NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS (ARANEAE: PHOLCIDAE): A REVISION AT GENERIC LEVEL

BERNHARD A. HUBER Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History

BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 254, 348 pages, 1357 figures, 9 maps, 4 appendices Issued June 30, 2000 Price: $29.30 a copy

Copyright ᭧ American Museum of Natural History 2000 ISSN 0003-0090 CONTENTS Abstract ...... 04 Introduction ...... 04 Materials and Methods ...... 06 Acknowledgments ...... 07 Phylogenetics ...... 07 Terminal Taxa ...... 07 Characters Scored ...... 09 Characters Not Scored ...... 32 Cladistic Analysis ...... 34 Taxonomy—Pholcidae ...... 41 Diagnosis ...... 41 Description ...... 46 Natural History ...... 48 Composition ...... 50 Key to New World Genera ...... 50 Metagonia Simon ...... 53 Leptopholcus Simon ...... 76 Ninetis Simon ...... 80 Nerudia, New Genus ...... 87 Kambiwa, New Genus ...... 87 Gertschiola Brignoli ...... 90 Ibotyporanga Mello-Leita˜o ...... 94 Guaranita, New Genus ...... 96 Galapa, New Genus ...... 100 Enetea, New Genus ...... 103 Aucana, New Genus ...... 105 Pholcophora Banks ...... 113 Tolteca, New Genus ...... 117 Papiamenta, New Genus ...... 121 Chisosa, New Genus ...... 124 Priscula Simon ...... 128 Tainonia, New Genus ...... 145 Physocyclus Simon ...... 148 Ixchela, New Genus ...... 150 Aymaria, New Genus ...... 153 Chibchea, New Genus ...... 162 Mesabolivar Gonza«lez-Sponga ...... 189 Carapoia Gonza«lez-Sponga ...... 238 Coryssocnemis Simon ...... 246 Mecoloesthus Simon ...... 255 Kaliana, New Genus ...... 271 Waunana, New Genus ...... 274 Pisaboa, New Genus ...... 281 Pomboa, New Genus ...... 288 Litoporus Simon ...... 292 Otavaloa, New Genus ...... 305 Teuia, New Genus ...... 313 Tupigea, New Genus ...... 314 Canaima, New Genus ...... 327 Blancoa, New Genus ...... 330 Species Incertae Sedis ...... 334 2 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 3

References ...... 337 Appendix 1. Matrix for Phylogenetic Analysis ...... 342 Appendix 2. Cladogram ...... 343 Appendix 3. Species of Wrong or Doubtful Generic Position ...... 344 Appendix 4. Complete List of Pholcid Genera Worldwide ...... 346 Index of Generic and Specific Names ...... 347 4 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

ABSTRACT New World pholcids are revised at the generic level, with an emphasis on South America. A total of 47 extant genera occur in the New World, 22 of which are newly described. A preliminary key to the genera of the New World is presented. Redescriptions are given for 11 genera and for 59 species, and 106 species are newly described. Three generic names and 14 specific names are newly synonymized (see below). A numerical cladistic analysis is per- formed using a matrix of 61 taxa (48 of them New World pholcids) and 61 morphological characters. The main results of the analysis are as follows: (1) Pholcids are strongly supported as a monophyletic group. (2) Pholcids are separated into the following clades, which are tentatively named to emphasize their character as a working hypothesis: ‘‘ninetines,’’ ‘‘phol- cines’’ (Metagonia Simon and the Pholcus group sensu Huber), ‘‘holocnemines’’ (Holocnemus group sensu Timm, Artema Walckenaer, Physocyclus Simon, and Priscula Simon), and the ‘‘New World clade.’’ Their interrelationships are not definitively resolved. (3) New World pholcids are an assemblage of representatives of all major clades within the family, but most genera are part of the New World clade, which is the only clade restricted to the New World. (4) A hypothesis concerning the evolutionary transformation of characters is given for 41 of the 54 traits scored that vary among pholcids. The following names are newly synonymized: Anomalaia Gonza«lez-Sponga, 1998, with Metagonia Simon, 1893; Blechroscelis Simon, 1893, with Priscula Simon, 1893; Myrmido- nella Berland, 1919, with Ninetis Simon, 1890; Blechroscelis coeruleus (Keyserling, 1891), with Coryssocnemis [now Mesabolivar] togatus (Keyserling, 1891); Blechroscelis irroratus Mello-Leita˜o, 1947, Psilochorus browningi Roewer, 1951, and Blechroscelis virescens Mello- Leita˜o, 1947, with Blechroscelis [now Mesabolivar] aurantiacus (Mello-Leita˜o, 1930); Ble- chroscelis viridis Mello-Leita˜o, 1918, with Litoporus [now Mesabolivar] brasiliensis (Moenk- haus, 1898); Hypsorinus conwayi Mello-Leita˜o, 1947, with Priscula binghamae (Chamberlin, 1916); Priscula ranchograndensis Gonza«lez-Sponga, 1996, with Priscula venezuelana Simon, 1893; Litoporus abrahami Mello-Leita˜o, 1947, with Coryssocnemis [now Litoporus] uncatus (Simon, 1893); Litoporus coccineus Simon, 1893, Litoporus imbecillus (Keyserling, 1891), and Litoporus fulvus Moenkhaus, 1898, with Litoporus [now Mesabolivar] luteus (Keyserling, 1891); Micromerys occidentalis (Mello-Leita˜o, 1929), with Micropholcus fauroti (Simon, 1887); Pholcus dubiomaculatus Mello-Leita˜o, 1918, with Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775); Physocyclus dubius Mello-Leita˜o, 1922, with Physocyclus globosus (Taczanowski, 1874).

INTRODUCTION One of the major incentives for this study survey in a single state (Departamento del was the gross imbalance between the appar- Valle) yielded a total of 52 morphospecies, ent diversity and species richness of pholcid only one of which could be identified (Flor- spiders on one hand, and the seemingly ez, 1996). In another faunistic study in north- hopeless taxonomic situation within the fam- ern Peru, Silva (1996) reported over two doz- ily on the other hand, especially regarding en morphospecies from a restricted rainforest the Neotropics. The first point has been made area, while only four species were previously clear in a number of recent, scattered studies recorded from all of Peru. Species numbers that have shown that throughout the tropics, have increased tremendously in the few cases pholcids are not only vastly more diverse where more or less comprehensive surveys than suggested by the number of nominal were made (e.g., Gertsch, 1982, who de- species, but that in some areas they are even scribed 44 new species of Anopsicus Cham- among the dominant web-building spider berlin and Ivie in a region where only 19 families. For example, while only five phol- were previously known; Huber, 1998c, who cid species were previously recorded from described 10 new species of Modisimus Si- Colombia (two of them were actually col- mon in Costa Rica, where only one was pre- lected in Hamburg from bananas shipped viously recorded). There are hints that the from Colombia: Schmidt, 1956), a spider situation in the Old World is not much dif- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 5

ferent: Deeleman-Reinhold (1986a) reported not surprising that subsequent authors were 28 undescribed species of Belisana Thorell unable to correctly assign new species. An- from southeast Asia; the genus is still mono- other reason is the seemingly biblelike status typic. In a recent species richness estimation acquired by Simon’s (1893b) ‘‘Histoire Na- study in a montane forest in Tanzania (L. turelle des Araigne«es.’’ Instead of taking it S¿rensen, N. Scharff and J. Coddington; per- as a highly valuable starting point, a working sonal commun.), the two most abundant spi- hypothesis waiting to be improved, the few der species were pholcids, making up more authors who have published pholcid classi- than 3000 of the 9000 collected specimens. fications since Simon (Petrunkevitch, 1928, The second point, the confused taxonomic 1939; Mello-Leita˜o, 1946) made only minor situation mentioned above, is best conveyed changes, without discussing the evidence for by a few typical examples: the genus Cor- them, and in general these changes were for yssocnemis Simon is herein divided among the worse. The only more serious attempt at six genera (plus some species incertae sedis), a generic revision was started in the early with only the type species left in Coryssoc- 1970s by P. M. Brignoli (Brignoli, 1972b), nemis. While the wastebucket category is ar- who ‘‘after a comparatively short time had to guably a temporarily useful concept that may abandon the project because too many im- help to keep related taxa monophyletic, it is portant types were unavailable’’ (Brignoli, of course useless when all taxa are waste- 1981). A third reason, as far as the New buckets: not only Coryssocnemis, but all ma- World is concerned, was the bias toward a jor South American genera (Blechroscelis Si- few geographical regions, especially Mexico mon, Litoporus Simon) are herein split up and the United States (through W. J. into several putatively monophyletic groups. Gertsch’s work), and southeastern Brazil This commonly practiced arbitrary assign- (through C. de Mello-Leita˜o’s work). This ment of species to genera is reflected in cases made it quite impossible to detect any rela- where males and females were assigned to tionships between the North and South different genera [e.g., Coryssocnemis togata American faunas. And finally, pholcids are (Keyserling) and Blechroscelis coerulea in general not among the most easily col- (Keyserling)], although sexual dimorphism lected spiders, as they often effectively in pholcids is usually restricted to organs that bounce out of sight, or are cryptic, or tiny were not used to define genera. Many ex- with bodies between 1 and 2 mm, or have amples could be drawn from Mello-Leita˜o’s long entangling legs, or all of the above. The extensive work in Brazil and neighboring sometimes rather fortuitous way pholcids end countries. The culmination is probably Mel- up in collections is nicely illustrated by the lo-Leita˜o’s 1947b paper, where one species is newly described Mecoloesthus hoti, n. sp., described under two different generic and whose single known specimen (according to three different specific names, all of which the label) ‘‘fell from overhead vegetation into are synonyms of a species the author had de- dugout canoe’’ in the remote Venezuelan scribed 17 years earlier [Blechroscelis auran- Amazonas. tiacus Mello-Leita˜o, 1930 (now Mesaboli- Whatever the historical reasons, the arbi- var)]. Brignoli (1981) gave a fitting summary trary assignment of poorly described new of this situation when he stated that ‘‘[there species to genera, and the geographic bias is] an extremely large number of species that toward Mexico and Brazil made it necessary are extremely difficult to identify, even at the to both redescribe many species and to de- generic level, from the existing literature.’’ scribe many new ones, especially from un- Historically, this imbalance between ap- derrepresented regions. As a result, it was not parent species richness and taxonomic chaos feasible in the time available to substantially probably has several causes. One goes back include Old World taxa, and even in the New to Euge`ne Simon himself, who on one hand World, the present work is heavily biased to- provided the first useful classification of ward South America. Other than the limited pholcids (Simon, 1893b), but failed in most resources, this seems justified by the obser- cases to accompany his descriptions of new vation that on a generic level, the New and genera and species with drawings. It is thus Old World pholcid faunas have little in com- 6 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 mon, a claim made previously by Brignoli MACN Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, (1981) and Huber (1998d), and substantiated Buenos Aires herein by the cladistic analysis. Moreover, a MCN Museu de Cieˆncias Naturais, Porto Ale- similarly strict separation occurs between the gre, Rio Grande do Sul faunas of North America and South America, MCP Pontif«õca Univ. Cato«lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre with very little overlap in Panama and west- MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- ern Colombia, and on the Lesser Antilles. Fi- bridge nally, the genera of North and Central Amer- MLP Museo de La Plata, La Plata ica, and possibly also the Old World genera, MNHN Muse«um National d’Histoire Naturelle, seem much better defined, or are at least eas- Paris ily assignable to well-defined genus groups MNRJ Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio (such as the Old World Pholcus group). de Janeiro Even with this relative restriction to South MUSM Museo de Historia Natural, Lima America (which I abandoned only in the cos- MZF Museo Zoologico de ‘‘la Specola,’’ Fi- mopolitan and possibly monophyletic nine- renze MZSP Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de tines because of their assumed importance as Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo the most basal taxon within Pholcidae), it QMB Queensland Museum, Brisbane was necessary to carefully select species for SMF Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum description, especially from collections I re- Senckenberg, Frankfurt ceived late during the course of this study. SMNK Staatliches Museum fu¬r Naturkunde, In a few cases, such as ninetines and Pris- Karlsruhe cula, I initially intended to prepare compre- UCR Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose« hensive revisions, but this soon proved un- USNM National Museum of Natural History, feasible and adverse to the general purpose Washington of this study. This means that even the few collections studied still contain many dozens All new species are based on a male ho- of undescribed species. The species numbers lotype, and the description of the male al- given in the descriptions of genera can thus ways refers to this specimen. Only SEM data hardly be used to infer the relative diversity (tarsal organ, epigastric system, spinnerets) of genera, and are certainly not usable to es- are not taken from the holotype; all other ex- timate total species numbers for any taxon. ceptions are explicitly mentioned in the text. Even though this restriction to South Amer- Measurements are in millimeters unless ica was not applied to the cladistic analysis, noted otherwise. One or two decimals are the cladogram is explicitly proposed as a given, depending on the assumed accurate- working hypothesis for several reasons dis- ness of the measurement. Carapace length cussed below. was measured from the anterior face of the ocular area to the rear margin of the carapace medially, excluding the clypeus. I use the MATERIALS AND METHODS term carapace for the dorsal part of the pro- This work is based on material from the soma. Total length is the sum of carapace and following collections: opisthosoma length, regardless of the petiol- us. Both are approximate measures just in- AMNH American Museum of Natural History, tended to give an idea of the size of the spi- New York der. More accurate measures are those of car- BMNH Natural History Museum, London apace width (maximum width) and leg seg- CAS California Academy of Sciences, San ment length, especially tibia length Francisco (measured dorsally), which are to the nearest CCR Collection Carles Ribera, Barcelona 0.02 mm (shortest legs, prosoma) to 0.1 mm CUC Cornell University Collection, housed in AMNH, New York (longest legs). The ratio of tibia 1 length/ FMNH Field Museum of Natural History, Chi- width is a measure of the robustness of the cago legs, and has a precision of about Ϯ2. IRSB Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de All drawings were done with a camera lu- Belgique, Brussels cida, either on a dissecting microscope (Ni- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 7

kon SMZ-U), or on a compound microscope computer-related problems, to Angela Klaus (Wild). Epigyna were cleared in warm KOH for her assistance at the SEM, and to Laural solution, transferred to water, and temporar- Carroll for copy-editing the manuscript. The ily mounted for drawing. For SEM photos, distribution maps are based on maps pro- specimens were cleaned ultrasonically, criti- duced by the Smithsonian Institution (South cal point dried, gold sputtered, and examined America) and the University of Chicago (Af- and photographed in a Hitachi S-570, a Zeiss rica). DSM 9-10, and a Hitachi S-4700 cold emis- I depended on the time and effort of nu- sion SEM. merous curators, curatorial assistants, and Collection data were usually simply cop- other individuals to send me material, and ied from the labels which is the reason for want to thank all those who answered my the variable reporting of latitude and longi- requests: Leo«n Baert (IRSB), Erika H. Buck- tude data, and for the inconsistency in dis- up (MCN), Jonathan Coddington (USNM), tances and elevations (km versus mi, m ver- Manfred Grasshoff (SMF), Charles Griswold sus ft). (CAS), Hubert Ho¬fer (SMNK), Adriano B. The numerical cladistic analysis was done Kury (MNRJ), Herbert W. Levi and Laura using NONA, version 1.8 (Goloboff, 1993); Leibensperger (MCZ), Arno A. Lise (MCP), Hennig86, version 1.5 (Farris, 1988); and Janet Margerison-Knight (BMNH), Giselle Pee-Wee, version 2.8 (Goloboff, 1997). Trees Mora (UCR), Ricardo Pinto-da-Rocha were examined in Clados, version 1.2 (Nix- (MZSP), Carles Ribera (Barcelona), Christi- on, 1992). See Phylogenetics for details of ne Rollard (MNHN), C. Scioscia (MACN), the analysis. Petra Sierwald (FMNH), Diana Silva (MUSM), Carola A. Sutton de Licitra ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (MLP), and Sarah Whitman (MZF). I particularly thank Diana Silva for per- I am deeply indebted to Norman Platnick sonally bringing with her the Peruvian for his support and guidance throughout the (MUSM) material from a trip to Lima, Jon- course of this study, particularly for entrust- athan Coddington for his hospitality and ing to me the ninetines he had laboriously sharing of ideas, and Laura Leibensperger, gathered over time from various institutions Ju¬rgen Gruber, and Antonio Brescovit for or collected himself; for figures 64, 73, 74; sending me literature while I was still in Cos- and for criticism on previous drafts of the ta Rica. manuscript. The critical reviews and helpful The greatest part of the research was done suggestions of Charles Griswold and Robert while I was a Theodore Roosevelt Postdoc- Raven greatly helped improve the manu- toral Fellow, then a Peter J. Solomon Re- script. Numerous further individuals assisted search Fellow, and finally a Kalbfleisch Re- in uncountable ways and made my stay at search Fellow, all at the American Museum the American Museum of Natural History a of Natural History, New York. Preliminary pleasure, namely Diana Silva, Kefyn Catley, research was done while I was a postdoc in Vladimir Ovtsharenko, Xin-Ping Wang, Tam Costa Rica, funded by the FWF (Fonds zur Nguyen, and Boris Zakcharov. Special Fo¬rderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung, thanks to Lou Sorkin, who quickly fixed all Austria).

PHYLOGENETICS TERMINAL TAXA both the putative sister taxon of Pholcidae The following is the complete list of taxa (Diguetidae ϩ Plectreuridae; see Platnick et scored for the cladistic analysis, including or- al., 1991), and spiders that resemble pholcids igin and deposition site of the specimens in some general way (Filistatidae, Ochyro- studied. Outgroups were chosen to represent ceratidae). 8 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Filistatidae 1. Kukulkania hibernalis (Hentz) Costa Rica: San Jose« Prov. (UCR) Ochyroceratidae 2. Ochyrocera sp. Costa Rica: San Jose« Prov. (AMNH) Diguetidae 3. Diguetia signata Gertsch USA: Arizona, Yuma Co. (AMNH) Plectreuridae 4. Plectreurys tristis Simon USA: Arizona: Tucson (AMNH) Pholcidae 5. Metagonia argentinensis Mello-Leita˜o Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul (MCN) 6. Metagonia rica (Gertsch) Costa Rica: San Jose« Prov. (UCR) 7. Metagonia delicata (O. Pickard-Cambridge) Nicaragua: Bluefields (UCR) 8. Metagonia globulosa, n. sp. Peru: Loreto: Rio Samiria (MUSM) 9. Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin) USA: San Francisco (AMNH) 10. Leptopholcus delicatulus Franganillo Cuba: Oriente (AMNH) 11. Spermophora senoculata (Duge`s) USA: New York City (AMNH) 12. Micropholcus fauroti (Simon) USA: Texas: Edinburg (AMNH) 13. Ninetis minuta (Berland) Kenya: Kilifi (AMNH) 14. Ibotyporanga naideae Mello-Leita˜o Brazil: Goias: Tocantins (MCN) 15. Galapa baerti (Gertsch) Ecuador: Gala«pagos Isl. (IRBS) 16. Aucana platnicki, n. gen., n. sp. Chile: Coquimbo (AMNH) 17. Aucana kaala, n. gen., n. sp. New Caledonia: Prov. Nord (AMNH) 18. Pholcophora americana Banks USA: California: Placer Co. (AMNH) 19. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch) Mexico: Oaxaca (AMNH) 20. Papiamenta levii (Gertsch) Netherlands Antilles (MCZ) 21. Chisosa diluta (Gertsch) USA: Texas: Brewster Co. (AMNH) 22. Priscula binghamae (Chamberlin) Bolivia: La Paz (AMNH) 23. Priscula ulai Gonza«lez-Sponga Venezuela: Me«rida (AMNH) 24. Physocyclus globosus (Taczanowski) Costa Rica: San Jose« (UCR) 25. Physocyclus mysticus Chamberlin Mexico: Baja California (AMNH) 26. Artema atlanta Walckenaer USA: Arizona (AMNH) 27. Smeringopus pallidus (Blackwall) Costa Rica: San Jose« Prov. (AMNH) 28. Crossopriza lyoni (Blackwall) India: West Bengal (AMNH) 29. Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli) Spain: Almeria (AMNH) 30. Psilochorus pullulus (Hentz) USA: Arkansas (AMNH) 31. Psilochorus rockefelleri Gertsch USA: Arizona (AMNH) 32. Anopsicus zeteki (Gertsch) Panama: Chiriqu«õ Prov. (UCR) 33. Modisimus guatuso Huber Costa Rica: San Jose« Prov. (UCR) 34. Modisimus culicinus (Simon) Costa Rica: San Jose« (UCR) 35. Ixchela furcula (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge) Guatemala: Dept. Solola« (UCR) 36. Ixchela abernathyi (Gertsch) Mexico: Nuevo Leo«n (AMNH) 37. Aymaria conica (Banks) Ecuador: Gala«pagos Isl. (AMNH) 38. Aymaria calilegua, n. gen., n. sp. Argentina: Jujuy (AMNH) 39. Chibchea ika, n. gen., n. sp. Colombia: Ce«sar (AMNH) 40. Chibchea salta, n. gen., n. sp. Argentina: Salta (AMNH) 41. Chibchea araona, n. gen., n. sp. Bolivia: Oruro (AMNH) 42. Mesabolivar junin, n. sp. Peru: Junin (AMNH) 43. Mesabolivar eberhardi, n. sp. Colombia: Meta (UCR) 44. Mesabolivar aurantiacus (Mello-Leita˜o) Brazil: Amazonas: Manaus (MCZ) 45. Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling) Brazil: Sa˜o Paulo (MCZ) 46. Carapoia fowleri, n. sp. Brazil: Amazonas: Manaus (MCZ) 47. Coryssocnemis simla, n. sp. Trinidad: Arima Valley (AMNH) 48. Coryssocnemis guatopo, n. sp. Venezuela: Miranda (AMNH) 49. Mecoloesthus longissimus Simon Venezuela: Miranda (AMNH) 50. Mecoloesthus taino, n. sp. Lesser Ant.: Guadeloupe (AMNH) 51. Waunana modesta (Banks) Panama: Canal Zone (MCZ) 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 9

52. Pisaboa silvae, n. gen., n. sp. Peru: Loreto: Samiria (MUSM) 53. Pomboa pallida, n. gen., n. sp. Colombia: Dept. del Valle (MCZ) 54. Litoporus lopez, n. sp. Colombia: Meta (MCZ) 55. Litoporus dimona, n. sp. Brazil: Amazonas (MCZ) 56. Otavaloa angotero, n. gen., n. sp. Ecuador: Napo (AMNH) 57. Otavaloa piro, n. gen., n. sp. Peru: Madre de Dios (MUSM) 58. Tupigea nadleri, n. gen., n. sp. Brazil: Esp«õrito Santo (AMNH) 59. Tupigea lisei, n. gen., n. sp. Brazil: Santa Catarina (MCP) 60. Canaima arima (Gertsch) Trinidad: Arima Valley (AMNH) 61. Blancoa piacoa, n. gen., n. sp. Venezuela: Delta Amacuro (AMNH)

esis for the evolutionary transformation of Twenty-seven pholcid genera are not in- each character, anticipating the results of the cluded in the cladistic analysis for the fol- cladistic analysis. Even though it should be lowing reasons: First, the genera Belisana, obvious, I want to emphasize that the short- Calapnita, Micromerys, Panjange, Parami- hand ‘‘state x is primitive’’ stands for ‘‘the cromerys, Smeringopina, Spermophorides, cladistic analysis suggests that state x is ple- and Uthina are exclusively Old World gen- siomorphic within Pholcidae.’’ By default I era, belonging to the Pholcus group sensu always refer to the two preferred topologies Huber (1995). Since the emphasis of this pa- found using equally weighted characters (see per is on the New World fauna, and the Cladistic Analysis below). Whenever these monophyly of the Pholcus group is corrob- two topologies, or different optimizations orated by the cladistic analysis (appendix 2: within them, suggested different plesiom- node 57), the inclusion of further genera orphic character states, this is explicitly men- seemed beyond the scope of this work. tioned (characters 2, 27, 31, 32, 34, 55, 60). Second, there was no material available to The additional topologies found using suc- me for the following genera: Mystes (mono- cessive weighting are only mentioned if they typic, only female known; possibly a nineti- suggested alternative or additional evolution- ne); Pholciella, Pholcoides (both monotypic, ary transformations (characters 3, 6, 10, 44). only females known; position unclear); Cer- atopholcus [monotypic; probably part of the Holocnemus group sensu Timm (1976)]; PROSOMA Stenosfemuraia (probably a representative of Character 1. Eye number: (0) eight; (1) the New World clade); Serratochorus (only six. Pomboa pallida has only pigment spots male holotype known, from Dominican am- in place of the anterior median eyes (AME), ber; possibly a ninetine); Holocneminus and but is scored as ‘‘0’’ because all known con- Trichocyclus (position unclear). Of these, geners have eight eyes. The primitive con- only Stenosfemuraia and Serratochorus are dition (eight eyes) was defined a priori by New World genera. Third, I had too little material available to making it a criterion for tree selection (see score essential SEM characters for a number Cladistic Analysis below). The AME have of genera. Most of them are treated in the been lost independently more often than sug- taxonomic section below, and the possible gested by the present data set, for example phylogenetic affinities are discussed there within Leptopholcus Simon, Modisimus Si- (Kaliana, Kambiwa, Enetea, Guaranita, Ner- mon, Chibchea, n. gen., Pomboa, n. gen. udia, Tainonia, Teuia, Gertschiola). The Cu- (Note that the node uniting Anopsicus and ban endemic Bryantina is close to, or a syn- Modisimus is an artifact resulting from the onym of, Modisimus; the Old World genus fact that only six-eyed representatives of Hoplopholcus is probably part of the Hol- Modisimus are included in the matrix.) ocnemus group sensu Timm (1976). Character 2. Distance between posterior median eyes (PME): (0) Ͼ 1.75 ϫ diameter CHARACTERS SCORED of PME; (1) Ͻ 1.75 ϫ diameter of PME. The Apart from a listing of all characters primitive condition is ambiguous: in one of scored, this section also provides a hypoth- the preferred topologies, state (1) unites all 10 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1Ð6. Carapace shape and eye pattern, frontal view. 1. Metagonia delicata (O. Pickard-Cam- bridge), female. 2. Metagonia maldonado, n. sp., male. 3. Papiamenta levii (Gertsch), female. 4. Ninetis namibiae, n. sp., female. 5. Holocnemus hispanicus Wiehle, female. 6. Tupigea lisei, n. gen., n. sp., female. Scale lines: 0.3 mm. pholcids except pholcines (ambiguous opti- and anterior lateral eyes (ALE): (0) Ͻ 0.55 mization); in the other topology, state (1) is ϫ diameter of PME; (1) Ͼ 0.55 ϫ diameter primitive, and state (0) evolved independent- of PME. This measure is roughly equivalent ly in pholcines and in the New World clade to the previously widely used curvature of (Litoporus Simon, Pomboa, n. gen.). eye rows. Both measures of course depend Character 3. Distance between PME on the angle at which the eyes are viewed, 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 11

Figs. 7Ð11. Carapace shape and eye pattern, frontal view. 7. Uthina sp., male from Sumatra. 8. Unidentified genus and species (Pholcus group), male from Sumatra. 9. Modisimus dominical Huber, male. 10. Anopsicus zeteki (Gertsch), female. 11. Spermophora senoculata (Duge`s), female. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

but this angle is more easily standardized for gether on this elevation; (2) two elevations, eye diameter and interocular distance than with an eye triad on each elevation. A ‘‘flat’’ for eye row curvatures. In the analysis using ocular area (i.e., one that is not or barely equally weighted characters, state (0) is raised above the carapace) is primitive. A primitive and a possible synapomorphy of median elevation evolved several times con- Pholcidae; state (1) is characteristic for the vergently, a pair of elevations apparently South American genera of the New World only in the Pholcus group. clade and has evolved, apparently indepen- Character 5. High eye turret: (0) absent; dently, also in Modisimus, Physocyclus Si- (1) present. This character is poorly defined mon, and Priscula Simon. In the analysis us- (very high median elevation, all eyes close ing successive weighting, the primitive con- together; fig. 9), and is the only known syn- dition is ambiguous. apomorphy of Modisimus. Character 4. Sculpture of ocular area: Character 6. Sculpture of carapace: (0) (0) ‘‘flat’’; (1) elevated medially, all eyes to- without median indentation; (1) with median 12 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 12Ð17. Sexual modifications on male chelicerae. 12–13. Artema atlanta Walckenaer. 14. Hol- ocnemus pluchei (Scopoli), single modified hair on cheliceral apophysis. 15. Smeringopus pallidus (Blackwall), single modified hair on cheliceral apophysis. 16. Pisaboa silvae, n. gen., n. sp., apophysis surrounded by membrane (cf. fig. 1048). 17. Aucana platnicki, n. gen., n. sp., cone-shaped apophyses and stridulatory ridges (cf. fig. 400). Scale lines: 50 ␮m (12, 17), 20 ␮m (13Ð16). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 13

Figs. 18Ð23. Sexual modifications on male chelicerae: modified hairs. 18. Carapoia fowleri,n.sp. 19–20. Carapoia ocaina,n.sp.21. Modisimus dominical Huber. 22–23. Modisimus guatuso Huber. Scale lines: 6 ␮m (18, 20, 22Ð23), 40 ␮m (19), 3 ␮m (21).

groove; (2) with a ‘‘pit,’’ i.e., a roughly cir- mysticus Chamberlin are coded as grooves. cular indentation behind ocular area. The pit In the analysis using equally weighted char- is sometimes not easily distinguished from a acters, a carapace without median indenta- mere widening of the thoracic groove. Only tion is primitive; a median groove evolved wide, circular indentations are here coded as several times convergently, but is most con- pits, while the widened grooves of, for ex- sistently found in the New World clade; the ample, Ixchela, n. gen., and Physocyclus pits of the Holocnemus group and Aymaria, 14 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 n. gen., have apparently evolved indepen- ing (only the analysis using implied weights dently from a median groove. In the analysis suggested the opposite; see Cladistic Analy- using successive weighting, the primitive sis below). Epiandrous spigots have been re- condition is ambiguous. duced several times convergently: at least Character 7. Male carapace posteriorly once in each of the following groups: nine- inflated (figs. 1024, 1060, 1069): (0) no; (1) tines, Physocyclus ϩ Priscula, and the New yes. The inflated carapace is a synapomorphy World clade. of Mecoloesthus Simon. Character 13. Spigots on posterior lat- Character 8. Clypeus height: (0) shorter eral spinnerets (PLS): (0) present; (1) ab- than chelicerae; (1) as long as or longer sent. Diguetia is coded as present because than chelicerae. The high clypeus is a syn- spigots are present in females (and some- apomorphy of Pholcidae. times also in males), and their presence is Character 9. Male clypeus sexual mod- considered plesiomorphic (Platnick et al., ification: (0) absent, or only in inclination; 1991). The absence of PLS spigots is a syn- (1) present. A sexually unmodified clypeus apomorphy of Pholcidae. is primitive. In the present data set, clypeus Character 14. Spigots on anterior lat- modifications occur only in Metagonia, but eral spinnerets (ALS): (0) several piriform they are actually more widespread. They also gland spigots present; (1) only one piriform occur in Litoporus (fig. 1213), in Kaliana n. gland spigot present. Diguetia and Plectreu- gen. (fig. 1095), in Holocneminus Berland rys are coded as ‘‘0’’ because the presence (see Marples, 1955; Deeleman-Reinhold, of several spigots seems to be the primitive 1995), Spermophora Hentz (see Berland, condition in both families (Platnick et al., 1920; Fage and Simon, 1936), Smeringopina 1991). Ninetis minuta was not examined, but Kraus (see Kraus, 1957), Modisimus culici- is coded as ‘‘0’’ because spigots are present nus (Simon) (see Huber, 1997d: fig. 1, 1999: in N. namibiae, n. sp. (fig. 152). The pres- figs. 5Ð6), and Leptopholcus (see Simon, ence of several piriform gland spigots is con- 1893b, fig. 464). sidered primitive by the analyses using Character 10. Sternum shape: (0) about equally weighted characters and successive as wide as long: width ϭ 1–1.15 ϫ length; weighting. Only the analysis using implied (1) significantly wider than long: width Ͼ weights suggested the opposite at conc (val- 1.15 ϫ length; (2) longer than wide. In the ue of concavity constant) ϭ 5 and 6; see Cla- analysis using equally weighted characters, a distic Analysis below. ALS piriform spigots narrow sternum [state (0)] is primitive. In the have been reduced to one at least five times analysis using successive weighting, the independently: in some Metagonia species, primitive condition is ambiguous. within Calapnita (they are present in C. phyl- Character 11. Anterior humps on male licola Deeleman-Reinhold, absent in C. ver- sternum: (0) absent; (1) present. Such miformis Simon; figs. 161, 177), in Iboty- humps have apparently evolved several times poranga,inCrossopriza ϩ Holocnemus, and convergently, both in ninetines and the New in the entire New World clade. World clade (e.g., figs. 317, 1102). Their Character 15. Cribellum: (0) present; (1) function is unknown. absent. In the present data set, only Kukul- kania has a cribellum. OPISTHOSOMA Character 16. Pseudoentelegyny: (0) ab- sent; (1) present. This refers to the situation Character 12. Epiandrous spigots in found in many representatives of Metagonia, front of male gonopore: (0) absent; (1) pre- where a receptacle is provided with two sent. In Ninetis minuta, the male gonopore ducts in a conduit morphology (Huber, was not studied. It is coded as present be- 1997a). State (0) is primitive. cause spigots are present in the closely re- Character 17. Knob- or hook-shaped lated N. namibiae, n. sp. (fig. 125). The pres- apophysis medially on epigynum: (0) ab- ence of epiandrous spigots is considered sent; (1) present. This knob-shaped apophy- primitive by the analyses using equally sis is here considered a synapomorphy of the weighted characters and successive weight- Pholcus group, but may actually be a syna- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 15

