Notes

Chapter 1 Introduction: Prologue and Tale

1 The 'lost' works include some of the 'hymns', certainly the 'vyrelayes' (normally in French a poem ofthree stanzas in short lines, with a long refrain ofthree or more lines), though this list ofshort poems may be merely conventional in its contents; no Chaucerian translation of Innocent Ill's De miseria condicionishumane is known, though The Man ofLaw's Prologue uses material from it; the reference to Origen is to an attributed homily on Mary Magdalene - another lost translation presumably.The two works included in The Canterbury Tales are The KnightJs Tale ('al the love ofPalamon and Arcite' ) and The Second NunJs Tale ('the lyf ofSeynt Cecile'). 2 J. A. Cuddon, A Dictionary ofLiterary Terms, London, 1977; K. Beckson and A. Ganz, Literary Terms: A Dictionary, London, 1990. 3 See D. S. Brewer (ed.) Chaucer: The Critical Heritage, 1978, Vol. I, pp. 39-42 for the whole poem in which Deschamps praises Chaucer as the modern Socrates, Seneca, Ovid. See also James 1. Wimsatt, Chaucer and his French Contemporaries: Natural Music in the Fourteenth Century, Toronto, 1991, pp. 248-51. 4 R. H. Robbins, 'Geoffroi Chaucier, Peete Francais, father of English poetry', ChauR 13 (1978),93-115. 5 James 1. Wimsatt, Chaucer and the Poemsof'ChJin Univ.ofPennsylvania MS.15, Cambridge, 1982. 6 Distinguished exceptions to this are Burrow RP, and Kean. 7 See Pearsall OE&MEP, pp. 189-91 and The Life ofGeoffrey Chaucer, London, 1992, pp. 63-77, on the use of French at court and the nature ofChaucer's choice in using English. 8 See W Rothwell, 'Stratford atte Bowe and Paris', MLR 80 (1985 ), 39-54. 9 Elizabeth Salter, 'Chaucer and internationalism', SAC 2 (1980), 71-9, considers how the style and narrative strategy ofthe poem may have been influenced by distinguished French visitors to England in Edward Ill's time.

Chapter 2 Prologues

I Medieval Prologues 1 Burrow RP, pp. 57ff. 2 Barry Windeatt, Oxford Guides to Chaucer: 'Troilus and Criseyde', Oxford, 1992, p. 185.

218 Notes 219

3 Cicero, De Intentione with an English translation by H . M. Hubbell, Loeb ClassicalLibrary, Cambridge, Mass., 1949. Rhetorica ad Herennium (De Ratione Dicendi) with an English translation by Harry Caplan, Loeb ClassicalLibrary, Cambridge, Mass., 1954. 4 Rbetoricaad Herennium, I, vi, 9; Caplan, op. cit., p. 19. 5 Rbetorica ad Herennium, I, vi, 10; Caplan, op. cit., pp. 19-20. 6 Geoffrey de Vinsauf, Poetria Nova 126-131, translated by Ernest Gallo in The 'Poetria Nova)and its Sources in EarlyRhetorical Doctrine, The Hague, 1971. 7 Alberic ofMonte Cassino, Dictaminum radii; see Gallo, op. cit., p. 73. 8 Traugott Lawler (ed.) The Parisiana Poetria ofJohn of Garland, Yale Studies in English 182, New Haven and London, 1974. 9 See A. J. Minnis, MedievalLiterary Theory and Criticism) c.1100-c.1375: the Commentary Tradition , Oxford, revised edition 1988, p. 43. 10 Gottfried von Strassburg, Tristan, translated by A. T. Hatto, Harmondsworth,1960. 11 Hennig Brinkmann, 'Der Prolog im Mittelalter als literarische Erscheinung', Wirkendes Wort 14 (1964), 1-21. 12 Samuel Jaffe, 'Gottfried von Strassburg and the rhetoric of history, in J.J. Murphy (ed.), MedievalEloquence: Studies in the Theory and Practice ofMedievalRhetoric, Berkeley; Los Angeles, London, 1978, pp. 288-318. 13 A. J. Minnis, 'The influence ofacademic prologues on the prologues and literary attitudes oflate-rnedieval English writers,' MS 43 (1981), 342-83. 14 Margaret Galway,'Chaucer's hopeless love',MLN 60 (1945),431-9; see also Fisher]G, pp. 243-4, who suggests that a passage in Mirour de l'Omme about the tyrants of Lombardy is as likelya source. 15 See Charles A. Owen Jr, Pi!!Jrimage and Storytelling: the Dialectic of 'Ernest)and 'Game), Norman, Oklahoma, 1977, pp. 25-31, and 'The alternative reading ofThe Canterbury Tales: Chaucer's text and the early MSS,' PMLA 97 (1982), 237-50. 16 Fisher]G pp. 27-32,117-21, reviews the evidence for Chaucer's and Gower's supposed quarrel. See below, Chapter 5.

II Gower, Langland and Chaucer's General Prologue 17 J. A. W Bennett, 'Chaucer's contemporary', in S. S. Hussey (ed.), 'Piers Plowman): CriticalApproaches, London, 1969, pp. 310-24. Elizabeth Salter,Fourteenth-Century English Poetry, Oxford, 1983. 18 Helen Cooper, 'Langland's and Chaucer's prologues', The Yearbook of Langland Studies 1 (1987) , 71-8l. 19 It seems first to have been used by E N. Robinson in his edition ofThe Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, 1933. 20 See M. Andrew, C. Moorman and D. J. Ransom (eds),A ~riorum Edition of the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Vol. II. The Canterbury Tales. The General Prologue, Part IA, Norman, Oklahoma and London, 1993, p.127. 220 Chaucer and His English Contemporaries

21 Jill Mann, Chaucer andMedieval Estates Satire: the Literature ofSocial Classes and the General Prologue to 'The Canterbury Tales', Cambridge, 1973, p. l. 22 Ibid ., p. 27. 23 Mann herself makes the comparison in her Appendix B: 'Chaucer, Langland and Gower'; op. cit., pp. 207-12. 24 Mann, 'Excursus: The "General Prologue" and the "Descriptio" Tradition', op. cit., pp. 176-86.

III Prologues in The Canterbury Tales 25 R. A. Pratt, 'Chaucer borrowing from himself,' MLQ 7 (1946),259-64. 26 Cooper OGCT, p. 288. 27 For example by Cooper OGCT, pp. 108-9. 28 Ernest Gallo, 'The Poetria Nova ofGeoffrey de Vinsauf' in J. J. Murphy (ed.), Medieval Eloquence: Studies in the Theory and Practice ofMedieval Rhetoric, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1978, pp. 68-84.

Chapter 3 Tales

I Ideas of Narrative 1 A point made by Cooper OGCT, p. 115, where she speaks ofChaucer's 'reluctance to impose any single scheme for arranging the stories'. 2 Definition of'narrative' in Gerald Prince, A Dictionary ofNarratology, Aldershot, 1987, p. 58. 3 See the full summary in James J. Murphy, Rhetoric in the M iddle Ages, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1974, pp. 10-15. 4 J. A. Mosher, The Exemplum in the Early Religious and Didactic Literature ofEngland, New York, 1911. 5 See discussions of tale collections in Cooper Structure) pp. 8-55; and Piero Boitani, English Medieval Narrative in the 13th and 14th Centuries, trans. J. Krakover Hall, Cambridge, 1982, Chapter 1, 'The religious tradition'. 6 See Pearsall OE&MEP, p. 106; Bennett and Gray MEL, p. 35. 7 R. Morris (ed.), EETS (os) 57,59,62,66,68,99, 101, 1887-93. 8 Bennett and Gray MEL, pp. 46-7. 9 Ruth Crosby, 'Robert Mannyng of Brunne: a new biography', PMLA 57 (1942), 15-28. 10 Pearsall OE&MEP, p. 108. 11 The word trotevale occurs only in Mannyng and in Walter Map; compare Langland's word for idle nonsense: waltrot. 12 Idelle Sullens (ed.), Binghamton, New York, 1983. 13 See the works by Mosher and Bennett and Gray cited in this chapter. 14 For fuller discussion of tale collections see Chapter 6 below. Notes 221

II Tales and Preachers 15 Longer speeches in prose are given to Dame Prudence in Melibee, whose role is entirely devoted to sententious reasoning. 16 That is, 'Radix malorurn est cupiditas' as quoted in the prologue from 1 Timothy 6, 10. 17 Pearsall argues that Chaucer's prose paraphrases (Melibee and The Parson's Tale) provide basic material which is elaborated in the other tales; see Pearsall CT, pp. 287-8. 18 Burrow RP, pp. 83-4. 19 The examples I use are both cited by Charles Runacres in his discussion of the history and working of narrative exemplification ~rt and ethics in the exempla ofConfessio Amantis', in A. J. Minnis (ed.), Gower's 'Confessio Amantis': Responses and Reassessments, Cambridge, 1983, pp. 106-34. 20 Kurt Olsson,john Gower and the Structures of Conversion:A Reading of the 'Confessio Amantis', Cambridge, 1992, pp. 23-4.

