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Integrated Approach for Sinkhole Evaluation and Evolution Prediction in the Central Ebro Basin (NE Spain) Óscar Pueyo Anchuela*, Andrés Pocoví Juan, Antonio M

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Integrated Approach for Sinkhole Evaluation and Evolution Prediction in the Central Ebro Basin (NE Spain) Óscar Pueyo Anchuela*, Andrés Pocoví Juan, Antonio M International Journal of Speleology 46 (2) 237-249 Tampa, FL (USA) May 2017 Available online at scholarcommons.usf.edu/ijs International Journal of Speleology Off icial Journal of Union Internationale de Spéléologie Integrated approach for sinkhole evaluation and evolution prediction in the Central Ebro Basin (NE Spain) Óscar Pueyo Anchuela*, Andrés Pocoví Juan, Antonio M. Casas Sainz, Javier Gracia Abadías, and Carlos L. Liesa Carrera Grupo de Investigación Geotransfer, Instituto Universitario en Ciencias Ambientales Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain Abstract: Evaluation of karst hazards benefits from the integration of different techniques, methodologies and approaches. Each one presents a different signature and is sensitive to certain indicators related to karst hazards. In some cases, detailed analysis permits the evaluation of representativeness either from isolated approaches or by means of integrated analyses. In this study, we present the evaluation of an area with high density of karstic collapses at different evolutionary stages through the integration of surficial, historical, geomorphological and geophysical data in order to finally define the evolutionary model for karst activity development. The obtained dataset permits to identify different steps in sinkhole evolution: (i) cavities and open sinkholes, (ii) filling of these cavities, with materials having different signatures, (iii) the progression from collapses to subsidence sinkholes and (iv) enlargement through collapses in marginal areas of previous sinkholes. The presence of different stages of this evolutionary model permits to determine their own signatures that can be of application in contexts where analysis cannot be so systematic and also to evaluate the definition of the marginal areas of previous sinkholes as the most hazardous sectors. Keywords: karst, sinkhole, geophysics, sinkhole inventory, Ebro Basin Received 28 September 2016; Revised 31 May 2017; Accepted 1 June 2017 Citation: Pueyo Anchuela Ó., Pocoví Juan A., Casas Sainz A.M., Gracia Abadías J. and Liesa Carrera H.D., 2017. Integrated approach for sinkhole evaluation and evolution prediction in the Central Ebro Basin (NE Spain). International Journal of Speleology, 46 (2), 237-249. Tampa, FL (USA) ISSN 0392-6672 https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.46.2.2064 INTRODUCTION evaluations (e.g., Simón et al., 1991, Soriano & Simón, 1995; Simón & Soriano, 2002; Simón et al., The use of geomorphological analysis based on 1998; Yilmaz, 2007; Lamelas et al., 2008; Galve et al., aerial photographs with stereoscopic coverage has 2009a,b; Thierry et al., 2009; Perrin et al., 2015), and been one of the most usual and useful approaches in are often based on long records of sinkhole activity the characterization of sinkholes and development of and the assumption that new subsidence foci are sinkhole inventories. Information for these inventoriesPROOF prone to develop in sectors where previous evidences can be complementedCORRECTED by field inspection, records of exist. This generalization resides in the indirect infrastructures and building damages, inhabitant evaluation of the geological, geomorphological, interviews and topographical analysis. All these data geotechnical, hydrogeological, etc. factors that favor can permit the overall definition of the karst matter, the development of sinkhole clusters. its characterization and its historical recent evolution Geomorphological datasets or sinkhole inventories (e.g., Waltham et al., 2005; Cooper et al., 2011). can be integrated by using satellite data (topography), These datasets can allow to the exclusion of high LiDAR and InSAR technologies, in order to identify susceptibility karstic zones in urban or infrastructure recent subsidence processes (e.g., Berardino et al., planning and also help in the evaluation of geological 2002; Lindsay & Creed, 2006; Castañeda et al., factors that favor karst sinkholes. This evaluation 2009). These approaches can ultimately lead to the can also lead to understand the conditions that creation of inventories in more or less automatic favor karst development in areas where historical- manners (e.g., Wu et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 2016). geomorphological datasets are scarce or ambiguous, Poor data accessibility, requirements of wide and to predict future unstable zones. These procedures time-span intervals for the historical analysis or can include heuristic, deterministic or statistical anthropogenic or natural modifications can limit the *[email protected] The author’s rights are protected under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. 