998.702, 185.130, 0.208, 82.167, 43.000, 0.040, and golden yellow respectively. Petrodiesel; 5.260, 0.859, 41714.741, 29.423, 0.208, nil, nil, 1.000, and light brown respectively. Comparism of the four critical parameters (viscosity, specific gravity, heat of combustion, and acid value) in the three diesels show that the two biodiesels have excellent diesel characteristics and can be used in place of the fossil based diesel. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page - - - - - - - - - i .. Certification - - - - - - - - 11 Dedication - - - - - - - - - iii Acknowledgements - - - - - - - iv Abstract - - - - - - - - - vi Table of content - - - - - - - - viii List of tables - - - - - - - - xi List of figures - - - - - - - - xii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION - - - - - 1 '. 1.0.0 Background of study - - - - - - 1 1.1.0 Statement of problem - - - - - - 3 1.2.0 Aims and objectives - - - - - - 3 1.3.0 Significance of study - - - - - - 4 1.4.0 Scope of study - - - - - - 4 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW - - - 4 2.0.0 What is biodiesel? - - - - - - 5 2.1.0 A historical background of biodiesel - - - - 6 2.2.0 Source/production of biodiesel - - - - - 8 2.2.1 Alkali catalyzed system - - - - - 11 2.2.2 Acid catalyzed system - - - - - 12 2.3.0 How to make biodiesel - - - - - 13 2.3.1 Mixing alcohol and catalyst - - - - - 14 2.3.2 Separation (removal of glycerine/alcohol) - - - 14 2.3.3 Removal of alcohol - - - - - 14 2.3.4 Methyl ether wash - - - - - - - 14 2.3.4.1 Bubble washing - - - - - - - 15 2.3.4.2Mist washing - - - - - - - 16 2.3.4.3Mix washing - - - - - - - 16 2.3.4.4Acid washing - - - - - - - 16 2.3.4.5Drying - - - - - - - - 17 2.4.0 Vegetable oil, diesel blends and potential fuel sources - 17 2.5.0 Composition of vegetable oil - - - - - 2 1 2.6.0 Methods of extracting vegetable oil - - - - 24 2.6.1 Rendering - - - - - - - - 24 2.6.2 Pressing - - - - - - - - 24 2.6.3 solvent extraction - - - - - - - 25 2.7.0 Physical and chemical properties of vegetable oil - - 27 2.8.0 Chemical properties - - - - - - 2 8 2.7.1 Physical properties - - - - - - 2 8 2.8.0 Some analytical characteristics of vegetable oil - - 33 '- 2.8.1 Acid value - - - - - - - 3 3 2.8.2 Iodine value - - - - - - - 33 2.8.3 Saponification value - - - - - - 34 2.8.4 Peroxide value - - - - - - - 35 2.9.0 The chemistry of biodiesel - - - - - 37 2.1.0 Biodiesel characterization - - - - - 40 2.10.1 FueVphysical properties - - - - - 40 . 2.10.2 Chemical properties - - - - - - 47 2.1 1.0 Environmental and other benefits of biodiesel in comparism with petrodiesel - - - - - - - 49 2.12 Useslapplication of biodiesel - - - - 5 1 CHAPTER THREE: EXPERIMENTAL - - - - 54 3.0.0 Collection and preservation of samples - - - - 54 3.1.0 Instruments/apparatus/reagents - - - - 54 3.1.1 Instruments and apparatus - - - - - 54 3.1.2 Samples and materials - - - - - - 56 3.1.3 Reagent and materials - - - - - - 56 3.2.0 Extraction of vegetable oil from the sample material - - 57 3.3.0 Determination of saponification - - - - 58 3.4.0 Determination of acid value - - - - 58 3.5.0 Determination of iodine value - - - - 59 3.6.0 Determination of peroxide value - - 3.7.0 Determination of viscosity - - 3.8.0 Determination of specific gravity - - 3.9.0 Determination of heat of combustion - - 3.10.0 Determination of moisture - - - 3.1 1.0 Preparation of biodiesel Preparation of biodiesel CHAPTER F0UR:RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.0.0 Results and discussion - - - - 4.1.0 Results - - - - - - 4.2.0 Discussion - - - - - - " 4.2.1 ColourIPercentage yield per gram - - 4.2.2 Viscosity - - - - - - 4.2.3 Specific gravity - - - - - 4.2.4 Heat of combustion - - - - 4.2.5 Saponification value - - - - 4.2.6 Acid value - - - - - - 4.2.7 Iodine value - - - - - 4.2.8 Peroxide value - - - - - 4.2.9 Moisture content - - - - - 4.2.10 Spectroscopic analysis - - - - 4.3.0 Conclusion - - - - - References - - - - - LIST OF TABLES Table Title Some common saturated and unsaturated fatty acids - Extractible solvents in order of decreasing polarity - - Source of vegetable oils for the production of biodiesel - Classes of oil and their iodine number - - - Saponification value of some oils - - - Names of some fatty acids - - - - - Specification of biodiesel (B 100)-ASTMD6751-02 requirements Petroleum diesel properties vs. biodiesel - - - Comparism of properties of diesel from canola oil and commercial Use biodiesel - - - - - - - Fuel related properties and iodine value of various fats and oil LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1 Transesterification of seed oils - - Fig. 2 Triglyceride - - - - Fig. 3 Hydrolysis of oil - - - - Fig. 4 Saponification process - - - Fig. 5 Hydrogenation - - - - Fig 6 Hydrogenolysis process - - - Fig. 7 Triglyceride molecule - - - Fig. 8 The structure of the ester functional group Fig. 9 Structure of some fatty acids - - Fig. 4.2.2 Viscosity - - - - Fig. 4.2.3 Specific gravity - - - - Fig. 4.2.4 Heat of combustion - - - Fig. 4.2.5 Saponification value - - - Fig. 4.2.6 Acid value - - - - Fig. 4.2.7 Iodine value - - - - Fig. 4.2.8 Peroxide value - - - - Fig. 4.2.9 Percentage moisture - - - CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Diesel plays an important role in the Industrial economy of our country. This fuel runs a major part of the transport sector and its demand is increasing steadily requiring an alternative fuel which is technically feasible, economically comparative environmentally acceptable and readily a~ailable'?~. Vegetable oils are widely available from various sources, and the triglycerides present in the oils can be considered as a viable alternative for diesel fuel4.'.
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