Figs. 24Ð29. Sexual modifications on male chelicerae: modified hairs. 24Ð25. Spermophora seno- culata (Duge`s), modified hairs on distal cheliceral apophysis. 26. Micropholcus fauroti (Simon), mod- ified hairs on distal cheliceral apophysis. 27. Leptopholcus dalei (Petrunkevitch), modified hair on che- liceral apophysis. 28. Metagonia rica Gertsch, hairs on frontal surface. 29. Metagonia delicata (O. Pickard-Cambridge), one of the several hairs on frontal surface. Scale lines: 4 ␮m (24, 27Ð29), 10 ␮m (25Ð26). 16 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 30Ð35. Sexual modifications on male chelicerae. 30. Galapa baerti (Gertsch), cheliceral fang with basal apophysis (arrow). 31. Chibchea araona, n. gen., n. sp., cheliceral fang with tiny projections (arrow; cf. fig. 666). 32. Blancoa piacoa, n. gen., n. sp., cheliceral fang with basal apophysis (arrow). 33. Canaima arima (Gertsch), cheliceral apophysis and projections. 34. Calapnita vermiformis Simon, scales on distal cheliceral apophysis. 35. Coryssocnemis simla, n. sp., upward-bent apophysis. Scale lines: 20 ␮m (30Ð33, 35), 3 ␮m (34). pomorphy of only a subset of genera within nus Mesabolivar Gonza«lez-Sponga, but me- the Pholcus group. dian pockets have rarely evolved in other Character 18. Median groove or pocket genera too (e.g., Metagonia: fig. 242; Lito- on epigynum: (0) absent; (1) present. A me- porus: fig. 1210). dian groove or pocket characterizes the ge- Character 19. Epigynum scape (without 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 17

pocket): (0) absent; (1) present. This refers Character 25. Vertical hairs on male only to the unique scape of Otavaloa, n. gen. femora: (0) absent or few; (1) many. State (figs. 1240, 1248, 1251), not to the pocket- (0) is primitive. Vertical hairs on male fem- bearing scapes of other genera (e.g., Mesa- ora have evolved several times independent- bolivar: figs. 799, 838; Litoporus: fig. 1210). ly: in Mesabolivar (cyaneotaeniatus), in The absence of any scape is primitive. Modisimus, and Waunana, n. gen. Their Character 20. Asymmetry of female in- function is unknown. ternal genitalia: (0) absent; (1) present. Character 26. Vertical hairs on male Symmetrical female internal genitalia are tibiae: (0) absent or few; (1) many. State (0) primitive. Asymmetrical genitalia are syna- is primitive. Vertical hairs on male tibiae oc- pomorphic for Metagonia (or rather for a cur in ninetines (Ibotyporanga) and in the monophyletic subgenus within Metagonia; New World clade (several genera; apparently see Specific Relationships under Metagonia evolved at least twice). description, p. 54). Character 27. Relative length of male tibiae 1 and 4: (0) about same length; (1) Ͼ ϫ LEGS tibia 1 1.15 tibia 4. The primitive con- dition is ambiguous: in one of the preferred Character 21. Trochanter cuneal notch: topologies, state (1) is primitive although the (0) absent; (1) present. Contrary to Roth sister group of Pholcidae has state (0). In the (1964), I found the trochanter notch in Plec- other topology, state (1) is either primitive, treurys tristis to be identical to the ‘‘typical or unites all pholcids except ninetines. pholcid notch.’’ That of Diguetia differs only Character 28. Number of trichobothria slightly. Thus, the notch is here considered a on tibiae: (0) more than three; (1) three synapomorphy of (Diguetidae ϩ Plectreuri- (rarely two). Three trichobothria on the tibiae dae) ϩ Pholcidae. is a synapomorphy of Pholcidae. Character 22. Relative length of male Character 29. Spines (macrotrichia) on femur 1 and tibia 1: (0) about same length; male metatarsi: (0) absent; (1) present. (1) femur 1 Ͼ 1.15 ϫ tibia 1. State (0) is State (0) is primitive. Metatarsal spines (figs. primitive even though the sister group of 791, 889Ð890, 910) are probably a synapo- Pholcidae has state (1). Within Pholcidae, a morphy of a subgenus within Mesabolivar. high ratio of femur 1/tibia 1 may be a syn- Character 30. Curved hairs on legs: (0) apomorphy of Litoporus. This is not sup- absent; (1) present. State (0) is primitive. ported by the analysis using successive Curved hairs (cf. fig. 33 in Huber, 1998c) weighting. have probably evolved several times conver- Character 23. Enlarged femora of walk- gently within holocnemines and the New ing legs: (0) absent; (1) present. In the pre- World clade. They have also been described sent data set, the presence of enlarged femora in Holocneminus (Marples, 1955). unites Mesabolivar and Coryssocnemis Si- Character 31. Position of retrolateral mon, but the character shows significant ho- trichobothrium on male tibia 1: (0) distal: moplasy (also present in some species of the after 45% of tibia length; (1) proximal: be- genera Psilochorus Simon; Aymaria, n. gen.; fore 45% of tibia length. The primitive con- Chibchea, n. gen.; and Carapoia Gonza«lez- dition is ambiguous: in one of the preferred Sponga). State (0) is primitive. topologies, state (1) is primitive; in the other Character 24. Spines (macrotrichia) on topology, both options are open. Very distal male femora: (0) absent; (1) present. The retrolateral trichobothria occur independently absence of femoral spines is primitive. In the in ninetines and in certain Anopsicus species. present data set, femoral spines have evolved This character may directly depend on ab- independently in Crossopriza ϩ Holocne- solute leg length (char. 32), for example, if mus,inModisimus, and in Coryssocnemis. it is the absolute distance between the tricho- Apart from that, femoral spines have also bothria that matters rather than their position evolved in Tainonia, n. gen. (here they occur on the tibia. in both males and females), and Mesabolivar Character 32. Leg length: (0) short-leg- (some species). ged: male tibia 1 up to 2.5 ϫ carapace 18 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 width; (1) long-legged: male tibia 1 Ͼ 2.5 ϫ gent evolution of such a sexual dimorphism carapace width. The primitive condition is may be a synapomorphy of pholcids. The un- ambiguous: in one of the preferred topolo- derlying reason is probably the mating po- gies, state (1) is primitive, and short legs sition, which brings the male chelicerae in (state 0) are a synapomorphy of ninetines; in contact with the female (see Huber, 1994, the other topology, the ancestral pholcid is 1995, 1998a; Huber and Eberhard, 1997). either short- or long-legged, depending on Thus, even though cheliceral modifications the optimization. The ‘‘typical’’ short-legged are ubiquitous in pholcids, absence of such pholcids are the ninetines, but short-legged modifications is probably the primitive con- species are common in Anopsicus, and occur dition. Secondary absence is very rare, oc- also in Metagonia and Chibchea. Leg length curring in Tupigea nadleri, n. gen., n. sp.; possibly affects several characters that may ‘‘Coryssocnemis’’ viridescens Kraus; and be directly or indirectly correlated with it Psilochorus acanthus Chamberlin and Ivie. (char. 27, 31, 34). Character 37. Stridulatory files laterally Character 33. Tarsus pseudosegments: on male chelicerae: (0) absent; (1) present. (0) absent; (1) present. The presence of Absence of cheliceral stridulation is primi- pseudosegmented tarsi is a synapomorphy of tive. See Huber (1995) for a list of pholcid Pholcidae. taxa with this type of stridulation. The fol- Character 34. Number of tarsus pseu- lowing can be added (apart from those con- dosegments: (0) up to 10; (1) more than 10. tained in the matrix): Metagonia asintal The primitive condition is ambiguous: in one Huber; M. furcata, n. sp.; several ninetines of the preferred topologies, state (1) is prim- described below; and Serratochorus pyg- itive; in the other topology, both options are maeus Wunderlich. It is surprising that while open. A low number of pseudosegments is this type of stridulation has apparently characteristic for ninetines (usually not more evolved several times convergently, it is than 5Ð6), and rare in other pholcids (e.g., completely absent in the New World clade Metagonia globulosa, n. sp.). This character and in the Pholcus group, and very rare in is probably directly correlated with leg Metagonia. length (char. 32). Character 38. Shape of cheliceral lami- Character 35. Borders between pseu- na: (0) not pointed; (1) pointed. State (0) is dosegments: (0) distinct, regular; (1) indis- primitive. This character is difficult to define tinct, with seemingly irregularly ‘‘broken’’ precisely, but in holocnemines the lamina is cuticle. Borders of ‘‘indistinct’’ pseudoseg- significantly more pointed than in most phol- ments are often not visible in the light mi- cids (compare, for example, figs. 523, 578 croscope, but only in SEM. The tarsus of with 601, 620). A rather pointed lamina oc- Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli) was not stud- curs also in Ibotyporanga. ied by SEM, but is coded as ‘‘1’’ because the Character 39. Sexual modifications on pseudosegments are indistinct in H. hispan- male cheliceral fangs: (0) absent; (1) pre- icus Wiehle (fig. 97). The primitive condition sent. Unmodified fangs are primitive. Modi- (distinct pseudosegments) was defined a fications have probably evolved three times priori by making it a criterion for tree selec- independently: once in ninetines (Galapa,n. tion (see Cladistic Analysis below), and the gen.) and twice in the New World clade broken pseudosegments are apparently a syn- (Blancoa piacoa, n. gen., n. sp.; and Chib- apomorphy of holocnemines. chea, n. gen.). Character 40. Proximolateral apophyses CHELICERAE on male chelicerae: (0) absent; (1) present. This is the original character defining the Character 36. Sexual dimorphism of Pholcus group sensu Huber (1995). Similar chelicerae: (0) absent; (1) present. While it structures occur in Mesabolivar eberhardi,n. is not probable that all the sexual modifica- sp. (fig. 774); and Kaliana yuruani, n. gen., tions on pholcid male chelicerae are homol- n. sp. (fig. 1092). ogous (e.g., apophyses and modified hairs), Character 41. Sclerotized cones on male the underlying reason for a multiple conver- chelicerae: (0) absent, or only 1–2 pairs; (1) 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 19

Figs. 36Ð41. Stridulatory files on male chelicerae and corresponding picks on palpal femora. 36. Physocyclus globosus (Taczanowski). 37. Physocyclus guanacaste Huber. 38Ð39. Ibotyporanga naideae Mello-Leita˜o. 40Ð41. Metagonia asintal Huber. Scale lines: 60 ␮m (36, 38), 30 ␮m (37, 40), 6 ␮m (39, 41). 20 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 42Ð47. Ultrastructure of the procursus. 42. Mesabolivar aurantiacus (Mello-Leita˜o), procursus tip. 43. Mesabolivar aurantiacus (Mello-Leita˜o), procursus at basis of distal apophysis, retrolateral. 44. Aucana platnicki, n. gen., n. sp., dorsal flap of procursus, prolateral. 45. Metagonia delicata (O. Pickard- Cambridge), procursus tips. 46. Modisimus dominical Huber, retrolateral. 47. Micropholcus fauroti (Si- mon), tip of main branch of procursus. Scale lines: 20 ␮m. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 21

several. Absence of cones is primitive. This and the Holocnemus group. A slightly similar character is more common than suggested by situation occurs in the genus Systenita (New the present data set. It occurs (in addition to World clade). Physocyclus and Coryssocnemis) also in Tu- pigea sicki, n. gen., n. sp., and ‘‘Anopsicus’’ PALPS banksi (Gertsch). Character 42. Pectinate apophyses on Character 47. Retrolateral apophysis on male chelicerae (cf. fig. 1232): (0) absent; male palpal coxa: (0) absent; (1) present. (1) present. This refers to the unique chelic- This apophysis is a synapomorphy of the eral apophyses in Otavaloa, n. gen.; the New World clade, has apparently evolved unique epigynal scape in this genus (char. 19) only once, and is secondarily absent in a few is probably directly functionally related (i.e., species of the genera Anopsicus, Blancoa, Li- grasped by the male cheliceral apophyses toporus, Tupigea. It is worth noting that the during copulation). functionally important structure is probably Character 43. Upward-facing apophyses not the apophysis per se, but the groove that on male chelicerae (figs. 35, 987, 997): (0) is formed between the coxa and the apoph- absent; (1) present. These unique apophyses ysis. It seems to stabilize the rotated palp are a synapomorphy of Coryssocnemis. during copulation: Huber, 1994, 1998a. Character 44. Globular or conical hairs Character 48. Fingerlike apophysis ven- on male chelicerae: (0) absent; (1) present. trally on male palpal trochanter: (0) ab- In the analysis using equally weighted char- sent; (1) present. Such an apophysis has acters, state (0) is primitive. Such modified evolved only once within the genus Chib- hairs may have evolved at least four times: chea, n. gen. (see Species Relationships un- at least once in Metagonia ϩ Pholcus group, der description of Chibchea, p. 164). at least once in Artema ϩ Holocnemus Character 49. Pointed and upward pro- group, once in Carapoia, and once in Mod- jecting (‘‘pup’’) apophysis ventrally on isimus (M. dominical Huber). Similar hairs, male palpal femur: (0) absent; (1) present. though rather club-shaped, have evolved also The absence of such an apophysis is primi- in Systenita Simon, Blancoa, n. gen. (B. gua- tive. The structure is very common in the charo, n. sp.), and Tupigea, n. gen. (T. maza, New World clade, very rare in the Old World n. sp.). In the analysis using successive [e.g., Pholcus kapuri Tikader (Tikader, 1977: weighting, the primitive condition is ambig- figs. 3eÐf); Panjange sedgwicki Deeleman- uous. Reinhold and Platnick (Deeleman-Reinhold Character 45. Deep regular grooves on and Platnick, 1986: figs. 3, 4)]. A previous cheliceral globular hairs (figs. 14Ð15, 24Ð study (Huber, 1998a) proposed the monophy- 29): (0) absent; (1) present. Globular hairs ly of a group defined by the presence of this with and without deep grooves have appar- character (‘‘Modisimus group’’), but the cla- ently evolved independently, and none is, distic analysis is ambiguous in this respect, generally speaking, ancestral to the other. In at least as far as the scope of the Modisimus holocnemines, however, the absence of group is concerned: the cladogram in appen- grooves in Artema may be ancestral to the dix 2 (equally weighted characters) supports presence of grooves in the Holocnemus the monophyly of the Modisimus group al- group. Comparison of the details in Meta- most exactly as originally defined (Modisi- gonia and the Pholcus group on one hand, mus, Anopsicus, Psilochorus, plus some taxa and the Holocnemus group on the other hand not included in the cladistic analysis), but (figs. 14Ð15, 24Ð29), shows that the grooves does not include the South American genera in both groups are actually not that similar. with ‘‘pup’’ apophysis (Waunana, n. gen.; Character 46. One or more modified Tupigea, n. gen.; Pisaboa, n. gen.; and Sten- hairs imbedded in tip of cheliceral apoph- osfemuraia Gonza«lez-Sponga, which is not ysis: (0) absent; (1) present. State (0) is included in the matrix). Using successive primitive. Such cheliceral apophyses weighting, however, changed the scope to equipped with special hairs have apparently also include the South American genera ex- evolved independently in the Pholcus group cept Tupigea. The presence of a ‘‘pup’’ 22 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 48Ð51. Ultrastructure of the procursus. 48. Artema atlanta Walckenaer, brush distally on pro- cursus. 49. Physocyclus globosus (Taczanowski), brush distally on procursus. 50. Tupigea lisei, n. gen., n. sp., procursus tip with pseudotrichia (and apophyses on the bulb at the lower left). 51. Priscula sp. from Peru (Cajamarca: Cutervo; in CCR), brush distally on procursus. Scale lines: 50 ␮m. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 23

Figs. 52Ð60. Ultrastructure of the genital bulb. 52. Pisaboa silvae, n. gen., n. sp., tip of embolar division. 53. Metagonia globulosa, n. sp., tip of embolus with distal spine. 54. Psilochorus pullulus (Hentz), tip of embolar division. 55. Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling), tip of embolar division. 56. Artema atlanta Walckenaer, bulbal apophyses with membranous embolus. 57. Artema atlanta Wal- ckenaer, bulbal apophysis set with teeth. 58. Pisaboa silvae, n. gen., n. sp., pseudotrichia on embolar division. 59. Mesabolivar huanuco, n. sp., tip of embolar division. 60. Ibotyporanga naideae Mello- Leita˜o, pseudotrichia on retrolateral side of bulb (cf. fig. 360). Scale lines: 150 ␮m (57), 60 ␮m (52, 54Ð56), 15 ␮m (53, 59Ð60), 5 ␮m (58). 24 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 61Ð66. Tarsal organs in Metagonia (all on male pedipalp). 61. M. blanda Gertsch. 62. M. maldonado,n.sp.63. M. delicata (O. Pickard-Cambridge). 64. M. tinaja Gertsch. 65. M. globulosa,n. sp. 66. M. argentinensis Mello-Leita˜o. Scale lines: 15 ␮m. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 25

Figs. 67Ð72. Tarsal organs in some Old World genera (all on pedipalps). 67. Unidentified genus and species (Pholcus group) from Sumatra, male. 68. Uthina sp. from Sumatra, male. 69. Calapnita ver- miformis Simon, male. 70. Spermophora senoculata (Duge`s), male. 71. Spermophora senoculata (Du- ge`s), female. 72. Smeringopus pallidus (Blackwall), male. Scale lines: 20 ␮m.

apophysis in some species tentatively as- patella is primitive. A long patella character- signed to Mecoloesthus (see Specific Rela- izes Tupigea, n. gen., but has independently tionships in genus description, p. 255) may evolved in Ibotyporanga, Gertschiola, Pa- either mean that the structure evolved there piamenta, n. gen., and in Panjange (see Dee- independently, or that the species are mis- leman-Reinhold, 1986b: fig. 53). placed. Character 51. Male palpal tibia ‘‘spin- Character 50. Male palpal patella dle-shaped’’: (0) no; (1) yes. This refers to shape: ventrally shorter than diameter; (1) the characteristic shape of the palpal tibia in ventrally as long as or longer than diameter males of the Pholcus group (i.e., narrowing (figs. 1266, 1300, 1304). A ventrally short distally). A similar form has evolved inde- 26 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 73Ð78. Tarsal organs in ninetines: 73. Ninetis minuta (Berland), male leg 3. 74. Ninetis minuta (Berland), male leg 1. 75. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch), male palp. 76. Galapa baerti (Gertsch), female palp. 77. Galapa baerti (Gertsch), male palp. 78. Ibotyporanga naideae Mello-Leita˜o, male palp. Scale lines: 3 ␮m. pendently in Priscula ϩ Physocyclus (e.g., is a synapomorphy of Pholcidae. It is always fig. 506). A more broadly ending, cylindrical present, though rarely reduced to an incon- tibia is primitive. spicuous lobe (e.g., in Papiamenta, n. gen.). Character 52. Retrolateral paracym- Character 53. Ventrally attached bium (‘‘procursus’’) on male palpal cym- ‘‘hinged process’’ on procursus: (0) ab- bium: (0) absent; (1) present. The procursus sent; (1) present. This character seems to be 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 27

Figs. 79Ð87. ‘‘Flat’’ (exposed) tarsal organs (all on pedipalps). 79. Mecoloesthus longissimus Simon, male. 80. Chibchea picunche, n. gen., n. sp., female. 81. Mesabolivar aurantiacus (Mello-Leita˜o), male. 82. Tupigea nadleri, n. gen., n. sp., female. 83. Tupigea lisei, n. gen., n. sp., female. 84. ‘‘Psilochorus’’ sp. from Australia: Magnetic Island, female. 85Ð86. Aucana platnicki, n. gen., n. sp., female (85), male (86). 87. Aucana kaala, n. gen., n. sp., male. Scale lines: 12 ␮m (81, 84), 3 ␮m (79Ð80, 82Ð83, 85Ð 87). 28 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 88Ð96. ‘‘Flat’’ (exposed) tarsal organs (all on pedipalps). 88. Psilochorus pullulus (Hentz), male. 89. Modisimus culicinus (Simon), male. 90. Anopsicus zeteki (Gertsch), female. 91. Modisimus guatuso Huber, male. 92. Ixchela furcula (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge), female. 93. ‘‘Coryssocnemis’’ viridescens Kraus, male. 94. Aymaria conica (Banks), male. 95. Pisaboa silvae, n. gen., n. sp., male. 96. Priscula ulai Gonza«lez-Sponga, male. Scale lines: 20 ␮m (91Ð93), 6 ␮m (88Ð90, 94Ð96). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 29

unique to Metagonia (more precisely, to a other pholcids with a capsulate tarsal organ, probably monophyletic subgenus of Meta- the diameter ranges from about 15 to 20 ␮m. gonia), but a very similar structure occurs in It must be emphasized that this is not simply Micromerys. Hinged processes also occur correlated with body size, as both large and elsewhere (e.g., Micropholcus), but there tiny species of the Pholcus group have the they are attached dorsally. large tarsal organ with wide opening, with Character 54. Ventral pocket and dor- little variation in absolute size. Thus, the de- sal apophysis on procursus: (0) absent; (1) rived ninetine tarsal organ is the only un- present. State (0) is primitive. While it is ambiguous synapomorphy of ninetines, easy to recognize these structures in Physo- while the short legs and possibly correlated cyclus species, Artema seems to have them, characters (see char. 32) may or may not be but is only tentatively coded as present. Be- a synapomorphy. havioral observations should easily solve this Character 58. Position of tarsal organ: problem (asymmetrical insertion would be (0) not elevated; (1) elevated on stalk. State strong evidence in favor of a mechanism ho- (0) is primitive. Only Priscula is here coded mologous to that described in Physocyclus as ‘‘1’’ (see fig. 96), although tarsal organs by Huber and Eberhard, 1997). Character 55. ‘‘Brush’’ of pseudotrichia may be elevated in other taxa too (e.g., figs. distally on procursus: (0) absent; (1) pre- 77, 86, 95), though significantly less so. sent. Many pholcids have filiform cuticular Character 59. Bulbal projection prola- projections on the procursus (e.g., figs. 47, teroventrally: (0) absent; (1) present (cf. 50), but only Artema, Physocyclus, and Pris- figs. 43, 45 in Huber, 1998b). This unique cula have brushes of hundreds of pseudotri- projection defines the genus Ixchela, n. gen. chia (figs. 48Ð49, 508, 516, 525). It is tempt- Character 60. Embolus: (0) tubular and ing to use this character to place Artema sclerotized; (1) tubular and membranous; (2) closer to Physocyclus ϩ Priscula than to the ‘‘absent.’’ State (2) refers to the situation Holocnemus group, especially since the evi- where, instead of a simple, cylindrical, tu- dence that supports the second placement is bular structure, there is a complex, usually not particularly compelling. Further obser- conical projection of the genital bulb that I vations mentioned under character 54 might provisionally call ‘‘embolar division’’ in the provide a more convincing solution. In the descriptive part (see figs. 52, 54 for typical cladogram in appendix 2, this character can embolar divisions). In some cases (e.g., be optimized in three different ways: 1. It Teuia, fig. 1261), the embolar division comes could unite holocnemines, with two rever- superficially very close to a true embolus. sals. 2. It could unite Priscula and Physo- The primitive condition of this character is cyclus, with a reversal in Physocyclus mys- ambiguous. Three scenarios are equally sup- ticus and an independent gain in Artema. 3. ported: (1) Primitive pholcids had a sclero- It could be gained three times independently. tized embolus that was then transformed into Character 56. Tarsal organ shape: (0) a membranous embolus in pholcines and re- flat (exposed; see figs. 79–96); (1) cup- duced in all other pholcids. (2) Primitive shaped (capsulate, see figs. 61–78). Capsu- pholcids had a membranous embolus that late tarsal organs are primitive. The rim of was then reduced in all pholcids except phol- the capsule has been reduced at least three times, resulting in an exposed tarsal organ: cines. (3) The reduction of the embolus is a at least once in ninetines, once in the New synapomorphy of Pholcidae, and the mem- World clade, and once in Priscula. branous embolus is not homologous to the Character 57. Orifice of capsulate tarsal embolus of other haplogynes. organ: (0) wide: Ͼ 35% of outer diameter; Character 61. Embolus spine: (0) ab- (1) narrow: Ͻ 35% of outer diameter. This sent; (1) present (cf. fig. 53). In those phol- character refers primarily to the relative size cids that have an embolus, the absence of a of the orifice, but covaries with the absolute spine at the tip is primitive. Spines have size of the organ: in ninetines the diameter evolved independently in Metagonia and of the tarsal organ is around 3 ␮m, while in Spermophora. 30 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 97Ð104. Pseudosegmentation on the tarsi, and tarsal claws (all from male legs). 97. Holoc- nemus hispanicus Wiehle. 98. Crossopriza lyoni (Blackwall). 99. Artema atlanta Walckenaer. 100. Phol- cus phalangioides (Fuesslin). 101. Priscula sp. from Peru (Cajamarca: Cutervo; in CCR). 102. Priscula ulai Gonza«lez-Sponga. 103. Aymaria conica (Banks). 104. Ibotyporanga naideae Mello-Leita˜o. Scale lines: 60 ␮m. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 31

Figs. 105Ð112. Miscellaneous structures. 105. Leptopholcus dalei (Petrunkevitch), modified hair at tip of male palpal trochanter apophysis. 106. Micropholcus fauroti (Simon), modified hair at tip of male palpal trochanter apophysis. 107. Metagonia maldonado, n. sp., tip of clypeal apophysis. 108. Modisimus dominical Huber, male femur, showing vertical (and ‘‘normal’’) hairs. 109. Ibotyporanga naideae Mello- Leita˜o, male tibia, showing vertical (and ‘‘normal’’) hairs. 110. Coryssocnemis simla, n. sp., spine on male femur 2. 111Ð112. Modisimus dominical Huber, pseudotrichia on inner surface of male palpal coxae (endites). Scale lines: 100 ␮m (108Ð109), 20 ␮m (107, 110), 5 ␮m (105Ð106, 111Ð112). 32 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

CHARACTERS NOT SCORED can be short or long, and can stand either in two widely separated groups, or in a single Several characters might be informative row [e.g., figs. 122Ð123; cf. Griswold et al.’s for a phylogenetic analysis, but are not in- (1999) survey of this character]. Also, the cluded in the matrix. I will briefly review shapes of the ‘‘lips’’ of the male gonopore some of these characters here, partly with the vary widely (figs. 130Ð141), but part of this hope that some of them might be usefully may be artificial. Also, the spigots on the included in future analyses. spinnerets vary considerably in shape [both Probably most conspicuous is the absence the ALS piriform gland spigots, and the PMS of any reference to opisthosoma shape, as spigots (figs. 146Ð199)]. A much more com- this is a character that often allows a first prehensive SEM survey would be necessary quick genus identification from a distance. to evaluate the usefulness of these characters. However, there are so many shapes (at some Previous authors have given much atten- point I coded up to six different basic shapes) tion to the eye pattern, in particular the cur- that it is almost impossible to code them un- vature of eye rows. The curvature of the pos- ambiguously. Moreover, opisthosoma shape terior eyes is partly included in character 3, may vary widely even within males of a sin- but the position of the AME might also be gle species (in females, of course, even informative (compare for example figs. 3, 5). more). However, it is difficult to standardize the an- Only three characters (char. 53Ð55) related gle of view to code this character. to the shape of the procursus were scored, The tip of the female palp may be infor- although there is evidently much more infor- mative (e.g., with or without terminal claw), mation in it, especially on and below generic but I have not routinely scanned females, so level. For example, it is easy to immediately I lack sufficient data on this character. Lack recognize a Priscula procursus, but coding it of data also led to the exclusion of the objectively (i.e., other than ‘‘procursus pris- ‘‘valve’’ in the female internal genitalia. Pre- culine: yes/no’’) proved impossible for me. vious studies (Brignoli, 1981; Huber, 1998d) A possibly informative character at higher have argued that this character might define level concerns the ‘‘normal’’ tactile hairs on a large group of genera (the somewhat mis- the legs. For example, in specimens of the named ‘‘Old World group’’). Pholcus group, the legs are sparsely covered Some pholcids, especially ninetines, have with long hairs, while in many representa- a row of very thick hairs dorsally on the male tives of the New World clade (e.g., Mesa- palpal tarsus (see fig. 77 for a single such bolivar), the hairs are much shorter and stand hair; figs. 371, 382, 391, 452 for overviews), much more densely. However, many phol- but these hairs are often lost, and it seems cids seem to be just intermediate, so coding difficult to code them, as they seem structur- seems difficult. ally not different from other hairs on the tar- Several SEM characters might be infor- sus, but differ just in length and diameter. mative. Almost unexplored is the ultrastruc- There is possibly informative variation in ture of procursus and bulb, and preliminary the pore plates in the female internal geni- data show an astounding diversity and com- talia (see for example figs. 216, 672, 810, plexity (e.g., figs. 42Ð60). The same may be 1023, 1150). Even the absence of pores true of the inner sides of the palpal coxae (whether true or apparent) may be informa- (figs. 111Ð112). The strange modified hair at tive. I could not find pores in several nine- the tip of the palpal trochanter apophysis in tines. However, this character seems to be in- Leptopholcus dalei (Petrunkevitch) and Mi- formative at a lower level (i.e., species cropholcus fauroti (Simon) (figs. 105Ð106) is groups) rather than at generic level. The probably a synapomorphy of several genera same seems to be the case with receptacles within the Pholcus group, but has not been (e.g., paired: figs. 1298, 1307 versus un- searched for in any other species. The shape paired: figs. 1344, 1150), with the added of the epiandrous spigots, as well as their complication that these membranous struc- positions are possibly informative (in addi- tures are often quite difficult to see. tion to the mere absence or presence). They Finally, the long ventral trochanter apoph- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 33

Figs. 113Ð118. Male gonopore with epiandrous spigots in Metagonia. 113. M. argentinensis Mello- Leita˜o. 114. M. maldonado, n. sp. 115. M. delicata (O. Pickard-Cambridge). 116. M. blanda Gertsch. 117. M. uvita Huber. 118. Metagonia rica Gertsch. Scale lines: 30 ␮m (113Ð114, 116Ð118), 10 ␮m (115). 34 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 119Ð124. Male gonopore with epiandrous spigots in various Old World genera. 119. Smerin- gopus pallidus (Blackwall). 120. Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli). 121. Artema atlanta Walckenaer. 122. Spermophora senoculata (Duge`s). 123. Micropholcus fauroti (Simon). 124. Calapnita vermiformis Si- mon. Scale lines: 100 ␮m (119Ð121), 30 ␮m (122Ð124). ysis characteristic for the male palps in the CLADISTIC ANALYSIS Pholcus group is not coded, as it is function- ally correlated with the proximolateral Appendix 1 shows the complete matrix apophysis on the chelicera (character 40) used for the cladistic analysis, including all (Huber, 1995). terminal taxa and characters scored that are 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 35

Figs. 125Ð129. Male gonopore with epiandrous spigots in ninetines. 125. Ninetis namibiae, n. sp. 126. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch). 127. Galapa baerti (Gertsch). 128. Ibotyporanga naideae Mello-Leita˜o. 129. Pholcophora americana Banks. Scale lines: 30 ␮m.