III Fabliau, Confession, Satire 21 See P. Nykrog, LesFabliaux: Etude d' histoire litteraireet de stylistique medievale, Copenhagen, 1957; John Hines, The Fabliau in English, London, 1993. 22 Burrow RP, p. 106. 23 Malcolm Godden, TheMaking of

Chapter 4 Romances

I Romance as a Medieval Genre 1 Cooper OGCT, p. 309.

II The Case ofThomas Chester 2 Martin M. Crow and Clair C. Olson (eds), ChaucerLife Records, Oxford, 1966, pp. 23-4. 3 Derek Pearsall, The Life of Geoffrey Chaucer, London, 1992, p. 41. 4 J. A. Burrow, 'The Canterbury Tales 1: Romance' in P. Boitani and J.Mann (eds), The Cambridge Chaucer Companion, Cambridge, 1986, p.113. 5 Maldwyn Mills (ed.), Lybeaus Desconus, EETS 261, London 1969, p. 21. 6 Ibid., p. 64. 7 Maldwyn Mills, 'The compositional style ofthe "Southern" Octavian, Sir Launfal and Lybeaus Desconus',.MA.e 31 (1962) ,88-109 - quotations from p. 89. 222 Chaucer and His English Contemporaries

8 A. C. Spearing, 'Marie de France and her Middle English adaptors', SAC 12 (1990), 117-56 - quotations from 148, 156. 9 Dieter Mehl, TheMiddle English Romances of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, London, 1968, p. 246. 10 PearsallOE&MEP, p. 116. 11 K. Brunner (ed.), IUchard Coeur deLion, WienerBeitriige zur Englischen Philologie 42, Vienna, 1913. 12 E. Kolbing (ed.), Arthour and Merlin, Altenglische Bibliotek 4, Leipzig, 1890. 13 Derek Pearsall, 'The development of Middle English romance', first published in Mediaeval Studies 27 (1965), 91-116, reprinted in Derek Brewer (ed.), Studies in Medieval English Romances, Cambridge, 1988, pp.11-35. 14 G. V. Smithers (ed.), KJ'ng Alisaunder,Vol. II, EETS (os) 237, London, 1957, Introduction, pp. 28-40. 15 Maldwyn Mills (ed.), Lybeaus Desconus, pp. 34-5. 16 Maldwyn Mills,MAe 31 : see note 7 above. 17 Frances McSparran (ed.), Octovian Imperator, Middle English Texts, Heidelberg, 1979, p. 48. 18 Ibid., p. 105. 19 Maldwyn Mills (ed.), Lybeaus Desconus, p. 6l. 20 Bennett and Gray MEL, pp. 167-9. 21 Marie de France's Lais have been edited and translated into English several times, recently edited by Jean Rychner,LesLaisdeMarie de France, second edition, Paris, 1981, and translated by Glyn S. Burgess and Keith Busby, TheLaisofMarie deFrance, Penguin, 1986. A. J. Bliss (ed.), Sir Launfal, London and Edinburgh, 1960, contains texts of both Lanval and Sir Landevale as an Appendix to Sir Launfal. Graelent was edited by E. H . Grimes, TheLaysofDesire, Graelent and Melion, 1928, pp. 76--1Ol. 22 Bennett and Gray MEL, p. 149. 23 Spearing: see note 8 above.

III English Romances 24 G. V.Smithers (ed.), Havelok theDane, Oxford, 1987. 25 Lai d' Havelok is translated by Judith Weiss in The Birth ofRomance, London, 1992. 26 See Judith Weiss,'Structure and characterisation in Havelok theDane', Speculum 44 (1969),247-57; Sheila Delany,Medieval LiteraryPolitics: Shapes ofIdeology, Manchester and New York, 1990, Chapter 4, 'The romance of kingship: Havelok theDane', pp. 61-73; Thorlac 'Iurville• Petre, 'H avelok and the history ofthe nation' in Meale Readings, pp. 121-34, and revised in his book, England the Nation: Language, Literature, and NationalIdentity, 1290-1340, Oxford, 1996, pp. 143-55. 27 Kean, shortened version, p. 67, notes similarities ofstyle between Havelok and 'the vigorous thrusting style of parts ofThe House ofFame'. 28 W. W. Skeat (ed.), The Tale ofGamelyn, Oxford 1884. A more convenient text is in D. B. Sands (ed.), Middle English ~rse Romances, University of Notes 223

Exeter, 1986, pp. 154-81. Maurice Keen, The Outlaws ofMedieval England, London, 1961, discusses the poem as a tale ofthe greenwood. 29 R. A. Kaeuper, 1\11 historian's reading of The Tale ofGamelyn',.MAe 52 (1983) ,51-62, and John Scattergood, 'The Tal« ofGamelyn: the noble robber as provincial hero', in Meale Readings, pp. 159-94, and in his Reading the Past: Essays onMedieval and Renaissance Literature, Dublin, 1996, pp. 81-113, consider various aspects ofcontemporary social and legal history in the poem. 30 In a paper at the 'Romance in Medieval England' Conference, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1996, to be published in due course. 31 As will be clearer in a new edition ofthe poem, in which Stephen Knight is basing the text on the Petworth MS, rather than the Harley MS used by Skeat. 32 A connection also made by Scattergood in the essay cited in note 29. 33 L. F. Casson (ed.), Sir Degrevant, EETS (os) 221, London, 1949, has both texts on facing pages. 34 Similarities are discussed by Casson in his edition, pp. lxii-lxxiii. 35 A. S. G. Edwards, 'Gender, order and reconciliation in Sir Degrevant', in Meale Readings, pp. 53-64, discusseswomen's roles in the poem and the Findern anthology as evidence offemale engagement with Middle English romance.

Iv. Chaucer and Romance 36 For example Pearsall CT. 37 J. A. Burrow, 'The Canterbury Thles: Romance', p. 112; in P. Boitani and J. Mann (eds), The Cambridge Chaucer Companion, Cambridge, 1986, pp.l09-24. 38 D. S. Brewer, 'The relationship ofChaucer to the English and European traditions', p. 4; in D. S. Brewer (ed.), Chaucer and Chaucerians: Critical Studies in Middle English Literature, London, 1966, pp. 1-38. 39 Ibid., pp. 4-9. 40 C. F. Muscatine, 'The Canterbury tu«, pp. 92-3; in Chaucer and Chaucerians (see note 38), pp. 88-113. 41 Kean, shortened version, pp. 69-70. 42 Ibid., pp. 18D-5. 43 Pearsall CT, p. 138. 44 B. A. Windeatt, 'Troilus and the disenchantment of romance', p. 131; in Derek Brewer (ed.), Studies in Medieval English Romances, Cambridge, 1988, pp. 129-47. 45 W P. Ker, Epic and Romance, London, 1897. 46 Dieter Mehl, The Middle English Romances ofthe Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, London, 1968, p. 15 and p. 255. 47 W A. Davenport, Chaucer: Complaint and Narrative, Cambridge, 1988, pp.91-128. 48 D. Everett, in Essays on Middle English Literature, P. M. Kean (ed.), Oxford, 1955, p. 141; some have argued that too much has been made ofChaucer's supposed knowledge ofalliterative poetry (c.g. N. F. Blake, 'Chaucer and the alliterative romances', ChauR 3 (1969) , 163-9). 224 Chaucer and His English Contemporaries

49 Cooper OCCT, p. 73. 50 John B. Beston, 'How much was known of the Breton lai in fourteenth• century England?', in Larry D. Benson (ed.), The Learned and the Lewed, Cambridge, Mass., 1974,319-36, argues that Chaucer was not in a good position to know much, that The Franklin's Tale 'is in all important ways an anomaly' (p. 320 ), and that by the end of the fourteenth century the lai had lost prestige and its identifying features, especially a sense ofwonder. 51 The first leaf ofSir Orfio has been torn out (as were a number of others, presumably taken from the Auchinleck MS for their miniatures), but the prologue occurs in the later MSS of the poem . Texts ofLai le Freine and Sir Oifeo are from D. B. Sands (ed.), Middle English Verse Romances, New York/London, 1966, republished Exeter, 1986. 52 Kathryn Hume, 'Why Chaucer calls The Franklin's Tale a Breton Lai', PQ 51 (1972), 373- 9. 53 V. A. Kolve, 'Rocky shores and pleasure gardens: poetry vs. magic in Chaucer's Franklin's Tale', in P. Boitani and A. Torti (eds), Poetics: Theory and Practice in Medieval EnglishLiterature, Cambridge, 1991, pp.165-95. 54 Even this famous line acquires some irony from the echo in The Canon's Yeoman's Tale, where it is the confidence trickster who swears: 'Trouthe is a thyng that I wol evere kepe' (1044) . 55 See earlier discussion of the prologue in Chapter 2, Pt. III. 56 A. C. Spearing, Medieval to Renaissancein EnglishPoetry, Cambridge, 1985, p. 35. 57 "Iroilus and the disenchantment of romance', cited above in note 44, p.145. 58 Thomas Usk, The Testament ofLope, III. iv, in W. W. Skeat (ed.), Chaucerian and Other Pieces, Oxford, 1897, p. 123.

