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Brottsutvecklingen I Sverige Fram Till År 2015 Brottsutvecklingen Brottsutvecklingen till år 2015 fram i Sverige RAPPORT 2017:5 Brottsutvecklingen i Sverige fram till år 2015 RAPPORT 2017:5 Brottsutvecklingen i Sverige fram till år 2015 Brå – kunskapscentrum för rättsväsendet Myndigheten Brå verkar för att brottsligheten minskar och trygg heten ökar i samhället. Det gör vi genom att ta fram fakta och sprida kunskap om brottslighet, brottsbekämpning och brotts förebyggande arbete, till i första hand regeringen och myndig heter inom rättsväsendet. Publikationen finns som pdf på www.bra.se. På begäran kan Brå ta fram ett alternativt format. Frågor om alternativa format skickas till tillgangligt@ bra.se Vid citat eller användande av tabeller, figurer och diagram ska källan Brå anges. För att återge bilder, fotografier och illustrationer krävs upphovs- personens tillstånd. Denna rapport kan beställas hos bokhandeln eller hos Wolters Kluwer, 106 47 Stockholm Telefon 08–598 191 90, fax 08–598 191 91 e-post [email protected] Brottsförebyggande rådet, Box 1386, 111 93 Stockholm Telefon 08–527 58 400, e-post [email protected], www.bra.se FÖRFATTARE: Lisa Wallin (red) GRAFISK FORM OCH LAYOUT: Ordförrådet AB OMSLAG: Tina Hedh-Gallant TRYCK: Lenanders Grafiska AB © Brottsförebyggande rådet 2017 ISSN 1100-6676 ISBN 978-91-87335-81-5 URN:NBN:SE:BRA-689 INNEHÅLL FÖRORD 6 INTRODUKTION TILL BROTTSUTVECKLINGEN I SVERIGE 8 Inledning 10 • Offer- och självdeklarationsstudier 10 • Kriminalstatistiken 13 • Dold brottslighet och mörkertal 16 • Internationella jämförelser 19 • Förändringar inom rättsväsendet 21 • Referenser 24 BROTTSUTVECKLINGEN 26 DEN SVENSKA BROTTSUTVECKLINGEN 28 Sammanfattning 28 • Inledning 29 • Omfattning och utveckling 31 • Brottsutsatta och gärningspersoner 36 • Hanteringen i rättsväsendet 41 • Brottsförebyggande åtgärder och strategier 47 • Referenser 47 DÖDLIGT VÅLD 49 Sammanfattning 49 • Inledning 50 • Omfattning och utveckling 50 • Brottsutsatta och gärningspersoner 59 • Hanteringen i rättsväsendet 63 • Internationell utblick 66 • Brottsförebyggande åtgärder och strategier 67 • Referenser 69 MISSHANDEL 72 Sammanfattning 72 • Inledning 73 • Omfattning och utveckling 74 • Brottsutsatta och gärningspersoner 84 • Hanteringen i rättsväsendet 89 • Brottsförebyggande åtgärder och strategier 91 • Referenser 94 RÅN 98 Sammanfattning 98 • Inledning 99 • Omfattning och utveckling 100 • Brottsutsatta och gärningspersoner 107 • Hanteringen i rättsväsendet 114 • Brottsförebyggande åtgärder och strategier 117 • Referenser 119 SEXUALBROTT 122 Sammanfattning 122 • Inledning 123 • Internationell utblick 126 • Om- fattning och utveckling 127 • Brottsutsatta och gärningspersoner 134 • Hanteringen i rättsväsendet 139 • Brottsförebyggande åtgärder och strategier 144 • Referenser 148 HOT OCH TRAKASSERIER 152 Sammanfattning 152 • Inledning 153 • Omfattning och utveckling 154 • Brottsutsatta och gärningspersoner 160 • Hanteringen i rättsväsendet 163 • Brottsförebyggande åtgärder och strategier 166 • Referenser 169 BEDRÄGERI 171 Sammanfattning 171 • Inledning 172 • Omfattning och utveckling 173 • Brottsutsatta och gärningspersoner 178 • Hanteringen i rättsväsendet 181 • Brottsförebyggande åtgärder och strategier 185 • Referenser 188 STÖLDBROTTSLIGHET 190 Sammanfattning 190 • Inledning 190 • Omfattning och utveckling 191 • Brottsutsatta och gärningspersoner 199 • Hanteringen i rättsväsendet 203 • Brottsförebyggande åtgärder och strategier 205 • Referenser 208 NARKOTIKABROTT 211 Sammanfattning 211 • Inledning 212 • Omfattning och utveckling 214 • Gärningspersoner 223 • Hanteringen i rättsväsendet 225 • Brottsföre- byggande åtgärder och strategier 228 • Referenser 229 RATTFYLLERI 231 Sammanfattning 231 • Inledning 232 • Omfattning och utveckling 232 • Andra indikatorer på alkoholrattfylleri 236 • Andra indikatorer på rattfylleri under påverkan av narkotika 238 • Rattfylleri i samband med vållande till annans död, kroppskada eller sjukdom 240 • En samlad bedömning av utvecklingen 242 • Gärningspersoner 243 • Hanteringen i rättsväsendet 244 • Brottsförebyggande åtgärder och strategier 247 • Referenser 250 FÖRDJUPNING 254 SKJUTVAPENRELATERAD BROTTSLIGHET 256 Sammanfattning 256 • Inledning 257 • Brås studier om dödligt våld 257 • Brås studie om kriminella nätverk och grupperingar 260 • Skottskadade och avlidna i Socialstyrelsens register 263 • Brås studie om skjutningar 265 • Polisens lokala genomgångar av skjutningar 267 • Brås studie om personrån 268 • Vapenbrott i kriminalstatistiken 269 • Statistik över be- slag av skjutvapen 277 • Strategier för att motverka skjutvapen relaterad brottslighet 279 • Referenser 281 UNGDOMSBROTTSLIGHETEN I SVERIGE 283 Sammanfattning 283 • Inledning 284 • Ungas delaktighet i olika former av brott 285 • Utsatthet för brott bland unga 291 • Straffrättsliga reaktioner på