listed above. In almost all cases, real species hundreds of most parsimonious trees. For ex- rather than hypothetical constructs were ample, the commands ‘‘hold/50’’ with used. In only three cases the coding reflects ‘‘mult*100’’ in NONA resulted in 250 most a hypothetical taxon ground plan, based on parsimonious trees of length 155 (CI ϭ 41; the character state of close relatives (see RI ϭ 77), while the trees found by Hennig86 Characters Scored section above, char. 1, 14). overflowed the tree buffer at 1037 most par- All multistate characters were treated as non- simonious trees with the same statistics. additive. However, these high numbers resulted main- Using NONA with higher values of ‘‘hold/ ly from shifting of taxa within subfamilies, n’’ and ‘‘mult*n,’’ or Hennig86 with the while the basic structure of the trees was con- ‘‘mh*’’ and ‘‘bb*’’ commands, resulted in sistent with one of two ‘‘tree islands’’ or ba- 36 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 sic topologies. One of these topologies re- all other pholcids is exactly what Simon quired the pseudosegmentation of the tarsi to (1893b) proposed over a century ago. be reduced (to become indistinct and broken The following major clades were recov- into subdivisions), and then neatly restored, ered in these analyses with equally weighted while in the other topology the pseudoseg- characters (appendix 2): (1) Metagonia (node mentation was only reduced. While such a 54), supported by pseudoentelegyny (char. reversal is not impossible theoretically, the 16), asymmetrical female internal genitalia solution requiring only reduction seems bi- (char. 20), the hinged process (char. 53), and ologically more parsimonious. Deletion of under ambiguous optimization also by the these trees from the 250 NONA trees above embolar spine (char. 61) and reduction of left only 10 trees. A similar problem oc- AME (char. 1); (2) the Pholcus group sensu curred in 6 of these 10 trees, where the Huber (1995) (node 57), supported by the ‘‘pup’’ apophysis on the male palpal femur epigynal apophysis (char. 17), lateral chelic- (char. 49) was gained (by the ancestor of the eral apophyses (char. 40), cheliceral apoph- New World clade), then reduced (in the an- ysis with imbedded hairs (char. 46), the cestor of the sister group of Anopsicus ϩ shape of the male palpal tibia (char. 51), and Psilochorus), and then regained (by the an- (in the NONA trees only) the wide sternum ϩ cestor of Modisimus and some other genera). (char. 10); (3) pholcines (Metagonia Phol- This apophysis serves to lock the genital cus group) (node 53), supported by the glob- bulb after it has been rotated at the onset of ular hairs on the male chelicerae (char. 44), copulation, and the mechanics are virtually and (either under ambiguous optimization or identical in Psilochorus, Anopsicus, and in only one of the preferred topologies) also Modisimus (Huber, 1994, 1998a). Thus, so- by the grooves on the cheliceral hairs (char. lutions requiring a single gain, at least in the 45), the tubular membranous embolus (char. taxa where identical function has been estab- 60), and the embolus spine (char. 61); (4) lished by direct observation, seem more par- ninetines (node 45), supported in one topol- ogy by the ninetine tarsal organ (char. 57) simonious. Finally, one of the remaining and by the short legs and possibly correlated trees required the AME to be lost and re- characters (char. 27, 31, 32, 34), in the sec- gained, while the other trees required only ond topology only by the ninetine tarsal or- the loss of the AME. With the settings above, gan; (5) holocnemines (Artema, the Holoc- this left only three NONA trees, which dif- nemus group sensu Timm (1976), and Phy- fered only with respect to the scope of node socyclus ϩ Priscula) (node 7), supported by 32 (see appendix 2): in the cladogram shown, the reduced pseudosegmentation of the tarsi Litoporus and Pomboa are included in node (char. 35), the pointed cheliceral lamina 32, while in the second tree, Litoporus was (char. 38), and under ambiguous optimization outside (i.e., branching off the large polyto- also by the procursus brush (char. 55); (6) the ϩ my), in the third tree Pomboa Litoporus New World clade (node 14) consisting of all were outside node 32. native New World taxa except ninetines, Me- Hennig86 found not only the same two to- tagonia, Physocyclus, and Priscula; support- pologies as NONA, but a third one in addi- ed by the reduction of epiandrous spigots tion. Using the same criteria of tree selection (this rests on an ambiguous optimization) as applied to the NONA trees above, only and of ALS piriform gland spigots (char. 12, one tree was left, belonging to this third to- 14), by the retrolateral coxal apophysis (char. pology. The only significant difference be- 47), and the exposed tarsal organ (char. 56); tween this Hennig86 tree and the preferred (7) a clade consisting of holocnemines and tree from NONA shown in appendix 2 was the New World clade (node 6), supported by that instead of a basal trichotomy, ninetines the medially elevated ocular area (char. 4), (node 45) were the sister group to all other the thoracic groove (char. 6), and (in the pholcids. The single other difference was that NONA trees only) the wide sternum (char. the three distal Metagonia species were not 10). resolved as in appendix 2. It is worth noting The following is the clade distinguishing that this basal dichotomy into ninetines and the two topologies: a clade including all 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 37

Figs. 130Ð141. Male gonopore without epiandrous spigots. 130. Pisaboa silvae, n. gen., n. sp. 131. Blancoa piacoa, n. gen., n. sp. 132. ‘‘Psilochorus’’ sp. from Australia: Magnetic Island. 133. Aucana platnicki, n. gen., n. sp. 134. Carapoia ocaina,n.sp.135. Tupigea lisei, n. gen., n. sp. 136. Mecoloesthus longissimus Simon. 137. Modisimus dominical Huber. 138. Mesabolivar iguazu, n. sp. 139. Physocyclus globosus (Taczanowski). 140. Priscula sp. from Peru (Cajamarca: Cutervo; in CCR). 141. Litoporus dimona, n. sp. Scale lines: 100 ␮m (139Ð140), 50 ␮m (132, 134, 138), 25 ␮m (130Ð131, 133, 135Ð 137, 141).

pholcids except ninetines, supported unam- weighting: implied weighting using Pee- biguously only by the wide sternum (char. Wee, and successive weighting using Hen- 10), under ambiguous optimization also by nig86. All trees found by Pee-Wee (using all the long legs and possibly correlated char- six settings of the concavity constant with acters. Since neither solution seems prefera- ‘‘hold/50’’ and ‘‘mult*50’’) were character- ble, the cladogram in appendix 2 shows the ized by a triple independent gain of epian- NONA tree with the basal trichotomy in drous spigots within pholcids: in Artema,in Pholcidae. pholcines, and in ninetines. In addition to this In addition to the analysis using equally repeated regain of a character that is proba- weighted characters, I employed two types of bly plesiomorphic in haplogyne spiders (Lo- 38 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 142Ð145. Spinnerets, overview. 142. Papiamenta levii (Gertsch), female. 143. Modisimus cul- icinus (Simon), female. 144. Metagonia rica Gertsch, male. 145. Artema atlanta Walckenaer, male. Scale lines: 300 ␮m (145), 100 ␮m (142, 144), 50 ␮m (143). pez and Emerit, 1988), all trees had at least 2, capsulate tarsal organs were regained one one additional comparably improbable trans- to three times; at conc ϭ 3, either capsulate formation: at conc ϭ 1, capsulate tarsal or- tarsal organs were regained two to three gans were regained three times, and AME times, or ALS piriform spigots were re- were regained one to four times; at conc ϭ gained; at conc ϭ 4, either AME, or capsu- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 39

Figs. 146Ð151. Anterior lateral spinnerets in Metagonia spp., and in Chisosa diluta. 146. M. mal- donado, n. sp., male. 147. M. argentinensis Mello-Leita˜o, male. 148. M. blanda Gertsch, male. 149. M. rica Gertsch, male. 150. M. globulosa, n. sp., female. 151. Chisosa diluta (Gertsch and Mulaik), female. Scale lines: 15 ␮m.

late tarsal organs, or ALS piriform spigots of the analyses using equally weighted char- were regained; at conc ϭ 5 and 6, both ALS acters, and will not further discuss them. piriform spigots and capsulate tarsal organs Using the successive weighting option in were regained. Therefore, from an evolution- Hennig86 unfortunately did not reduce the ary perspective I consider the cladograms number of trees: the tree buffer continued to suggested by Pee-Wee to be inferior to those overflow at 1037 trees, which made it diffi- 40 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 152Ð157. Anterior lateral spinnerets in ninetines. 152. Ninetis namibiae, n. sp., male. 153. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch), female. 154. Papiamenta levii (Gertsch), female. 155. Pholcophora ameri- cana Banks, male. 156. Aucana kaala, n. gen., n. sp., male. 157. Aucana platnicki, n. gen., n. sp., female. Scale lines: 50 ␮m (154), 10 ␮m (152Ð153, 155Ð157). cult to analyze the trees. Even the application ported by the same characters as in the anal- of the criteria for tree selection discussed ysis using equally weighted characters, in- above did not reduce the number significant- cluding the same ambiguities. However, their ly. In all of the 1000 trees I analyzed in Cla- interrelationships were extremely ambigu- dos, five of the major clades mentioned ous: three basic topologies were found, none above were recovered: Metagonia (clade 54), of them identical to the two topologies found the Pholcus group (clade 57), ninetines in the analyses using equally weighted char- (clade 45), holocnemines (clade 7), and the acters: (1) ((Metagonia ϩ Pholcus group) ϩ New World clade (clade 14). They were sup- ninetines ϩ holocnemines) ϩ New World 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 41

clade; (2) Metagonia ϩ (Pholcus group ϩ founded assessment of the relationships be- (ninetines ϩ holocnemines ϩ New World tween Old and New World ninetines. Hol- clade)); (3) Metagonia ϩ ninetines ϩ (Phol- ocnemines are represented by the North cus group ϩ (holocnemines ϩ New World American genus Physocyclus and the South clade)). Two differences from the analyses American genus Priscula (plus some synan- using equally weighted characters seem par- thropic introduced species of the Holocne- ticularly noteworthy: first, pholcines (Meta- mus group). Finally, the New World clade gonia ϩ Pholcus group) were recovered in includes the majority of New World genera, only one of the three topologies found by consisting of New World genera only. successive weighting; second, the Modisimus I prefer to use informal names rather than group sensu Huber (1998a) consistently also formal subfamily names (such as Ninetinae, included South American genera (see char. Pholcinae, etc.) for two reasons. First, I per- 49 in Characters Scored section above). The sonally consider at least two of the four main conclusions from these analyses using groups as not extremely convincing: (1) Ni- successive weighting are that the data matrix netines, because they are either only sup- probably includes too much homoplasy to al- ported by the ninetine tarsal organ, or, in ad- low a satisfying resolution, and that the clad- dition to that, by a set of characters that seem ogram presented in appendix 2 must be seen to be interrelated (leg length, etc.; see above). as a working hypothesis. Short legs may just represent an adaptation Within the context of this paper, the cla- to the same or very similar type of habitat, distic analysis offers two main conclusions. i.e., leaf litter and interstices of the soil struc- First, a hypothesis concerning the direction ture. (2) Holocnemines, because, if just a few of evolutionary transformation, supported by characters were differently weighted (e.g., both the analyses using equally weighted char. 12, 44Ð46, 56), Priscula would seem characters and successive weighting, can be closer to the New World clade whereas the Holocnemus group would seem closer to proposed for 41 of the 54 characters scored pholcines. It seems even more suspicious if that vary within pholcids. In four additional one considers that Priscula is a New World characters, the polarity is ambiguous in the genus (i.e., geographically in the same place analysis using successive weighting only; see as the New World clade), while the Holoc- Characters Scored above. Second, New nemus group is native to the Old World (as World pholcids are an assemblage of ele- the Pholcus group). ments from all major clades within the fam- Second, names like Ninetinae, Pholcinae, ily, but to very differing degrees: the Pholcus etc. have been used before with different and group is represented only by some Pholcus varying meanings. Using the same formal species in the eastern United States, some names would require an extended clarification Leptopholcus species on the Antilles, and of the changes in scope and meaning, which some synanthropic introduced species. Me- Idonotfind fruitful at this point. Instead of tagonia is an exclusive New World genus. discussing the further details of the trees here, Ninetines are represented in the New World I refer this to the respective sections in the by several genera, but too little is known genus descriptions (the sections titled Mono- about Old World genera to allow a well- phyly and Generic Relationships).

TAXONOMY PHOLCIDAE KOCH, 1851 erwise they are extremely variable in habi- (Synonymies: Bonnet, 1958: 3602) tus. They are easily distinguished from other families (both from the putative sister taxon DIAGNOSIS Diguetidae ϩ Plectreuridae, and from gen- Pholcids are small to medium-sized spi- erally similar spiders like Ochyroceratidae, ders (ϳ 1Ð15 mm body length), with a pro- Filistatidae, etc.) by the following charac- soma that is about as long as wide, but oth- ters: (1) Male palp with prominent retrola- 42 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 158Ð163. Anterior lateral spinnerets in various Old World genera. 158Ð159. Micropholcus fauroti (Simon), male. 160. Unidentified genus and species (Pholcus group) from Sumatra, female. 161. Calapnita phyllicola Deeleman-Reinhold, male. 162. Spermophora senoculata (Duge`s), male. 163. Uthi- na sp. from Sumatra, male. Scale lines: 20 ␮m. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 43

Figs. 164Ð169. Anterior lateral spinnerets. 164. Smeringopus pallidus (Blackwall), female. 165. Holocneminus multiguttatus (Simon), male. 166. Priscula ulai Gonza«lez-Sponga, male. 167. Priscula sp. from Peru (Cajamarca: Cutervo), male. 168. Physocyclus globosus (Taczanowski), male. 169. Artema atlanta Walckenaer, male. Scale lines: 30 ␮m. 44 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 170Ð178. Anterior lateral spinnerets. 170. Tupigea nadleri, n. gen., n. sp., male. 171. Tupigea lisei, n. gen., n. sp., male. 172. Litoporus lopez, n. sp., male. 173. Tupigea nadleri, n. gen., n. sp., female. 174. Ibotyporanga naideae Mello-Leita˜o, male. 175. Metagonia uvita Huber, female. 176. Hol- ocnemus pluchei (Scopoli), male. 177. Calapnita vermiformis Simon, male. 178. ‘‘Psilochorus’’ sp. from Australia: Magnetic Island. Scale lines: 30 ␮m (172, 174, 176, 178), 10 ␮m (170Ð171, 173, 175, 177). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 45

Figs. 179Ð184. Anterior lateral spinnerets. 179. Carapoia ocaina, n. sp., male. 180. Mecoloesthus longissimus Simon, male. 181. Pisaboa silvae, n. gen., n. sp., male. 182. Blancoa piacoa, n. gen., n. sp., male. 183. Mesabolivar huanuco, n. sp., male. 184. Mesabolivar eberhardi, n. sp., female. Scale lines: 30 ␮m (179, 181, 184), 15 ␮m (180, 182Ð183). teral paracymbium (procursus) which is some genera the pseudosegments are hardly very rarely reduced to an inconspicuous visible under light microscopy, and seem lobe (figs. 466, 475). (2) Male chelicerae secondarily fragmented into smaller scler- with sexual modifications, which are rarely ites (figs. 97Ð101). (5) The number of tri- absent. (3) Clypeus about as high as chelic- chobothria on the tibiae of walking legs is erae are long. (4) Tarsi pseudosegmented; in reduced to three; rarely an individual has 46 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 one or more legs with only two trichoboth- spinnerets present (figs. 142Ð145), apparent- ria on the tibiae. ly no sexual dimorphism concerning external morphology: ALS always equipped with en- DESCRIPTION larged and widened spigot and smaller, point- ed spigot next to it. (For current terminology Small to medium-sized, ecribellate, hap- see Platnick et al., 1991.) In addition to this logyne spiders. Total length 1Ð15 mm, but basic set, some large taxa characterized by usually less than 10 mm. Usually with eight presence of about five to seven roughly cy- or six eyes, rarely with two; cave species of- lindrical spigots (figs. 146Ð169), here called ten blind. Eye pattern varies widely (e.g., piriform gland spigots in accordance with figs. 1Ð11); most common and possibly ple- Platnick et al. (1991). Other taxa have only siomorphic condition characterized by two basic set of two spigots (figs. 170Ð190). Pos- lateral triads and median anterior pair (e.g., terior median spinnerets equipped with one figs. 3Ð5). Six-eyed species lack AME. In pair of spigots in all species studied (figs. some genera eyes sit on conspicuous eleva- 191Ð199), posterior lateral spinnerets lack tions, either on median turret or on lateral spigots. Various types of stridulatory organs eye-stalks (figs. 7Ð9). Carapace about as exist that involve parts of prosoma and op- wide as long, either without median inden- isthosoma (the term stridulation may actually tation, or with median groove, or with me- be inappropriate in some or all of these cas- dian circular depression (pit); in some spe- es), present only in females: paired and un- cies male prosoma conspicuously inflated paired dorsal protrusions of carapace acting posteriorly (e.g., figs. 1024, 1060, 1069). against modified fields on opisthosoma [e.g., Clypeus ranging from almost vertical to al- Physocyclus spp. (Huber, 1998e); Crossopri- most horizontal, sometimes sexually modi- za lyoni (Huber et al., 1999); ‘‘Coryssocnem- fied in male (e.g., figs. 2, 273, 1213). These is’’ viridescens (Huber, 1998a); Anopsicus modifications may be ultrastructurally com- spp. (Gertsch, 1982); Aymaria spp.; see p. plex (fig. 107). Sternum about as wide as 155]; in one case, median grate on sternum long, or wider than long, sometimes with an- acting against transverse row of cuspules on terior bulges in male (e.g., figs. 318, 450, opisthosoma (fig. 1114). 1104). Labium fused to sternum. Chelicerae fused at basis, with lamina Opisthosoma extremely variable in shape, (never teeth) opposing cheliceral fang. Basal from higher-than-long to long-cylindrical; segment almost always sexually modified in spherical, triangular (in lateral view), rect- male, with modifications ranging from vari- angular, or bifid (in dorsal view). With one ously shaped hairs (figs. 12Ð15, 18Ð24) and pair of book-lungs. Tracheal system rudi- simple sclerotized cones to extravagantly mentary or absent. Male gonopore usually shaped apophyses and depressions; rarely with either four epiandrous spigots (figs. also fangs modified in male (figs. 30Ð32, 113Ð118, 120Ð129) or without (figs 130Ð 620, 631). Stridulatory files (figs. 36, 38, 40) 141), rarely with two (fig. 119) or up to six common, but in New World restricted to (e.g., in Crossopriza lyoni; see Huber et al., some ninetine genera, to Physocyclus, and 1999). Female external genitalia with or very few species of Metagonia. Stridulatory without sclerotized plate (‘‘epigynum’’). This pick apparently always one or more modified plate is often complex, with pockets, hairs proximally on palpal femur (figs. 37, grooves, apophyses, etc. Internally, uterus 39, 41). Same type of stridulation also com- externus usually provided with pair of dorsal mon in females. pore plates (rarely absent, or fused into sin- Male palp with sexual modifications in- gle pore plate or dissolved into pore field), volving most or all segments. Coxa often and valve of varying complexity marking en- with retrolateral apophysis (e.g., figs. 583, trance to uterus internus (Huber, 1998d). 1096, 1075). Prolateral (inner) side of coxa Membranous sacs originating from uterus ex- may be quite complex (figs. 111Ð112), but ternus close to valve are common (usually has not been studied comparatively. Trochan- single median sac, rarely lateral pair), but ter sometimes with long ventral apophysis their function is unknown. Three pairs of (e.g., fig. 299) that may be equipped distally 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 47

Figs. 185Ð190. Anterior lateral spinnerets. 185. Psilochorus pullulus (Hentz). 186. Anopsicus zeteki (Gertsch), female. 187. ‘‘Coryssocnemis’’ viridescens Kraus, male. 188. Modisimus culicinus (Simon), male. 189. Chibchea ika, n. gen., n. sp., male. 190. Chibchea picunche, n. gen., n. sp., female. Scale lines: 20 ␮m. 48 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 with strange modified hair (figs. 105Ð106), (cf. figs. 108Ð109), either on femur or on tib- or with fingerlike protrusion (e.g., figs. 658, ia, rarely on both. Trichobothria present on 688). Femur very variable in shape, from cy- tibiae (almost always three; rarely some lindrical to globose, often widened distally; specimens have one or more tibiae with only with one or more apophyses of various two), and metatarsi (always one). Dorsal and shapes, usually proximally on retrolateral prolateral trichobothria on tibiae always sit- side and ventrally. Patella cylindrical, or re- uated quite proximally, while position of re- duced ventrally, or (in single monotypic ge- trolateral trichobothrium varies widely. Its nus) completely absent (figs. 390Ð392). Tibia position expressed as percentage of tibia cylindrical, spindle-shaped, or globose, al- length ranges from ϳ 1Ð70%, with very little ways with two trichobothria (dorsally and re- intraspecific variation. Trochanter provided trolaterally). Cymbium with usually large retrolaterally with cuneal notch (Roth, 1964) paracymbium (procursus); procursus usually in all species seen by author. Tarsi always as long as or longer than femur, often quite pseudosegmented, with ϳ 5 to over 40 pseu- complex; in some genera provided with fili- dosegments, usually distinct distally but dif- form projections (figs. 48Ð51); in only one ficult to count proximally. In soma taxa pseu- genus reduced to simple short lobe (figs. 466, dosegmentation hardly visible in light mi- 475). Ultrastructural complexity little stud- croscopy, and SEM reveals secondary frag- ied, but evidently common (e.g., figs. 42Ð mentation into smaller sclerites (figs. 97Ð 47). Tarsal organ either exposed (figs. 79Ð 101). Tarsal organs on legs not different from 95) or capsulate (figs. 61Ð78), with variable those on palps in few species checked. All relative width of opening, or (in Priscula tarsi with three claws (figs. 102Ð104). only) sitting on stalk (fig. 96). Bulb usually attached to prolateral side of cymbium (rare- NATURAL HISTORY ly to dorsal side), either with membranous tubular embolus or without embolus. In latter Pholcids are probably among the com- case, sperm duct opens at or near basis of monest web-builders in the Neotropics, as some bulbal apophysis, or travels variable suggested by the few scattered studies that distance into ‘‘embolar division,’’ a projec- provide data relevant to this question (see In- tion of bulb very unlike ‘‘real’’ (narrow and troduction). They are found from sea level to cylindrical) embolus (e.g., figs. 52, 54Ð55). over 3500 m in the Andes (e.g., Chibchea Sclerotized bulbal apophyses present in some abiseo, n. gen., n. sp.), with high diversity taxa. Ultrastructural complexity common apparently not restricted to the lower eleva- (e.g., figs. 52Ð60), but little studied. tions. They are found in most life zones, Legs of variable relative length (male leg from rain forests to deserts (e.g., Chile: At- 1 about 2Ð25 ϫ body length), but usually acama Desert), though it is, of course, the relatively long. ‘‘Robustness’’ of legs, as zones of highest general biodiversity that measured by ratio of male tibia 1 length/di- house the greatest abundance of pholcid spe- ameter equally variable (range ϳ 8Ð120), cies. Finally, with respect to the microhabitat, with values of 40Ð100 most commonly pholcids are found in almost all habitats fea- found. Females always have shorter and sible for spiders, from the leaf litter and un- more slender legs. Male femora 2 and 3 dersides of stones up to the tree canopies. sometimes comparatively thicker than others. Here the area of highest diversity suspicious- Leg formula most commonly 1243, but in ly coincides with the level most easily ac- short-legged taxa usually 4123, sometimes cessible to humans, i.e., the shady areas near 1423. Spines (macrotrichia: figs. 110, 823, the ground and between buttresses, and the 910) and long, backward-curved hairs may low vegetation. In some areas there is evi- be present on femora, tibiae, and metatarsi, dence that pholcids are not just well repre- but spines rare in females. Short hairs in sented, but are the dominant spider group: roughly vertical position always present in 62% of spiders collected from bark in a Pe- low numbers on most segments in both sex- ruvian forest were pholcids (Manhart, 1994). es, especially distally, but in males of some At the same time, pholcids are among the taxa such hairs occur in very high densities spiders most consistently found in caves, and 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 49

Figs. 191Ð199. Posterior median spinnerets. 191. Smeringopus pallidus (Blackwall), female. 192. Uthina sp. from Sumatra, female. 193. Spermophora senoculata (Duge`s), male. 194. Mesabolivar eber- hardi, n. sp., female. 195. Artema atlanta Walckenaer, male. 196. Metagonia blanda Gertsch, male. 197. Chibchea ika, n. gen., n. sp., male. 198. Modisimus guatuso Huber, male. 199. Waunana modesta (Banks), male. Scale lines: 8 ␮m. several species of various genera are inde- Most species seem to build webs, but in pendently preadapted to live and spread with some cave- and ground-living pholcids the humans, as is evidenced by the numerous web is reduced to a flimsy sheet, and the spi- synanthropic species from various genera ders can quickly run over unspun surfaces. worldwide. Web structure varies from three-dimensional 50 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

irregular networks (Kirchner, 1986, on Phol- KEY TO THE EXTANT GENERA OF THE NEW cus phalangioides) to more organized domed WORLD sheets with a tangle of lines above the sheet (Wiehle, 1933 on Holocnemus hispanicus; This key only works if both males and fe- Eberhard, 1992a, 1992b; Eberhard and Bri- males are available. In some genera only cen˜o, 1985, on New World species), which males are necessary. Throughout, a dissect- in rare cases may lead into a tubular retreat, ing microscope is sufficient, though some analogous to for example, agelenids [Huber, couplets (e.g., 5, 9) require high magnifica- 1998b, on ‘‘Coryssocnemis’’ (now Ixchela) tions. It is obvious that at the present state furcula]. Some taxa are adapted to live on of knowledge a key to genera can only be the undersides of leaves; here again, the web preliminary, and will have to be emended as is reduced or absent. In the same way that new species (and probably genera) become many pholcids do not live up to their English known. Stenosfemuraia Gonza«lez-Sponga is vernacular name (‘‘daddy longlegs’’), many not included because I have not seen this ge- do injustice to their German name too (Zit- nus. terspinnen, i.e., ‘‘shaking spiders’’): instead 1. North and Central America, including of vibrating or swinging at a perceived dan- Panama and Lesser Antilles, but with- ger, many short-legged species swiftly run out Trinidad and Tobago, and without away, while some leaf-dwellers prefer to Netherlands Antilles ...... 2 press their bodies closely against the leaf. Ð South America, including Netherlands While Old World species have been stud- Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, and Ga- ied for a long time with respect to their sex- la«pagos Islands ...... 23 ual biology (Montgomery, 1903; Gerhardt, 2(1). Six eyes or fewer ...... 3 1921, 1923, 1924, 1927, 1929; Huber, 1995; Ð Eight eyes ...... 7 Uhl et al., 1995), there have only recently 3(2). Six eyes on median eye turret (fig. 9) ...... Modisimus been accumulated some data on the sexual Ð Six or fewer eyes not on elevated ocular biology of New World pholcids, mainly of area ...... 4 Central American genera (Eberhard and Bri- 4(3). Procursus with ventral hinged process cen˜o, 1983, 1985; Huber, 1994, 1997c, (figs. 208, 213, 276) .... Metagonia 1997d, 1998a, 1998c; Huber and Eberhard, Ð Procursus without ventral hinged process 1997). The scarce information available on ...... 5 South American species is detailed in the 5(4). Male chelicera proximolaterally without species descriptions below (Mesabolivar apophysis; palpal femur ventrodistally eberhardi, p. 201: Litoporus lopez, p. 299). with apophysis ...... Anopsicus Ð Male chelicerae proximolaterally with apophysis; palpal femur without ven- COMPOSITION trodistal apophysis ...... 6 6(5). Opisthosoma globular; synanthropic At the final revision of the manuscript ...... Spermophora (senoculata) (February 2000) I counted 720 extant nom- Ð Opisthosoma long, cylindrical; only on inal species in 63 extant genera worldwide Antilles ...... Leptopholcus (the monotypic genus Serratochorus Wun- 7(2). Male palpal femur ventrodistally with derlich and eight further species from two apophysis (figs. 564, 1086, 1110) . . 8 extant genera are only known from Domin- Ð Male palpal femur ventrodistally without ican amber). In the New World, 457 extant apophysis ...... 12 species in 47 extant genera are described. Of 8(7). Male and female femora with several these 47 genera, six are only represented by rows of spines; only on Hispaniola ...... Tainonia a single introduced species each (Artema, Ð Male and female femora without or with Micropholcus, Crossopriza, Holocnemus, only one (ventral) row of spines in Smeringopus, Spermophora); two are repre- males ...... 9 sented by several native species, but are 9(8). Male femora with many short vertical clearly also Old World genera (Pholcus, Lep- hairs (figs. 108Ð109) ...... 10 topholcus). This leaves a total of 39 endemic Ð Male femora without or very few short New World genera (see also appendix 4). vertical hairs ...... 11 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 51

10(9). Ocular area low; male tibiae with many two pairs of frontal apophyses on male short vertical hairs ...... Waunana chelicerae ...... Crossopriza (lyoni) Ð Ocular area high; male tibiae without or Ð Opisthosoma rounded posterodorsally; very few short vertical hairs ...... male chelicerae with one pair of frontal ...... Modisimus apophyses ...... 21 11(9). Opisthosoma globular; Mexico and USA 21(20). Male femur with spines ventrally; male ...... Psilochorus and female chelicerae with stridulatory Ð Opisthosoma longer than high; Lesser ridges; female palp distally enlarged . . Antilles ...... Mecoloesthus ...... Holocnemus (pluchei) 12(7). Opisthosoma globular or higher than long Ð Male femur without spines ventrally; ...... 13 male and female chelicerae without Ð Opisthosoma longer than high ..... 19 stridulatory ridges; female palp not en- 13(12). Male chelicerae with several to many larged ...... Smeringopus (pallidus) cone-shaped, black projections . . . 14 22(19). Only Antilles; pale ..... Leptopholcus Ð Male chelicerae with none to two pairs of Ð Only eastern USA; outside this area, only cone-shaped black projections, or with the dark-patterned, synanthropic P. longer apophyses ...... 15 phalangioides ...... Pholcus 14(13). Conical projections on male chelicerae 23(1). Male chelicerae with single, medially are apophyses; male chelicerae usually fused apophysis (fig. 358) ...... (always?) with stridulatory ridges (fig...... Ibotyporanga (naideae) 578) ...... Physocyclus Ð Male chelicerae otherwise ...... 24 Ð Conical projections on male chelicerae 24(23). Procursus reduced to simple lobe (figs. are modified hairs (figs. 12Ð13); male 466, 475); only on Netherlands Antilles chelicerae without stridulatory ridges; ...... Papiamenta synanthropic ...... Artema (atlanta) Ͼ Ð Procursus well developed ...... 25 15(13). Large spiders ( 5 mm body length), 25(24). Procursus extremely long, bandlike (figs. with characteristic prolateroventral 1096Ð1097) ...... Kaliana protrusion on genital bulb (see fig. 43 Ð Procursus otherwise ...... 26 in Huber 1998b) ...... Ixchela 26(25). Carapace without thoracic groove or pit Ð Small spiders (Ͻ 3 mm body length) ...... 27 ...... 16 Ð 16(15). Male chelicerae proximolaterally with Carapace with thoracic groove or pit . . . apophyses; procursus dorsally with ...... 35 movable process; synanthropic .... 27(26). Male chelicerae with proximolateral ...... Micropholcus (fauroti) apophysis (only synanthropic Old Ð Male chelicerae proximolaterally without World species) ...... 28 apophysis; procursus dorsally without Ð Male chelicerae without proximolateral movable process ...... 17 apophysis ...... 29 ϳ 17(16). Carapace without groove; male sternum 28(27). Small spider ( 2 mm body length) with without anterior humps; procursus vo- globular opisthosoma ...... luminous (figs. 483, 490) . . . Chisosa ...... Micropholcus (fauroti) Ð Carapace with shallow but distinct me- Ð Large spider (over 5 mm body length) dian groove; male sternum with ante- with long opisthosoma ...... rior humps; procursus simple .... 18 ...... Pholcus (phalangioides) 18(17). Male chelicerae with stridulatory ridges 29(27). Six eyes; long legs; procursus usually and one pair of large frontal apophyses with ventral hinged process (e.g., figs. proximally ...... Pholcophora 208, 213, 276) ...... Metagonia Ð Male chelicerae without stridulatory ridg- Ð Eight eyes; short legs; procursus without es; with one pair of small frontal ventral hinged process ...... 30 apophyses distally ...... Tolteca 30(29). Male palp without patella (figs. 390Ð392) 19(12). Carapace with roundish indentation (pit); ...... Enetea male chelicerae without proximolateral Ð Male palp with patella ...... 31 apophysis; synanthropic, introduced 31(30). Proximal segment of male chelicera un- Old World species ...... 20 modified; male fang with apophysis Ð Carapace without indentation; male che- (fig. 384); only on Gala«pagos Islands licerae with proximolateral apophysis ...... Galapa ...... 22 Ð Proximal segment of male chelicera with 20(19). Opisthosoma pointed posterodorsally; one or more apophyses; male fang 52 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

without apophysis; not on Gala«pagos introduced, synanthropic Old World Islands ...... 32 species ...... 42 32(31). Procursus only half as long as bulb (fig. 42(41). Opisthosoma pointed posterodorsally; 339) ...... Kambiwa two pairs of frontal apophyses on male Ð Procursus as long as bulb ...... 33 chelicerae; male femur with spines 33(32). Male chelicerae with several (2Ð4) pairs ventrally; male and female chelicerae of tiny cones frontally (figs. 400, 415); with stridulatory ridges ...... procursus simple ...... Aucana ...... Crossopriza (lyoni) Ð Male chelicerae with one pair of frontal Ð Opisthosoma rounded posterodorsally; apophyses ...... 34 male chelicerae with single pair of 34(33). Cheliceral apophyses long, projecting frontal apophyses; male femur without forward (fig. 372); procursus with dor- spines ventrally; male and female che- sal flap (figs. 374, 378, 380) ...... licerae without stridulatory ridges ...... Guaranita ...... Smeringopus (pallidus) Ͼ Ð Cheliceral apophyses short, projecting 43(38). Large pholcid (body length 3.5 mm) downward (fig. 333); procursus with- with high opisthosoma .... Priscula out dorsal flap...... Nerudia Ð Usually small; if large, then opisthosoma 35(26). Procursus wrapped around embolar divi- longer than high ...... 44 sion of bulb (fig. 1260) ...... Teuia 44(43). Male chelicerae frontally with black pec- Ð Procursus not wrapped around embolar tinate apophysis (fig. 1232) ...... Otavaloa division of bulb ...... 36 ϳ 36(35). Legs short (leg 1 Ͻ 4.5 ϫ body length) Ð Male chelicerae frontally with several ( ...... 37 5Ð50) cone-shaped or globular hairs Ð Legs longer (leg 1 Ͼ 4.5 ϫ body length; (figs. 18Ð20, 947, 967) . . . Carapoia shorter only in some Chibchea species) Ð Male chelicerae otherwise ...... 45 ...... 38 45(44). Male palpal patella ventrally as long, or almost as long as wide (figs. 1266, 37(36). Eight eyes; procursus long, S-shaped 1300, 1304) ...... Tupigea band, without hinged process (figs. Ð Male palpal patella ventrally very short 346, 353) ...... 46 ...... Gertschiola 46(45). Male femur 1 Ͼ 1.15 ϫ tibia 1; legs ex- Ð Six eyes; procursus shorter, with hinged tremely long and thin .... Litoporus process (fig. 286) ...... Ð Male femur 1 about as long as tibia 1 ...... Metagonia (globulosa) ...... 47 38(36). Carapace with thoracic pit ...... 39 47(46). Procursus lying in groove of bulb; male Ð Carapace with thoracic groove ...... 43 chelicerae with pair of club-shaped 39(38). Male chelicerae with several to many hairs on each side (fig. 29 in Huber, cone-shaped, black projections (only 1997b) ...... Systenita introduced, synanthropic species) 40 Ð Procursus not lying in groove of bulb; Ð Male chelicerae with one to two pairs of male chelicerae different ...... 48 apophyses ...... 41 48(47). Male palpal tibia globular (figs. 1338, 40(39). Conical projections on male chelicerae 1349) ...... Blancoa are apophyses; male chelicerae with Ð Male palpal tibia longer than wide . . 49 stridulatory ridges; female carapace 49(48). Epigynum with median groove or pocket with cone posteriorly ...... (e.g., figs. 746, 808, 892) ...... Physocyclus (globosus) ...... Mesabolivar Ð Conical projections on male chelicerae Ð Epigynum without median groove or are modified hairs; male chelicerae pocket ...... 50 without stridulatory ridges; female car- 50(49). Male prosoma inflated posteriorly . . . apace without cone posteriorly ...... Mecoloesthus ...... Artema (atlanta) Ð Male prosoma not inflated posteriorly . . 41(39). Male palpal coxa with retrolateral apoph- ...... 51 ysis (fig. 583); cheliceral apophyses 51(50). Male cheliceral fang with apophysis (figs. without imbedded modified hairs .... 620, 631, 666, 681) ...... Chibchea ...... Aymaria Ð Male cheliceral fang unmodified . . . 52 Ð Male palpal coxa without retrolateral 52(51). Male femora of legs with many short ver- apophysis; cheliceral apophyses with tical hairs; only western Colombia and imbedded modified hairs (figs. 14Ð15); Ecuador ...... 53 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 53