Chapter 5 Chaucer, Gower and the Gawain-Poet

I Emare and the Tale of Constance 1 This comparison is also made by Winthrop Wetherbee, 'Constance and the world in Chaucer and Gower', in R. F. Yeager (ed.),john Cower: Recent Readings, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1989, pp. 65-93. 2 Maldwyn Mills (ed.), Emarc, in Six Middle EnglishRomances, London, 1973, pp. 46-74. 3 For example Dieter Mehl, The Middle EnglishRomances ofthe Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, London, 1968 : 'the heroine ... comes very near to being a kind ofsecularized saint, the incorporation of chastity and constant faith, and her story shows the glorious survival of Christian virtue in all affliction' (pp. 139-40). 4 Mortimer J. Donovan, 'Middle English Emare and the cloth worthily wrought', in L. D. Benson (ed.), The Learned and the Lewed: Studiesin Chaucerand Medieval Literature, Cambridge, Mass., 1974, pp. 337-42. Notes 225

5 The sexual undercurrents are explored from a feminist standpoint by Margaret Robson, 'Cloaking desire: re-reading Emare'; in Fellows et al., pp.64-76. 6 Robert M. Correale, 'Gower's source manuscript ofNicholas Trevet's Les Cronicles', in R. F. Yeager (ed .),john Gower: Recent Readings, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1989, pp. 133-57. Also Peter Nicholson, 'Chaucer borrows from Gower: the sources ofthe Man ofLaw)s Tale', in R. F. Yeager (ed.), Chaucer and Gower:Difference) Mutuality) Exchange) Victoria, BC, 1991, pp.85-99. 7 G. C. Macaulay (ed.), The Complete UVrksofjohn Gower, Oxford, 1901, English Works I, p. 483 . 8 A detailed and persuasive analysis of the two versions, making a strong case for Gower as Chaucer's main source is Peter Nicholson, 'The Man of Law's Tale : what Chaucer really owed to Gower', ChauR 26 (1991), 153-74. 9 Nicholson, op. cit., pp. 155-9. 10 The family romance which may be said to include all the Constance stories is discussed by Elizabeth Archibald, 'Contexrualizing Chaucer's Constance : romance modes and family values', in M. T.Tavormina and R. F. Yeager (eds), The Endless Knot: Essaysin Old and M iddle English in Honor ofMarie Borroff, Cambridge, 1995, pp. 161-75. See also the same author's 'The flight from incest: two late classical precursors ofthe Constance theme', ChauR 20 (1986),259-72. 11 See Nicholson, op. cit., p. 170. 12 See Jill Mann, Geoffrey Chaucer, London, 1991, p. 16l. 13 As Kean puts it: 'The hagiographical plot is apt to be inherently improbable and to lack the specifically human values which make a more naturalistic treatment rewarding... the action is placed not within the ordinary scheme ofcause and effect which conditions ordinary human life, but within the particular manifestations of a divine purpose which the story is intended to describe.' Kean, shortened version, p. 24l. 14 VA. Kolve, Chaucer and the Imagery ofNarrative, London, 1984, Chapter 7. 15 See discussions in E. Clasby,'Chaucer's Constance : womanly virtue and the heroic life', ChauR 13 (1978-79),220-33, and Anna Baldwin, 'The Man ofLaw)sTale as a philosophical narrative', in YES 22 (1992) , 181-9. 16 Sheila Delany, 'Womanliness in the Man ofLaw)sTale', ChauR 9 (1974-75), 63-72. 17 See the discussion by Winthrop Wetherbee (1989) cited in note 1 above. 18 See Juliette Dor, 'H umilis exaltetur: Constance, or humility rewarded', in Leo Carruthers (ed.), Heroes and Heroines in Medieval English Literature, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 71-80. 19 See R. E. Lewis, 'Chaucer's artistic use of Pope Innocent Ill's De Miseria Humane Conditionis in the Man ofLaw's Prologue and Tale', PMLA 81 (1966),485-92, and David Lawton, Chaucer's Narrators, Cambridge, 1985, pp. 91-2. 20 See Jill Mann op. cit., pp. 142-3. 226 Chaucer and His English Contemporaries

21 See the discussion by Elizabeth Archibald (1995), cited in note 10 above. 22 See FisherJG, p. 292, and, for a view which sees Gower's morality as less stable than it appears, Elizabeth Allen, 'Chaucer answers Gower: Constance and the trouble with reading', English Literary History 64 (1997),627-55.

II The Tale ofFlorent and The wift ofBath's Tale 23 Donald B. Sands (ed.), Middle English Verse Romances, New York, London, 1966,p.324. 24 P. J. C. Field, 'Malory and The Wedding ofSir Gawain and Dame Ragnell', Archiv 219 (1982),374--81. 25 Stephen H . A. Shepherd, 'No poet has his travesty alone: The Weddyng of Sir Gawen and Dame Ragnell', in Fellows et al., pp. 112-28. 26 Quotations from The Weddyng ofSir Gawen and Dame Ragnell are taken from the text as edited in Middle English Romances, Stephen H . A. Shepherd (ed.), (Norton), New YorkfLondon, 1995. 27 Pearsall CT, p. 6. 28 Jill Mann, Geoffrey Chaucer, 'Feminist Readings' Series, New YorkfLondon, 1991, p. 93. 29 Lee Patterson, Chaucer and the Subject ofHistory, London, 1991, p. 315. 30 Peter G. Beidler, 'Transformations in Gower's Yale ofFlorent and Chaucer's lVifi ofBath's Yale', in R. F. Yeager (ed.), Chaucer and Gower: Difference, Mutuality, Exchange, Victoria, BC, 1991, pp. 100-14. 31 Ibid., p. Ill.

III Chaucer and Sir Gawain and the GreenKnight 32 See Cathalin Buhrmann Folks, 'Gentle men, Lufly and Loathly ladies, Aghlich Maysters; characterization in The lVifi ofBath's Yale and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight' in Eileann ni Cuillennain and J. D. Pheifer (eds), Noble andJoyousHistories: English Romances 1375-1650, Dublin 1993, pp. 59-85, for discussion of'the flawed hero'.

Chapter 6 Forms of Narrative

I Frameworks 1 Poetria Nova, 43-5. Compare 'Iroilus and Criseyde, I, 1065-9. See Ernest Gallo, The 'Poetria Nova' and its Sources in Early Rhetorical Doctrine, The Hague, 1971. 2 See, for example, W. W. Ryding, Structure in Medieval Narrative, The Hague, 1971, pp. 40-3. The idea of the diptych is applied to CT by Donald R. Howard, The Idea of'The Canterbury Tales', Berkeley; Los Angeles, London, 1976, Chapter V 3 Pamela Gradon, Form and Style in Early English Literature, London. 1971, Chapter 2, 'Literary structures'. Notes 227

4 Piero Boitani, English Medieval Narrative in the 13th and 14th Centuries, translated by Joan Krakover Hall, Cambridge, 1982. 5 The earliest English text, though not the most complete, is in the Auchinleck MS (c.1330). See Killis Campbell (ed.), The Seven Sages of Rome, Boston, London, 1907. 6 Boitani, op. cit., pp. 116-17. 7 See Cooper Structure, pp. 26-36. 8 Pearsall CT, pp. 35-8. 9 See J. 1. Wimsatt, Chaucer and his French Contemporaries, Toronto and London, 1991,p.30. 10 Cooper OGCT, pp. 335-6. 11 Donald R. Howard, The Idea ofThe Canterbury Tales), Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1976, p. 272. 12 Paull F. Baum, Chaucer: a Critical Appreciation , Durham, NC, 1958. 13 Alan T Gaylord, 'Sentence and Solaas in Fragment VII of The Canterbury Tales: Harry Baillyas horseback editor', PMLA 82 (1967),226-35. 14 Pearsall CT, p. 39. 15 N. J. Thompson, Chaucer, Boccaccio and the Debate ofLove: a Comparative Study ofthe 'Decameron' and 'The Canterbury Tales), Oxford, 1996, pp.115-31.

II Well-made Narrative 16 Cooper OGCT, p. 359. 17 This is possible but unproven ; for discussion of interest in the cult ofSt Erkenwald in the last quarter of the fourteenth century see C. J. Peterson (ed.), Saint Erkenwald, Philadelphia, 1977, pp. 13-14. 18 See Mary Giffin, Studies on Chaucer and his Audience, Quebec, 1956, Chapter 2. 19 John Burrow (ed.), English Jirse 1300-1500, London, 1977, p. 201.

III Wayward Narrative 20 Cooper OGCT, p. 251. 21 Kean, Vol. 1, p. 183. 22 See Cooper OGCT, pp. 255-6. 23 Donald R. Howard, The Idea of'The Canterbury Tales), Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1976, p. 334. 24 Sheila Delany, 'Politics and the paralysis of poetic imagination in The Physician)s Tale', SAC 3 (1981),47-60. Pearsall CT, p. 278. 25 The quotations are from Roger Ellis, Patterns ofR.eligious Narrative in 'The Canterbury Tales), London, 1986, pp. 205 and 217; Ellis argues that Chaucer refocuses the source material to show the ironies in Virginia's role. 26 See Earle Birney, 'Chaucer's "Gentil" Manciple and his "Gentil" Tale', NM 61 (1960),257-67; V. J. Scattergood, 'The Manciple's manner of speaking', EC 24 (1974), 124--46. 27 As has been pointed out by Richard Hazelton, 'The Manciple)s Tale: parody and critique',JEGP 62 (1963) , 1-31, and others. 228 Chaucer and His English Contemporaries

28 As is the story ofAppius and Virginia, CA., VII, 5131-306. 29 W A. Davenport, Chaucer: Complaintand Narrative, Cambridge, 1988, particularly pp. 50-60. 30 Malcolm Godden, TheMaking of 'Piers Plowman', London, 1990, p. 80. 31 Thorlac Turville-Petre (ed.), AlliterativePoetry ofthe Later MiddleAges, London, 1989, p. 68. 32 David V. Harrington, 'Indeterminacy in lVinner and mTster and The Parliamentof the Three Ages', ChauR 20 (1986), pp. 246-57.