238 Pueyo Anchuela et al. representativeness, completeness and accuracy of and glauberite; Salvany et al., 2007; Salvany, 2009). inventories (e.g., Galve et al., 2009; Al- Kouri et al., The drainage system changed after the connection of 2013; Gutiérrez et al., 2014). the Ebro River with the Mediterranean Sea causing In this sense, both geomorphological maps and the beginning of erosion of the endorheic basin. sinkhole inventories can be the background for The geomorphology of the studied region is subsequent evaluation of susceptibility and definition characterized by a stepped progression of Quaternary of hazard maps that can improve the prediction terraces from South to North. The Ebro River is located availability. These approaches and the statistical along the northern border of the alluvial deposits regression of previous data allow the identification (Fig. 1) and the Miocene evaporitic materials are located of karstic evidences and definition of their overall at different depths below the Quaternary deposits. boundaries. However, they cannot be directly used Quaternary deposits crop out extensively both to to map voids prone to collapse (Norman & Watson, the S and N of the studied zone, having thickness 1975). Moreover, when karst processes involve very between 7 and 15 m. In exposures, evaporitic units are soluble rocks and high water availability, karst can characterized by alternating gypsum and marly levels, evolve at very high rates, thus requiring the prediction while halite is also known in the mining exploitations and delimitation of susceptible areas or near-to-the- at Remolinos, less than 10 km East of the studied surface cavities for the definition of unstable sectors zone (Fig. 1); glauberite has also been identified in (Martínez et al., 1998; Walthan et al., 2005; Gutiérrez boreholes in the same area (e.g., Pueyo Anchuela et et al., 2008). al., 2010b). Geophysical approaches have also been used The studied area is located in one of the Holocene as another data source for sinkhole inventories, terraces near to the transition to the river flood permitting to reduce uncertainties related to recent plain (Fig. 1). according to borehole data the water surficial anthropogenic or natural modifications, and level related to the Ebro river aquifer is 3 m deep also for the prediction of collapses without surface and the evaporitic substratum is between 5 and 7 m expression (Benson & Yuhr, 1993; Pueyo Anchuela et deep. Gravels and interbedded sands forming terrace al., 2011a; Kaufmann, 2014 and references therein). levels can present carbonate cementations near to In many cases, geophysical results allow to define, the surface. Soils are scarce and only have some with high resolution, the limits of pre-existing karstic centimeters thick when cemented gravels are the evidences and their underground geometry. However, outcropping unit. they are strongly dependent on the particular features associated with karst processes, such as sinkhole FIELD EVIDENCE fillings, decompaction of underground materials, water table changes, more dense vegetation growth This study has been performed in a farming field and/or structural and geometrical changes of the with an area of nearly 9,000 m2 where agricultural underground units affected by cavity propagation; activities ceased because to the high density of see for example Pueyo Anchuela et al. (2016). The collapses developed in the last decades. The surficial integrated evaluation using different geophysical evidences are diverse, including open collapses and techniques can allow to improve, having in mind a subsidence zones (Fig. 2). In some cases, collapses are constrained geological evolutionary karst model, related to cavities located at some centimeters from sinkhole predictive models (Pueyo Anchuela et the surface. These cavities are stable at near-to-the- al., 2010a, 2011b; Frumkin et al., 2011 and surface conditions due to the presence of cemented references therein). gravel deposits. In these cases no karst evidences In this work, a detailed analysis in a sector preclude collapses; in other cases, concentric cracks with recent and active karstic evidences has been surrounding collapses can be mapped. performed. Geomorphological, field inspection and The vertical sedimentary series identified within geophysical data were integrated in order to evaluate collapses comprises a scarcely developed soil and a sensitivity of the different approaches to the definition cemented gravel subsurficial unit interbedded with and inventory of karst sinkholes. The proposalPROOF and sands and gravels. Collapses do not permit to identify evaluationCORRECTED of the sinkhole evolutionary model led the original soluble series in the subsoil, but nearby to the improvement of sinkhole knowledge and the boreholes indicate the presence of a marly grey evaluation of data representativeness
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