Ð Male femora of legs without or with very vided with a complex system of sclerotized few short vertical hairs ...... 54 ducts. Distinguished from the putative sister 53(52). Six eyes on high eye turret; male tibiae group (Old World Pholcus group sensu Hub- of legs without or with very few short er, 1995) by the ventral hinged process of the vertical hairs ...... Modisimus procursus, and by the absence of any bulbal Ð Eight eyes on moderately elevated ocular projection other than the embolus. area; male tibiae of legs with many ϳ short vertical hairs ...... Waunana DESCRIPTION: Total length usually 1.5Ð3 54(52). Male chelicera with articulated apophysis mm, rarely up to 5 mm (e.g., M. caudata O. (figs. 16, 1140, 1148, 1155); procursus Pickard-Cambridge). Carapace roundish, oc- very long, overreaching palpal coxa ular area barely elevated (figs. 1Ð2); ochre- ...... Pisaboa yellow, sometimes with distinct brown pat- Ð Male chelicera without articulated apoph- tern (figs. 201, 210, 282); thoracic groove ysis; procursus not reaching palpal usually absent (present in M. globulosa,n. coxa ...... 55 sp.; fig. 280). Six eyes in two triads, absent 55(54). Six eyes; chelicerae with short entapo- in some troglobites, AME always missing. physes (figs. 1321, 1330) . . Canaima ϳ Ð Eight eyes; chelicerae with long entapo- Distance PME-ALE small ( 15Ð25% of physes ...... 56 PME diameter). Male clypeus usually with 56(55). Male chelicerae with only one pair of sexual modifications, usually species-specif- apophyses ...... Chibchea ic. Male chelicerae usually with modified Ð Male chelicerae with three to several hairs (figs. 28Ð29), sometimes with one or cone-shaped apophyses (figs. 987, 997, more pairs of frontal apophyses, rarely with 1001, 1005) ...... Coryssocnemis lateral stridulatory ridges (figs. 40, 273, 285). Male palps large in relation to overall size; METAGONIA SIMON, 1893 coxa without retrolateral apophysis, femur Metagonia Simon, 1893b: 472 (type species by sometimes with conspicuous ventral or pro- original designation M. bifida Simon, 1893; ex- lateroventral apophysis (e.g., fig. 246), pro- amined). Ð Gertsch, 1971: 82Ð83; 1977: 105; cursus usually complex, with ventral hinged 1986: 40Ð41. Ð Gertsch and Peck, 1992: 1194Ð process (figs. 208, 213, 258, 276); bulb often 1195. Ð Huber, 1997a: 342. attached dorsally to cymbium, with tubular Anomalaia Gonza«lez-Sponga, 1998: 24 (type spe- embolus ending in spine (fig. 53), without cies by original designation A. mariguitarensis further projections. Tarsal organ capsulate in Gonza«lez-Sponga, 1998; examined). NEW SYN- all species examined (M. argentinensis Mel- ONYMY. lo-Leita˜o, rica Gertsch, blanda Gertsch, ti- JUSTIFICATION OF SYNONYMY: The type spe- naja Gertsch, delicata (O. Pickard-Cam- cies of Anomalaia shares with ‘‘typical’’ Me- bridge), uvita Huber, globulosa, n. sp., mal- tagonia species (i.e., southeast Brazilian spe- donado, n. sp.; figs. 61Ð66). Legs usually cies herein considered closely related to the thin and long (leg 1 usually ϳ 8Ð13 ϫ body type species, which is only known from the length; in M. globulosa only 4.4 ϫ body female) the asymmetrical female internal length; tibia 1 l/d: 50Ð100; in M. globulosa genitalia, the hinged process on the procur- only 26), leg 1 always longest, legs 2 and 4 sus, and the dorsal attachment of the bulb to about same length, leg 3 shortest; often with the cymbium. darker patellae and tibia-metatarsus joints, DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized (total sometimes with up to three dark rings on length usually ϳ 1.5Ð3 mm), usually pale, femora and tibiae; without spines, vertical long-legged leaf- and cave-dwellers, AME and curved hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium always missing. Easily distinguished from of tibia 1 at ϳ 7Ð15%, more distally only in other New World genera by the simple, often M. globulosa (21Ð23%); tarsus 1 with ϳ 20Ð dorsally attached bulb consisting of a glob- 30 pseudosegments that are distinct distally, ular part and a tubular embolus ending in a but difficult to count proximally. Opisthoso- spine, by the male clypeus that is usually ma very variable in shape, from globular to sexually modified, by the complex procursus cylindrical to bifid, often overhanging spin- that is usually provided with a ventral hinged nerets (e.g., figs. 203, 249, 279); grayish- process, and by the vulva that is usually pro- ochre, often with darker spots, whose num- 54 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 ber varies widely even within species. Male tized dark epigynum; including: M. argenti- gonopore with four epiandrous spigots in all nensis, bicornis (Keyserling), bifida Simon, species examined (M. argentinensis, rica, ?duodecimpunctata Schmidt, ?flavipes blanda, delicata, uvita, maldonado; figs. Schmidt, heraldica Mello-Leita˜o, quadrifas- 113Ð118). ALS usually with several (5Ð6) ciata Mello-Leita˜o, strinatii (Brignoli) (see piriform gland spigots (examined: M. argen- Remark below), and the new species nadleri, tinensis, rica, blanda, globulosa, maldonado; n. sp., bonaldoa, n. sp. (2) The group pre- figs. 146Ð150), with only one piriform gland viously assigned to Micromerys (transferred spigot each in M. delicata and uvita (fig. by Huber, 1997a), ranging from Mexico to 175); other spinnerets typical for family. southern Brazil; often with cylindrical opis- Sexual dimorphism slight, females with thosoma, usually very small (total length ϳ shorter legs, unmodified clypeus and chelic- 2 mm), male clypeus not or only slightly erae, with greater variation in opisthosoma modified, with frontal cheliceral apophyses size and shape. Epigynum ranging from ex- as possible synapomorphy; including: M. de- tremely inconspicuous (same pale color as licata, uvita, talamanca Huber, ?unicolor opisthosoma) to dark-brown rugose plates (Keyserling), mariguitarensis Gonza«lez- (e.g., figs. 223, 270); internally with dorsal Sponga, and the newly described M. beni,n. pore plates in various configurations (e.g., sp.; I have seen further undescribed material figs. 216, 224, 248); uterus externus often from Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, and with complex system of sclerotized ducts Guyana. (3) A group represented in this pa- ventrally (figs. 218, 225, 255, 262, 278, 290; per by four newly described species (M. tin- receptacles?), often asymmetric. go, n. sp.; taruma, n. sp.; samiria, n. sp.; MONOPHYLY: All species included share maldonado, n. sp.), ranging from Bolivia and the globular bulb with tubular embolus end- Peru to Guyana (map 1) (possibly including ing in a spine, with no other projection; most M. auberti Caporiacco from French Guiana); species share the ventral hinged process on with complex procursus that lacks a hinged the male procursus, the dorsal attachment of process, without sclerotized ducts in the fe- the bulb to the cymbium, and a complex sys- male internal genitalia, with prolaterally at- tem of sclerotized ducts in the female inter- tached bulb. All these characters are plesiom- nal genitalia. See Specific Relationships, orphies, and the group is possibly a paraphy- group 3 below, for species that lack these letic assemblage of primitive species. How- characters; they are nevertheless assigned to ever, the reduction of globular hairs on the the genus for their striking general similarity. male chelicerae may constitute a synapomor- GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus is ap- phy of this group. (4) The group including parently more closely related to some Old all Central American species and the four World genera (the Pholcus group sensu Huber, known island species (see Distribution be- 1995), than to other New World genera (tu- low), ranging from Mexico to northern Bra- bular membranous embolus, globular hairs on zil; very similar to group 1, but opisthosoma male chelicerae with deep parallel grooves). not bifid, epigynum not sclerotized, male pal- Several other similarities to Old World genera, pal femur without ventral apophysis; includ- however, like small PME-ALE distance, cap- ing the 45 Central American species in sulate tarsal organ, absence of palpal coxal Gertsch (1986), plus M. lancetilla Huber, re- apophysis and thoracic groove, and presence ventazona Huber, toro Huber, hondura Hub- of ALS piriform gland spigots and epiandrous er, hitoy Huber, asintal Huber, bellavista spigots, seem to be plesiomorphies. Gertsch and Peck, reederi Gertsch and Peck, SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus can be debrasi Pe«rez Gonza«lez and Huber, and pos- tentatively divided into five operational spe- sibly lingua (Schmidt) and conica (Simon). cies groups, at least some of which are pos- I have seen further undescribed material sibly monophyletic: (1) The group including from Colombia and Brazil (Manaus). This the type species, most diverse in southern group is possibly not monophyletic. (5) A Brazil, but apparently ranging from central group so far only represented by the newly Argentina to Ecuador; with two possible syn- described M. furcata, n. sp., from southeast- apomorphies: bifid opisthosoma and sclero- ern Brazil and the very aberrant M. globu- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 55

losa from Peru and Bolivia (the AMNH has land species are two more eyeless troglobites females from Trinidad that appear closely re- on Gala«pagos (M. bellavista, reederi). lated to M. globulosa!), with globular opis- COMPOSITION: The genus now includes a thosoma and relatively short legs. This group total of 79 nominal species. Judging from the is possibly close to, or nested within group undescribed species I have seen in the few 2(M. furcata has cheliceral apophyses!). collections studied, a comprehensive revision REMARK: In the original description of Me- would probably yield at least several dozens tagonia strinatii (Brignoli) (Brignoli, 1972a), of new species in South America. the female internal genitalia (Brignoli’s fig. 9) are simple and symmetric, while those of Metagonia nadleri, new species ‘‘Priscula cf. paeta’’ have asymmetrical in- Figures 200Ð209 ternal sclerotized ducts (Brignoli’s fig. 13). Metagonia sp., ‘‘I.D. #5’’: Huber, 1999: fig. 18. The two figures were obviously mixed up. MISPLACED SPECIES: When New World TYPE: Male holotype from Santa Teresa, ‘‘Micromerys’’ species were transferred to Esp«õrito Santo, Brazil; Jan. 26, 1959 (A. M. Metagonia (Huber, 1997a), Micromerys oc- Nadler), in AMNH. cidentalis (Mello-Leita˜o, 1929) was the only ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collector. species not examined. I have since seen the DIAGNOSIS: Representative of group 1 female holotype (from Tapera, Pernambuco, above; distinguished from close relatives (M. Brazil; date and collector not given, in bonaldoa, argentinensis) by the long, diverg- MNRJ), which is obviously a Micropholcus ing clypeal apophyses (figs. 202, 207), the fauroti (Simon, 1887) (NEW SYNONYMY), a shape of the palpal femur apophysis (figs. pantropical pholcid (Deeleman and Prinsen, 204, 206), and the procursus (figs. 208Ð209) 1987; Pe«rez Gonza«lez, 1995). (see Note below). NATURAL HISTORY: Most species (for NOTE: This might be the male of the type which these data are known) have been col- species of Metagonia (M. bifida Simon, lected either in caves (mainly in Mexico) or 1893, from Rio de Janeiro; see redescription from the undersides of leaves (Gertsch, 1986; in Huber, 1997b), as well as the male of M. Huber, 1997a). The only easy way to collect heraldica Mello-Leita˜o and M. quadrifascia- them in reasonable numbers seems to be by ta Mello-Leita˜o (both from Rio de Janeiro). hand (turning over leaves, or picking them However, there are several (undescribed) from cave walls), which may be the reason species with very similar habitus in south- for the relatively poor representation of the eastern Brazil. More material of both sexes genus in the collections I have seen. needs to be studied to either justify a syn- (Gertsch, when revising the genus, had eight onymization, or support the present name as specimens from four species from Costa Rica valid. available for study, collected traditionally by MALE (holotype): Total length 2.2, cara- sweeping of foliage; during my own work in pace width 0.75; leg 1: 23.8 (5.6ϩ0.4 Costa Rica I collected with little effort about ϩ5.7ϩ10.8ϩ1.3), tibia 2: 3.7, tibia 3: 2.4, 350 specimens from eight species, usually at tibia 4: 3.3; tibia 1 l/d: 72. Carapace ochre- the rate of about one specimen per minute, yellow with distinct brown mark (fig. 201), all by hand). Only one species (M. rica ocular area brown, distance PME-ALE small Gertsch) has been studied in some detail with (ϳ 25% of PME diameter). Clypeus with respect to prey capture, courtship, copula- light brown marks, with pair of long, diverg- tion, egg sac production, and genital me- ing brown apophyses (fig. 202); sternum chanics (Huber, 1997a). light brown with many small light spots, DISTRIBUTION: From Mexico to central Ar- shape as in M. globulosa (cf. fig. 281). Che- gentina. The only record for the USA (Texas) licerae ochre-yellow, with pair of brown is from a single individual in a banana bunch plates set with tiny tubercles (fig. 207), with- from Mexico. The genus is conspicuously out modified hairs. Palps ochre-yellow to absent on the Antilles, with the exception of light brown, coxa without retrolateral apoph- two eyeless troglobites (M. debrasi on Cuba, ysis, femur without proximal retrolateral M. jamaica on Jamaica). The only other is- apophysis but with large sclerotized prolater- 56 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 200Ð206. Metagonia nadleri, n. sp., male holotype. 200. Habitus, lateral view. 201Ð202. Pro- soma, dorsal and frontal views. 203. Opisthosoma, dorsal view. 204. Left palp, prolateral view. 205. Left palp, retrolateral view. 206. Left palpal femur, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm. al protrusion (figs. 204Ð206); procursus com- entral hinged process (arrow); bulb consist- plex (figs. 208Ð209), consisting basically of ing of simple globular part and tubular em- main branch ending in strong spine (‘‘a’’), bolus ending in spine (fig. 204). Legs light prolateroventral membrane, into which black ochre-yellow, patella and metatarsus basally sclerite seems to be suspended (‘‘b’’), pro- darker; most hairs missing; tarsus 1 with ϳ lateral black spine (‘‘c’’), and retrolaterov- 25 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma bifid(fig. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 57

Figs. 207Ð209. Metagonia nadleri, n. sp., male holotype. 207. Chelicerae and clypeal apophyses, frontal view. 208. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 209. Left procursus, prolateral view (a, b, c refer to structures described in the main text; arrow points to hinged process). Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

203), gray with some large dark spots dor- NOTE: This species might be conspecific sally. with M. heraldica Mello-Leita˜o and M. FEMALE: Unknown (see Note above). quadrifasciata Mello-Leita˜o. Both are from DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- Rio de Janeiro, in both the males are un- cality. known, and in both the type material is pos- MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Esp´ırito sibly lost. Given the large number of similar Santo: Santa Teresa: type above. (undescribed) species in southeastern Brazil, I consider it more probable that the species Metagonia bonaldoa, new species described herein is in fact new. Figures 210Ð218 MALE (holotype): Total length 2.9, cara- TYPES: Male holotype, 4( 2& paratypes, pace width 0.9, length 0.9; leg 1: 25.2 ϩ ϩ ϩ ϩ and one juvenile from Rancho Queimado, (6.1 0.4 6.4 10.8 1.5), tibia 2: 3.8, tibia Santa Catarina, Brazil; Nov. 15Ð18, 1995 (A. 3: 2.3, tibia 4: 3.2; tibia 1 l/d: 64. Habitus as Bonaldo), in MCN (26920). in fig. 210. Carapace yellowish, with brown ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collector of pattern as in fig. 210; ocular area also brown, the type material. distance PME-ALE about 20% of PME di- DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of M. argenti- ameter. Clypeus with broad brown band, nensis Mello-Leita˜o, distinguished by the with pair of distinctive apophses (fig. 211), pair of bifid male clypeal apophyses (fig. sternum brown with light spots at bases of 211), the shape of the procursus (figs. 212Ð coxae and light triangular mark in center. 213), and the large oval epigynum (fig. 217) Chelicerae brown, with modified hairs as in (see Note below). fig. 214. Palps ochre-yellow to brown, in 58 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 210Ð218. Metagonia bonaldoa, n. sp. 210. Male habitus, dorsal view. 211. Male prosoma, frontal view. 212. Left procursus, prolateral view. 213. Left procursus, retrolateral view (arrow points to hinged process). 214. Four of the modified hairs on male chelicerae. 215. Male left palpal femur, prolateral view. 216. Epigynum, dorsal view. 217. Epigynum, ventral view. 218. System of sclerotized structures (duct?) in female internal genitalia, ventral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (210), 0.3 mm (211Ð 213, 215Ð217), 0.1 mm (218), 0.05 mm (214). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 59

general as in M. nadleri (cf. figs. 204Ð205), Bu¬low), in MLP (16.960) (not examined; see femur with pointed apophysis (fig. 215), pro- Note below). cursus as in figs. 212Ð213. Legs yellowish, NOTE: I have not seen the type material, but with hardly visible darker bands (cf. female), consider it highly probable that the specimens without spines, without curved and vertical described herein are conspecific with the fe- hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at male holotype: first, Mello-Leita˜o’s description 12%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 20 pseudosegments. fits the specimens I have seen quite perfectly; Opisthosoma bifid(fig. 210), ochre, with second, I have seen material from the type lo- blackish spots dorsally, genital plate rectan- cality; third, M. argentinensis has frequently gular, brown. been collected at various places in Rio Grande VARIATION: Tibia 1 in other male: 5.5; do Sul and Misiones, while the only other Me- some males also have white spots on the op- tagonia I have seen from this region was a isthosoma. very different spider (close to M. delicata). FEMALE: Tibia 1 (N ϭ 6) 4.1Ð4.9 (xø ϭ DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of M. bonaldoa, 4.5). In general very similar to male, but dark distinguished by the pair of rounded male pattern on carapace differs: pairs of radiating clypeal apophyses (fig. 219), the shape of the stripes do not contact marginal spots, ocular procursus (figs. 221Ð222), and the triangular area not darkened, clypeus has only pair of epigynum (fig. 223). dark spots above chelicerae. Rings on legs MALE (Morro Santana, Rio Grande do usually very distinct: femora and tibiae with Sul): Total length 2.5, carapace width 1.1, three rings each (central ring palest). Epigyn- length 0.9; leg 1: 22.5 (5.7ϩ0.4ϩ5.6ϩ9.3 um dark brown, with strong striation frontal- ϩ1.5), tibia 2: 3.3, tibia 3: 2.1, tibia 4: 3.1; ly and two pairs of humps posteriorly (fig. tibia 1 l/d: 52. Habitus as in M. bonaldoa (cf. 217), internally with pair of pore fields (fig. figs. 210Ð211). Carapace yellowish, with two 216), and complicated system of sclerotized pairs of brown stripes radiating toward pos- ducts (figs. 216, 218). terior lateral margin, and three pairs of darker DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Santa Ca- spots laterally on posterior half; ocular area tarina (Brazil). not darkened, distance PME-ALE about 20% MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Santa Ca- of PME diameter. Clypeus with broad brown tarina: Rancho Queimado: types above; stripe, with pair of distinctive apophyses (fig. same locality, Oct. 8Ð11, 1994 (A. B. Bon- 219), sternum brown with light spots at bases aldo & L. Moura), 3& in MCN (26171); Ilha of coxae. Chelicerae brown, with modified de Arvoredo, Oct. 15Ð16, 1993 (A. A. Lise), hairs as in M. bonaldoa (cf. fig. 214). Palps 1( 2& in MCP (4033); Ilha Joa˜o da Cunha, ochre-yellow to brown, in general as in M. Porto Belo, Dec. 7, 1992 (R. G. Buss), 1& 1 nadleri (cf. figs. 204Ð205), femur with point- juvenile in MCP (3128); Morr-Spitzkopf, ed apophysis (fig. 220), procursus as in figs. Blumenau (27Њ01ЈS, 49Њ01ЈW), Feb. 2, 1996 221Ð222. Tarsal organ capsulate (fig. 66). (A. B. Bonaldo, A. Kury & R. Pinto-da-Ro- Legs yellowish, with hardly visible darker cha), 1& in MCN (27192); the following fe- rings (cf. female); without spines, without male is assigned tentatively (the epigynum is curved and vertical hairs; tarsus 1 with ϳ 25 similar in shape, but smaller): Morro do Bau«, pseudosegments; retrolateral trichobothrium Ilhota (26Њ48ЈS, 48Њ57ЈW), Feb. 4, 1996 (A. of tibia 1 at 13%. Opisthosoma bifid (cf. fig. B. Bonaldo, A. Kury & R. Pinto-da-Rocha), 210), ochre, with blackish spots dorsally, 1& in MCN (27204). genital plate light brown. Gonopore with four epiandrous spigots (fig. 113); ALS with Metagonia argentinensis Mello-Leita˜o, several piriform gland spigots (fig. 147). 1945 VARIATION: Tibia 1 in six males: 4.9Ð6.4 Figures 66, 113, 147, 219Ð224 (xø ϭ 5.8). Males from Salto do Yucuma« with brown ocular area; in some males rings on Metagonia argentinensis Mello-Leita˜o, 1945: legs well visible. 227Ð228; figs. 2Ð3a. FEMALE: Tibia 1 (N ϭ 13) 4.0Ð4.7 (xø ϭ TYPE: Female holotype from Puerto Igua- 4.3). In general very similar to male, but rings zu«, Misiones, Argentina; no date (M. von on legs usually much more pronounced: fem- 60 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 219Ð225. Metagonia argentinensis Mello-Leita˜o. 219. Male clypeus modification, frontal view. 220. Male left palpal femur, prolateral view. 221. Left procursus, prolateral view. 222. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 223. Epigynum, ventral view. 224. Epigynum, dorsal view. 225. System of sclerotized structures (duct?) in female internal genitalia, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (220Ð224), 0.1 mm (219, 225). ora and tibiae with three rings each (central Morro Santana, May 17, 1980 (A. A. Lise), ring palest). Epigynum dark brown, triangular 1( in MCN (9080); Barragem, Passo do In- (fig. 223), internally with large undivided pore ferno, Sa˜o Francisco de Paula, Nov. 19, 1997 field (fig. 224), and complicated system of (M.A.L. Marquez), 1( in MCN (28869); Sa˜o sclerotized ducts (figs. 224Ð225). Francisco de Paula, May 30ÐJune 2, 1996 DISTRIBUTION: Known from southern Bra- (A. A. Lise), 1( 1& in MCP (9901); Linha zil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Pa- Cristina, Caxias do Sul, June 6, 1993 (M. B. rana«) and northeastern Argentina (Misiones). Martins), 1( 1& in MCP (4445); Santa Cruz MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Mi- do Sul, Nov. 20, 1994 (R. Ott), 1( 1& in siones: Pto. Bemberg, Oct. 1953 (Schiapelli), MCP (5057); Fazenda Raconto da Figueira, 2& in MACN. BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul: Arroio dos Ratos, Aug. 1, 1986 (A. D. Bres- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 61

covit), 2( 2& in MCN (15534); Novo Ham- easily distinguished by the procursus (com- burgo, Apr. 25, 1976 and July 28, 1986 (C. pare figs. 230Ð231 with 238Ð240). J. Becher), 1( 2& in MCN (4081, 15455); MALE (holotype): Total length 3.6, cara- Salto do Yucuma«, Parque Estadal Doturo Te- pace width 1.1; leg measurements (legs loose nente Portela, Jan. 16, 1985 (A. A. Lise), 2( or missing): femur 1: 9.1, tibia 3: 3.3. Hab- 1 juvenile in MCN (13003); Garruchas Sa˜o itus as in fig. 226. Carapace ochre, with dark Borfa, Nov. 6, 1979 (H. Bischoff), 1& in brown mark (fig. 228), without thoracic MCN (8716); Sa˜o Leopoldo, June 12, 1992 groove, ocular area and clypeus dark brown, (A. B. Bonaldo), 1& in MCN (24733); Sa˜o distance PME-ALE about 20% of PME di- Leopoldo, Sept. 1, 1986 and Sept. 28, 1987 ameter. Clypeus with strong, reddish-brown (C. J. Becker), 3& 1 juvenile in MCP (328, apophyses (fig. 227); sternum light ochre- 330, 375); Sander-Tres Coroas, Nov. 23, yellow. Chelicerae ochre-yellow, unmodified 1983 (E. H. Buckup), 1& in MCN (11838). except pair of black (sclerotized?) areas Santa Catarina: Rodovia, Concordia-Seara proximolaterally. Palps ochre-yellow to light (27Њ12ЈS, 52Њ10ЈW), Jan. 30, 1996 (A. B. brown, procursus reddish-brown with black Bonaldo, A. Kury & R. Pinto-da-Rocha), 1& spines; coxa without apophysis, femur with- in MCN (27150); Parana´: Foz do Iguac¸u, out proximal retrolateral apophysis, but with night collecting on railing of path, Mar. 24, strong prolateroventral apophysis consisting 1985 (H. & L. Levi), 5& 2 juveniles in MCZ. of various black cones (fig. 229), at rest lodged into cavity of procursus; procursus Metagonia tingo, new species complex (figs. 230Ð231), slightly spiraling, Figures 226Ð231 apparently without hinged process; bulb con- Metagonia sp., ‘‘I.D. #4’’: Huber, 1999: fig. 17. sisting of simple globular part and tubular embolus ending in spine (fig. 230). Legs TYPE: Male holotype from Tingo Maria, ochre-yellow, with dark brown patellae and Dept. Hua«nuco, Peru; Nov. 21, 1946 (J. C. tibia-metatarsus joints. Opisthosoma ochre- Pallister), in AMNH. gray, with some light brown spots (fig. 226). ETYMOLOGY: The species name is a noun FEMALE: Unknown. in apposition, derived from the type locality. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- DIAGNOSIS: Representative of group 3 cality (map 1). above; close relative of M. samiria, n. sp., MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Hua´nuco: Tingo Maria: type above.

Metagonia taruma, new species Figures 232Ð237

TYPES: Male holotype from ‘‘Kuyuwini Landing, Kuyuwini ni river,’’ Upper Takutu- Upper Essequibo, Guyana; Nov. 20Ð21, 1937 (W. G. Hassler), in AMNH; 1( para- type from same locality, same data, in MZF. ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition honoring the Taruma, a tropical forest people in Guyana who were devastated by an influenza epidemic in the mid-1920s. By 1980, only a handful of Taruma descen- dents were still aware of their tribal origins. DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from oth- Map 1. Known distribution of Metagonia Si- er representatives of group 3 above by the mon, species group 3 (see text): M. tingo, n. sp. unpaired clypeal apophysis (fig. 233), the (circle); M. maldonado, n. sp. (diamonds); M. sa- shape of the long palpal femur apophysis miria, n. sp. (dark square); M. taruma, n. sp. (light (fig. 234), and details of the procursus (figs. squares). 235Ð236). 62 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 226Ð231. Metagonia tingo, n. sp., male. 226. Habitus, lateral view. 227Ð228. Prosoma, frontal and dorsal views. 229. Left palpal femur, prolateral view. 230. Left palp, prolateral view. 231. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1 mm (226), 0.5 mm (227Ð228, 230Ð231), 0.3 mm (229).