Chapter 7 The Good Way

1 C. F. Muscatine, Chaucer and theFrench Tradition , Berkeleyand Los Angeles, 1957, p. 6. 2 Ibid., p. 6. 3 Ibid., p. 222. 4 Gotz Schmitz, 'Rhetoric and fiction: Gower's comments on eloquence and courtly poetry', in Peter Nicholson (ed.), Gower's 'ConfessioAmentis': A CriticalAnthology, Cambridge, 1991, pp. 117-42 (quotation from p. 140). 5 W P. Ker, Essays onMedievalLiterature, London, 1905, p. 107. 6 Alfred David, The StrumpetMuse:Art and Moralsin Chaucer's Poetry, Bloomington, Indiana and London, 1976, pp. 219-20. 7 Burrow RP, p. 67. 8 Paul G. Ruggiers, TheArt of 'The Canterbury Tales', Madison, Milwaukee and London, 1967, p. 10. 9 David, op. cit., p. 106. 10 Peter Conrad, TheEveryman History ofEnglishLiterature, London, 1985, p.30. 11 Douglas Gray, Themes and Imagesin theMedievalEnglish Religious Lyric, London, 1972, p. 215. See also John Burrow, 'The shape ofthe Vernon religious lyrics', in Derek Pearsall (ed.), Studies in the frrnon Manuscript, Cambridge, 1990, pp. 187-99. 12 In Carleton Brown (ed.), Religious Lyrics of the XIVth Century, Oxford, 1924, p. 164. 13 Derek Brewer,English Gothic Literature, London, 1983, p. 116. Bibliography

The Bibliography is divided into two sections:

A. Editions of the Middle English works referred to in the book; B. Secondary sources used in writing the book, some but not all of which are quoted from or referred to in the text. The place of publication is London if not otherwise stated.

I have not attempted a full bibliography of works on The Canterbury Tales, since that would have become unwieldy. In addition ro the bibliography in The Riverside Chaucer, standard books, such as Pearsall's The Canterbury Tales or Cooper's Oxford Guides to Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales, list many books and articles referring to individual tales.

A. Editions

The major Ricardian poets

Benson, Larry D. (General Editor) The Riverside Chaucer, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988 . Macaulay,G. C. (ed.) TheEnglish Works ofJohn Gower, 2 vols, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1900-0l. Peck, R. A. (ed.) John Gower, 'Confessio Amantis' (abridged),University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1980 . Andrew, M. and Waldron, R. (eds) The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript (1978), ~nd rev. edn, University ofExeter Press, Exeter, 1996. Kane, G. (ed.) 'Piers Plowman': theA Version, 2nd edn, The Athlone Press,1988. Schmidt, A. V .c. (ed.) The Vision of 'Piers Plowman': the B Text, Dent, 1978. Pearsall, D. A. (ed.) 'Piers Plowman' by William Langland: an Edition of the C Text, University ofCalifornia Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, 1978 .

229 230 Chaucer and His English Contemporaries

Romances

Anthologies

Fellows, J. (ed.) OfLove and Chivalry: AnAnthology ofMiddle English Romance, Dent, 1993. Mills, M. Six M iddle English Roman ces, Dent, 1973. Sands, D. B. (ed.) Middle English VerseRomances, University of Exeter Press, Exeter, 1986. Shepherd, Stephen H . A. (ed.) Middle English Romances, Norton, New YorkfLondon,1995.

Individual romances

Arthour and Merlin, Kolbing, E. (ed.) Altenglische Bibliotek 4, Reisland, Leipzig, 1890 . Emari, Mills, Maldwyn (ed.) in Six Middle English Romances, Dent, 1973. Haselok the Dane, Smithers, G. V (ed.) Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987. ~ng Alisaunder, Smithers, G. V (ed.) EETS 237, Oxford University Press, 1957. Lybeaus Desconus, Mills, M. (ed.) EETS 261, Oxford University Press, 1969. Morte Arthur (Stanzaic) Bruce, J. D. (ed.) EETS (es)88, Oxford University Press, 1903. MorteArthure (Alliterative) Brock, E. (ed.) EETS 8, Oxford University Press, 1865. (The last two titles edited together as King Arthur's Death by Benson, Larry D., Bobbs & Merrill, Indianapolis, 1974.) Octovian Imperator, McSparran, R (ed.) Middle English Texts 11, He idelberg, 1979. Richard Coeur de Lion , Brunner, K. (ed.) Wiener Beitriige zur Englischen Philologie 42, Vienna, 1913. Seven SagesofRome, The) Campbell, Killis (ed.) Ginn, BostonfLondon, 1907. Sir Degrevant, Casson, L. R (ed.) EETS 221, Oxford University Press, 1949. Sir Launfal, Bliss, A. J. (ed.) Nelson, EdinburghfLondon, 1960. TaleofGamelyn, The) Skeat, W W (ed.) Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1884. l*ddyng ofSir Gawen and Dame Ragnell, The, Shepherd, S. (ed.) in Middle English Romances, Norton, New YorkfLondon, 1995.

Other texts

Anthologies

Brown, Carleton (ed.) Religious Lyrics ofthe XIVth Century, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1924. Burrow, J. A. (ed.) English Verse 1300-1500, Longman, 1977. Turville-Petre, T. (ed.) Alliterative Poetry ofthe Later Middle Ages, Routledge, 1989. Bibliography 231

Individual works

Cursor Mundi, Morris, R. (ed.) EETS 57, 59, 62, 66, 68, 99,101, Oxford University Press, 1887-93. Handlyng Synne, Sullens, Idelle (ed.) Medieval and Renaissance Texts, Binghamton, New York, 1983. Parliament of the Three Ages, The, Offord, M. Y. (ed.) EETS 246, Oxford University Press, 1959. St Erkenwald, Peterson, C. J. (ed.) University of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 1977.

B. Secondary Sources

Aers, David Chau cer, Langland and the Creative Imagination, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980. Archibald, Elizabeth 'Contextualizing Chaucer's Constance: romance modes and family values', in Tavormina, M. T. and Yeager, R. F. (eds) The Endless Knot: Essays in Old and Middle English in Honor ofMarie Borroff, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1995, pp. 161-75. Baldwin, Anna 'The Man ofLaw 's Tale as a philosophical narrative', YES 22 (1992) , 181-9. Baldwin, C. S. M edievalRhetoric and Poetic, Smith, Gloucester, Mass., 1959. Barron, W R. J. English Medieval Romance, Longman, 1987. Baum, Paull F. Chaucer: a Critical Appreciation, Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1958. Beckson, K. and Ganz, A. Literary Terms:a Dictionary, Andre Deutsch, 1990. Beidler, Peter G. 'Transformations in Gower's Tale ofFlorent and Chaucer's Wife ofBath's Tale', in Yeager, R. F. (ed.) Chaucer and Gower: Difference, Mutuality, Exchange, Victoria University, Victoria, BC, 1991, pp. 100-14. Bennett, J.A.W 'Chaucer's contemporary', in Hussey, S. S. (ed.) 'Piers Plowman': Critical Approaches,Methuen, 1969. Bennett, J. A. Wand Gray, D. Middle English Literature, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. Benson, Larry D. (ed.) The Learned and the Lewed, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1974. Beston, John B. 'H ow much was known of the Breton Lai in fourteenth• century England?', in Benson, Larry D. (ed.) The Learned and the Lewed, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1974, pp. 319-36. Birney, Earle 'Chaucer's "Gentil" Manciple and his "Gentil" Tale', NM 61 (1960) ,257-67. Birney,Earle Essays on Chaucerian Irony, University ofToronto Press, Toronto, 1985. Blake, N. F.'Chaucer and the alliterative romances', ChauR 3 (1969), 163-9. Blake, N. F. The Textual 'Tradition ofthe

