NASA/CR-2018-220445 Generalizable Skills and Knowledge for Exploration Missions Jack Stuster, PhD, CPE Anacapa Sciences, Inc. Santa Barbara, California Jurine Adolf, PhD Vicky Byrne, MS Maya Greene, PhD KBRwyle Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 July 2019 NASA STI Program Office ... in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. advancement of aeronautics and space science. The Collected papers from scientific and NASA scientific and technical information (STI) technical conferences, symposia, seminars, program plays a key part in helping NASA or other meetings sponsored or maintain this important role. co-sponsored by NASA. The NASA STI program operates under the • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. 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Santa Barbara, California Jurine Adolf, PhD Vicky Byrne, MS Maya Greene, PhD KBRwyle Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 July 2019 “The human factor is three quarters of any expedition.” – Roald Amundsen The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either explicit or implied, of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The cover illustration, titled, Exploring Mars, is from the BBC/Impossible Films, Ltd., production, Space Odyssey: Voyage to the Planets, which was broadcast in November 2004. The “fictional documentary” was written and directed by Joe Ahearne and produced by Christopher Riley, who received the 2005 Sir Arthur Clarke Award for Best TV & Radio Presentation. http://www.humanmars.net/2015/02/space-odyssey-voyage-to-planets-2004.html#gpluscomments Available from: NASA STI Program National Technical Information Service Mail Stop 148 5285 Port Royal Road NASA Langley Research Center Springfield, VA 22161 Hampton, VA 23681-2199 This report is also available in electronic form at http://www.sti.nasa.gov/ and http://ntrs.nasa. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report describes research conducted under Cooperative Agreement 80NSSC18K0042 for the Human Factors and Behavioral Performance Element, Human Research Program, located at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Johnson Space Center. The research addresses the Risk of Inadequate Mission, Process, and Task Design and the Risk of Performance Errors Due to Training Deficiencies during exploration-class space missions by identifying the tasks that will be conducted by human crew during an expedition to Mars and the abilities, skills, and knowledge that will be required of crew members. By focusing on an expedition to Mars, we have considered the extremes of what is possible for human space exploration during the first half of the 21st Century and accommodated the human requirements for missions to asteroids, Cis-Lunar orbit, and a return to the Moon. The study uses research methods that were developed to analyze the work performed by a variety of civilian and military occupational specialties and is consistent with Human Factors methods. The work began by developing a comprehensive inventory of 1,125 tasks that are likely to be performed during the 12 phases of the first human expeditions to Mars, from launch to landing 30 months later. Sixty subject matter experts (SMEs) rated expedition tasks in terms of (likely) frequency, difficulty to learn, and importance to mission success; a fourth metric was derived by combining the mean ratings of the three dimensions. Seventy-two SMEs placed the physical, cognitive, and social abilities necessary to perform the tasks in order of importance for specialist domains identified by the task analysis. The research team then identified, 1) Abilities, skills, and knowledge that can be retained and generalized across tasks; 2) Optimum training strategies; and, 3) Implications for crew size and composition. Study results also led to recommendations concerning equipment, habitats, and procedures for exploration-class space missions. The report describes why the study was conducted, describes the research tasks performed and study results, and concludes with a discussion of operational implications and recommendations based on those results. Appendices present details of the procedures used, a complete list of Mars expedition tasks (by mission phase), a list of tasks that are likely to be performed during expeditions to a Cis-Lunar Gateway, and the names of SMEs who contributed to the study. Note: The full-mission task inventory presented in this report was developed during a comprehensive review of documentation and concepts of operations. It is understood by the study team that the tasks are based on currently-available information and that the tools, equipment, propulsion methods, and/or other aspects of actual human expeditions to Mars might be different from those described here, as a consequence of technological development and evolving Mars Design Reference Missions. i ACRONYMS USED IN THIS REPORT ANARE Australian National Antarctic Expeditions ARC Ames Research Center CAT Critical Abilities and Tasks (method) CLO Cis-Lunar Orbit CMO Crew Medical Officer CTE Cruise to Earth CTM Cruise to Mars DRA Design Reference Architecture EA Earth Approach EMPIRE Early Manned Planetary-Interplanetary Roundtrip Expeditions EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal (technicians) EOR Earth Orbit Rendezvous ESD Earth Surface Descent ESMD Exploration Systems Mission Directorate EVA Extra-Vehicular Activity HEOMD Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate HFE Human Factors Engineering (Human Factors Psychology, Ergonomics) HRP Human Research Program ICU Intensive Care Unit ISS International Space Station JAG Joint Action Group (Planetary) JSC Johnson Space Center LCAC Landing Craft Air Cushion (US Navy Hovercraft) LEO Low Earth Orbit LOR Lunar Orbit Rendezvous LTO Launch to Orbit MAV Mars Ascent Vehicle MAWG Mars Architecture Working Group MCC Mission Control Center MDV Mars Descent Vehicle MEM Mars Excursion Module MEV Mars Excursion Vehicle MO Mars Orbit MOI Mars Orbit Injection MOR Mars Orbit Rendezvous MSA Mars Surface Ascent MSC Manned Spaceflight Center (now the Johnson Space Center) MSD Mars Surface Descent MSO Mars Surface Operations NACA National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NEEMO NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations NEO Near Earth Object PERT Program Evaluation Review Technique SEAL Sea-Air-Land (US Navy commandos) SME Subject Matter Expert SPE Solar Particle Event STG Space Task Group TEI Trans-Earth Injection TMI Trans-Mars Injection TROV Teleoperated Robot Rover TRW Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Inc. UMPIRE Unfavorable Manned Planetary-Interplanetary Roundtrip Expeditions ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................ 1 MARS EXPEDITION PLANNING........................................................................................................ 4 A HUMAN FACTORS