MALE (holotype): Total length 2.7, cara- 20% of PME diameter. Clypeus light brown, pace width 0.8; legs fragmented. Carapace with strong median apophysis (fig. 233); ochre, with dark brown mark as in M. tingo sternum light ochre. Chelicerae ochre-yel- (cf. fig. 228), but with light longitudinal band low, unmodified. Palps light brown, femur within dark mark, without thoracic groove; apophysis and procursus slightly darker; ocular area brown, distance PME-ALE about coxa without retrolateral apophysis, femur 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 63

Figs. 232–237. Metagonia taruma, n. sp., male. 232–233. Prosoma, ventral and frontal views. 234. Right palpal femur, retrolateral view. 235–236. Right procursus of male from Kuyuwini Landing, dorsal (235) and ventral (236) views (asterisk marks area where femur apophysis is lodged at rest). 237. Right procursus of a male from Shudicar River, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (232–233, 235–237), 0.3 mm (234). without proximal retrolateral apophysis, but rium of tibia 1 at 10%. Opisthosoma shape, with long prolateroventral apophysis (fig. color, and spots as in M. tingo (cf. fig. 226). 234), at rest lodged into cavity of procursus FEMALE: Unknown. (asterisk in fig. 236); procursus complex (figs. VARIATION: The procursus of the male 235–236), slightly spiraling, apparently with- from Shudicar River (see below) differs out hinged process, with several distal spines slightly (fig. 237), but the apophyses on the and fringes; bulb consisting of simple globu- palpal femur and clypeus are identical. The lar part and tubular embolus ending in spine. male from Manaus differs slightly with re- Legs light ochre, with darker patellae and tib- spect to the relative sizes of the distal ele- ia-metatarsus joints; retrolateral trichoboth- ments of the procursus, and the clypeus 64 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 apophysis (the lateral ‘‘wings’’ are more tarsus joints. Retrolateral trichobothrium of prominent). Measurements of this male: car- tibia 1 at 7.5%; tarsus 1 with over 20 pseu- apace width 0.95; leg 1: (7.2ϩ0.4ϩ7.3, rest dosegments. Opisthosoma (shape, color, missing), tibia 2: 4.1, tibia 3: 2.3, tibia 4: 3.9; markings) as in M. tingo (cf. fig. 226). tibia 1 l/d: 92. FEMALE (paratypes): Tibia 1: 6.6, 6.7, 7.2. DISTRIBUTION: Known from Guyana and In general very similar to male, but carapace Brazil (Amazonas) (map 1). and clypeus without brown marks, opistho- MATERIAL EXAMINED: GUYANA: Upper soma with long tip overhanging spinnerets. Takutu-Upper Essequibo: types above; Epigynum light brown, with slightly project- ‘‘Shudicar River, Upper Essequibo River,’’ ing broad scape with distal pocket (fig. 242). Jan. 1, 1938 (W. G. Hassler), 1( in AMNH. Internally apparently fully symmetrical (fig. BRAZIL: Amazonas: Reserva Ducke, Ma- 243). naus, Dec. 6, 1993 (H. Ho¨fer), 1( in MCN DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- (25175). cality (map 1). MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Loreto: Alto Metagonia samiria, new species Rio Samiria: types above. Figures 238–243 Metagonia maldonado, new species ( & TYPES: Male holotype, 2 3 paratypes Figures 2, 62, 107, 114, 146, 244–248 from Alto Rio Samiria (5Њ07ЈS, 75Њ28ЈW), Dept. Loreto, Peru; May 1990 (T. Erwin ‘‘et TYPES: Male holotype, 9( 9& paratypes al.’’), in MUSM. from 15 km E Puerto Maldonado (12Њ33ЈS, ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. 69Њ03ЈW), Madre de Dios, Peru; 200 m elev., The specific name is a noun in apposition. June–July 1989 and Feb. 25–Mar. 7, 1990 (D. DIAGNOSIS: Representative of group 3 Silva), in MUSM. above. Close relative of M. tingo, easily dis- ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. tinguished by the shape of the procursus The specific name is a noun in apposition. (compare figs. 238–240 with figs. 230–231). DIAGNOSIS: Representative of group 3 Also, the clypeus apophyses are relatively above. Easily distinguished from close rela- smaller in the present species, and the palpal tives (M. tingo, M. samiria) by the tip of the femur apophyses are longer (compare figs. procursus with its four pointed laminae and 241, 229). apophyses (figs. 244–245), by the shape and MALE (holotype): Total length 3.2, carapace length of the femur apophysis (fig. 246), by width 0.9; leg 1: 36.0 (8.8ϩ0.4ϩ8.7ϩ16.5 the more widely separated clypeus apophyses ϩ1.6), tibia 2: 4.9, tibia 3: 2.8, tibia 4: 4.7; (fig. 2), and by the shape of the epigynum tibia 1 l/d: 96. Habitus and prosoma shape as (fig. 247). in M. tingo (cf. figs. 226–228), only with pos- MALE (holotype): Total length 3.2, carapace terior brown mark, ocular area light ochre-yel- width 1.0; leg 1: 33.6 (8.3ϩ0.4ϩ8.1ϩ15.2 low, distance PME-ALE about 20% of PME ϩ1.7), tibia 2: 4.8, tibia 3: 2.7, tibia 4: 4.5; diameter. Clypeus brown, with pair of apoph- tibia 1 l/d: 94. Habitus and prosoma shape as yses as in M. tingo (cf. fig. 227); sternum light in M. tingo (cf. figs. 226–228), only posterior ochre-yellow. Chelicerae ochre-yellow, un- third of carapace brown, ocular area brown, modified except pair of black marks proxi- distance PME-ALE about 20% of PME di- molaterally. Palps ochre-yellow to light ameter. Clypeus brown, with pair of apophy- brown, procursus reddish-brown with dark ses as in fig. 2 (see also fig. 107); sternum distal parts; coxa without retrolateral apoph- whitish. Chelicerae ochre-yellow, unmodified ysis, femur without proximal retrolateral except pair of darker (sclerotized?) areas un- apophysis, but with strong prolateroventral der clypeal apophyses. Palps ochre-yellow to apophysis (fig. 241), at rest lodged into cavity light brown, procursus with dark distal parts; of procursus; procursus complex (figs. 238– coxa without apophysis, femur with long pro- 240), apparently without hinged process; bulb lateroventral apophysis and series of smaller simple, as in M. tingo (cf. fig. 230). Legs yel- apophyses on ventrodistal margin (fig. 246); lowish, with brown patellae and tibia-meta- procursus relatively simple (figs. 244–245), 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 65

Figs. 238–243. Metagonia samiria,n.sp.238–240. Left procursus, ventral (238), dorsal (239), and prolateral (240) views. 241. Male left palpal femur, prolateral view. 242. Epigynum, ventral view. 243. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

without hinged process; bulb simple, as typi- spots dorsally, shape as in M. tingo (cf. fig. cal for genus (fig. 245); tarsal organ capsulate 226). Male gonopore with four epiandrous (fig. 62). Legs ochre-yellow, with brown pa- spigots (fig. 114), ALS with several piriform tellae and tibia-metatarsus joints; without gland spigots (fig. 146). spines, without curved and vertical hairs; re- VARIATION: The males from Tambopata, trolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 6.9%; Beni, and La Paz (see below) differ slightly tarsus 1 with ϳ 25 pseudosegments. Opistho- with respect to the dorsal spine of the pro- soma ochre-gray with some indistinct darker cursus tip (arrow in fig. 244), which is slight- 66 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 244–248. Metagonia maldonado,n.sp.244. Left procursus, retrolaterodorsal view (arrow: this structure is slightly narrower in males from Uchumachi, Tambopata, and Yucumo). 245. Left male palp, retrolateral view. 246. Male left palpal femur, retrolateral view (arrow: at this point, males from Uchu- machi, Tambopata, and Yucumo have a small, additional apophysis). 247. Epigynum, ventral view. 248. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm. ly narrower, and with respect to the series of tinct darker marks and lateral margins (fig. ventrodistal apophyses on the femur (most 247). Internally apparently symmetric, with conspicuously, there is an additional upward- two pairs of folds that seem to originate from pointing apophysis where the arrow points to uterus externus (fig. 248). in fig. 246). DISTRIBUTION: Known from southern Peru FEMALE (paratypes): Tibia 1 (N ϭ 8) 6.0– (Madre de Dios) and northern Bolivia (Beni, 7.1 (x¯ ϭ 6.5). In general very similar to La Paz) (map 1). male, but carapace and clypeus without dis- MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Madre de tinct brown marks, only light brown spot Dios: 15 km E Puerto Maldonado: types posteriorly and light brown band between above. Zona Reservada Tambopata, ‘‘Laguna eye triads. Epigynum light brown with dis- Chica: noche’’ (12Њ50ЈS, 69Њ17ЈW), 290 m 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 67

elev., June 8, 1988 (D. Silva), 1( 1& in darker than prosoma, with light brown area MUSM; Zona Reservada Tambopata, June covered with globular hairs and pair of distal 3–15, 1988 (3 vials; J. Coddington), 1( 2& apophyses (fig. 253). Palps pale ochre-yel- in USNM; same locality, Nov. 7–12, 1983, low, only procursus with black elements; and Sept. 6–14, 1984 (3 vials; T. L. Erwin coxa and femur without apophyses; procur- ‘‘et al.’’), 1( 2& in USNM; Tambopata Re- sus complex (figs. 250–252), with hinged serve, Rio Tambopata, Explorer’s Inn, Mar. process; bulb simple, as typical for genus. 1988 (J. Palmar, D. Smith), 1( in MCZ; Legs whitish, without darker rings, almost all Zona Reservada de Manu´, Rio La Torre and hairs missing; retrolateral trichobothrium on Rio Tambopata (12Њ50ЈS, 69Њ17ЈW), Aug.– tibia 1 apparently missing in holotype, in Dec. 1979 (A. Rypstra), 6& in USNM. BO- paratype at 8.8%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 15 pseu- LIVIA: Beni: 16.8 mi SW Yucumo (ϳ dosegments. Opisthosoma cylindrical (fig. 15Њ23ЈS, 66Њ59ЈW), ϳ 500 m elev., Nov. 15– 249), dirty white with slightly darker smudg- 19, 1989 (2 vials; J. Coddington, C. Gris- es dorsolaterally (ϳ 8 on each side). wold, D. Silva, S. Larcher, E. Pen˜aranda), 5( VARIATION: Tibia 1 in three male paratypes: 7& in USNM; La Paz: Cerro Uchumachi, 7 3.7–4.1. km SW Coroico, (ϳ 16Њ15ЈS, 67Њ21ЈW), ϳ FEMALE (paratypes): Tibia 1 (N ϭ 6) 3.3– 1900 m elev., Nov. 24–25, 1989 (J. Cod- 3.9 (x¯ ϭ 3.5). In general very similar to dington, C. Griswold, D. Silva, S. Larcher, male. Epigynum extremely simple externally, E. Pen˜aranda), 3( 12& in USNM. only with receptacle shining through cuticle (fig. 254); internal genitalia as shown in fig. Metagonia beni, new species 255, with distinctly asymmetrical recepta- Figures 249–255 cle(?). DISTRIBUTION: Known from Peru (Hua´nu- TYPES: Male holotype, 3( 7& paratypes co, Madre de Dios) and northern Bolivia from 16.8 mi SW Yucumo (ϳ 15Њ23ЈS, (Beni). 66Њ59ЈW), Dept. Beni, Bolivia; ϳ 500 m MATERIAL EXAMINED: BOLIVIA: Beni: elev., Nov. 15–19, 1989 (J. Coddington, C. 16.8 mi SW Yucumo: types above. PERU: Griswold, D. Silva, S. Larcher, E. Pen˜aran- Hua´nuco: Dantas-La Molina, SW Puerto da), in USNM. Inca (9Њ38ЈS, 75Њ00ЈW), 270 m elev., May 28 ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Bolivian state and June 1, 1987 (2 vials; D. Silva), 3( in Beni. The specific name is a noun in appo- MUSM. Madre de Dios: Parque Nacional sition. Manu´, Zona Reservada Pakitza (11Њ56ЈS, DIAGNOSIS: Typical representative of group 71Њ17ЈW), 356 m elev., Apr. 24–29, Sept. 2 above. Very similar to M. uvita (from Costa 26–30, and Oct. 1–19, 1991 (3 vials; D. Sil- Rica!), distinguished by the larger patch of va), 3( 2& in USNM; Pakitza, Rio Manu´ modified hairs on the male chelicerae, the (12Њ07ЈS, 70Њ58ЈW), 250 m elev., Sept. 22, broader distal apophyses on the male chelic- 1988 (T. L. Erwin & B. D. Farrel), 1( in erae, and the female internal genitalia (com- USNM. pare figs. 253, 255 with figs. 8c, 9 in Huber, 1997a). Direct comparison of M. uvita speci- Metagonia mariguitarensis mens with the present material showed no (Gonza´lez-Sponga, 1998), new combination perceptible differences in palpal structure (mi- Figures 256–267 nor differences between figs. 450–451 herein and figs. 8d–e in Huber, 1997a, result largely Anomalaia mariguitarensis Gonza´lez-Sponga, 1998: 25–27, figs. 21–32. from different angles of view, or are artifacts). MALE (holotype): Total length 1.9, cara- TYPES: Male holotype, 4( 12& paratypes pace width 0.63; leg 1: 17.2 (4.3ϩ0.3 from Mariguitar, Dept. Simon Bol´ıvar, Edo. ϩ4.3ϩ7.1ϩ1.2), tibia 2: 2.4, tibia 3: 1.3, tib- Sucre, Venezuela; 10 m elev., Dec. 22, 1986 ia 4: 2.5; tibia 1 l/d: 80. Habitus as in fig. (A. Campos), in collection Gonza´lez-Sponga 249; entire prosoma whitish, distance PME- (1004a, b) (not examined). ALE very small (almost touching). Clypeus DIAGNOSIS: Representative of group 2 not sexually modified. Chelicerae slightly above (cheliceral apophyses!); easily distin- 68 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 249–255. Metagonia beni,n.sp.249. Male habitus, lateral view. 250–252. Left procursus, prolaterodorsal (250), retrolateral (251), and dorsal (252) views. 253. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 254. Epigynum, ventral view. 255. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (249), 0.2 mm (250–255). guished from congeners by the asymmetrical ALE about 20% of PME diameter. Clypeus palps (figs. 257–258), the armature of the barely modified, only with pair of darker male chelicerae with their lateral pointed pro- humps; sternum whitish. Chelicerae with dis- trusions (fig. 259), and the shape of the asym- tinctive lateral cone-shaped protrusions, fron- metrical structures in the female internal gen- tal apophyses and patches of globular mod- italia (figs. 262–263). ified hairs (fig. 259). Palps asymmetrical in MALE (Roraima, Brazil): Total length 2.0, every aspect except coxa and (apparently) carapace width 0.77; leg 1 missing, tibia 2: trochanter (figs. 257–258, 260–261): femur 2.5, tibia 3: 1.6, tibia 4: 2.5. Habitus as in of right side longer and with differently fig. 256. Carapace ochre-yellow, with trian- shaped ventral apophysis, tibia of right side gular brown mark posteriorly; six eyes in two much larger, sclerotized rod (ϭ main branch triads on brown ocular area, distance PME- of procursus) of right side much stronger and 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 69

Figs. 256–259. Metagonia mariguitarensis (Gonza´lez-Sponga), male from Roraima, Brazil. 256. Habitus, lateral view. 257. Left palp, retrolateral view (arrow points to hinged process). 258. Right palp, retrolateral view (arrow points to hinged process) (both palps drawn to same scale!). 259. Chelicerae, frontal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (256–258), 0.2 mm (259). longer, hinged process of right side long and Sponga). Legs ochre-yellow, with dark slender, that of left side shorter but with com- brown patellae and tibia-metatarsus joints; plicated sclerotized tip, bulbs of both sides most hairs missing. Opisthosoma grayish- approximately same size, but embolus of left ochre, with about six pairs of blackish spots side shorter and much broader (figs. 260– dorsally, pointed posteriorly (not bifid). 261) (in all four males examined it was the FEMALE (Roraima, Brazil): Tibia 1 in two right palp that was enlarged; the same ap- specimens: 3.8, 4.0. In general very similar plied to the five males studied by Gonza´lez- to male, but opisthosoma projecting even far- 70 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 260–263. Metagonia mariguitarensis (Gonza´lez-Sponga), from Roraima, Brazil. 260. Left male palp, prolateral view (arrow points to embolus). 261. Right male palp, prolateral view (arrow points to embolus) (both palps drawn to same scale!). 262. Epigynum, dorsal view. 263. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (260–261), 0.3 mm (262–263). ther beyond spinnerets, two to eight pairs of metrical system of ducts(?) and receptacle(?) spots dorsally on opisthosoma, carapace with (fig. 262). brown X mark and median line on ocular DISTRIBUTION: Known from Venezuela area. Epigynum very simple externally, with (Sucre), northern Brazil (Roraima), and Peru broad scape, asymmetrical structures shining (Loreto, Hua´nuco, Madre de Dios; see Notes through cuticle (fig. 263; in all six females below). examined the dark round structure was on the MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Roraima: right side). Internally with apparently sym- Ilha Maraca´, Jan. 31–Feb. 14, 1992 (A. A. metrical uterus externus and valve, but asym- Lise), 1( 4& in MCP. PERU (see Notes be- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 71

Figs. 264–267. Metagonia mariguitarensis (Gonza´lez-Sponga), male from Peru (Loreto) (all figures drawn to same scale!) 264. Left palp without bulb, prolateral view. 265. Right palp without bulb, prolateral view. 266. Left bulb, retrolateral view. 267. Right bulb, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.

low): Loreto: Rio Samiria (04Њ43ЈS, type material, the specimens from Peru are 74Њ18ЈW), June 24, 1990 (T. Erwin ‘‘et al.’’), herein assigned tentatively. There are some 1( 1& in MUSM; Hua´nuco: Bosque Na- differences suggesting they might actually cional A. von Humboldt, ‘‘El Caobal,’’ July belong to a separate species: the frontal 31, 1986 (D. Silva), 1( in MUSM; Madre apophyses on the male chelicerae are slightly de Dios: Pakitza, Rio Manu´ (12Њ07ЈS, more pointed; the pattern on the carapace of 70Њ58ЈW), 250 m elev., Sept. 22, 1988 (T. the male resembles that of the females from Erwin & B. D. Farrel), 1( 1& in USNM. Roraima described above; the opisthosoma NOTES: While the specimens from Rorai- has many spots dorsally, and is less pointed ma are very prabably conspecific with the posteriorly; the right palp is even more en- 72 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 268–270. Metagonia unicolor (Keyserling), female holotype. 268–269. Habitus, lateral and dorsal views. 270. Opisthosoma, ventral view. Scale line: 0.5 mm. larged (fig. 265, the left palp is about the right palp appears to tend toward reduction same size as in male from Roraima); the fe- (the hair base is smaller) and may actually be mur apophyses differ slightly (compare figs. absent in the type material. 260–261 with 264–265); in the left palp the sclerotized rod is shorter (compare figs. 260, Metagonia unicolor (Keyserling, 1891), 264; note that the apparent difference in the new combination tips of the hinged processes shown in figs. Figures 268–270 260 and 264 is mostly artificial, due to slight- ly different angles of view); the bulb is clear- Spermophora unicolor Keyserling, 1891: 178– ly dimorph in size (figs. 266–267; in the 179, figs. 123, 123a–b. – Moenkhaus 1898: 88. males from Hua´nuco and Madre de Dios, the – Mello-Leita˜o, 1918: 110–111. (Both Moenk- bulb of the large palp is even smaller than in haus and Mello-Leita˜o simply translated Key- serling’s original description, without adding the male from Loreto, illustrated here); the new information.) – Mello-Leita˜o, 1947a: 3; fig. left embolus is even broader and more scler- 50 (see Notes below). otized (fig. 266); the pore plates in the female uterus externus appear more elongate. Mea- TYPE: Female holotype from ‘‘Serra Ver- surements of male from Loreto: total length melha,’’ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; no date (E. 2.2, carapace width 0.87; leg 1: 19.1 A. Go¨ldi), in BMNH (1890.411.8340), ex- (4.8ϩ0.3ϩ4.7ϩ8.0ϩ1.3), tibia 2: 2.9, tibia 3: amined. 1.7, tibia 4: 2.8; tibia 1 l/d: 54; retrolateral NOTES: Without a male the species cannot trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 14%; tarsus 1 be diagnosed. Mello-Leita˜o’s (1947a) illus- with ϳ 20 pseudosegments. Tibia 1 in males tration of the palp is very unlikely from a from Hua´nuco and Madre de Dios: 5.3 conspecific male, given the large number of (both). Female tibia 1: 4.1. (mostly undescribed) very similar species in Gonza´lez-Sponga (1998) noted the pres- southeastern Brazil, and the fact that Mello- ence of only one trichobothrium on the male Leita˜o probably did not consult the type. The palpal tibia. I checked the four males exam- present brief redescription and illustrations ined and found two trichobothria on all palpal may help identify the species when males tibiae, as in all pholcids examined. However, and females are found together. Metagonia the distal (retrolateral) trichobothrium of the unicolor might be close to M. furcata, n. sp., 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 73

and thus a representative of group 5, but it pale ochre-yellow, without rings; tarsus 3 might also be a representative of group 2. In with ϳ 10 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma any case, the main point in the context of the monochromous pale gray, shape as in M. uni- present paper is that this species is very prob- color (cf. figs. 268–269). ably a Metagonia, supporting the statement FEMALE (paratype): Habitus as in male; all that Spermophora is not a natural element in legs missing or loose. Without any dark America (Brignoli, 1974; Huber, 1998d). marks. Without sclerotized epigynum, inter- FEMALE (holotype): Total length 1.6, car- nal structures shining through cuticle (fig. apace width 0.6; leg 1: (2.0ϩ0.2ϩ2.1ϩ2.4, 277). Internal genitalia as in fig. 278. tarsus missing), tibia 2: 1.3, tibia 3: 0.8, leg DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- 4 missing; tibia 1 l/d: 33. Habitus as in figs. cality. 268–269, entire spider pale ochre-yellow, in- MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Espõ«rito ternal genitalia apparently asymmetrical (fig. Santo: types above. 270; as common in Metagonia, but so far not known in any other pholcid genus). Metagonia globulosa, new species DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- Figures 53, 65, 150, 279–290 cality. MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Ja- TYPES: Male holotype, 2( 5& paratypes neiro: type above. from Rio Samiria (04Њ43ЈS, 74Њ18ЈW), Dept. Loreto, Peru; May 13–June 24, 1990 (T. Er- Metagonia furcata, new species win ‘‘et al.’’), in MUSM. Figures 271–278 ETYMOLOGY: The species name is an ad- TYPES: Male holotype, 1& paratype, and jective referring to the globular opisthosoma. one juvenile from Santa Teresa, Esp´ırito San- DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from con- to, Brazil; Jan. 26, 1959 (A. M. Nadler), in geners by the globular abdomen (fig. 279), AMNH. the presence of a thoracic groove (fig. 280), ETYMOLOGY: The species name is an ad- the short legs, the tripartite clypeal apophysis jective, referring to the fork-shaped clypeal in the male (fig. 285), the shape of the pro- apophysis in the male. cursus (figs. 286–287), and the female inter- DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from all nal genitalia (fig. 290). Metagonia furcata,n. known congeners by the male frontal arma- sp., is probably the closest known relative, ture, especially the long frontal fork (figs. but is easily distinguished by the habitus and 271–273); also by the armature on the male the male clypeus. chelicerae (figs. 272–273), and the shape of MALE (holotype): Total length 1.4, cara- the male procursus (figs. 274–276). pace width 0.6; leg 1: 6.2 (1.6ϩ0.2 MALE (holotype): Total length 1.5, cara- ϩ1.6ϩ2.0ϩ0.8), tibia 2: 1.1, tibia 3: 0.8, tib- pace width 0.6: leg 3 (all others loose): 4.0 ia 4: 1.1; tibia 1 l/d: 26. Habitus as in fig. (1.1ϩ0.2ϩ1.0ϩ1.2ϩ0.5), femur 4: 1.8. Car- 279. Carapace light ochre, with slightly dark- apace ochre-yellow, without thoracic groove; er median stripe and three pairs of lateral six eyes in two triads (fig. 272); distance spots (fig. 282), thoracic groove distinct but PME-ALE about 25% of PME diameter. shallow (fig. 280); six eyes in two triads; dis- Clypeus with dark brown sculpture and tance PME-ALE about 15% of PME diam- ochre-yellow fork (figs. 271–273). Sternum eter. Clypeus slightly darker than carapace; pale ochre-yellow. Chelicerae light brown, sternum ochre-yellow. Chelicerae light with several globular hairs on frontal humps, brown, with stridulatory ridges laterally, and prominent lateral apophyses, and stridulatory rugose surface frontally (fig. 285). Palps light ridges laterally (figs. 272–273). Palps as in ochre, only cymbium and procursus darker fig. 274; coxa without retrolateral apophysis, brown to black; coxa without retrolateral femur extremely voluminous (fig. 274), pro- apophysis, femur without proximal retrola- cursus complex (figs. 274–276), resembling teral apophysis, procursus complex (figs. that of M. globulosa, n. sp. (cf. figs. 286– 283–284, 286–287), with hinged process (ar- 287); bulb consisting of simple globular part row in fig. 286); bulb consisting of simple and tubular embolus ending in spine. Legs globular part and tubular embolus ending in 74 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 271–278. Metagonia furcata, n. sp. 271–273. Male prosoma lateral, frontal, and oblique views. 274. Right male palp, retrolateral view. 275. Right procursus, dorsal view. 276. Right procursus, ventral view (arrow points to hinged process). 277. Epigynum, ventral view. 278. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (271–273), 0.2 mm (274, 277–278). spine (figs. 53, 283). Legs light ochre, with 21–23%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 20 pseudoseg- dark rings on femora (proximally and sub- ments. Opisthosoma grayish-ochre, large distally) and tibiae (proximally and subdis- blackish spots dorsally, large white spot tally); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at above spinnerets. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 75

Figs. 279–284. Metagonia globulosa, n. sp., male. 279. Habitus, lateral view. 280–282. Prosoma, frontal, ventral, and dorsal views. 283. Left palp, prolateral view. 284. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (279), 0.3 mm (280–284).

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in two male paratypes: 288), light, with asymmetrical dark internal 1.4, 1.6. Tibia 1 in male from Bolivia: 1.7. structures showing through (fig. 289). In- FEMALE (paratypes): Total length 1.5– ternal genitalia complicated, possibly with 1.6; tibia 1: 1.4–1.5 (tibia 1 in females receptacle (fig. 290). Females are either from Bolivia: 1.6–1.7). In general very right- or left-sided with respect to the in- similar to male. Epigynum protruding (fig. ternal structures. 76 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 285–290. Metagonia globulosa,n.sp.285. Male chelicerae and clypeal modifications, frontal view. 286. Procursus, ventral view (arrow points to hinged process). 287. Cymbium with procursus, dorsal view. 288. Epigynum, lateral view. 289. Epigynum, ventral view. 290. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

DISTRIBUTION: Apparently widely distrib- not examined). – Brignoli, 1980: 649–655. – uted from northern Peru to Bolivia. Huber, 1997a: 357–358. OTE N : One label says ‘‘fogging palms . . . TAXONOMIC NOTES: As discussed previous- canopy epiphytes . . . ,’’ suggesting that the ly (Huber, 1997a), New World ‘‘Leptophol- species lives on (probably the undersides of) cus’’ may or may not be true Leptopholcus; leaves, as typical for Metagonia. in fact, Leptopholcus may even be a subjec- MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Loreto: Rio tive synonym of Pholcus (Brignoli has spec- Samiria: types above; Alto Rio Samiria Њ Ј Њ Ј ulated about this possibility long ago—Brig- (5 12 S, 75 20 W), May 12, 1990 (T. Erwin noli, 1980: 652), but this question has to be ‘‘et al.’’), 1( in MUSM. BOLIVIA: Beni: Њ Ј Њ Ј ϳ addressed by a very extensive study of Old Est. Biol. Beni (14 47 S, 66 15 W), 225 World genera, practically of the entire Phol- m elev., Nov. 8–14, 1989 (J. Coddington, C. cus group sensu Huber (1995). This group Griswold, D. Silva, S. Larcher, E. Pen˜aran- ( & has an almost exclusive Old World distribu- da), 1 3 (2 vials) in USNM. tion, and presently includes over 200 nomi- nal species. The point in this paper is to give LEPTOPHOLCUS SIMON, 1893 further evidence of the very peculiar bioge- Leptopholcus Simon, 1893b: 474 (type species by ography of this group. It seems to be com- original designation L. signifer Simon, 1893; pletely absent in Central and South America 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 77

(with the exception of some synanthropic NEW RECORDS: PUERTO RICO: Maricao, cosmopolitan species: Pholcus phalangioi- Hacienda Juanita, old coffee plantation, 600 des, Spermophora senoculata, and Micro- m elev., Apr. 3 and Apr. 6, 1989 (2 vials) (H. pholcus fauroti), but has speciated indepen- & L. Levi), 2& in MCZ. Jayuya, old coffee dently in two relatively restricted areas in plantation, gardens, ϳ 1000 m elev., Mar. North America (eastern USA) and the Great- 20–26, 1986 (H. & L. Levi), 1( 1& in MCZ. er Antilles. The North American Pholcus Mayagu¨ez: University farm (8 vials), Jan. species are currently being revised by R. 15–Feb. 21, 1964 (A. M. Chickering), 18( Baptista, who currently recognizes up to sev- 19& and several juveniles in MCZ. Maya- en species from the southeastern States, es- gu¨ez, woods near nuclear center, Jan. 27, pecially the Appalachian Mountains (R. Bap- 1964 (A. M. Chickering), 2( 2& 2 juveniles tista, personal commun.). Central and South in MCZ. 5 km E Mayagu¨ez ‘‘on Rt. 106,’’ America have no native Pholcus species. The Jan. 30, 1964 (A. M. Chickering), 1( 2 ju- only neotropical species that has not yet been veniles in MCZ. ‘‘Cidra, Treasure Island,’’ transferred or synonymized is P. dubioma- Feb. 26–27, 1955 (A. M. Nadler), 1( 1 ju- culatus Mello-Leita˜o, 1918. I have seen the venile in AMNH. Rio Piedras, Mar. 2, 1953, type material (two males and one juvenile Jan. 21–23, 1955, Mar. 14, 1959 (3 vials, A. syntypes from ‘‘Pinheiro,’’ Rio de Janeiro, M. Nadler), 2& 2 juveniles in AMNH. VIR- Brazil; no further collection data, in MNRJ), GIN ISLANDS: St. John: above Cinnamon and there is no doubt that this is Pholcus Bay, Mar. 17, 1970 (H., L. & F. Levi), 2& in phalangioides (Fuesslin) (NEW SYNONYMY). MCZ. St. Thomas: ‘‘woods and grass,’’ Dec. On the Antilles, two Leptopholcus species 11–13, 1965 (Levins & Cintron), 1( in are currently recognized: L. dalei (Petrunk- AMNH. evitch, 1929) in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (see New Records below), and L. de- Leptopholcus delicatulus Franganillo, 1930 licatulus Franganillo, 1930 in Cuba (Huber Figures 291–294, 306 and Pe´rez Gonza´lez, 1998). The present pa- Leptopholcus delicatulus Franganillo, 1930: 59. – per gives a few new records for these spe- Huber and Pe´rez Gonza´lez, 1998: 251–256, cies, and descriptions of two new species, figs. 1–5, 11–21. one restricted to Hispaniola, the other to Ja- Leptopholcus conicus Franganillo, 1931: 286. id. maica. The USNM has a single male speci- 1934: 153. id. 1936a: 46. id. 1936b: 78 (first men from Dominica, Lesser Antilles, which synonymized by Franganillo 1936b, erroneous apparently represents a fifth species. preference of junior synonym). One observation that seems noteworthy Micromerys dalei: Bryant, 1940: 296–297 (erro- but may be merely coincidental, is that the neous synonymization of delicatulus with dal- ei). genus Metagonia, whose epigean represen- tatives occupy a very similar if not identical NEW RECORDS: CUBA: Oriente: S. Vi- microhabitat (the undersides of large leaves cente, Caney, Nov. 1956 (no collector given), in humid forests), and which is extremely di- 2( in AMNH. Cuabitas, Santiago de Cuba, verse in Central and South America, is ap- Dec. 18, 1955 (collector not given), 1& in parently absent from the Antilles with the ex- AMNH. ception of blind, cavernicole species (Pe´rez NOTE: Bryant’s (1940) material was re- Gonza´lez and Huber, 1999). cently thought to be lost (Huber, 1997a, Hub- er and Pe´rez Gonza´lez, 1998), but it has re- Leptopholcus dalei (Petrunkevitch, 1929) surfaced at the AMNH, and will be returned Figures 27, 105, 302–305, 309 to the MCZ. Micromerys dalei Petrunkevitch, 1929: 150–154, Leptopholcus hispaniola, new species figs. 144–148. Figures 300–301, 308 Leptopholcus dalei: Deeleman-Reinhold, 1986a: 47. – Huber, 1997a: 356–358, figs. 22a–e, 23a– TYPE: Male holotype from Parque Nacion- b, 24, 26a. – Huber and Pe´rez Gonza´lez, 1998: al Bermudez Cienaga, La Vega Prov., Do- 251, figs. 6–10, 21. minican Republic; 1100 m elev., tropical ev- 78 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 291–305. Leptopholcus spp. from the Antilles, male diagnostic characters. 291–294. L. deli- catulus Franganillo. 291. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 292. Bulbal projections (left bulb). 293. Bulbal ‘‘appendix.’’ 294. Left palpal trochanter, retrolateral view. 295–299. L. jamaica,n.sp.295. Left procursus, prolateral view. 296. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 297. Bulbal projections (left bulb). 298. Bulbal ‘‘appendix.’’ 299. Palpal trochanter. 300–301. L. hispaniola,n.sp.300. Bulbal ‘‘appendix.’’ 301. Palpal trochanter. 302–305. L. dalei (Petrunkevitch). 302. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 303. Bulbal projections (left bulb). 304. Bulbal ‘‘appendix.’’ 305. Palpal trochanter. Arrows point to emboli; arrow with shaft points to distinctive apophysis on L. jamaica ‘‘appendix’’; asterisks mark ‘‘unci.’’ Scale line for all drawings: 0.2 mm. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 79

ergreen forest, malaise, July 19–Aug. 2, Haiti, and two localities in the Dominican 1995 (S. & J. Peck), in AMNH. Republic. ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Island of His- MATERIAL EXAMINED: DOMINICAN RE- paniola. The specific name is a noun in ap- PUBLIC: La Vega: type above; forest be- position. tween Hato Mayor and Sabana de la Mar, DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of L. delicatulus, July 20, 1935 (W. G. Hassler), 1( in AMNH. distinguished by the shorter palpal trochanter HAITI: Port-au-Prince: Damiens, Nov. 10, apophysis (compare figs. 294, 301), the 1959 (A. M. Nadler), 1& in AMNH. thicker palpal tibia (0.37 mm diameter in two L. hispaniola males versus 0.28–0.33 mm in Leptopholcus jamaica, new species five L. delicatulus males), and the broader Figures 294–299, 307 bulbal appendix (compare figs. 293, 300). MALE (holotype): Total length 3.8, cara- TYPE: Male holotype from Askenish, Trail ϩ pace width 0.74; leg 1: 30.4 (6.9 0.3 to Dolphin Head, Hanover Prov., Jamaica; ϩ ϩ ϩ 7.5 14.0 1.7), tibia 2: 5.0, tibia 3: 3.1, June 24, 1954 (A. M. Chickering), in MCZ. tibia 4: 4.5; tibia 1 l/d: 102. Habitus exactly ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Island of Ja- as in other Caribbean Leptopholcus (cf. figs. maica. The specific name is a noun in ap- 22a–b in Huber, 1997a). Carapace ochre-yel- position. low, ocular area with brown band between DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from the eye triads; AME represented by black spots, other Caribbean species by the long apoph- but apparently without lenses; distance PME- ysis originating from the bulbal appendix (ar- ALE about 15% of PME diameter. Clypeus row with shaft in fig. 297); also by the tip of brown, sternum whitish; chelicerae ochre- the appendix projecting over the spine (fig. yellow, with apophyses as in L. dalei and L. 298), and the very long, almost straight pal- delicatulus (cf. fig. 24 in Huber, 1997a; fig. pal trochanter apophysis (fig. 299). 11 in Huber and Pe´rez Gonza´lez, 1998). MALE (holotype): Total length 4.8, cara- Palps ochre-yellow, trochanter apophysis pace width 0.84; leg 1: (8.5ϩ0.4ϩ8.1ϩ16.1, very short: 0.12–0.13 mm in two males; pro- cursus brown ventrally and distally, appar- tarsus missing), tibia 2: 5.6, tibia 3: 3.3, tibia ently identical to that of L. delicatulus (cf. 4: 5.5; tibia 1 l/d: 102. Habitus exactly as in fig. 291); bulb whitish with black apophyses, other Caribbean Leptopholcus (cf. figs. 22a– with distinctive appendix. Legs light ochre- b in Huber, 1997a). Carapace ochre-yellow, yellow, with dark patellae and tibia-metatar- ocular area with large brown, about triangu- sus joints; apparently without spines, without lar mark; AME as in L. delicatulus (small, curved and vertical hairs (many hairs miss- but with lenses); distance PME-ALE about ing); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 15% of PME diameter. Sternum whitish; che- 4%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 35 pseudosegments. Op- licerae ochre-yellow, with apophyses as in L. isthosoma grayish, without spots dalei and L. delicatulus (cf. fig. 24 in Huber, (bleached?). 1997a; fig. 11 in Huber and Pe´rez Gonza´lez, VARIATION: Tibia 1 in other male studied: 1998). Palps ochre-yellow, trochanter apoph- 6.9; in this male there is absolutely no trace ysis very long: 0.36–0.37 mm in three males; left of the AME, but the genitalia are indis- procursus brown ventrally and distally, with tinguishable from those of the type specimen. distinct distal apophyses and laminae (figs. FEMALE (Haiti): Total length 3.6, carapace 295–296); bulb whitish with black apophy- width 0.65; leg 1 missing. Opisthosoma even ses, with distinctive apophysis originating more elongated above spinnerets than in from basis of appendix (arrow with shaft in male, with dark spots dorsally; AME more fig. 297). Legs light ochre-yellow, with light clearly present, apparently with lenses; inter- brown patellae and tibia-metatarsus joints; nal genitalia as in fig. 308. An egg sac ac- apparently without spines, without curved companies the female, and is remarkable for and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium being relatively tightly woven, in contrast to of tibia 1 at 4.5%. Opisthosoma ochre-yel- the few threads of Metagonia egg sacs. low, with some very faint darker spots dor- DISTRIBUTION: Known from one locality in sally. 80 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 306–309. Leptopholcus spp. from the Antilles, female internal genitalia, dorsal views. 306. L. delicatulus Franganillo. 307. L. jamaica,n.sp.308. L. hispaniola,n.sp.309. L. dalei (Petrunkevitch). Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in two other males: by original designation Myrmidonella minuta 7.0, 8.0. Berland, 1919; examined). NEW SYNONYMY FEMALE (Heremitage Reservoir): Tibia 1: JUSTIFICATION OF SYNONYMY: The type ma- 5.9. In general very similar to male, but with- terial of N. subtilissima is in very bad shape out brown mark on ocular area. Internal gen- (see redescription below), but Simon’s (1890, italia as in fig. 307. 1893b) figures and descriptions leave little DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Jamaica. doubt that the two additional species treated MATERIAL EXAMINED: JAMAICA: Hano- herein are closely related to N. subtilissima. ver: type above, with 1 juvenile; St. Andrew: Simon’s (1893b) fig. 488 clearly shows the Heremitage Reservoir, Feb. 5, 1957 (A. M. characteristic ventral spine on the bulb, and Chickering), 1( 1& in MCZ; ‘‘Grove fig. 489 shows the long cheliceral apophyses. Place,’’ July 15, 1960 (Vauries), 1( in In the original description, Simon (1890) de- AMNH. scribes these apophyses as slightly diverging and curved at the tips, a description that per- NINETIS SIMON, 1890 fectly fits the two other species treated here- Ninetis Simon, 1890: 95–96 (type species by orig- in. Also, the pair of sclerotized arches in the inal designation Ninetis subtilissima Simon, female internal genitalia of N. subtilissima 1890; examined). (arrow in fig. 314) are strikingly similar to Myrmidonella Berland, 1919: 349 (type species those in N. minuta (arrow in fig. 330). More- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 81