Boitani, Piero English Medieval Narrative in the 13th and 14th Centuries, translated by Hall, J. Krakover, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982. Boitani, Piero and Mann, Jill (eds) The Cambridge Chaucer Companion , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. Boitani, Piero and Torti, Anna (eds) Poetics: Theory and Practice in Medieval English Literature, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991. Brewer, D . S. (ed.) Chaucer and Chaucerians: Critical Studies in Middle English Literature, Nelson, 1966. Brewer, Derek (ed.) Writersand their Background: Geoffrey Chaucer, Bell, 1974. Brewer, D. S. Chaucer and his World, Eyre and Methuen, 1978. Brewer, D . S. (ed.) Chaucer: the Critical Heritage, 2 vols, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978. Brewer, D. S. 'Tradition and Innovation in Chaucer, Macmillan, 1982. Brewer, D. S. English Gothic Literature, Macmillan, 1983. Brewer, D . S. Chaucer: the Poetas Storyteller, Macmillan, 1984. Brewer, Derek (ed.) Studies in Medieval English Romances, D .S . Brewer, Cambridge, 1988. Brinkmann, Hennig 'Der Prolog im Mirtelalter als literarische Erscheinung', Wirkendes Wort 14 (1964), pp. 1-2l. Bryan, W. E and Dempster, G. Sources and Analogues ofChaucer's (Canterbury Tales', Chicago University Press, Chicago, 1941. Burnley,J. D. A Guide to Chaucer's Language, Macmillan, 1983. Burrow, J. A. Ricardian Poetry: Chaucer, Gowe1; Langland and the Gawain-Poet, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971. Burrow,J.A. Medieval lfhters and their llVrk, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982. Burrow, J. A. 'The Canterbury Tales 1: Romance' in Boitani, P. and Mann, J, (eds) The Cambridge Chaucer Companion, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986, pp. 109-24. Burrow, John 'The shape ofthe Vernon religious lyrics', in Pearsall,Derek (ed.) Studies in the ffrnon Manuscript, D .S . Brewer, Cambridge, 1990, pp.187-99. Carruthers, Leo (ed.) Heroes and Heroines in Medieval English Literature, D .S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1994. Cicero, M. Tullius De Inventione, edited and translated by Hubbell, H . M., Loeb ClassicalLibrary, Heinemann, 1949. Cicero, M. Tullius (artrib.) Rhetorica ad Herennium, edited and translated by Caplan, Harry, Loeb ClassicalLibrary, Heinemann, 1954. Clasby, E. 'Chaucer's Constance: womanly virtue and the heroic life', ChauR 13 (1978-79),220-33. Coleman, Janet English Literature in H istory 1350-1400: Medieval Readers and Writers, Hutchinson, 1981. Conrad, Peter The Everyman History ofEnglish Literature, Dent, 1985. Cooper, Helen The Structure of7he Canterbury Tales), Duckworth, 1983. Cooper, Helen 'Langland's and Chaucer's Prologues', The Yearbook ofLangland Studies 1 (1987), 71-8l. Cooper, Helen Oxford Guides to Chaucer: the Canterbury Tales', Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989. Bibliography 233

Correale, Robert M. 'Gower's source manuscript of Nicholas Trevet's Les Cronicles', in Yeager, R. F. (ed.) John Gower: Recent Readings, Medieval Institute, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1989, pp.133-57. Crosby, Ruth 'Robert Mannyng of Brunne: a new biography', PMLA 57 (1942) , 15-28. Crow, Martin M. and Olson, Clair C. (eds) Chaucer Life Records, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1966. Cuddon, J. A.A Dictionary ofLiterary Terms, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1977. Cuillennain, Eileann ni and Pheifer, J. D. (eds) Noble and Joyous Histories: English Romances 1375-1650, Irish Academic Press, Dublin, 1993. Davenport, W. A. Chaucer: Complaint and Narrative, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1988. David, Alfred The Strumpet Muse: Art and Morals in Chaucer's Poetry, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana/London, 1976. Delany; Sheila 'Womanliness in the Man ofLaw ': Tale', ChauR 9 (1974--75), 63-72. Delany;Sheila 'Politics and the paralysisofpoetic imagination in The Physician)s Tale', SAC 3 (1981),47-60. Delany; SheilaMedieval Literary Politics:ShapesofIdeology, Manchester Univer• sity Press, Manchester and New York, 1990. Donovan, Mortimer J. 'Middle English Emare and the cloth worthily wrought', in Benson, L. D. (ed.) The Learned and the Lewed, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1974, pp. 337-42. Dor, Juliette 'Humilis exaltetur: Constance, or humility rewarded', in Carruthers, Leo (ed.) Heroes and Heroines in Medieval English Literature, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 71-80. Dronke, Peter 'Medieval rhetoric', in Daiches, David and Thorlby; Anthony (eds) Literature and l#stern Civilization: The Medieval World, Aldus, 1973, pp.315-45. Edwards, A. S. G. 'Gender, order and reconciliation in Sir Degrevant', in Meale Readings, pp. 53-64. Ellis, Roger Patterns ofReligious Narrative in 'The Canterbury Tales', Croom Helm, 1986. Ellis, Steve Geoffrey Chaucer; Writers and their Work Series, Northcote House, British Council, Plymouth, 1996. Everett, Dorothy; in Keen, P .M. (eds) Essays on Middle English Literature, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1955. Fellows, J., Field, R., Rogers, G., and Weiss, J. (eds) Romance Reading on the Book: Essays on Medieval Narrative presented to Maldwyn Mills, University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 1996. Fichte, Ioerg 0. Chaucer's 54rt Poetical): A Study in Chaucerian Poetics, Studies and Texts in English, 1, Tubingen, 1980. Field, P. J. C. 'Malory and The Uidding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell', Archiv 219 (1982) , 374--8l. Fisher, John H. John GowC1; Moral Philosopher and Friend ofChaucer, Methuen, 1965. Folks, Cathalin Buhrmann 'Gentle men, lufty and loathly ladies, aghlich maysters: characterization in The Wift ofBath's Thle and Sir Gawain and the 234 Chaucer and His English Contemporaries

Green Knight', in Cuillennain, E. and Pheifer, J. D. (eds) Noble and Joyous Histories: English Romances 1375-1650, Irish Academic Press, Dublin, 1993, pp.59-85. Gallo, Ernest The 'Poetria Nova) and its Sources in Early Rhetorical Doctrine, Mouton, The Hague/paris, 1971. Gallo, Ernest 'The Poetria Nova ofGeoffrey de Vinsauf', in Murphy, J. J. (ed.) Medieval Eloquence, University ofCalifornia Press, Berkeley, 1978. Galway, Margaret 'Chaucer's hopeless 10ve',MLN 60 (1945),431-9. Gaylord, Alan T. 'Sentence and Solaas in Fragment VII ofThe Canterbury Tales: Harry Baillyas horseback editor', PMLA 82 (1967),226--35. Godden, Malcolm TheMaking of PiersPlowman),Longman, 1990. Goffin, Mary Studies on Chaucer and hisAudience, Quebec, 1956. Gradon, PamelaForm and Style in EarlyEnglish Literature, Methuen, 1971. Gray, Douglas Themes and Images in the Medieval English Religious Lyric, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972. Green, Richard Firth Poets and Princepleasers:Literatureand theEnglish Courtin theLateMiddleAges, University ofToronto Press, Toronto, 1980. Harington, David V. 'Indeterminacy in Winner and Waster and The Parliament of the ThreeAges', ChauR 20 (1986), 246--57. Hazelton, Richard 'TheManciple)s Tale : parody and critique',JEGP 62 (1963), 1-3l. Hines, John TheFabliau in English, Longman, 1993. Howard, Donald R. TheIdeaof The Canterbury Tales), University ofCalifornia Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1976. Hume, Kathryn 'Why Chaucer calls The Franklin )s Tale a Breton Lai', PQ 51 (1972) ,373-9. Jaffe, Samuel 'Gottfried von Strassburg and the rhetoric ofhistory', in Murphy, J. J. (ed.) Medieval Eloquence, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1978, pp. 288-318. John of Garland, Parisiana Poetria, edited and translated by Lawler, Traugott, Yale Srudies in English 182, Yale University Press, New Haven/London, 1974. Jordan, Robert M. Chaucer and the Shape ofCreation: theAesthetic Possibilities of Inorganic Structure, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1967. Kaeuper, R. A. 'An historian's reading ofThe Tale ofGamelyn', MAe 52 (1983), 51-62. Kean, P. M. Chaucer and the Making of English Poetry, 2 vols, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972; shortened version, 1982. Keen, Maurice The Outlaws of MedievalEngland, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961; rev. edn, 1977. Ker, W. P. Epic and Romance, Macmillan, 1908. Ker, W. P. Essays onMedieval Literature,Macmillan, 1905. Kolve, V. A. Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative: the First Five Canterbury Tales, Edward Arnold, 1984. Kolve, V. A. 'Rocky shores and pleasure gardens: poetry vs. magic in Chaucer's Franklin)s Tale', in Boitani, P. and Torti, A. (eds) Poetics: Theory and Practice in Medieval English Literature, D.S . Brewer, Cambridge, 1991, pp. 165-95. Lawton, David Chaucer'sNarrators, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1985. Bibliography 235