ungdomars brottslighet 295 • Avslutande diskussion 304 • Referenser 306 BROTTSLIGHET OCH OTRYGGHET I STAD OCH PÅ LANDSBYGD 309 Sammanfattning 309 • Inledning 310 • Utsatthet för olika typer av brott 312 • Otrygghet och oro att utsättas för brott 320 • Exemplet Malmö: lokala variationer i trygghet 324 • Det lokala brottsförebyggande arbetet 330 • Referenser 333 EKONOMISK BROTTSLIGHET 334 Sammanfattning 334 • Inledning 335 • Statistik om ekonomisk brottslig- het 339 • Ekonomisk och organiserad brottslighet 342 • Finansmarknads- brotten 347 • Framtidens ekonomiska brottslighet 353 • Referenser 360 FÖRORD Rapportserien Brottsutvecklingen i Sverige har getts ut sedan 1976 och utgör en av Brås mest lästa publikationer. Den är utformad som en antologi, där utvecklingen för ett antal centrala brottstyper beskrivs i separata kapitel, med ett urval av Brås utredare som författare. Årets rapport behandlar utvecklingen under 2000-talet. Inledningsvis beskrivs rapportens huvudsakliga källor och vad som är viktigt att hålla i minnet vid tolkningen av brottsutveck- lingen. Därefter följer tio kapitel om brottsutvecklingen, varav det första beskriver utvecklingen på en övergripande nivå, medan de övriga fokuserar på nio olika brottstyper. Som huvudkälla för dessa beskrivningar används i möjligaste mån de källor som mäter självrapporterad utsatthet för brott (i första hand Nationella trygghetsundersökningen, NTU) och delaktighet i brott (i första hand Skolundersökningen om brott, SUB). Därtill används krimi- nalstatistiken för att beskriva utvecklingen av den brottslighet som kommer till rättsväsendets kännedom, samt hanteringen av brott från anmälan till lagföring. Sista delen i rapporten består av fyra tematiska fördjupningskapitel om vapenbrott, brottslighet och otrygghet i stad och på landsbygd, ungdomsbrottsligheten i Sverige samt ekonomisk brottslighet. Stort tack till alla de medarbetare på Brå som på olika sätt varit involverade och engagerade i rapportens framtagande. Brå vill även rikta ett särskilt tack till de personer som vetenskapligt gran- skat de olika kapitlen (i bokstavsordning): docent Vania Ceccato vid Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, professor Felipe Estrada vid Stockholms universitet, utredare Susanne Gustavsson vid Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, utredare Ulf Guttormsson vid Centralförbundet för alkohol- och narkotikaupplysning, forska- re Erik Lakomaa vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, professor emeritus Sven-Åke Lindgren vid Göteborgs universitet, profes- sor Niklas Långström vid Uppsala universitet, professor Anders Nilsson vid Stockholms universitet, professor Tove Pettersson vid Stockholms universitet samt professor Malin Åkerström vid Lunds universitet. 6 BROTTSUTVECKLINGEN I SVERIGE FRAM TILL ÅR 2015 Denna rapport är tillägnad Kerstin Nelander Hedqvists minne. Kerstin, som i januari 2017 gick bort efter en tids sjukdom, var en uppskattad medarbetare på enheten för forskning och utveckling vid Brottsförebyggande rådet. Stockholm i februari 2017 Erik Wennerström Generaldirektör David Shannon T.f. Enhetschef BROTTSUTVECKLINGEN I SVERIGE FRAM TILL ÅR 2015 7 Introduktion till brottsutvecklingen i Sverige IntroduktionIntroduktion tilltill Brottsutvecklingen brottsutvecklingeni Sverige i Sverige INTRODUKTION TILL BROTTSUTVECKLINGEN I SVERIGE Lisa Wallin Inledning Att sprida kunskap om brottsligheten är en central uppgift för Brottsförebyggande rådet (Brå). Myndigheten har sedan slutet av 1970-talet löpande gett ut rapporten Brottsutvecklingen, där Brås bedömning av utvecklingen av brottsligheten i dess olika delar och förändringar i hanteringen av brottsligheten samlas. Den kunskap som tillhandahålls utgår till stora delar från rapporter och statis- tik, som publicerats av i första hand Brå men även andra aktörer inom det kriminalpolitiska området. De brottstyper eller brottsområden som ingår i Brottsutvecklingen Introduktion till Brottsutvecklingen i Sverige Introduktion till Brottsutvecklingen är i första hand valda utifrån brott som upplevs som allvarliga (t.ex. dödligt våld) och/eller som många utsätts för (t.ex. bedräg- erier). Fokus i denna publikation är brottsutvecklingen i Sverige under 2000-talet. Frågor som besvaras är om det har skett någon förändring i brottslighetens omfattning eller struktur, vilka som begår och vilka som utsätts för brotten, hur rättsväsendet hanterar brottsligheten samt vilka brottsförebyggande och kriminalpolitiska åtgärder som vidtagits under de senaste åren. Rapporten är disponerad i tre delar: 1) Detta inledande kapitel, i vilket vi redogör för rapportens huvudsakliga källor – offer- och självdeklarationsstudier respektive kriminalstatistik. Därutöver diskuteras även rapportens styrkor och svagheter – dold brotts- lighet, mörkertal och svårigheter med internationella
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