over, I have seen specimens recently collect- DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 1–1.25 mm. ed by A. van Harten in Yemen close to the Carapace without thoracic groove (fig. 317), type locality of N. subtilissima (one male, eight eyes on hardly elevated ocular area, two females) that are very probably conspe- AME almost as large as other eyes (fig. 317; cific with Simon’s specimens. They are clear- smaller in type species, though not as small ly conspecific with the two additional species as illustrated by Simon, 1893b: fig. 487). treated below. Distance PME-ALE small (ϳ 30% of PME However, the description of the East-Af- diameter). Male clypeus unmodified. Male rican material below under the name Ninetis sternum with small anterior humps (figs. minuta (Berland) raises two questions: first, 317–318). Male chelicerae frontally with pair is the material really conspecific with Myr- of pointed apophyses, without stridulatory midonella minuta Berland? And second, is ridges. Male palpal coxa without retrolateral Myrmidonella Berland really a synonym of apophysis, femur without apophysis, tibia Ninetis Simon? Both questions are difficult enlarged, procursus variable, but simple to answer, as M. minuta was only described (figs. 322–323); bulb with dorsal embolar di- from the female, and the single female spec- vision and ventral spine (figs. 321, 324). Tar- imen cannot be found in the MNHN in Paris. sal organ capsulate (figs. 73–74). Legs short The original description would fit almost any (leg 1 about 2–3 ϫ body length; tibia 1 l/d: ninetine, and the only possibly distinctive 12–13), leg formula 4123; legs monochrom- feature, the protruding female genitalia, may ous; without spines, without curved and ver- simply result from a mass of sperm inside (it tical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia is common in pholcids that sperm-filled fe- 1 very distal (at 60–66%); tarsus with ϳ 3– male genitalia are protruding). This may also 4 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma globular. account for the ventral views given by Ber- Male gonopore with four epiandrous spigots land (1919: fig. 9; 1920: fig. 149). Thus, only (examined: N. namibiae, n. sp.: fig. 125), two rather weak arguments favor conspecif- ALS with piriform gland spigots (examined: icity: the absence of evidence to the contrary; N. namibiae: fig. 152), other spinnerets typ- and the fact that all the material has been ical for family. collected within a radius of just about 230 Female very similar to male. Epigynum km. simple, of variable shape (figs. 329, 331); I Assuming that the material is in fact con- could not find pore plates. specific, the synonymy of Myrmidonella and MONOPHYLY: The three species included Ninetis follows logically from what is stated share the spine ventrally on the bulb. above. But even if the assumption were GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus may wrong, analogous arguments to those pre- be close to some New World genera of short- sented above also apply here: first, there is legged pholcids with globular opisthosoma, no evidence to the contrary; second, geo- without thoracic groove, and with capsulate graphically, Ninetis has a known range from tarsal organ with small opening (particularly Yemen to Namibia, with Nairobi (the type Nerudia, which shares the bulbal spine; also locality of Myrmidonella) right in-between. Gertschiola and Kambiwa have ventral bulb More intense collecting in Tanzania and Ken- apophyses that might be homologs to the ya should easily solve this problem more sat- spine in Ninetis). The genitalia in most of isfactorily. these genera, however, are quite distinct (ex- DIAGNOSIS: Tiny (total length ϳ 1–1.25 cept in Nerudia), and it is possible that the mm), eight-eyed pholcids with globular op- overall similarity (and the characters uniting isthosoma, relatively short legs, simple pro- these genera in the cladistic analysis) are ad- cursus, a pair of pointed apophyses on male aptations to a similar environment (leaf litter chelicerae; distinguished from other short- and interstices in the soil structure). The legged genera by long ventral spine on the close relationship of Ninetis with Tolteca bulb (figs. 321, 324; a similar structure oc- suggested in the cladogram in appendix 2 is curs in Nerudia, a short-legged New World probably an artifact due to the poor resolu- genus, which differs by the presence of strid- tion within ninetines as a result of insuffi- ulatory files on the male chelicerae). cient data. 82 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

pointed procursus (fig. 488 in Simon, 1893b). MALE (data from Simon, 1890, 1893b): Total length ϳ 1–1.5, carapace without tho- racic groove; chelicerae with pair of long, slightly diverging and distally hooked frontal apophyses; procursus very simple, pointed; bulb with curved ventral spine and simple embolar division. Opisthosoma globular. The recently collected male confirms Si- mon’s (1893b) drawings of chelicerae and procursus, but the bulbal spine is curved in the opposite direction, like in N. namibiae (cf. fig. 327). FEMALE (syntype): Total length 1.0, cara- pace width 0.37, leg 1: 2.36 (0.67ϩ0.13 ϩ0.64ϩ0.61ϩ0.31), tibia 2: 0.56, tibia 3: 0.44, tibia 4: 0.72; tibia 1 l/d: 14. Entire an- imal pale ochre. Habitus similar to N. minuta (cf. fig. 315); the distinct dorsal hump shown in figs. 310–312 is an artifact (it is absent in the two recently collected females, and was not mentioned by Simon, 1890, 1893b). Map 2. Known distribution of the genus Ni- Eight eyes on hardly elevated ocular area, netis Simon: N. subtilissima Simon (circle); N. AME the smallest, but larger than illustrated minuta (Berland) (dark squares); N. namibiae,n. by Simon (1893b: fig. 487) (fig. 310). Legs sp. (light square). monochromous, most hairs missing; tarsus 1 with ϳ 3 pseudosegments. Epigynum very simple externally, with distinct sclerotized DISTRIBUTION/COMPOSITION: Three species arch on frontal plate (fig. 313); internally described, from Yemen and Africa (Kenya, with roundish structure anteriorly and more Tanzania, Namibia) (map 2). complex folds posteriorly (fig. 314; I could not find pore plates.) Ninetis subtilissima Simon, 1890 DISTRIBUTION: Known from two localities Figures 310–314 in Yemen (represented by a single dot in map Ninetis subtilissima Simon, 1890: 96. – Simon, 2). 1893b: 486–487, figs. 487–489. – Bristowe, MATERIAL EXAMINED: YEMEN: Al Adan 1938: 310, figs. 2, 7. (Aden): types above; Ja’ar, July 11, 1999 (A. van Harten), 1( 2& (deposition site not yet TYPES: Eight syntypes (about four to five determined; a more detailed manuscript on adult females, others juvenile), from Al Adan this material is in preparation). (Aden), Yemen; no date (E. Simon), in MNHN (10788); with Simon’s handwritten label ‘‘10788 Ninet. subtilissima E.S. Ninetis minuta (Berland, 1919), Aden!,’’ examined. Simon’s male speci- new combination men(s) could not be found in the MNHN. Figures 315–322, 329–330 DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from N. minuta Myrmidonella minuta Berland, 1919: 349–350, by the curved ventral spine on the bulb (in figs. 8–9. – Berland, 1920: 126–128, figs. 146– N. minuta it is straight) and the wider epi- 149. gynum (compare figs. 313, 329); from N. na- Ninetis sp. 2: Huber, 1998d: fig. 3k. mibiae by the thinner cheliceral apophyses (compare fig. 489 in Simon, 1893b, with fig. TYPE: Female holotype from Nairobi, Ken- 325 herein); from both also by the short ya; 1660 m elev., Nov. 19–22, 1911 (C. Al- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 83

Figs. 310–314. Ninetis subtilissima Simon, female syntype. 310–312. Prosoma, frontal, lateral, and dorsal views. 313. Epigynum, ventral view. 314. Epigynum, dorsal view (arrow points to internal scler- otized arch; cf. fig. 330). Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

laud & R. Jeannel), not examined (apparently distally, tibia enlarged, procursus very sim- lost). ple, ribbon-shaped (figs. 319, 322), bulb as DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from N. subtil- in figs. 319–321, with distinctive, almost issima by the straight ventral spine on the translucent ventral spine and embolar divi- bulb (fig. 321), and the narrower epigynum sion. Legs monochromous orange-ochre; (fig. 329); from N. namibiae by the ribbon- without spines, without curved and vertical shaped procursus (compare figs. 322–323), hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at and the longer apophyses on the male che- 66%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 3 pseudosegments. Op- licerae (compare figs. 315, 325). isthosoma globular, ochre-gray, without MALE (Kilifi, Kenya): Total length 0.99, spots. carapace width 0.47; leg 1: 2.74 (0.81 VARIATION: Tibia 1 in three males (Kilifi ϩ0.19ϩ0.71ϩ0.71ϩ0.32), tibia 2: 0.61, tibia and Mkomazi): 0.74–0.82. 3: 0.48, tibia 4: 0.74; tibia 1 l/d: 12. Habitus FEMALE (Kilifi, Kenya, and Mkomazi, Tan- as in fig. 315; entire prosoma orange-ochre; zania): Total length (N ϭ 4) 1.31–1.40, tibia carapace without thoracic groove (fig. 317); 1(Nϭ 5) 0.56–0.61. In general very similar distance PME-ALE about 30% of PME di- to male, but sternum without humps. Epi- ameter. Sternum with pair of small frontal gynum simple flat plate (fig. 329); dorsal humps (arrows in figs. 317–318); chelicerae view as in fig. 330 (I could not find pore with pair of long, slightly diverging and dis- plates.) tally hooked frontal apophyses (figs. 317– DISTRIBUTION: Known from three localities 318), without stridulatory ridges. Palps as in in Kenya and Tanzania (all localities are figs. 319–320, coxa without retrolateral within a radius of about 230 km) (map 2). apophysis, femur almost cylindrical, widened MATERIAL EXAMINED: KENYA: Kilifi: Kil- 84 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 315–320. Ninetis minuta (Berland), male. 315. Habitus, lateral view. 316–318. Prosoma, dorsal, frontal, and ventral views (arrows point to humps on sternum). 319. Right palp, retrolateral view. 320. Right palp, prolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (315), 0.2 mm (316–320). ifi shore, leaf litter, Sept. 6, 1977 (J. A. Mur- traps,’’ Aug. 12–13, 1993 (M. Ritchie & R. phy), 2( 2& in AMNH; same data, 1( 2& Makusi), 1( in coll. A. Russell-Smith; same in author’s collection. TANZANIA: Tanga: locality, ‘‘gulley on hill behind Ibeya Mkomazi Game Reserve, Ibaya, ‘‘hillside E Camp,’’ Nov. 15, 1994 (no collector given), of gulley, degraded bushland, 25 pitfall 1( 2& 1 juvenile in coll. A. Russell-Smith. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 85

Figs. 321–328. Ninetis spp. from Africa. 321–322. N. minuta (Berland), male. 321. Right genital bulb, prolateral view (arrow points to opening of sperm duct). 322. Right procursus, retrolateral view. 323–328. N. namibiae, n. sp., male. 323. Right procursus, retrolateral view. 324. Right genital bulb, prolateral view. 325–326. Chelicerae, lateral and frontal views. 327. Right palp, retrolateral view. 328. Right palp, prolateral view. Scale lines: 0.1 mm. 86 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 329–332. Ninetis spp. from Africa. 329–330. N. minuta (Berland). 329. Epigynum ventral view. 330. Epigynum dorsal view (arrow points to internal sclerotized arch; cf. fig. 314). 331–332. N. namibiae, n. sp. 331. Epigynum ventral view. 332. Epigynum dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Ninetis namibiae, new species sternum with indistinct tiny frontal humps; Figures 4, 125, 152, 323–328, 331–332 chelicerae with pair of diverging, distally ( & slightly hooked frontal apophyses, without TYPES: Male holotype, 3 5 paratypes stridulatory ridges (figs. 325–326). Palps as in from ‘‘UR Klein,’’ Windhoek, Namibia; un- figs. 327–328, coxa without retrolateral der stones, rocky hillside; Jan. 19, 1997 (A. apophysis, femur almost cylindrical, widened Russell-Smith), in AMNH. distally, tibia enlarged, procursus as in fig. ETYMOLOGY: Named for the African coun- 323; tarsal organ capsulate; bulb with slightly try Namibia. curved, almost translucent ventral spine and DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from known short embolar division (fig. 324). Legs mon- congeners by the much larger procursus ochromous ochre-yellow; without spines, (compare figs. 322–323), from N. minuta without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral also by the curved bulbal apophysis (com- trichobothrium of leg 1 at 60%; tarsus 1 with pare figs. 321, 324), and the wider-than-long ϳ 3–4 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma gray, epigynum (compare figs. 329, 331); from N. with darker spots dorsally, genital plate light subtilissima by the shorter and thicker che- brown, wide; gonopore with four epiandrous liceral apophyses (compare fig. 325 with fig. spigots (fig. 125); ALS with several piriform 489 in Simon, 1893b), and the wider epigyn- gland spigots (fig. 152). um (compare figs. 313, 331). FEMALE (paratypes): Total length (N ϭ 4) MALE (holotype): Total length 1.25, cara- 1.3–1.6, tibia 1 (N ϭ 5) 0.61–0.71 (x¯ ϭ pace width 0.56; leg 1: 3.07 (0.84ϩ0.19 0.68). In general very similar to male, but ϩ0.84ϩ0.81ϩ0.39), tibia 2: 0.71, tibia 3: opisthosoma in all females monochromous 0.61, tibia 4: 0.94 (!); tibia 1 l/d: 13. Habitus gray. Epigynum simple flat plate, wider than and prosoma shape as in N. minuta (cf. figs. long, with light median band ending frontally 315–318); entire prosoma ochre to light in pocket (fig. 331); dorsal view as in fig. brown; carapace without thoracic groove, 332 (I could not find pore plates). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 87

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- pace width 0.63; leg 1: 4.31 (1.16ϩ0.19 cality (map 2). ϩ1.19ϩ1.29ϩ0.48), tibia 2: 1.03, tibia 3: MATERIAL EXAMINED: NAMIBIA: Win- 0.90, leg 4 missing; tibia 1 l/d: 16. Habitus dhoek: types above; same collection data: 2( as in Guaranita goloboffi, n. sp. (cf. fig. 2& in AMNH. 367); entire prosoma light orange-ochre; car- apace without thoracic groove; distance NERUDIA, NEW GENUS PME-ALE about 30% of PME diameter. Sternum with pair of small frontal humps; TYPE SPECIES: Nerudia atacama, new spe- cies. chelicerae with pair of frontal apophyses and stridulatory ridges laterally (fig. 333; the ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the Chilean poet and Nobel Prize winner Pablo stridulatory pick is a modified hair proxi- Neruda. Gender feminine. mally on palpal femur: fig. 334, shafted ar- row). Palps as in figs. 334–335, coxa without DIAGNOSIS: See Diagnosis of single spe- cies. retrolateral apophysis, femur almost cylindri- DESCRIPTION: See Description of single cal, widened distally, tibia globular, procur- species. sus simple, bent dorsally (fig. 335), bulb with GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus may two projections, one probably the embolus be close to several other New World genera (arrow in fig. 335), the other a pointed of short-legged pholcids with globular opis- apophysis. Legs orange-ochre, without rings; thosoma, especially with Gertschiola and almost all hairs missing; retrolateral tricho- Kambiwa with which it shares the ventral bothrium of tibia 1 at 67%; tarsus 1 with ϳ apophysis on the bulb (figs. 335, 338, 346, 6 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma greenish- 353). Otherwise, however, the genitalia in gray, dorsally covered with dark spots, ven- these genera are quite distinct. The genus is trally pale. very similar to the Old World genus Ninetis, FEMALE: Tibia 1 (N ϭ 4) 1.23, 1.23, 1.23, but differs by the presence of stridulatory fi- 1.35. In general very similar to male, but les on the male chelicerae. sternum without anterior humps. Epigynum DISTRIBUTION/COMPOSITION: Only type spe- brown, as in fig. 336; dorsal view as in fig. cies, from Atacama, Chile. 337. VARIATION: The epigynum of one of the Nerudia atacama, new species female paratypes (the female with the longest Figures 333–337 tibia 1) had a slightly different shape. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- TYPES: Male holotype, 3& paratypes, and cality. one juvenile, from Huasco: Cuesta Pajonales, MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Atacama: S Domeyko, Dept. Atacama, Chile; 1200 m Huasco: Cuesta Pajonales: types above; same elev., Oct. 5, 1992 (N. I. Platnick, P. Golo- & boff, K. Catley), in AMNH. collection data, but at 1080 m elev., 1 in AMNH. ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Chilean state Atacama. The specific name is a noun in ap- position. KAMBIWA, NEW GENUS DIAGNOSIS: Tiny, short-legged pholcid with eight eyes, without thoracic groove, TYPE SPECIES: Ninetis neotropica Kraus, with globular opisthosoma; easily distin- 1957. guished from other short-legged pholcids by ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the the dorsally bent procursus and the two long Kambiwa people in the Brazilian state of bulbal projections (fig. 335); from Ninetis by Pernambuco. Since the 1940s, they are being the presence of stridulatory files on the che- displaced from their land by neo-Brazilian licerae, from Gertschiola by the presence of settlers and are being rapidly integrated into cheliceral apophyses (compare figs. 333, neo-Brazilian economy and society. Gender 351), from Kambiwa by many details of the feminine. palps (compare figs. 335, 339). NOTE: The synonymization of Myrmido- MALE (holotype): Total length 1.39, cara- nella Berland with Ninetis Simon above has 88 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 333–337. Nerudia atacama, n. gen., n. sp. 333. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 334. Left male palp, prolateral view (shafted arrow points to stridulatory pick, other arrows in 334–335 point to putative embolus). 335. Left male palp, retrolateral view. 336. Epigynum, ventral view. 337. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm. the consequence that the neotropical Myr- midonella anomala (Campina Grande, Para- midonella anomala (Mello-Leita˜o, 1918) ı´ba): Kambiwa anomala (Mello-Leita˜o, must be put in another genus too. However, 1918), new combination. I must emphasize, the type specimen is apparently lost, and the however, that the assignment is highly spec- original description just reveals that it might ulative. actually be a ninetine (1.5 mm female body DIAGNOSIS: See Diagnosis of type species. length, eight eyes, carapace ‘‘quasi como o DESCRIPTION: See Description of type spe- das aranhas do genero Scytodes,’’ opistho- cies. soma more or less globular). It could either GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus may follow the type species Myrmidonella minuta be close to several other genera of short-leg- to the Old World genus Ninetis, or it could ged pholcids with globular opisthosoma, es- tentatively be assigned to a New World ge- pecially with Nerudia, Gertschiola, and the nus. I have chosen the second option, and in Old World genus Ninetis. With these genera particular the genus Kambiwa, because the it shares the ventral apophysis on the bulb type locality of Kambiwa neotropica is just (fig. 338). Otherwise, however, the genitalia about 150 km from the type locality of Myr- in these genera are quite different. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 89

Figs. 338–341. Kambiwa neotropica (Kraus). 338. Left male palp, prolateral view (arrow points to stridulatory pick). 339. Left male palp, retrolateral view. 340. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 341. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from north- with eight eyes, without thoracic groove, eastern Brazil. with globular opisthosoma; distinguished from other short-legged pholcids by the short Kambiwa neotropica (Kraus, 1957), procursus with bifid ending (fig. 340), and by new combination the hook-shaped apophysis ventrally on the Figures 338–341 male bulb (fig. 338). (A similar structure oc- Ninetis neotropica Kraus, 1957: 242–243, figs. curs in Nerudia and Gertschiola, but these 73–80. genera differ in many other aspects of the palps and chelicerae.) TYPES: Male holotype (RII/6776a), 1( 4& MALE (holotype; see also Kraus, 1957; most paratypes (RII/6776b) from Recife, Pernam- measurements copied from original descrip- buco, Brazil; date and collector not given, in tion): Total length 1.3, carapace width 0.53; leg SMF (examined). 1: 2.65 (0.75ϩ0.17ϩ0.67ϩ0.67ϩ0.37), tibia 2: NOTE: Only one palp is left on the holo- 0.55, tibia 3: 0.52, tibia 4: 0.82; tibia 1 l/d: 9. type. Both palps and the chelicerae of the Habitus as in Aucana platnicki, n. sp. (cf. fig. male paratype are missing, as is the epigyn- 395); distance PME-ALE about 20% of PME um of one of the females. diameter. Carapace without thoracic groove, DIAGNOSIS: Tiny, short-legged pholcid sternum without anterior humps. Chelicerae 90 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 with pair of anterior apophyses and lateral (in G. macrostyla most hairs missing); retro- stridulatory ridges (see fig. 76 in Kraus, 1957). lateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 extremely Palps as in figs. 338–339, stridulatory pick distal (at 72–73%); tarsus with ϳ 7–9 pseu- proximally on femur (arrow in fig. 338), tibia dosegments. Opisthosoma globular, densely globular, bulb voluminous with distinct hooked covered with dark spots. Male epigastric sys- apophysis (fig. 338); procursus as in fig. 340. tem and spinnerets not examined. Legs without spines, without curved and ver- Female in general very similar to male. A tical hairs. tubular structure originates medially near en- FEMALE (paratypes): In general very sim- trance to uterus externus (figs. 349, 354). ilar to male. Epigynum simple brown plate MONOPHYLY: The two species included (see fig. 80 in Kraus, 1957); dorsal view as share details of the male chelicerae (modified in fig. 341. hairs frontally on a bulge), and the tubular DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- structure in the female internal genitalia. cality. GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: Gertschiola ap- MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Pernam- pears to be very close to Ibotyporanga, with buco: Recife: types above. which it shares the long palp, the thin pro- cursus, and especially the proximal part of it, GERTSCHIOLA BRIGNOLI, 1981 which is characteristically bent in a ventral direction and then makes a turn. The two Gertschiola Brignoli, 1981: 97–98 (type species genera are also almost identical in habitus. by original designation Physocyclus macrosty- lus Mello-Leita˜o, 1941; examined). On the other hand, Gertschiola shares with two other short-legged New World genera DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized (total length ϳ 2 (Nerudia, Kambiwa) and with the Old World mm), eight-eyed pholcids with globular op- genus Ninetis the ventral apophysis on the isthosoma, relatively short legs, thin long male bulb (figs. 321, 324, 335, 338, 346, procursus; distinguished from the similar 353). Ibotyporanga by the armature of the male DISTRIBUTION/COMPOSITION: Two species chelicerae (modified hairs instead of medi- described, from western Argentina. ally fused apophyses), and the tubular struc- ture in the female internal genitalia (figs. Gertschiola macrostyla (Mello-Leita˜o, 349, 354). 1941) DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 2 mm. Cara- Figures 342–350 pace monochromous, with shallow thoracic groove, eight eyes on moderately elevated Physocyclus macrostylus Mello-Leita˜o, 1941: ocular area, AME almost as large as other 110–111, figs. 8–9. – Brignoli, 1975: 36, fig. eyes. Distance PME-ALE small (ϳ 30–40% 2i. Gertschiola macrostylus: Brignoli, 1981: 98–99, of PME diameter). Male clypeus unmodified. figs. 26–30. Male chelicerae frontally without apophyses, but with strong, distinctive hairs, with strid- TYPES: Male lectotype (designated by ulatory ridges (figs. 344, 351). Male palps Brignoli, 1981), 1( (without palps) and 1& very long in relation to overall size (fig. paralectotypes from Ban˜ado, Tucuma´n, Ar- 342); coxa without retrolateral apophysis, fe- gentina; no date (M. Birabe´n), in MLP mur long and cylindrical, with small retro- (14630), examined. lateral apophysis proximally, procursus very DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from G. neu- long (figs. 346, 353); bulb with prolatero- quena, n. sp., by the broader procursus (com- ventral hooked apophysis and longer mem- pare figs. 346, 353), and the much shorter branous element. Tarsal organ not examined. tubular structure in the female internal gen- Legs relatively short (leg 1 about 4–5 ϫ italia (compare figs. 349, 354). body length; tibia 1 l/d: 26–28), leg 1 always MALE (lectotype): Total length 2.1, cara- longest, leg 4 slightly longer than leg 2, leg pace width 0.9; leg 1: 8.8 (2.2ϩ0.4 3 shortest; legs without dark rings; without ϩ2.6ϩ2.9ϩ0.6), tibia 2: 2.1, tibia 3: 1.7, tib- spines, with curved hairs on metatarsi 1 and ia 4: 2.4; tibia 1 l/d: 26. Habitus as in fig. 2, few vertical hairs on tibiae and metatarsi 342; entire prosoma light brown, only cara- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 91

Figs. 342–346. Gertschiola macrostyla (Mello-Leita˜o), male. 342. Habitus, lateral view. 343. Pro- soma, frontal view. 344. Chelicerae, frontal view. 345. Left palp, prolateral view (arrow points to stridulatory pick). 346. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (342–343, 345–346), 0.2 mm (344).

pace with darker Y mark dorsally; thoracic most hairs are missing, but the strong hair groove very shallow (fig. 343); eight eyes on bases on the frontal humps suggest that there slightly elevated ocular area (figs. 342–343); were modified hairs just as in the other ma- distance PME-ALE about 35% of PME di- terial examined and in G. neuquena; cf. fig. ameter. Sternum without humps. Chelicerae 351), with stridulatory ridges laterally (fig. with modified hairs (in the type material 344). Palps light brown, coxa without retro- 92 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 347–350. Gertschiola macrostyla (Mello-Leita˜o), male and female paralectotypes. 347–348. Male prosoma, dorsal and ventral views. 349. Epigynum, dorsal view. 350. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm. lateral apophysis, femur proximally with USNM; Joyango, 60 km S Andalgala´, Dec. stridulatory pick (modified hair) on prolateral 2, 1972 (F. A. Enders), 1( in USNM. side (arrow in fig. 345), inconspicuous apophysis on retrolateral side, tibia enlarged, Gertschiola neuquena, new species procursus simple ribbon-shaped, S-curved Figures 351–356 apophysis (fig. 346), bulb with distinctive hooked apophysis and larger membranous TYPE: Male holotype from Confluencia, embolar division (figs. 345–346). Legs Neuque´n, Argentina; Feb. 1976 (O. de Fer- ochre-yellow, no rings visible; without rariis), in AMNH. spines, without curved and vertical hairs ETYMOLOGY: The species name is an ad- (many hairs missing); retrolateral trichoboth- jective, derived from the Argentinean state rium of tibia 1 at 72%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 7–8 Neuque´n. pseudosegments (difficult to see). Opistho- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from G. macro- soma globular, ochre, covered with indistinct styla by the narrower procursus (compare darker spots, except ventrally; genital plate figs. 346, 353), and the much longer tubular large, light brown, about rectangular. structure in the female internal genitalia FEMALE (paralectotype): Carapace width (compare figs. 349, 354). 0.9. In general very similar to male. Epigyn- MALE (holotype): Total length 2.0, cara- um simple plate (fig. 350), internally with pace width 0.9; leg 1: 8.9 (2.3ϩ0.3ϩ median, transparent blind tube (fig. 349; re- 2.6ϩ2.9ϩ0.8), tibia 2: 2.2, tibia 3: 1.8, tibia ceptacle?); I could not find pore plates. 4: 2.3; tibia 1 l/d: 28. Habitus as in G. ma- DISTRIBUTION: Mello-Leita˜o (1941) had crostyla (cf. fig. 342); entire prosoma ochre, specimens from Tucuma´n (types), La Rioja, only carapace with darker median line; tho- and Catamarca (‘‘paratypes’’). I have not racic groove very shallow, eight eyes on seen the paratypes, but only material from slightly elevated ocular area; distance PME- Tucuma´n and Catamarca. ALE about 35% of PME diameter. Sternum MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Tu- without humps. Chelicerae with frontal cuma«n: Ban˜ado: types above. Catamarca: humps that are set with modified hairs (figs. Andalgala´, ‘‘pitfall trap, creosote bush de- 351–352), with stridulatory ridges laterally. sert,’’ Feb. 27, 1973 (F. A. Enders), 5( in Palps ochre to light brown, coxa without re- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 93

Figs. 351–356. Gertschiola neuquena,n.sp.351. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 352. Modified hair on male chelicera. 353. Left male palp, retrolateral view. 354. Epigynum, dorsal view (arrow points to possible pore plate). 355. Schematic representation of course of duct in female internal genitalia. 356. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (351, 353–354, 356), 0.05 mm (352).

trolateral apophysis, femur proximally with ochre-yellow, no rings visible; without stridulatory pick (modified hair) on prolateral spines, but with some slightly curved hairs side, inconspicuous apophysis on retrolateral on metatarsi 1 and 2, and some vertical hairs side, tibia enlarged, procursus simple but on tibiae and metatarsi; retrolateral tricho- long, ribbon-shaped (fig. 353), bulb with dis- bothrium of tibia 1 at 73%; tarsus 1 with ϳ tinctive hooked apophysis and larger mem- 9 pseudosegments (difficult to see). Opistho- branous embolar division (fig. 353). Legs soma globular (rather as illustrated for Ibo- 94 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 typoranga naideae, cf. fig. 357), greenish- erae (fig. 358), and the curved, thin procur- ochre, covered with many darker spots, ex- sus describing a circle (fig. 360). cept ventrally. MALE (Porto Nacional): Total length 2.6, FEMALE (Planicie Banderita): Very similar carapace width 1.2; leg 1: 7.7 (2.1ϩ0.4 to male, but without curved hairs on legs. ϩ2.0ϩ2.6ϩ0.6), tibia 2: 1.7, tibia 3: 1.4, tib- Carapace width 0.9; tibia 1: 1.9. Epigynum ia 4: 1.9; tibia 1 l/d: 13. Habitus as in fig. as in fig. 356; internal genitalia with long 357; carapace with shallow thoracic groove tubular structure (figs. 354–355). (as in female, fig. 365), ochre-yellow with VARIATION: Measurements of male from brown median mark; eight eyes on slightly Planicie Banderita: carapace width 1.0; tibia elevated, brown ocular area (figs. 357–358); 1: 3.5. Tibia 1 in the females from Loma de distance PME-ALE about 30% of PME di- la Lata: 1.9, 2.1. ameter. Clypeus brown, slightly more pro- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Neuque´n, truding than in female; sternum ochre-yel- Argentina. low, wider than long (0.80 versus 0.65). Che- MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Ne- licerae ochre-yellow to brown, with long me- uque«n: Confluencia: type above. Planicie dian apophysis ending in small hook, and Banderita: Feb. 1, 1976 (Coscaro´n), 1( 1& stridulatory files laterally (figs. 38, 358, 361). in AMNH. Loma de la Lata, Jan. 1, 1973 (O. Palps ochre-yellow, only procursus blackish; de Ferrariis), 2& 1 juvenile in AMNH. Loma coxa without retrolateral apophysis, femur de la Lata, Confluencia, Nov. 26, 1972 (O. proximally with stridulatory pick (modified de Ferrariis), 1 penultimate male in AMNH. hair; fig. 39, arrow in fig. 359) on prolateral side, prominent apophysis on retrolateral side IBOTYPORANGA MELLO-LEITA˜ O, 1944 (fig. 360), tibia enlarged, procursus simple but very long, describing circle, bulb with Ibotyporanga Mello-Leita˜o, 1944a: 6 (type spe- many small toothlike projections on prola- cies by original designation Ibotyporanga nai- teral side (figs. 60, 360). Tarsal organ cap- deae Mello-Leita˜o, 1944; examined). sulate with small opening (fig. 78). Legs ochre to light brown, with very distinct DIAGNOSIS/DESCRIPTION: See diagnosis and description of single known species below. brown rings on femora subdistally and tibiae proximally and subdistally; legs without GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: Ibotyporanga seems very close to Gertschiola, with which spines (femora with long stiff hairs ventrally; it shares the long thin procursus and espe- Mello-Leita˜o referred to these as cerdas, i.e., cially the proximal part of it, which is char- bristles) and curved hairs, with many vertical hairs on tibiae (fig. 109); retrolateral tricho- acteristically bent in a ventral direction and ϳ then makes a turn. The two genera are also bothrium of tibia 1 at 56%; tarsus 1 with almost identical in habitus. 6–8 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma globular, greenish-gray, covered with dark spots, ex- DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in cen- tral and northern Brazil. cept ventrally; genital plate large, brown, about rectangular. ALS with only one piri- form gland spigot each (fig. 174). Four Ibotyporanga naideae Mello-Leita˜o, 1944 epiandrous spigots in front of male gonopore Figures 38–39, 60, 78, 104, 109, 128, 174, 357–366 (fig. 128). ϭ Ibotyporanga naideae Mello-Leita˜o, 1944a: 6–7. FEMALE (syntypes): Carapace width (N 4) 1.03–1.16; tibia 1 (N ϭ 3) 1.61–1.77. In TYPES: Four female syntypes from ‘‘Aura´,’’ general very similar to male. Epigynum sim- Para´, Brazil; no date (Leita˜o Carvalho), in ple brown plate, internally with pair of trans- MNRJ (1532), examined. parent blind tubes laterally (fig. 364; recep- DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized, short-legged tacles?). pholcid with eight eyes, globular opisthoso- VARIATION (Porto Nacional): Tibia 1 in 7 ma; easily distinguished from any other males: 1.76–2.20 (x¯ ϭ 2.01); tibia 1 in 12 known pholcids (including the otherwise females: 1.84–2.23 (x¯ ϭ 2.00); total length very similar genus Gertschiola) by the me- in 8 females 2.67–3.60. dially fused apophyses on the male chelic- NOTE: In penultimate males the palps are 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 95

Figs. 357–360. Ibotyporanga naideae Mello-Leita˜o, male. 357. Habitus, lateral view. 358. Prosoma, dorsal view. 359. Left palp, prolateral view (arrow points to stridulatory pick). 360. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (357–358).

curiously enlarged and twisted, but the che- ders were collected on the old dry leaves that licerae show no sign of the developing are still attached at the trunk of ‘‘Babac¸u’’ apophysis. (Orbignya martiana, Palmae), in the interior DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in cen- of a little wood of ‘‘Cerrado’’ (E. H. Buckup, tral and northern Brazil. personal commun.). NATURAL HISTORY: At Tocantins, the spi- MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Para«: 96 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 361–366. Ibotyporanga naideae Mello-Leita˜o. 361. Male chelicerae, lateral view. 362. Epi- gynum, ventral view. 363. Epigynum of female from Porto Nacional, dorsal view. 364. Epigynum of syntype, dorsal view. 365–366. Prosoma of female syntype, frontal and ventral views. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (365–366), 0.4 mm (361–364).