Lewis, R. E. 'Chaucer's artistic use of Pope Innocent ill's De Miseria Humane Conditione in TheMan ofLaw's Prologueand Tide', PMLA 81 (1966),485-92. Mann, Jill Chaucer and Medieval Estates Satire: the Literature ofSocial Classes and the 'General Prologue' to the 'Canterbury Tales', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1973. Mann, Jill GeoffreyChaucer, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991. Meale, Carol M. (ed.) Readings in Medieval Romance, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1994. Mehl, Dieter The Middle English Romances of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968. Mehl, Dieter Geoffrey Chaucer: an Introduction to his Narrative Poetry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. Mills, Maldwyn 'The compositional style of the "Southern" Octavian; Sir Launfal and Lybeaus Desconus', MAe 31 (1962),88-109. Minnis, A.J. 'The influence of academic prologues on the prologues and literary attitudes oflate-medieval English writers',MS 43 (1981),342-83. Minnis, A.J. Chaucer and Pagan Antiquity, D .S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1982. Minnis, A. J. (ed.) Gower's 'Confessio Amantis': Responses and Reassessments, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1983. Minnis, A. J. Medieval Theory ofAuthorship: Scholastic Literary Attitudes in the LaterMiddle Ages, Scolar Press, Aldershot, 1984. Minnis, A. J. Medieval Literary Theory and Criticism, c.11 00-1375: the Commen• tary 'Tradition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, rev. edn, 1988. Mosher, J. A. The Exemplum in the Early Religious and Didactic Literature of England, Columbia University Press, New York, 1911. Murphy, J.J. Rhetoric in the Middle Ages, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1974. Murphy, J. J. (ed.) Medieval Eloquen ce: Studies in the Theory and Practice of Medieval Rhetoric, University ofCalifornia Press, Berkeley, 1978. Muscatine, C. F. Chaucer and the French 'Tradition, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, 1957. Muscatine, C. F. 'The Canterbury Tales', in Brewer, D. S. (ed.) Chaucer and Chaucerians, Nelson, 1966, pp. 88-113. Nicholson, Peter 'Chaucer borrows from Gower: the sources of The Man of Law's Tale', in Yeager, R. F. (ed.) Chaucer and Gower: Difference, Mutuality, Exchange, University ofVictoria Press, Victoria, BC, 1991, pp. 85-99. Nicholson, Peter 'The Man ofLaw's Tale: what Chaucer really owed to Gower', ChauR 26 (1991), 153-74. Nicholson, Peter (ed .) Gower's 'Confessio Amantis': A Critical Anthology, D .S. Brewer, Cambridge, ,1991. Nykrog, Per Les Fabliaux: Etude d'histoire litteraire et de stylistique medievale, Copenhagen, 1957. Olsson, Kurt John Gower and the Structures of Conversion: A Reading of the 'Conjessio Amantis', D .S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1992. Owen, Charles A. [r Pilgrimage and Storytelling: the Dialectic of 'Ernest' and 'Game', University ofOklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1977. Patterson, Lee Chaucer and the Subject ofHistory, Routledge, 1991. Payne, Robert 0. The Key ofRemembrance:A Study ofChaucer's Poetics, Yale University Press, New HavenfLondon, 1963. 236 Chaucer and His English Contemporaries

Payne, Robert O. 'Chaucer's realization of himself as Rhetor', in Murphy, J. J. (ed.) Medieval Eloquence, University of California, Berkeley, 1978, pp.270-87. Pearsall, Derek 'The development ofMiddle English romance',MS 27 (1965), 91-116, reprinted in Brewer, D . Studies in Medieval English Romances, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1988. Pearsall, D. A. Old English and Middle English Poetry, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977. Pearsall, Derek The Canterbury Tales, Allen & Unwin, 1985. Pearsall, Derek (ed.) Studies in the lirnon Manuscript, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1990. Pearsall, Derek The Life ofGeoffrey Chaucer, Blackwell, Oxford, 1992. Peter, John Complaint and Satire in Early English Literature, Clarendon Press, Oxford,1956. Pratt, R. A. 'Chaucer borrowing from himself',MLQ 7 (1946), 259-64. Prince, GeraldA Dictionary ofNarratology, Scolar Press, Aldershot, 1987. Robbins, R. H. 'Geoffroi Chaucier, poete francais, father of English poetry', ChauR 13 (1978), 93-115. Robson, Margaret 'Cloaking desire : re-reading Emarl', in Fellows et al., pp.64-76. Rothwell, W.'Stratford atte Bowe and Paris',MLR 80 (1985), 39-54. Rowland, Beryl (ed.) Companion to Chaucer Studies, Oxford University Press, Oxford,1979. Ruggiers, Paul G. The Art ofthe 'Canterbury Tales', University of Wisconsin Press, Madison/London, 1967. Runacres, Charles 'Art and ethics in the exempla of Conftssio Amantis', in Minnis, A. J. (ed.) Gower's 'Confessio Amantis': Responses and Reassessments, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1983. Ryding, W. W.Structure in Medieval Narrative, Mouton, The Hague, Paris,1971. Salter, Elizabeth 'Chaucer and internationalism', SAC 2 (1980), 71-9. Salter, Elizabeth Fourteenth-Century English Poetry, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1983. Scattergood, John Reading the Past: Essays on Medieval and Renaissance Litera• ture, Four Courts, Blackrock, Dublin, 1996. Scattergood, V J. 'The Manciple's manner of speaking', EC 24 (1974), 124-46. Schmitz, G. 'Rhetoric and fiction : Gower's comments on eloquence and courtly poetry', in Nicholson, Peter (ed.) Gower's 'Conftssio Amantis': A Critical Anthology, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1991, pp. 117-42. Shepherd, Stephen H . A. 'No poet has his travesty alone: The ffiddyng ofSir Gawen and Dame Ragneli', in Fellowset al., pp. 112-28. Spearing, A. C.Medieval to Renaissancein English Poetry,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985 . Spearing, A. C. 'Marie de France and her Middle English adaptors', SAC 12 (1990), 117-56. Strassburg, Gottfried von Tristan, translated by Hatto, A. T., Penguin, Harmondsworth,1960. Tavormina, M. T. and Yeager, R.E (eds) The Endless Knot: Essays in Old and Middle English in Honor ofMarie Borrojf, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1995. Bibliography 237

Thompson, N. J. Chaucer,Boccaccio and the Debate ofLove: a Comparative Study ofthe 'Decameron' and the 'Canterbury Thies), Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996. Turville-Petre, Thorlac (ed.) Alliterative Poetry of the Later Middle Ages, Routledge, 1989. Turville-Petre, Thorlac England the Nation : Language) Literature) and National Identity, 1290-1340, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996. Usk, Thomas The TestamentofLuve, in Skeat, WW (ed.) Chaucerian and Other Pieces, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1897. Vinsauf, Geoffrey de Documentum de Modo et Arte Dictandi et Versificandi, translated by Parr, R. P., Marquette Universiry Press, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1968. Weiss, Judith 'Structure and characterisation in Havelok the Dane', Speculum 44 (1969),247-57. Wetherbee, Winthrop 'Constance and the world in Chaucer and Gower', in Yeager R. E (ed.) John Gower: Recent Readings, Medieval Institute, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1989, pp. 65-93. Wimsatt, James I. Chaucer and the Poems of'Ch)in Univ. ofPennsylvania MS.15, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1982. Wimsatt, James I. Chaucer and his French Contemporaries: Natural Music in the Fourteenth Century, Universiry ofToronto Press, Toronto, 1991. Windeatt, B. A. 'Literary structures in Chaucer', in Boitani, P. and Mann, J. (eds) The Cambridge Chaucer Companion, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 195-212. Windeatt, B. A. 'Troilus and the disenchantment ofromance', in Brewer, Derek (ed.) Studies in Medieval English Romances, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, 1988, pp.129-47. Windeatt, Barry Oxford Guides to Chaucer: Troilus and Criseyde, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992. Yeager, R. E (ed.) John Gower: Recent Readings, Medieval Institute, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1989. Yeager, R. E (ed.) Chaucer and Gower:Difference)Mutuality) Exchange, Victoria Universiry Press, Victoria, BC, 1991. Index

A Boccaccio, Giovanni, 5, 10,51, Aeneid, 12, 16,54 127, 171-2, 178-9, 183 Alberic ofMonte Cassino, 13,219 Ameto, l 71 Allen, E., 226 Decameron, 51, 74, 114, 127, AlliterativeMorte Arthure, 4, 8, 133,171-2,177-8,188-9, 113-14, 182,204 217 Alphabet of Tales, 54 De ClarisMulieribus, 51, 171 Amis and Amiloun, 94 Filorolo, 125, 127-8,171 ~ ABC of the Virgin', 175 Andrew, M., 219 Filostrato, 2, 5 AnelidaandArcite, 9, 127, 130,203 1Cuida,5,10, 118, 120-1, 123, Archibald, E., 225-6 127,180-1,212 Aristotle, 167 Boece/Boethius, 5, 7, 62, 122-3, Arthour and Merlin, 96-8 145,160,181,198,210,215 Arthurian romance, 4, 8, 31, 79, Boitani, P., 169-70, 220, 223-4, 93, 101-6, 113-14, 118, 120, 227 123-4, 146-9, 152, 154-6, Book of the Duchess, 6, 16,48, 119, 160-6, 181-3 210 Astrolabe, Treatise on the, 7, 9, 14, 16 Book of the Knight of la Tour• Awntyrs ofArthur, 168 Landry, 54 Breton lai, 44, 93-4, 102-3, B 107-8, 120, 123-8, 133-5 Bakhtin, M., 90 Brewer, D. S., 119,215,218, Baldwin, A., 225 222-3,228 ballad, 148 Brinkmann, R., 15,219 Baum, P. E, 176,227 Brown, c., 228 Beaujeu, Renaut de, 100-1 Brunner, K., 222 Beckson, K., 3, 218 Burgess, G.S., 222 Bede,54 Burrow, J., 9-10, 68,75,90,95, Beidler, P. G., 159, 226 118, 174, 187,212,218,221, Bennett, J. A. W, 56, 101, 105, 223,227-8 219-20,222 Busby, K., 222 Benson, L. D., 224 Beowulf, 168 C Beston, J. B., 125, 224 Campbell, K., 227 Bevis ofHamtoun, 94, 96, 98 Canon's Yeoman, 73, 92 Birney, E., 227 Canon's Yeoman)s Prologue, 39, 83-5 Blake, N. E, 223 Canon'sleoman)sTale, 74, 83-6, 154,224