‘‘Aura´’’: types above; Tocantins: Porto Na- DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 0.9–1.2 mm. cional, Nov. 10–13, 1992 (E. H. Buckup), Carapace without thoracic groove, ocular 9( 12& 11 juveniles in MCN (28605); Ama- area hardly elevated, with eight eyes, AME zonas: Manaus, Reserva Campina, Jan. 24, only slightly smaller than others; distance 1994 (A. D. Brescovit), 1& in MCN (25605); PME-ALE small (ϳ 30% of PME diameter). Mato Grosso: Pocone´: Fazenda Sta. Ines, Male clypeus unmodified. Male chelicerae Aug. 4–10, 1992 (A. A. Lise & A. Braul), with pair of long frontal apophyses, with few 2& in MCP (2587). stridulatory ridges laterally (fig. 372). Male sternum with small anterior humps. Male GUARANITA, NEW GENUS palpal coxa without retrolateral apophysis, TYPE SPECIES: Guaranita goloboffi, new femur and tibia relatively short and enlarged, species. procursus with dorsal flap and dorsally bent ETYMOLOGY: The generic name is derived distal elements; bulb with oblique distal from Guaran´ı, an Indian language spoken to- apophysis; tarsal organ not examined. Legs day by more than 2.5 million people in Bo- very short (leg 1 about 2 ϫ body length; tibia livia, Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil. Gen- 1 l/d: 9–11), leg formula 4123; legs without der feminine. spines, without curved and vertical hairs; re- DIAGNOSIS: Tiny pholcids (total length ϳ trolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 very distal 1 mm), with short legs, globular opisthoso- (at ϳ 57–62%); tarsus 1 with only ϳ 5–6 ma, eight eyes; distinguished from other pseudosegments. Opisthosoma globular. short-legged genera by the large flap dorsally Male epigastric system and spinnerets not on the procursus (arrows in figs. 374, 378, examined. 380). Sexual dimorphism slight; epigynum ex- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 97

tremely simple externally. I could not find spines, without curved and vertical hairs; re- pore plates. trolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 57%; MONOPHYLY: The three species included tarsus 1 with ϳ 5 pseudosegments. Opistho- share details of the procursus (dorsal flap, soma greenish-gray, dorsally covered with distal elements bent dorsally), the shape of large dark spots; ventrally pale, with slightly the bulb (with distal oblique apophysis), and darker, short but wide genital plate. have an indistinguishable epigynum (the fe- VARIATION: Tibia 1 in male from El Hon- male of G. yaculica, n. sp., is unknown). go: 0.51. GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus is FEMALE (paratypes and females from El probably close to several other genera of Hongo): Total length (N ϭ 6) 1.03–1.33, tib- short-legged pholcids with globular opistho- ia 1 (N ϭ 7) 0.52–0.56. In general very sim- soma (the tarsal organ has not been exam- ilar to male, but sternum without humps. ined, but is predicted to be of ninetine type; Epigynum very light brown, simple flat plate cf. figs. 73–78). Galapa has a similar flap (fig. 377); dorsal view as in fig. 376. I could dorsally on the procursus (arrows in figs. not find pore plates. 383, 387), but the bulb and chelicerae in Gal- DISTRIBUTION: Known from two localities apa are completely different from those in in Tucuma´n and Salta, Argentina. Guaranita. Otherwise, the generic relation- ships are obscure. MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Tu- cuma«n: Rio India Muerta: types above; Salta: DISTRIBUTION/COMPOSITION: Three de- scribed species, from northern Argentina and El Hongo, 6 km S Alemania, Apr. 19, 1995 ( & southern Brazil. (P. Goloboff), 1 5 in MACN.

Guaranita goloboffi, new species Guaranita yaculica, new species Figures 367–377 Figure 378

TYPES: Male holotype, 2& paratypes from TYPE: Male holotype from Aguas Blancas- Rio India Muerta, Camino a Ticucho, Tucu- Yaculica (22Њ43ЈS, 64Њ24ЈW), Salta, Argen- ma´n, Argentina; Jan. 21, 1995 (P. Goloboff), tina; 520 m elev., ‘‘Yungas forest (young 2Њ in MACN. forest), leaf litter, Winkler sample,’’ Oct. 25, ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collector. 1994 (J. M. Carpenter & D. Agosti), in DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from G. yaculi- AMNH. ca, n. sp., and G. munda (Gertsch) by the ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. smaller dorsal flap on the procursus (com- The specific name is a noun in apposition. pare figs. 374, 378, 380). DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from G. golo- MALE (holotype): Total length 0.92, cara- ϩ boffi, n. sp., and G munda (Gertsch) by the pace width 0.42; leg 1: 1.98 (0.53 0.16 large roundish dorsal flap on the procursus ϩ0.49ϩ0.47ϩ0.33), tibia 2: 0.40, tibia 3: (arrow in fig. 378). 0.35, tibia 4: 0.61; tibia 1 l/d: 9. Habitus as MALE (holotype): Total length 1.00, cara- in fig. 367; entire prosoma pale ochre-yel- pace width 0.43; leg 1: 2.16 (0.62ϩ0.15 low; carapace without thoracic groove (fig. ϩ ϩ ϩ 369); distance PME-ALE about 30% of PME 0.59 0.56 0.24), tibia 2: 0.48, tibia 3: diameter; sternum with pair of small frontal 0.44, tibia 4 missing; tibia 1 l/d: 11. Habitus humps (figs. 369, 373); chelicerae with pair and details of prosoma as in G. goloboffi (cf. of long, distally hooked, frontal apophyses, figs. 367–369); distance PME-ALE about and few stridulatory ridges laterally (fig. 372, 30% of PME diameter. Entire prosoma or- stridulatory pick is a modified hair proxi- ange-ochre; opisthosoma greenish-gray with mally on palpal femur: arrow in fig. 371); large blackish spots dorsally; sternum with palp as in figs. 370–371, coxa without retro- pair of small frontal humps as in G. goloboffi lateral apophysis, femur almost cylindrical, (cf. fig. 373); chelicerae as in G. goloboffi widened distally, tibia globular, procursus (cf. fig. 372); palp in general as in G. golo- distally curved, with dorsal flap (figs. 370, boffi, only procursus significantly different, 374), bulb as in figs. 371, 375. Legs without with larger dorsal flap and slightly different 98 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 367–372. Guaranita goloboffi, n. gen., n. sp., male. 367. Habitus, lateral view. 368–369. Pro- soma, dorsal and dorsofrontal views. 370. Right palp, retrolateral view. 371. Right palp, prolateral view (arrow points to stridulatory pick). 372. Chelicerae, lateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (367), 0.3 mm (368–369), 0.1 mm (370–372).

distal sclerites (fig. 378). Legs without DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- spines, without curved and vertical hairs; tar- cality. sus 1 with ϳ 5 pseudosegments. MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Sal- FEMALE: Unknown. ta: Aguas Blancas-Yaculica: type above. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 99

Figs. 373–380. Guaranita spp. 373–377. G. goloboffi, n. gen., n. sp. 373. Male prosoma, ventral view. 374. Right procursus, retrolateral view. 375. Bulbal projections (right bulb), prolateral view. 376. Epigynum, dorsal view. 377. Epigynum, ventral view. 378. G. yaculica, n. gen., n. sp., right procursus, retrolateral view. 379–380. G. munda (Gertsch). 379. Bulbal projections (right bulb), prolateral view. 380. Right procursus, retrolateral view. Arrows point to distinctive dorsal flaps. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (373), 0.1 mm (374–380). 100 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Guaranita munda (Gertsch, 1982), not distinguishable from G. goloboffi (cf. new combination figs. 376–377). Figures 379–380 DISTRIBUTION: Known from northern Ar- gentina and southern Brazil. Pholcophora munda Gertsch, 1982: 104, figs. 31– 33, 42–44. MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Ca- tamarca: Cerro Colorado: types above. TYPE: Male holotype, 1& paratype from BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul: Quara´i: Estan- Cerro Colorado, Dept. Catamarca, Argentina cia Sa˜o Roberto, May 24–28, 1991 (A. D. (not Nuevo Leo´n, Mexico; see Note below); Brescovit), 1( 2& in MCN (21206, 21111). from leaf litter (hojarasca), Oct. 14, 1961 (O. de Ferrariis), in AMNH (examined). GALAPA, NEW GENUS NOTE: The label reads ‘‘Crro Colorado, Cta., 14. X - 61, Col: O. de Ferrariis.’’ There TYPE SPECIES: Pholcophora baerti Gertsch is no reasonable doubt that this is not the and Peck, 1992. Cerro Colorado in Nuevo Leo´n (Mexico), ETYMOLOGY: The generic name refers to but in Catamarca (Argentina): first, ‘‘Cta.’’ the Gala´pagos Islands. Gender feminine. obviously stands for Catamarca; second, con- DIAGNOSIS: Tiny pholcids (total length 1– specific material and two very close relatives 1.5 mm), without thoracic groove, with short are now known from Argentina and southern legs, globular opisthosoma, eight eyes; dis- Brazil (G. goloboffi, n. sp.; G. yaculica,n. tinguished from other short-legged genera by sp.); third, the only other material collected the apophyses on the male cheliceral fangs by O. de Ferrariis I have seen was also from (figs. 30, 384) and the procursus with dorsal Argentina (the type of Gertschiola neu- apophysis and retrolateral pointed protrusion quena). (figs. 383, 387). DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from G. golo- DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 1–1.5 mm. boffi and G. yaculica by the large T-shaped Carapace without thoracic groove; ocular dorsal flap on the procursus (arrow in fig. area hardly elevated, with eight eyes, AME 380), and the slightly different embolar di- vision (compare figs. 375, 379). only slightly smaller than others; distance PME-ALE about 40% of PME diameter. MALE (holotype): Total length 1.16, cara- pace width 0.45; leg 1: 2.15 (0.61ϩ0.16 Male clypeus unmodified. Male chelicerae ϩ0.58ϩ0.48ϩ0.32), tibia 2: 0.47, tibia 3 with pair of apophyses basally on fangs, with missing, tibia 4: 0.65; tibia 1 l/d: 10. Habitus stridulatory ridges laterally (fig. 384). Male and details of prosoma as in G. goloboffi (cf. sternum without humps. Male palpal coxa figs. 367–369); distance PME-ALE about without retrolateral apophysis, femur rela- 30% of PME diameter. Entire prosoma tively short, procursus with dorsal apophysis ochre-yellow; opisthosoma monochromous (arrows in figs. 383, 387) and retrolateral gray; sternum with pair of small frontal pointed protrusion; bulb very large, embolar humps as in G. goloboffi (cf. fig. 373); che- division with sclerotized and unsclerotized licerae as in G. goloboffi (cf. fig. 372); palp elements; tarsal organ capsulate with small in general as in G. goloboffi, only procursus opening (examined: G. baerti: figs. 76–77). significantly different, with large, T-shaped Legs very short (leg 1 about 2–2.5 ϫ body dorsal flap and slightly different distal scler- length; tibia 1 l/d: 9–12), leg formula 4123; ites (fig. 380), and bulb with longer embolar legs without spines, without curved and ver- division and less tapering distal apophysis tical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia (fig. 379). Legs without rings; probably with- 1 very distal (at ϳ 65%); tarsus 1 with only out spines, without curved and vertical hairs ϳ 5 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma globular. (most hairs missing); retrolateral trichoboth- Male gonopore apparently with four epian- rium of tibia 1 at 62%; tarsus 1 with 5–6 drous spigots (examined: G. baerti: fig. 127); pseudosegments. ALS with piriform gland spigots (examined: FEMALE (paratype): Total length 1.42, car- G. baerti), other spinnerets typical for fami- apace width 0.49. In general very similar to ly. male; all legs missing. Epigynum apparently Sexual dimorphism slight; epigynum ex- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 101

tremely simple externally; I could not find (arrow in fig. 385), procursus with retrola- pore plates. teral spine and dorsal apophysis (fig. 387). MONOPHYLY: The two species included Tarsal organ capsulate, elevated (fig. 77). share the apophyses on the male cheliceral Legs light brown; without spines, without fangs and details of the procursus (dorsal curved and vertical hairs. Opisthosoma dor- apophysis, retrolateral spine). sally covered with blackish spots, heart-mark GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus may and ventral side pale greenish-gray; gono- be close to several other genera of short-leg- pore apparently with four epiandrous spigots ged pholcids with globular opisthosoma and (fig. 127); ALS with piriform gland spigots. ninetine tarsal organ. Galapa shares with Measurements of another male (type lo- Guaranita the dorsal apophysis (‘‘flap’’)on cality): leg 1: 2.72 (0.76ϩ0.20ϩ0.69ϩ0.75 the procursus, but the bulbs and chelicerae in ϩ0.32), tibia 2: 0.61; tibia 1 l/d: 9, retrola- these genera differ strongly. The extraordi- teral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 66%; tarsus nary similarity of the apophyses on the male 1 with ϳ 5 pseudosegments. cheliceral fangs in Galapa and Blancoa VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 9 males: 0.68–0.73 (compare figs. 30, 32) is probably a result of (x¯ ϭ 0.71). convergent evolution. FEMALE: Tibia 1 (N ϭ 16) 0.61–0.74 (x¯ ϭ DISTRIBUTION/COMPOSITION: Two described 0.67). In general very similar to male. Epi- species, from the Gala´pagos Islands. Note gynum simple, light brown plate with two that ‘‘Anopsicus’’ banksi (Gertsch) from the dark brown transverse lines posteriorly. Dor- Gala´pagos Islands is not closely related, and sal view as in fig. 388; I could not find pore is probably not even a ninetine (see appendix plates. 3). DISTRIBUTION: Known from Santiago and possibly some other islands (see Remark be- Galapa baerti (Gertsch and Peck, 1992), low) on the Gala´pagos Islands. new combination MATERIAL EXAMINED (all in IRBS, collect- Figures 30, 76–77, 127, 385–388 ed by L. Baert and J. P. Maelfait): GALA- PAGOS ISLANDS: Santiago: Bucanero Pholcophora baerti Gertsch and Peck, 1992: Cove: type above, and 3( 8& same data; 1190–1191, figs. 37–40. same locality, Apr. 6, 1982, 1( 5&; same TYPE: Male holotype from Bucanero Cove, locality, but at 30–50 m elev., Apr. 6, 1982, Santiago, Gala´pagos Islands, Ecuador; 5–10 4( 14&; Cerro Cowan, 260 m elev., Apr. 7, m elev., Apr. 9, 1982 (L. Baert, J. P. Mael- 1982, 1( 1& 1 juvenile. fait), in IRBS (examined). The following material is assigned tenta- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from G. bella tively (see Remark below): Santa Fe«:50– (Gertsch and Peck) by the relatively much 100 m, Apr. 1–2, 1982, 1&; Venezia:2m smaller bulb (compare figs. 381, 385), and elev., Apr. 18, 1982, 1&; Pinta: littoral zone, details of the procursus (in particular the po- Mar. 21, 1986, 4& and 1&(?) prosoma. sition of the retrolateral spine, compare figs. REMARK: Since the females of G. baerti 383, 387). The females of the two species are and G. bella appear indistinguishable, the apparently indistinguishable. three vials above containing only females MALE (holotype; see also Gertsch and cannot be assigned unambiguously to one of Peck, 1992): Total length 1.46, carapace the two species. width 0.60; leg 1 missing, tibia 2: 0.63, tibia 3: 0.57, tibia 4: 0.85. Habitus in general as Galapa bella (Gertsch and Peck, 1992), in Guaranita goloboffi, n. sp. (cf. fig. 367); new combination distance PME-ALE about 40% of PME di- Figures 381–384, 389 ameter. Entire prosoma pale ochre-yellow, sternum pale whitish, without anterior Pholcophora bella Gertsch and Peck, 1992: 1190, figs. 32–36. humps. Chelicerae as in G. bella (cf. fig. 384), with apophyses originating from fangs, TYPES: Male holotype, 2& and one juve- and stridulatory ridges. Palps as in figs. 385– nile from Darwin Research Station, Acade- 386, stridulatory pick proximally on femur my Bay, Santa Cruz, Gala´pagos Islands, Ec- 102 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 381–387. Galapa spp. 381–384. G. bella (Gertsch), male holotype. 381. Left palp, prolateral view. 382. Left palp, retrolateral view. 383. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 384. Chelicerae, frontal view. 385–387. G. baerti (Gertsch). 385. Left palp, prolateral view. 386. Left palp, retrolateral view. 387. Left procursus, retrolateral view. Arrows point to stridulatory pick (385), and to dorsal apophyses (383, 387). Scale lines: 0.2 mm (381–382, 385–386), 0.1 mm (383–384, 387). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 103

Figs. 388–389. Galapa spp., epigyna, dorsal views. 388. G. baerti (Gertsch). 389. G. bella (Gertsch).

uador; Feb. 12, 1964 (D. Q. Cavagnora, R. REMARK: Three vials containing females O. Schuster), in CAS (examined). only were tentatively assigned to G. baerti, DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to G. baerti, but might as well be females of the present distinguished by the relatively much larger species. bulb (compare figs. 381, 385), and details of the procursus (in particular the position of ENETEA, NEW GENUS the retrolateral spine, compare figs. 383, TYPE SPECIES: Enetea apatellata, new spe- 387). The females of the two species are ap- cies parently indistinguishable. ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the MALE (holotype; see also Gertsch and Yuracare´ (also called Enetes), an Indian peo- Peck, 1992): Total length 1.05, carapace ple living in the departments of Beni and Co- ϩ ϩ width 0.53; leg 1: 2.76 (0.74 0.19 0.74 chabamba in Bolivia. They largely resisted ϩ ϩ 0.77 0.32), tibia 2: 0.65, tibia 3: 0.61, tib- the efforts of missionaries, and today pre- ia 4: 0.84; tibia 1 l/d: 12. Habitus in general serve a strong sense of ethnic identity. Gen- as in Guaranita goloboffi, n. sp. (cf. fig. der feminine. 367); distance PME-ALE about 40% of PME DIAGNOSIS/DESCRIPTION: See diagnosis and diameter. Entire prosoma and legs ochre-yel- description of single species below. low; carapace without thoracic groove, ster- GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus may num without humps. Chelicerae with apoph- be close to several other genera of short-leg- yses originating from fangs, and stridulatory ged pholcids with globular opisthosoma and ridges laterally (fig. 384). Palps as in figs. stridulatory files on the male chelicerae (e.g., 381–382, stridulatory pick proximally on fe- Aucana, Kambiwa). However, the genitalia mur as in G. baerti, procursus with retrola- in these genera are quite distinct, and most teral spine and dorsal apophysis (fig. 383). or all similarities may be plesiomorphies. Legs without rings; without spines, without DISTRIBUTION/COMPOSITION: Only type spe- ϳ curved and vertical hairs; tarsus 1 with 5 cies, from Beni, Bolivia. pseudosegments. Opisthosoma ochre-gray, slightly darker dorsally. Enetea apatellata, new species ϭ FEMALE (N 2): Total length 1.1; tibia 1: Figures 390–394 0.65, 0.68. In general very similar to male. Epigynum simple, light brown plate; dorsal ‘‘Bolivian pholcid, I.D. #6’’: Huber, 1999: fig. 19. view as in fig. 389; I could not find pore TYPE: Male holotype from El Trapiche, Es- plates. tacio´n Biologica de Beni, Dept. Beni, Boliv- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- ia; July 27–29, 1993 (A. D. Brescovit), in cality (see Remark below). MCN. MATERIAL EXAMINED: GALAPAGOS IS- ETYMOLOGY: The species name is an ad- LANDS: Santa Cruz: male holotype, and 2& jective referring to the missing patella in the 1 juvenile above. male palp. 104 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 390–394. Enetea apatellata, n. gen., n. sp., male holotype. 390. Right palp, retrolateral view. 391. Right palp, prolateral view. 392. Palpal femur and tibia, dorsal view. 393–394. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. Scale lines: 0.1 mm. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 105

DIAGNOSIS: Tiny, short-legged pholcid er short-legged genera by the several small with eight eyes, without thoracic groove, frontal apophyses on the male chelicerae with globular opisthosoma; easily distin- (other South American ninetines have either guished from other short-legged pholcids one pair: Nerudia, Kambiwa, Guaranita, (and any other known pholcid) by the miss- Enetea; or none: Gertschiola, Galapa), and ing male palpal patella (figs. 390–392). Fur- the dorsal apophysis proximally on the sim- ther distinguished by the ribbon-shaped, ple procursus (figs. 403, 407, 411, 417, 426). slightly curved procursus (fig. 390) and the DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 1.1–1.4 mm. pair of large frontal apophyses on the male Carapace without thoracic groove. Ocular chelicerae (figs. 393–394). area not or hardly elevated, with eight eyes, MALE (holotype): Total length 1.19, cara- AME smallest; distance PME-ALE relatively pace width 0.53; leg 1: (0.71ϩ0.21ϩ0.63 small (ϳ 30–40% of PME diameter). Male ϩ0.63, tarsus missing), tibia 2: 0.52, tibia 3: clypeus unmodified. Male chelicerae with 0.45, tibia 4: 0.66; tibia 1 l/d: 9. Habitus and some small, cone-shaped apophyses frontal- prosoma shape as in Ninetis minuta (cf. figs. ly, with stridulatory ridges laterally. Male 315–317), humps on sternum slightly more sternum without humps. Male palpal coxa posterior and smaller; distance PME-ALE without retrolateral apophysis, femur wid- about 30% of PME diameter. Entire prosoma ened distally, procursus simple, usually with orange-ochre; chelicerae with pair of frontal transparent lamellae distally, with dorsal apophyses and stridulatory files laterally apophysis or projection proximally; bulb (figs. 393–394). Palps as in figs. 390–391, large, variable in shape; tarsal organ exposed coxa without retrolateral apophysis, femur (examined: A. platnicki, n. sp.; kaala, n. sp.; proximally with stridulatory pick (modified figs. 85–87). Legs very short (leg 1 about 3– hair) on prolateral side, and small protrusion 3.5 ϫ body length; tibia 1 l/d: 15–17), leg on retrolateral side; femur directly articulat- formula usually 1423 (in A. kaala legs 1 and ing with tibia (dicondylous joint), patella 4 subequal); legs without spines, without completely absent (fig. 392); procursus sim- curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral tricho- ple, ribbon-shaped, and slightly curved (fig. bothrium of tibia 1 distal (at ϳ 50–60%); 390), bulb large, without any apparent tarsus with only ϳ 5–8 pseudosegments. Op- apophyses (figs. 390–391). Legs monoch- isthosoma globular, with darker spots dorsal- romous orange-ochre; without spines, with- ly. Male gonopore without epiandrous spig- out curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral tri- ots (examined: A. platnicki: fig. 133; kaala). chobothrium of tibia 1 at 57%. Opisthosoma ALS with piriform gland spigots (examined: ochre, covered dorsally with blackish spots. A. platnicki, kaala; figs. 156–157), other FEMALE: Unknown. spinnerets typical for family. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- Sexual dimorphism slight; epigynum ex- cality. tremely simple externally, internally with cir- MATERIAL EXAMINED: BOLIVIA: Beni:El cular median structure (figs. 405, 409, 413; Trapiche: type above. receptacle?). MONOPHYLY: The species included share AUCANA, NEW GENUS the dorsal projection on the procursus. The Chilean species are extremely similar overall, TYPE SPECIES: Aucana platnicki, new spe- and very probably form a monophyletic cies. group. The New Caledonian species is in- ETYMOLOGY: The generic name is derived cluded tentatively. It has similar procursi and from the Incan word Auca, referring to the chelicerae, and further similarities that are unconquered Indians living between the Mai- otherwise rare among short-legged pholcids: po´ and B´ıo-B´ıo rivers in Chile. More re- the absence of epiandrous spigots and ex- cently the term describes Araucanian Indians posed tarsal organs. living mostly in Argentina. GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus may DIAGNOSIS: Tiny pholcids (total length be close to several other genera of short-leg- 1.1–1.4 mm), with short legs, globular opis- ged pholcids with globular opisthosoma and thosoma, eight eyes; distinguished from oth- stridulatory files on the male chelicerae, es- 106 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 pecially with the North American genus Chi- light brown, with stridulatory ridges laterally sosa, which shares the exposed tarsal organ (pick is a modified hair proximally on palpal and the absence of epiandrous spigots. All femur), and three pairs of tiny black cones other ninetine characters (short legs, distal frontally (fig. 400). Palps as in figs. 398–399, retrolateral trichobothrium, carapace without coxa without retrolateral apophysis, femur thoracic indentation, small size) may be ple- proximally with retrolateral apophysis; pro- siomorphies. cursus with proximal apophysis, and black, SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS: The type species slightly bent distal tip (figs. 402–403); tarsal as well as A. ramirezi, n. sp., and A. petorca, organ exposed (fig. 86); bulb large, with sev- n. sp., have very similar procursi and iden- eral short distal elements (figs. 398–399). tical male chelicerae. A. paposo, n. sp., dif- Legs monochromous orange-ochre, with fers in several aspects (bulb, procursus a sim- very faint darker rings on femora and tibiae ple, ribbon-shaped structure). A. kaala shows (subdistally), each followed by lighter tips; more pronounced differences in procursus legs without spines, without curved and ver- and bulb, and has additional apophyses prox- tical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia imally on the male chelicerae; it is assigned 1 at 59%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 5–6 pseudoseg- tentatively (see Monophyly above). ments. Opisthosoma ochre, covered dorsally DISTRIBUTION: Known from Chile and New with blackish spots; without epiandrous spig- Caledonia. ots (fig. 133), ALS with piriform gland spig- COMPOSITION: The genus as construed here ots (fig. 157). includes five named species, all of which are VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 9 males: 0.97–1.16 newly described below. Apart from that I (x¯ ϭ 1.09). In the single male from B´ıo-B´ıo have seen at least three further species from the proximal apophysis on the procursus is New Caledonia (in AMNH, QMB). less well developed. For this reason, and be- cause of the geographic distance to the type Aucana platnicki, new species locality, the specimen is assigned tentatively Figures 17, 44, 85–86, 133, 157, 395–405 to the species. ϭ ( & FEMALE: Total length (N 11) 1.2–1.7 (x¯ TYPES: Male holotype, 6 11 paratypes ϭ 1.4); tibia 1 (N ϭ 10) 1.00–1.10 (x¯ ϭ from Choapa: Nague, 10 km N Los Vilos, 1.05). In general very similar to male. Epi- Њ50ЈS, 71Њ31ЈW), Coquim- km 236, Rt 5 (31 gynum light brown, very simple externally bo, Chile; elev. 40 m, Nov. 13, 1993 (N. I. (fig. 404); internally with transparent median Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramirez, R. T. Al- sac (receptacle?) (fig. 405). len), in AMNH. DISTRIBUTION: Known from Coquimbo and ETYMOLOGY: Named for the principal col- Valparaiso (Chile) (and maybe B´ıo-B´ıo, see lector of the type material. above). DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from the closely related A. ramirezi by the straighter procur- MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Coquimbo: Choapa: Nague: types above; Nague, Sept. sus (compare figs. 403, 407), from A. petorca ( by the stronger tip and proximal apophysis 26, 1980 (L. E. Pen˜a), 1 in AMNH; Val- paraiso:Vin˜a del Mar, Apr. 1979 (A. Tobar), of the procursus (compare figs. 403, 411); ( & from other congeners also by the three tiny 3 1 in AMNH; B«õo-B«õo: Arauco: Pata de cones frontally on the male chelicerae (fig. Gallina, elev. 560 m, Feb. 11, 1992 (N. I. ( 400). Platnick, P. Goloboff, M. Ramirez), 1 in MALE (holotype): Total length 1.35, cara- AMNH (tentatively assigned; see above). pace width 0.61; leg 1: 4.06 (1.03ϩ0.19 ϩ1.13ϩ1.23ϩ0.48), tibia 2: 0.81, tibia 3: Aucana ramirezi, new species 0.68, tibia 4: 1.03; tibia 1 l/d: 17. Habitus as Figures 406–409 in fig. 395. Entire prosoma orange to light brown, only carapace slightly darker medi- TYPES: Male holotype, 4( 9& paratypes ally; no thoracic groove (fig. 397), distance from Elqui: 20 km N La Serena, km 491, Rt PME-ALE about 35% of PME diameter. 5 (29Њ46ЈS, 71Њ20ЈW), Coquimbo, Chile; Sternum without anterior humps. Chelicerae elev. 120 m, Nov. 12, 1993 (N. I. Platnick, 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 107

Figs. 395–400. Aucana platnicki, n. gen., n. sp., male. 395. Habitus, lateral view. 396–397. Prosoma, dorsal and frontal views. 398. Left palp, prolateral view. 399. Left palp, retrolateral view. 400. Chelic- erae, frontal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (395), 0.2 mm (396–400).

K. Catley, M. Ramirez, R. T. Allen), in apophysis of the procursus (compare figs. AMNH. 407, 411); from other congeners also by the ETYMOLOGY: Named for the third collector. three tiny frontal cones on the male chelic- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from the closely erae (cf. fig. 400). related A. platnicki by the more curved pro- MALE (holotype): Total length 1.22, cara- cursus (compare figs. 403, 407), from A. pe- pace width 0.56; leg 1: 4.23 (1.13ϩ0.23 torca by the stronger tip and proximal ϩ1.13ϩ1.26ϩ0.48), tibia 2: 0.87, tibia 3: 108 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 401–405. Aucana platnicki, n. gen., n. sp. 401. Male prosoma, ventral view. 402. Left pro- cursus, prolateral view. 403. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 404. Epigynum, ventral view. 405. Epi- gynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (404–405), 0.1 mm (402–403).