238 Index 239

Canterbury Tales, passim; see confession, 56-7, 75-7, 84-6, 88, entries for individual tales and 91 prologues. Conrad ofHirsau, 13, 15 Fragment I, 172-3, 187-8, Conrad, P., 228 195,214 Cook,28-9,31,40, 73,172,194 Fragment II, 184 Cook's Prologue, 40, 195 Fragment VI, 191, 193 Cook)s Tau, 9,86, llO, 214 Cooper, H ., 23, 37, 94,122,175, Fragment VII, 42,172,174-7, 184,219-21,224,227 188 Corpus Christi Cycles, 8, 2ll Fragments VIIIfIX/X, 39, 195, Correale, R. M., 225 212 Crosby, R., 220 Caplan, H ., 219 Crow, M. M., 221 Carruthers, L., 225 Cuddon, J. A., 218 Casson, L. R, 223 Cuillenan, E. ni, 226 Cato, 57, 61 Cursor Mundi, 55-6 Chanson de Raland, 168 'cherles tales', 37, 43, 74-5, 81, D 90,93,173,189 Dame Sirith, 74 Chester Cycle, 147 Daniel, 22, 62 Chester, Thomas, 4, 95-107, ll6, Dante, 5, 36, 62, 210 120, 124, 133 David, A., 210, 213, 228 Cheualere assigne, 96 Delany, 5., 191, 222, 225, 227 Chevrefoil, 127 Deschamps, Eustache, 5, 95, 175, Chretien de Troyes, 103, 168 218 Cicero, M. Tullius, 16, 54, 62, Doctor, see Physician 184,219 Donovan, M. J., 224 De inventione, ll, 53, 219 Dor, J., 225 Rhetorica ad Herennium, 11-13, Dryden, John, 25 15,219 Clasby, E., 225 E Cuanne~,4,48, 169-70, 172 Eaton, Adam, 185 Clerk, 26, 28-9, 31, 45-6, 90, Edward III, 95, 181-2 157,159 Edwards, A. S. G., 223 Clerk)s Prologue, 39,45-7, 128 Ellis, R., 227 Clerk's Tau, 8, 46, 92, 118, 120, Ellis,S., 221 128-30, 143, 157-8, 171, 174, Emare, 96, 124, 133-7 183-4,215 English language, 5-7, 55-7, Coleridge, S. T., 151 97-8, 107-8, 110, 119 complaint, 23, 80, ll3, 121-2, 'Envoy de Chaucer a Bukton', 127, 130, 134, 142-3, 181, 157, 175, 199 202-4,215 ErlofTolous, ll3, ll9, 124 Complaint ofMars, 127, 130, 203 estates satire, 21-8 Conftssio Amantis, see Gower Everett, D., 223 240 Chaucer and His English Contemporaries exemplum/exernpla, 5, 22-3, 50, 118-20, 122-4, 128-32, 154, 52,54-71,74-5,86,89-90, 156, 165, 169, 172-4, 177, 92, 130, 136, 139-40, 145, 189,196,203,213-14 152, 191-2, 197 Geoffrey de Vinsauf, 12-13, 168, exordium, 11, 13 198,219,226 Geoffrey ofMonmouth, 126, 182 F Gesta Romanorum, 54, 190 fubk,24,44,53,64,92,193, Giffin, M., 227 195-6,198-9,205,212 Godden, M., 84, 221, 228 fabliau, 74-5, 80-3, 87, 90-2, Gottfried von Strassburg, 14-15, 116, 168-9, 172-4, 187, 17, 114,219 193-4,196,202,214 Gower, 4-7, 15-16, 18,20-3, Field, P. J. c., 146, 148,226 25-8,35-6,48,57-8,66-8, Fisher, J., 26, 219, 226 71-3, 75, 77,91,93,98, 132, Floriz and Blauncheftour, 117 135-40, 143-6, 148-52, Folks, C. B., 226 159-60, 164, 170-1, 178-9, 'Former Age, The', 5, 23,175 195,209,212-13,217 'Fortune', 175 ConfessioAmantis, 4, 7, 10, Franklin, 28-9, 31, 43-4, 131 15-16,18-23,48-9,57-8, Franklin)s Prologue, 39,43-4 66-73,88,113,132,136-9, Franklin)s Tale, 63, 66, 83, 92, 94, 146-51, 170-2, 175, 178, 189, 117,120, 123-8, 156, 191, 195,209,213,217 204,214 A1wourdel)Chnme, 6, 26 Friar, 28-30, 38-40, 47, 49, 62, "Iraitie des amantz maries', 175 73,85,89,92,172 Prier's Prologue, 39-40 liIx Clamantis, 7, 22, 26 Priar'sTale, 74, 89-90, 187 Gradon, P., 168,226 Froissart, Jean, 5, 175 Graelent, 102, 104-5 Fuerresde Gadres, 183 Granson, Oton de, 175 Gray, D., 215, 220, 222, 228 Grimes, E. H ., 222 G Grosseteste, Robert, 57, 68 Gaimar,108 Guildsmen, 28-9, 31, 178 Gallo, E., 13, 37, 219-20, 226 Guy of Warwick, 94, 96, 98,119 Galway,M., 219 Gameo/n,74,94, 110-13, 116, 165 Ganz, A., 3, 218 H Gawain-Poet, 4, 75, 114, 116, Hando/ng Synne, 51, 56-7,169 160,164-5,181,204,206 Harrington, D. v., 228 Gaylord, A. T., 176, 227 Hatto, A. T., 219 General Prologue, 3, 9, 16, 20, Havelok the Dane, 100, 108-10, 21-35,41,43,47,50,80,93, 113, 116,122,129,165 172, 176, 178, 194 Hazelton, R., 227 genre, 4-5, 9, 25-6, 42-4, 49, 64, Hines, J., 221 73-4,90,92-5,107-8, Hoccleve, Thomas, 113 Index 241

Holcot, Robert, 62 'Lak ofStedfastnesse', 23 Horace, 13 Langland, William, 4, 16, 20, Horn Childe, 94 23-4,26-8,35,74-6,83-4, Host, 27, 34-46, 51, 66, 83, 85, 91, 179,204-5,211 89-90,93-4,171-6,189-90, Piers Plowman, 4, 23-5, 72, 192,194-5,198,214,216 76-8,84,179,204-5,213 House ofFame, 2, 9-10, 16,210 Lanval,102-7 Howard, D. R., 175,226-7 Laustic; 127 Hubbell, H . M., 219 Lawler, J., 219 Hume, K., 125, 224 Lawton, D., 225 Layamon, 182 I Legend of Good l%men, 1-2,9, Innocent III, De miseria..., 36, 16-20,41,50,68,169-70, 145,218,225 179,193,210,212 inrinuatw, 11, 15, 17 Lewis, R. E., 225 Ipomadon, 94, 119 Livy, 64, 190 Isidore ofSeville, 11 Lodge, Thomas, III Lybeaus Desconus, 94-6, 98, J 100-1, 104, 107 Jaffe, S., 15, 219 Lydgate, John, 96, 113 Jerome, 63, 199 lyric, 5-6, 17, 19,32,37, 124, John of Garland, 13, 15, 54, 219 127, 130, 142-3, 157, 174-5, Juvenal,62 181,203-4,214-15

K M Kaeuper, R. A., 223 Macaulay, G. c., 136,225 Kean, P. M., 119, 218, 222-3, Machaut, Guillaume de, 5, 95 225,227 Macrobius, 16,62 Keen, M., 223 Malory,MorteD'Arthur, 8, 113, Ker, W. P., 223, 228 123 Kittredge, G. L., 156 Man ofLaw, 19,28-9,31,36 Knight, 26, 28-30, 41, 64,172 Man ofLaw)sPrologue, 2,17-20, Knight)s Tale, 5, 40-2, 66, 83, 35-7,44, 136, 144-5, 179, 92-3, 118-23, 127-8, 132, 142, 195,210-11,214,217 160, 171, 173, 179-83, 185, Man ofLaw)s Tale, 19-20,92-3, 187-8,204,212,214-15,218 118, 120, 132-46, 159-60, Knight, S., 111,223 174,184,212 Kolbing, E., 222 Manciple, 28-9, 32, 40, 92,194 Kolve, V. A., 127,144,224-5 Manciple)s Prologue, 40, 194 ~ng Alisaunder,94, 96-7 Manciple)s Tale, 64,193-6,201, 212 L Manly, J., 15 Lai d)Havelok, 108 Mann, J., 25-6, 157-8, 220, 223, Lai leFreine, 124-5 225-6 242 Chaucer and His English Contemporaries

Mannyng, Robert, 4, 51, 56-8, Miller': Tale, 37, 74-5, 80-3, 93, 61,220 173,186,188,194,202,204 Manuel des Pechiez, 56-7 Mills, M., 96, 98-9, 101,221-2, manuscripts: 224 Auchinleck (Nat. Lib. of Minnis, A., 15, 219, 221 Scotland Adv. MS 19.2.1),94, Mirk, John, 54 98,101,124,216,224,226 Mon~28-30,43-4,66,92, 172, Brit. Lib. MS Cotton Caligula 176 MonH Prologue, 41-2, 43, 177 A ii, 94, 96, 98, 133-4 MonPs Tale, 9, 42, 52, 63-4, 68, Brit. Lib. MS Royal 18 B xxiii, 72, 174-5, 177, 189 55 Moorman, C. w., 219 Ellesmere (Huntington Lib. Morris, R., 220 Ellesmere 26 C 9), 19,42, 172, Mort Artu, 182 180 Mosher, J. A., 54, 220 Findern anthology (Cambridge Mum and the Sothsegger, 168 u. Lib. MS Ffi.6), 113, 116 Murphy, J. J., 219-20 Hengwrt (Nat. Lib. ofWales, Muscatine, C. L., 119,208-10, Aberystwyth MS Hengwrt 223,228 154),19,25,41,172,180 Simeon MS (Brit. Lib. MS N Nabokov, 199 Add. 22283) , 215 v., narratio/narrative, 11,50-9,61-2, Thornton MS (Lincoln 66,90-2,97-8,107,112, Cathedral MS 91[A 5.2]), 95, 119-20, 127, 151, 167-207 113, 115,216 Nicholson, P., 139,225,228 Vernon MS (Oxford, Bodley Nun's Priest, 28, 31, 73, 92, 118, eng.poet.a.l), 215, 228 172,176,197,202 Map, Walter, 220 Nun)s Priest's Tale, 42, 60-1, 64, Marie de France, 102-3, 106, 108, 131,174,176-7,196-9,212, 124,125-7 214 McSparran, E, 99-100, 222 Nykrog, P., 90, 221 Mehl, D., 222-4 Melibee, Tale of, 19,41-2,44,92, o 173-7,192,209,221 Octavian, 94, 96, 98-100, 107, Merchant, 28-9, 31 149 Merchant's Prologue, 199 Octovian Imperator, 98-100 Merchant's Tale, 66, 74, 92, 151, Olson, C. c., 221 157, 196, 199-203 Olsson, K., 71, 221 Meun, Jean de, 190, 204, 213 Ovid, 18,36,63,68,193,202, Miller, 28-9, 32, 37,40, 42-3, 73, 218 81,85,92, 172-3 Heroides, 18 Miller)s Prologue, 42-4 Metamorphoses, 16, 18,64 Index 243

OPide moralise, 64 Prioress, 6, 28-30, 36, 92, 172, Owen, C. A. Jr, 219 174,176 PnWre~~Prologue,36--7,214 p Prioress's Tale, 42, 63, 174, 177-8, Pardoner, 28-9, 32, 39, 47, 51-2, 186 65-6,73,88-9,92,157,176, prohemium, 11, 13, 15, 45 192,199,214 prologue, 3-4, 7,9-49, 167, 174, Pardoner's Prologue, 8, 37-9,49, 180,184,199,205,212,214, 87-9 217 Pardoner's Tale, 49, 64-6, 74, 78, prologus, 13-15 86,89,190-2,197,215 ParliamentofFuwls, 2, 5, 16, 113, R 210 Ransom, Do r., 219 Parliamentofthe Three Ages, 4, Reeve, 28-30, 32,37,40,43, 73, 183,205-6 75,81,85,92, 172 parody/pastiche, 9, 52,63,66,94, Reeve's Prologue, 36--7, 215 119-20, 146, 174, 188, 198 Reeve's Tale, 40,74--5,80-2, 173, Pa~on,26,28-9,31-2,35,45, 186,214 52,65-6,75,79,89,92,211 'Retractions', 17,29,35,44,52, Parson's Prologue, 44,178,195 195,210-11,216--17 Parson's Tale, 4, 52, 65, 77-9, rhetoric, 11-15,39,44,46--7, 83-5,88-9,171,195,208, 53-4,58,64--5,177,190, 212,221 197-8 Partonope ofBlois, 119 Rhetorica ad Herennium, see Patience, 4, 147 Cicero Patterson, L., 158, 226 Richard II, 16,24--5 Pearl, 4, 72, 114 RichardCoeur-de-Lion,94, 96--7 Pearsall, D. A., 56, 95, 97, 119, Robbins, n. n .,218 157, 171, 177, 191,218, Robinson, F. N o, 219 220-3,226--8 Robson, M.-, 225 Perceval of Galles, 94 Rolle, Richard, 30 Peterson, C. t., 227 romance, 4--5,30,44,55,74, Petrarch, 5, 45-6, 128-9, 171, 92-132, 133-66, 169, 173, 183 193-4,203-4,215 Pheifer, Jo D o, 226 Roman de La Rose, 1-2,5,23,25, Physician, 28-9, 31,92, 191 39,50,87-8,121,190,204, Physician's Tale, 38, 64, 190-3, 213 195-6 Roman de Toute Cbevalerie, 97 Piers Plowman, see Langland Rothwell, w., 218 Plowman, 26, 28-9, 31, 178 Ruggiers, P. Go, 228 Pratt, R, Ao, 220 Runacres, c., 221 preaching, 37, 39-40, 53-4, Rychner, Jo, 222 58-72,75,88,91,196--7,199 Ryding, W. w., 226 Prince, Go, 220 244 Chaucer and His English Contemporaries

S Smithers, Go W, 222 St Erkenwald, 185 Spearing, A. c., 96, 106, 131, Sallust, 13, 15 222,224 Salter, Eo, 218 Squire, 28-30, 43-4, 73, 131 Sands, DoB., 146, 148,222,224, Squire': Tale, 9, 92, 94, 117-18, 226 120,130-1,142,203-4,215 satire, 23-4, 75-81 , 83-6, 88-90, StanzaicMorte Arthur, 8, 182 112 Statius, 179 Scattergood, V. j ., 223, 227 Sullens, I., 220 Schmitz, Go, 209, 228 Summoner, 28-30, 32, 38-40, 44, Second Nun, 31, 92 47,49, 61, 73, 85, 89, 92, Second NunJs Prologue, 36, 39,42, 172,214 214 Summoner's Prologue, 37-8 Second NunJs Tale, 174, 179, Summoner's Tale, 58-60, 65-6, 74, 184-6,212,218 89-90,187,201 Seneca, 60, 62,218 sentence (and solas), 10, 38,41-2, T 46, 66-7, 75, 88, 90, 93, 131, tale collection, 2-4, 18-19, 35, 143, 145, 154, 177, 198, 48,50-1,54-5,64,92-3,120, 210-11 167-79,188-9,207,214-16 Seven Sages ofRome, 51, 94, Tavormina, M oT., 225 170-2, 189 Theophrastus, 200 Shakespeare, William, III Thomas, Tristran, 114 Shepherd, So, 146,226 Thomas ofSalisbury, 54 Shipman, 28-9,31,36, 73,92,172 Thompson, N oJo , 177,227 ShipmanJs Tale, 73-4, 87-8, 174, 'To Rosemounde', 175 177, 186-7 Torrent ofPortyngale, 94 Sidney, Philip, 51 Torti, Ao, 224 Sir Degari, 94, 119, 124-5 Tournament of Tottenham, 169 Sir Degrevant, 74, 94, 113-16, Towneiey Plays, 79 165 Traini, Francisco, 38 Sir Eglamour, 119 Trevet, N icholas, 135-6, 139, 143, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 225 4,79,98, 113-14, 119, 130, 'Troilus and Criseyde, 1-2, 5, 9-10, 148, 156, 159-66, 169, 174, 12,16,45,50,119-20,131, 181-2,204,213 167,181,183,204,210 Sir Isumbras, 94, 96 Turville-Petre, T., 206, 222, 228 Sir Landevale, 101, 103-7, 124 Sir Launfal, 95-6, 101, 103-7, U 120, 124 Usk, Thomas, 131-2,224 Sir Orfto, 94, 124-6 Sir Thopas, 9, 41-2, 44, 46, 72-4, V 92-6, 100, 104, 107, 117-20, Valerius Maximus, 62 131,151,173-7,188-9,209 Virgil, 12, 16, 54 Skeat, W W, 110,222 Theux du Paon, 183 Index 245

W "WilliamofPalerne, 112 Wace, 182 Wimsatt, J. I., 218, 227 l#iddyng ofSir Gawain and Dame Windeatt, B., 10, 119, 131,218, ~neU, 146-50, 152, 158-9 223 Weiss, J., 222 "Winncr and unstcr, 4, 112, 206 Wetherbee, w., 224-5 "Wisdom, 77 Wife ofBath, 28-9, 31, 33, 39-40,47-8,62-3,73,86-8, y 93, 118, 153-4, 156-60, 165, Yeager, R. E, 224-6 172, 196-7, 199-200 Yeoman, 28-30, 110, 178 "WiftofBath)s Prologue, 8-9, 37, Ypotis, 94 46-9,55,83,86-8,153,156-7 "Wift ofBath's Tale, 49, 62-3, 92, 117,119-20,132, 146-60, 162, 165-6, 196