0.69, tibia 4: 1.02; tibia 1 l/d: 17. Habitus as In general very similar to male, but rings on in A. platnicki (cf. fig. 395). Entire prosoma legs usually well visible: on femora (subdis- ochre-yellow, only carapace with broad, tally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally). slightly darker Y mark; no thoracic groove; Epigynum light brown, very simple exter- distance PME-ALE about 40% of PME di- nally, with median duct(?) usually well vis- ameter. Sternum without anterior humps. ible from outside (fig. 408); internally with Chelicerae as in A. platnicki (cf. fig. 400). transparent median sac (receptacle?) (fig. Palps in general as in A. platnicki, only pro- 409; differences to A. platnicki may be most- cursus more curved (figs. 406–407). Legs ly due to minimal differences in angle of monochromous ochre-yellow, no rings visi- view). ble; legs without spines, without curved and DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- vertical hairs (but many hairs missing); retro- cality. lateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 51%; tar- MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Coquimbo: sus 1 with ϳ 7 pseudosegments. Opisthoso- Choapa: Elqui: types above. ma ochre-gray, darker dorsally. VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 4 males: 1.10–1.13. Aucana petorca, new species In two freshly molted paratypes, the opistho- soma has about six pairs of dark spots dor- Figures 410–413 sally; in two paratypes there are faint dark Ninetis sp. 1: Huber, 1998d: 42, fig. 3j. rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally). TYPES: Male holotype, 1( 6& paratypes FEMALE: Total length (N ϭ 8) 1.2–1.7 (x¯ from Petorca: Los Molles, Valparaiso, Chile; ϭ 1.5); tibia 1 (N ϭ 7) 0.90–1.00 (x¯ ϭ 0.98). km 188, Rt. 5 (32Њ14ЈS, 71Њ30ЈW), 10 m 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 109

Figs. 406–417. Aucana spp. 406–409. A. ramirezi, n. gen., n. sp. 406. Left procursus, prolateral view. 407. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 408. Epigynum, ventral view. 409. Epigynum, dorsal view. 410–413. A. petorca, n. gen., n. sp. 410. Left procursus, prolateral view. 411. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 412. Epigynum, ventral view. 413. Epigynum, dorsal view. 414–417. A. paposo, n. gen., n. sp., male holotype. 414. Right genital bulb, prolateral view. 415. Chelicerae, frontal view. 416. Left pro- cursus, prolateral view. 417. Left procursus, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (408–409, 412–413), 0.1 mm (406–407, 410–411, 414–415). 110 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 elev., Nov. 13, 1993 (N. I. Platnick, K. Ca- the type locality. The specific name is a noun tley, M. Ramirez, R. T. Allen), in AMNH. in apposition. ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from A. platni- The specific name is a noun in apposition. cki, ramirezi, and petorca by the simple, rib- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from A. platni- bon-shaped procursus (figs. 416–417), the cki and A. ramirezi by the straight, thin and single, distinctive apophysis of the bulb (fig. weakly pigmented tip of the procursus (figs. 414), and the relatively larger proximal pair 410–411); from other congeners also by the of apophyses on the male chelicerae (fig. three tiny frontal cones on the male chelic- 415). erae (cf. fig. 400). MALE (holotype): Total length ϳ 1.05 MALE (holotype): Total length 1.23, cara- (prosoma damaged), carapace width ϳ 0.48; pace width 0.57; leg 1: 4.07 (1.13ϩ0.19 all legs missing. Habitus as in A. platnicki ϩ1.11ϩ1.16ϩ0.48), tibia 2: 0.84, tibia 3: (cf. fig. 395). Entire prosoma light brown, 0.68, tibia 4: 1.03; tibia 1 l/d: 17. Habitus as opisthosoma greenish-gray with darker spots in A. platnicki (cf. fig. 395); distance PME- dorsally; procursus, bulb and chelicerae as in ALE about 40% of PME diameter. Entire figs. 414–417. prosoma and legs ochre-yellow; legs without FEMALE: Unknown. rings; chelicerae and palps in general as in DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- A. platnicki, only procursus significantly dif- cality. ferent, with weak proximal apophysis and MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Antofagas- straight, thin and weakly pigmented tip (figs. ta: 6 km E Paposo: type above. 410–411); legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral tricho- Aucana kaala, new species bothrium of tibia 1 at 56%; tarsus 1 with ϳ Figures 87, 156, 418–428 7–8 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma monoch- ( & romous ochre-gray. TYPES: Male holotype, 7 10 paratypes, and 8 juveniles from Piton de Pandop, near VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 8 males (type local- Њ Ј Њ Ј ity): 1.10–1.23 (x¯ ϭ 1.17). Some males have Mt. Kaala (20 35 S, 164 21 E), Prov. Nord, some faint darker spots dorsally on the op- New Caledonia; 380 m elev., dry forest, Feb. isthosoma. 14, 1993 (N. I. Platnick, R. J. Raven, M. S. Harvey), in AMNH. FEMALE (type locality): Tibia 1 (N ϭ 15) ETYMOLOGY: Named for Mt. Kaala near 0.97–1.16 (x¯ ϭ 1.08). In general very similar the type locality. The specific name is a noun to male. Epigynum ochre-yellow to light in apposition. brown, as in fig. 412; dorsal view as in fig. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from the Chi- 413. lean species above by the large distal apoph- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- ysis on the bulb (figs. 423, 425), the shape cality. of the more complex procursus (fig. 426), MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Valparaiso: and the larger proximal pair of apophyses on Petorca: Los Molles: types above; same lo- the male chelicerae in addition to the tiny, cality (N. I. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramirez, cone-shaped apophyses distally (fig. 424). R. T. Allen, R. Caldero´n), Nov. 9–13, 1993, The AMNH and QMB have at least three ( & and Jan. 27, 1994 (several vials), 8 14 15 further, closely related species from New juveniles in AMNH. Caledonia, which show minimal differences in the shape of procursus and epigynum, and Aucana paposo, new species in the armature of the male chelicerae. Figures 414–417 MALE (holotype): Total length 1.06, cara- pace width 0.51; leg 1: 3.23 (0.86ϩ0.20 TYPE: Male holotype from 6 km E Paposo, ϩ0.88ϩ0.88ϩ0.41), tibia 2: 0.69, tibia 3: Antofagasta, Chile; 480 m elev., Oct. 12, 0.49, tibia 4: 0.88; tibia 1 l/d: 15. Habitus as 1992 (N. I. Platnick, K. Catley, P. Goloboff), in fig. 418. Entire prosoma ochre-yellow; in AMNH. carapace without thoracic groove (fig. 420), ETYMOLOGY: Named for the town close to distance PME-ALE about 30% of PME di- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 111

Figs. 418–423. Aucana kaala, n. gen., n. sp., male. 418. Habitus, lateral view. 419–421. Prosoma, dorsal, frontal, and ventral views. 422. Left palp, prolateral view. 423. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (418), 0.3 mm (419–423).

ameter. Sternum without frontal humps (fig. complex membranous tip (fig. 426); tarsal or- 421); chelicerae with several small cone- gan exposed (fig. 87); bulb with large curved shaped apophyses in row on each side, and apophysis projecting from sclerotized arch larger pair more proximally (fig. 424). Palps surrounding whitish area (fig. 425), and as in figs. 422–423, coxa without retrolateral smaller apophysis just aside larger one (fig. apophysis, femur distally very wide, procur- 423). Legs monochromous ochre-yellow; sus with dorsal apophysis proximally and without spines, without curved and vertical 112 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 424–428. Aucana kaala, n. gen., n. sp. 424. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 425. Left genital bulb, ϳdistal view. 426. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 427. Epigynum, ventral view. 428. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (427–428), 0.1 mm (424–426). hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at pace is only slightly broader (0.64), the oc- 56%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 5 pseudosegments. Op- ular area is slightly flatter, the AME are re- isthosoma ochre-gray, with faint darker spots duced to pigment specks. All these are typ- dorsally; gonopore without epiandrous spig- ical morphological changes accompanying ots; ALS with several piriform gland spigots transition into a cave habitat (cf. Aymaria (fig. 156). species on Gala´pagos), and there may well FEMALE (type locality): Total length (N ϭ be reproductive isolation. 9) 0.98–1.45 (x¯ ϭ 1.20), tibia 1 (N ϭ 13) DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Prov. 0.80–0.98 (x¯ ϭ 0.85). In general very similar Nord, New Caledonia. to male. Epigynum consisting of simple flat MATERIAL EXAMINED: NEW CALEDO- frontal plate and very large posterior plate NIA: Prov. Nord: Piton de Pandop: types (fig. 427); internally with pair of oval pore above; same data, 1( 1& in AMNH; same plates and dark structure of unknown signif- locality, same collectors, Feb. 18, 1993, 1( icance frontally that is always asymmetrical- 3& 10 juveniles in AMNH; 2 km W Col ly positioned (fig. 428). d’Amieu, Forestry Station, 430 m elev., VARIATION: Tibia 1 in eight males from ‘‘Berlese, litter,’’ May 26, 1987 (N. I. Plat- type locality: 0.84–0.94 (x¯ ϭ 0.91); tibia 1 nick & R. Raven), 9( 5& (2 vials) in in two males from Col d’Amieu: 1.02, 1.04; AMNH; Col d’Amieu, 440 m elev., May 26, the single male from Grottes d’Adio has 1987 (R. Raven), 4( 5& 3 juveniles in identical palps and chelicerae, but is different QMB; Col d’Amieu, E slope past forest sta- in some somatic characters, and therefore as- tion, litter, Nov. 6, 1988 (R. Raven), 3( 9& signed tentatively to the species: the legs are 3 juveniles in QMB; Col d’Amieu, 400 m much longer (tibia 1: 1.67), while the cara- elev., rain forest, N of La Foa, ‘‘forest litter, 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 113

Berlese,’’ July 31–Aug. 7, 1978 (S. & J. with four epiandrous spigots (examined: P. Peck), 1( in AMNH; Mandje´lia, rain forest americana: fig. 129). ALS with several piri- litter, 700 m elev., May 12, 1984 (G. Mon- form gland spigots (examined: P. americana: teith & D. Cook), 1( 3& (2 vials) in QMB; fig. 155), other spinnerets typical for family. ‘‘Presqu’lˆle Montagne´s,’’ 30 m elev., Sexual dimorphism slight; epigynum ex- (166Њ07ЈE, 22Њ02ЈS), ‘‘foreˆtse`che/calcaire, tremely simple externally; I could not find berlese,’’ Nov. 9, 1998 (A. & S. Tillier, J. pore plates. Chazeau), 1( 1& in MNHN. Tentatively as- MONOPHYLY: The three core-species (P. signed: Grottes d’Adio (21Њ15ЈS, 165Њ15ЈE), americana, mexcala, texana) share the rib- Feb. 21, 1993 (N. I. Platnick, R. J. Raven, bon-shaped procursus, the long frontal M. S. Harvey), 1( 1 juvenile in AMNH. apophyses on the male chelicerae, and the humps on the male sternum. However, none PHOLCOPHORA BANKS, 1896 of these characters is unique to Pholcophora (see Generic Relationships below). Neverthe- Pholcophora Banks, 1896: 57 (type species by less, the general similarity suggests that the monotypy P. americana Banks, 1896; exam- species are at least very closely related. ined). – Gertsch, 1971: 76; 1977: 112; 1982: 96–97. – Gertsch and Peck, 1992: 1190. GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus may be close to several other genera of short-leg- DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized (total ged pholcids with globular opisthosoma, es- length ϳ 1.3–3 mm), short-legged pholcids, pecially with Tolteca, which has a very sim- with eight eyes and globular opisthosoma; ilar procursus (but very different chelicer- distinguished from similar short-legged gen- ae!), and with Papiamenta, which has similar era as follows: from Tolteca by the long chelicerae (but very different bulbs!). apophyses proximally on the male chelicer- MISPLACED SPECIES: Of the 14 extant spe- ae, and by the presence of stridulatory files cies previously assigned to Pholcophora, all on the male chelicerae; from Papiamenta by but three are here either transferred to other the much longer procursus and the simple genera, or are considered incertae sedis: P. bulb, and by the presence of humps frontally baerti and bella are transferred to Galapa, P. on the male sternum. diluta and baja to Chisosa, P. hesperia and DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 1.3–3 mm. jalisco to Tolteca, P. levii to Papiamenta, P. Carapace ochre to light brown, with shallow munda to Guaranita; three species cannot be but distinct thoracic groove (fig. 431), ocular placed: P. juruensis from Alto-Jurua´, Brazil area only slightly elevated, with eight eyes, (see appendix 3), P. bahama from Bahama AME only slightly smaller than others; dis- Islands (only female known) and P. maria tance PME-ALE relatively small (ϳ 30% of from Yucata´n, Mexico (only female known). PME diameter). Male clypeus unmodified. The latter two are redescribed at the end of Male chelicerae with pair of long frontal the descriptions section. I cannot comment apophyses, with stridulatory ridges laterally. on the three fossil species found in Domini- Male sternum with conspicuous humps fron- can amber (Wunderlich, 1988). tally. Male palpal coxa without retrolateral NATURAL HISTORY: It seems that nothing apophysis, femur enlarged distally, with sim- has been published about the natural history ple retrolateral apophysis proximally, tibia of P. americana, probably the most common globular, procursus very simple, ribbon- and widely distributed indigenous US phol- shaped; bulb with simple embolar division; cid. Gertsch (1982), who collected a lot him- tarsal organ capsulate (examined: P. ameri- self, briefly characterized the genera Phol- cana). Legs relatively short (leg 1 about 3 ϫ cophora and Anopsicus as living ‘‘reclusive body length; tibia 1 l/d: 12–14), leg formula lives under ground objects, in leaf and plant 4123, leg 4 only slightly longer than leg 1; detritus, and in soil openings and caves,’’ and legs without spines, without curved and ver- mentioned that they ‘‘spin web tangles in tical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia dark spaces and remain there in close contact 1 very distal (at ϳ 60%); tarsus with only ϳ with such webs as permanent residents, often 5–8 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma globular, in informal colonies.’’ with darker spots dorsally. Male gonopore DISTRIBUTION/COMPOSITION: Three extant 114 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

species from southwestern Canada, western VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 11 males (Hat USA, and Mexico; plus three fossil species Creek, California): 1.55–1.74 (x¯ ϭ 1.64). from Hispaniola (Wunderlich, 1988; I have FEMALE (Hat Creek, California): Total not seen these and cannot comment on their length (N ϭ 12) 2.1–2.6; tibia 1 (N ϭ 13) congenerity); plus three species incertae sed- 1.23–1.68 (x¯ ϭ 1.47). Epigynum as in figs. is. 438–439; internally as in fig. 440; I could not see pore plates. Pholcophora americana Banks, 1896 DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in the Figures 129, 155, 429–440 western U.S., throughout the Rocky Moun- tains; also known from one locality in south- Pholcophora americana Banks, 1896: 57–58. – western Canada. So far not reported from Gertsch, 1935: 11, 13, figs. 19–21. – Chamber- Mexico. lin and Ivie, 1935: fig. 44. – Gertsch, 1982: 97, MATERIAL EXAMINED: USA: Numerous 99, figs. 1–4, 7–9. specimens from the following states: Wash- Pholcophora obscura Chamberlin and Ivie, 1935: ington, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Wyoming, 12, fig. 45. First synonymized by Gertsch, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colora- 1982. do, New Mexico, all in AMNH. CANADA: British Colombia (117Њ40ЈW, 4 9 Њ05ЈN), Sept. TYPES: P. americana: two male and two ( female syntypes from Ft. Collins, Colorado, 8, 1963 (J. & W. Ivie), 1 (AMNH). USA; no date (N. Banks), in MCZ (exam- ined). P. obscura: female holotype from As- Pholcophora mexcala Gertsch, 1982 pen Valley, Yosemite Park, California, USA; Figures 441–442 Aug. 11, 1931 (W. Ivie) (not examined; this Pholcophora mexcala Gertsch, 1982: 99, figs. 5– type should be at the AMNH but I was not 6, 10–11. able to find it). TYPE: Male holotype from Mexcala, Guer- DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of P. mexcala rero, Mexico; July 2, 1941 (L. I. Davis), in and texana; easily distinguished from both AMNH (examined). by the shape of the male cheliceral apophy- DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to P. ameri- ses (compare figs. 435, 442, 444); also by the cana and texana; distinguished from both by shape of the procursus (compare figs. 437, the shape of the cheliceral apophyses (com- 441, 445); from P. texana also by the lack pare figs. 435, 442, 444), the shape of the of modified hairs on the male palpal femur. procursus (compare figs. 437, 441, 445), and MALE (Hat Creek, California; for general the significantly larger size; from P. texana description see Gertsch, 1982): Total length also by the absence of modified hairs on the 2.2, carapace width 0.93; leg 1: 6.0 palpal femur (cf. fig. 443). ϩ ϩ ϩ ϩ (1.6 0.4 1.6 1.8 0.6), tibia 2: 1.4, tibia 3: MALE (holotype; see Gertsch, 1982 for 1.2, tibia 4: 1.7; tibia 1 l/d: 14. Habitus and general description): Total length 3.1, cara- prosoma shape as in figs. 429–431. Distance pace width 1.4; femur 1: 3.3 (other segments PME-ALE about 30% of PME diameter. missing), tibia 2: 3.0, tibia 3: 2.2, tibia 4 Chelicerae with stridulatory files laterally missing. Habitus and prosoma shape as in P. (fig. 435; stridulatory pick is a modified hair americana (cf. figs. 429–431). Carapace proximally on palpal femur). Procursus sim- with shallow but distinct thoracic groove, ple rod, distally with semitransparent projec- sternum with distinct anterior humps. Chelic- tion (fig. 437). Tarsal organ capsulate. Ster- erae with stridulatory files laterally (fig. 442; num frontally with pair of humps (figs. 431, stridulatory pick is a modified hair proxi- 436), as already noted in original description mally on femur), and characteristic apophy- (Banks, 1896). Legs without spines, without ses frontally (fig. 442; see also fig. 5 in curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral tricho- Gertsch, 1982). Palps in general identical to bothrium of tibia 1 at 57%; tarsus 1 with ϳ those of P. americana (cf. figs. 432–433); 5–8 pseudosegments. Gonopore with two procursus simple rod, distally with semi- pairs of epiandrous spigots (fig. 129). ALS transparent projection (fig. 441). Legs with- with several piriform gland spigots (fig. 155). out spines, without curved and vertical hairs. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 115

Figs. 429–435. Pholcophora americana Banks, male. 429. Habitus, lateral view. 430–431. Prosoma, dorsal and frontal views. 432. Left palp, prolateral view. 433. Left palp, retrolateral view. 434–435. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (429), 0.5 mm (430–433), 0.2 mm (434–435). 116 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 436–447. Pholcophora spp. 436–440. P. americana Banks. 436. Male prosoma, ventral view. 437. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 438–439. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 440. Epigynum, dorsal view. 441–442. P. mexcala Gertsch, male holotype. 441. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 442. Chelicerae, lateral view. 443–447. P. texana Gertsch. 443. Male right palpal femur, retrolateral view. 444. Male chelicerae, lateral view. 445. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 446. Epigynum, dorsal view. 447. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (436, 438–440, 442, 447), 0.1 mm (437, 441, 443– 446). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 117

FEMALE: Unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED (all in AMNH): DISTRIBUTION: Only known from type lo- USA: Texas: Starr County: 0.5 mi E Rio cality. Grande City: type above; same data, 1&;5 MATERIAL EXAMINED: MEXICO: Guerre- mi E Rio Grande City, Jan. 21, 1939 (S. Mu- ro: Mexcala: type above. laik), 1& 1 juvenile. MEXICO: San Luis Po- tos«õ: 2 mi E Santo Domingo, June 6, 1941 Pholcophora texana Gertsch, 1935 (A. M. & L. I. Davis), 1( 1&; Tamaulipas: Figures 443–447 San Fernando, Mar. 28, 1937 (L. I. Davis), 1( 1&; El Tinieblo, Feb. 23, 1973 (W. Gra- Pholcophora texana Gertsch, 1935: 11, figs. 22– ham), 2& 2 juveniles; Rio Gualolejo(?), near 24. – Gertsch and Mulaik, 1941: 319. – Gertsch Forlon, Apr. 16, 1938 (L. I. Davis & B. and Davis, 1942: 8. – Gertsch, 1971: 76–77; & 1982: 100, figs. 16–18, 25–27. Brown), 1 ; Nuevo Leo«n: Montemorelos, May 23, 1952 (M. Cazier, W. J. Gertsch, R. TYPES: Male holotype, with 1& and one Schrammel), 1& 1 juvenile; Grutas de San juvenile from 0.5 mi E Rio Grande City, Bartolo, 10 mi S Santa Catarina, Feb. 1966 ‘‘Brick Yard,’’ Texas, USA; Nov. 11, 1934 (B. Russell, D. McKenzie), 1& 1 juvenile; (S. Mulaik), in AMNH (examined). Hidalgo: 2 mi SW Jacala, (99Њ13ЈW, DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to P. ameri- 20Њ59ЈN), Aug. 18, 1964 (J. & W. Ivie), 1&. cana and texana; distinguished from both by REMARKS: Several of the vials contain only the long straight cheliceral apophyses (fig. females. Considering the simplicity of the 444), the shape of the procursus (compare epigynum, these specimens are here assigned figs. 437, 441, 445), and the modified hairs tentatively to the species. The two males on the male palpal femur (fig. 443). from Mexico have considerably longer legs MALE (holotype; see Gertsch, 1982 for than the type (see above), but I could find no general description): Total length 1.25, car- differences in the palp and chelicerae. apace width 0.6; leg 1: 3.8 (1.0ϩ0.3 ϩ0.96ϩ1.1ϩ0.4), tibia 2 missing, tibia 3: TOLTECA, NEW GENUS 0.7, tibia 4: 1.0; tibia 1 l/d: 12. Habitus and prosoma shape as in P. americana (cf. figs. TYPE SPECIES: Pholcophora hesperia 429–431); distance PME-ALE about 30% of Gertsch, 1982. PME diameter. Carapace with shallow tho- ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the racic groove, sternum with distinct anterior Toltecs, a preconquest Mexican people, who humps. Chelicerae with stridulatory files lat- were marvelous artisans and architects. The erally and characteristic apophyses frontally Aztec emperor Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin, (fig. 444). Palps in general identical to those himself claimed descent from Toltec ances- of P. americana (cf. figs. 432–433), but fe- tors. Gender feminine. mur with modified hairs ventrally (fig. 443), DIAGNOSIS: Tiny pholcids (total length and procursus different (fig. 445). Legs with- 1.1–1.4 mm), with very short legs, globular out rings; without spines, without curved and opisthosoma, eight eyes; distinguished from vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of other North American short-legged genera tibia 1 at 61%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 5 pseudo- (Pholcophora, Chisosa) by the hook-shaped segments. apophyses distally on the male chelicerae, VARIATION: Tibia 1 in other males: 0.97 and the absence of stridulatory ridges on the (San Fernando, Tamaulipas), 1.39 (Santo Do- chelicerae. mingo, San Luis Potos´ı) (see Remarks be- DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 1.1–1.4 mm. low). Carapace ochre to light brown, with shallow, FEMALE: In general very similar to male; indistinct thoracic groove (fig. 449), ocular tibia 1 of female accompanying holotype: area hardly elevated, with eight eyes, AME 0.97. Epigynum very simple (fig. 447), ap- only slightly smaller than others; distance parently with pair of receptacles (fig. 446). PME-ALE small (ϳ 30% of PME diameter). DISTRIBUTION: Known from Texas (USA) Male clypeus unmodified. Male chelicerae and several localities in north-eastern Mexico with pair of hooked apophyses distally, with- (see Remarks below). out stridulatory ridges laterally (fig. 453). 118 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Male sternum with conspicuous humps fron- DIAGNOSIS: Close relative (possibly a syn- tally (figs. 449–450). Male palpal coxa with- onym) of T. jalisco (see Diagnosis there). out retrolateral apophysis, femur almost cy- Distinguished by the short sclerotized rim lindrical, tibia very short, almost globular dorsally on the bulb of T. jalisco (arrow in (figs. 451–452), procursus very simple, rib- fig. 458). bon-shaped (figs. 454–455, 459); bulb large, MALE (holotype; see Gertsch, 1982, for embolar division gradually tapering; tarsal measurements and general description): Che- organ capsulate with small opening (exam- licerae with pair of distal apophyses (fig. ined: T. hesperia: fig. 75). Legs extremely 453), without stridulatory files. Procursus short (leg 1 about 2 ϫ body length; tibia 1 with subdistal bulge dorsally (fig. 454). Ster- l/d: 7–8), leg formula 4123; legs without num frontally with pair of humps (figs. 449– spines, without curved and vertical hairs; re- 450). Legs without spines, without curved trolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 very distal and vertical hairs. (at ϳ 65%); tarsus with only ϳ 5–6 pseu- Measurements of a male from Oaxaca: To- dosegments. Opisthosoma globular, with tal length: 1.2, carapace width: 0.48; distance darker spots dorsally. Male gonopore with PME-ALE about 30% of PME diameter. Leg four epiandrous spigots in two pairs (exam- 1: 1.99 (0.55ϩ0.16ϩ0.50ϩ0.49ϩ0.29), tibia ined: T. hesperia: fig. 126). ALS with several 2: 0.42, tibia 3: 0.39, tibia 4: 0.65; tibia 1 l/ piriform gland spigots (examined: T. hesper- d: 7; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at ia: fig. 153), other spinnerets typical for fam- 65%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 5 pseudosegments. ily. VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 3 males (Oaxaca): Sexual dimorphism slight; epigynum ex- 0.50–0.57. In the males from Oaxaca, the tremely simple externally; I could not find procursus differs slightly in shape from that pore plates. in other material (including the type; figs. MONOPHYLY: The two species included 454–455). Otherwise there seem to be no (which are possibly synonyms; see Diagnosis differences, so they are here considered con- of T. jalisco) have identical male chelicerae specific. and almost identical male palps. FEMALE (Oaxaca): Total length (N ϭ 10) GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus may 1.1–1.4; tibia 1 (N ϭ 12) 0.49–0.57 (x¯ ϭ be close to several other genera of short-leg- 0.54). Epigynum extremely simple, as in fig. ged pholcids with globular opisthosoma and 456, internally as in fig. 457; I could not find ninetine tarsal organ (cf. figs. 73–78), espe- pore plates. cially with Pholcophora (with which it DISTRIBUTION: Known from various local- shares the frontal humps on the male sternum ities in Mexico, ranging from Sonora to Oa- and the simple, ribbon-shaped procursus). xaca. The close relationship of Tolteca with Ni- MATERIAL EXAMINED (only material in- netis suggested in the cladogram in appendix cluding males is listed here; see Remark be- 2, is probably an artifact due to the poor res- low): MEXICO: Sinaloa: type above; 6 mi olution within ninetines as a result of insuf- E Villa Union, July 23, 1954 (W. J. Gertsch), ficient data. 1( 4& 2 juveniles in AMNH; El Esquinal, DISTRIBUTION/COMPOSITION: Only two de- 62 mi S Culiacan, Aug. 24, 1965 (W. J. scribed species, widely distributed in Mexi- Gertsch & R. Hastings), 1( 5& in AMNH; co. 3 mi E Esquinapa, Aug. 1, 1964 (W. J. Gertsch & J. Woods), 1( 3& in MCZ; Co- Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), lima: 10 mi S Colima, Aug. 1, 1954 (W. J. new combination Gertsch), 1( 2& in AMNH; Sonora:40mi Figures 75, 126, 153, 448–457 S Culiacan, Aug. 6, 1956 (V. Roth & W. J. Gertsch), 2( 1& in AMNH; Oaxaca:2mi Pholcophora hesperia Gertsch, 1982: 102, figs. SE Niltepec (94Њ33ЈW, 1 6 Њ32ЈN), Aug. 16, 34–36, 45–47. 1966 (J. & W. Ivie), 2( 2& 2 juveniles in TYPE: Male holotype from 5 mi S Maza- AMNH; 5 mi W Tequisistlan (95Њ40ЈW, tla´n, Sinaloa, Mexico; July 23, 1954 (W. J. 16Њ25ЈN), Sept. 1, 1964 (J. & W. Ivie), 1( Gertsch), in AMNH (examined). 8& 1 juvenile in AMNH; 8 mi W Tehuan- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 119

Figs. 448–453. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch), male from Oaxaca. 448–450. Prosoma, dorsal, frontal, and ventral views. 451. Left palp, prolateral view. 452. Left palp, retrolateral view. 453. Chelicerae, frontal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (448–450), 0.1 mm (451–453). 120 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 454–459. Tolteca spp. 454–457. T. hesperia (Gertsch). 454. Left procursus of holotype, re- trolateral view. 455. Left procursus of male from Oaxaca. 456. Epigynum, ventral view. 457. Epigynum, dorsal view. 458–459. T. jalisco (Gertsch), male holotype. 458. Left palpal cymbium with procursus and bulb, retrolateral view (arrow points to sclerotized ridge). 459. Left procursus, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.1 mm. tepec (95Њ22ЈW, 1 6 Њ22ЈN), Aug. 29, 1966 (J. relative leg length (femur 1/carapace width: & W. Ivie), 1( 2& 1 juvenile in AMNH; ϳ 1 versus 1.1), male chelicerae (not distin- Baja California Sur: nr. La Paz, July 1990 (T. guishable), and procursus (that of jalisco is Jackson), 3( in AMNH. said to be ‘‘thinner’’; however, direct com- REMARK: The AMNH has several more vi- parison reveals that this is not the case, and als, containing only females. Since the epi- the shape of the jalisco procursus fits well gynum is so extremely simple and the female into the range of shapes shown for hesperia; of the closely related T. jalisco is unknown, figs. 454–455, 459). However, the bulb of they are here not assigned to any of the two the jalisco holotype has a tiny sclerotized species. This includes material from the fol- ridge dorsally (arrow in fig. 458) that is ab- lowing Mexican States: Sinaloa, San Luis sent in all the hesperia specimens studied. Potos´ı, Colima, Baja California Sur, Sonora, So, for the moment, this is the only character Oaxaca, Puebla. distinguishing the two species. MALE (holotype): Carapace width 0.47; Tolteca jalisco (Gertsch, 1982), leg 1: 2.06 (0.59ϩ0.16ϩ0.51ϩ0.49ϩ0.31), new combination tibia 2: 0.43, tibia 3: 0.39, tibia 4 missing; Figures 458–459 tibia 1 l/d: 8. Habitus, chelicerae, and general palpal morphology identical to T. hesperia Pholcophora jalisco Gertsch, 1982: 102–104, figs. 40–41. (cf. figs. 448–452), also without stridulatory files on chelicerae. Procursus as in fig. 459. TYPE: Male holotype from 20 mi N La Bulb with dorsal sclerotized ridge (fig. 458). Quemada, Jalisco, Mexico; July 28, 1954 (W. Sternum with pair of humps frontally, as in J. Gertsch), in AMNH (examined). T. hesperia (cf. fig. 450). Legs without DIAGNOSIS: This species is extremely close spines, without curved and vertical hairs; tar- to, or a synonym of T. hesperia. Gertsch sus 1 with ϳ 5 pseudosegments. (1982) mentions four characters in his diag- FEMALE: Unknown. nosis, all of which seem inadequate: total DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- size (1.1 versus 1.17 mm in the holotypes), cality. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 121

MATERIAL EXAMINED: MEXICO: Jalisco: pecially to Pholcophora, with which it shares type above. a very simple procursus, long proximal apophyses on the male chelicerae, and the PAPIAMENTA, NEW GENUS shallow thoracic groove. The genitalia in these genera, however, are quite different (in TYPE SPECIES: Pholcophora levii Gertsch, the case of Pholcophora, the bulb and the 1982. palpal femur). ETYMOLOGY: The generic name is derived DISTRIBUTION/COMPOSITION: Only two de- from Papiamento, a language spoken on the scribed species, from the Netherlands Antil- Netherlands Antilles. Gender feminine. les. DIAGNOSIS: Small pholcids (total length 1.5–2 mm), with short legs, globular opis- Papiamenta savonet, new species thosoma, eight eyes, and stridulatory files on Figures 460–467 the chelicerae; distinguished from the similar genus Pholcophora and from other short-leg- Pholcophora levii Gertsch, 1982: 99–100 (part of the records only). ged genera by the complex bulb and the al- most absent procursus. TYPES: Male holotype, 2& paratypes from DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 1.5–2 mm. 3 km N Savonet, Curac¸ao, Netherlands An- Carapace with shallow but distinct thoracic tilles; ‘‘stones,’’ Dec. 28, 1962 (H. & L. groove, ocular area slightly elevated, with Levi), in MCZ. eight eyes, AME smallest; distance PME- ETYMOLOGY: Named for the town close to ALE relatively small (ϳ 40–50% of PME the type locality. The specific name is a noun diameter). Male clypeus unmodified. Male in apposition. chelicerae with pair of large apophyses prox- DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to P. levii, dis- imally, with stridulatory ridges laterally (figs. tinguished by the proximally much thicker 468, 470). Male sternum without humps. male cheliceral apophyses (compare fig. 468 Male palpal coxa without retrolateral apoph- with 470; 461 with 469), and the bulbal ysis, femur almost cylindrical, tibia globular, apophyses (compare figs. 467, 473); the fe- procursus very short and simple (fig. 464); males are apparently not distinguishable. bulb complex, with several sclerotized and MALE (holotype): Total length 2.0, cara- unsclerotized elements in embolar division pace width 0.85, leg 1: 4.4 (1.16ϩ0.32 (figs. 467, 473); tarsal organ capsulate with ϩ1.13ϩ1.26ϩ0.52), tibia 2: 0.94, tibia 3: small opening (examined: P. levii female). 0.90, tibia 4: 1.35; tibia 1 l/d: 9. Habitus as Legs very short (leg 1 about 2.5 ϫ body in fig. 460. Entire prosoma orange-ochre, length; tibia 1 l/d: 9–10), leg formula 4123; carapace with shallow but distinct thoracic legs without spines and curved hairs, with groove (fig. 462), eight eyes on hardly ele- some vertical hairs on tibiae; retrolateral tri- vated ocular area (figs. 460–461); distance chobothrium of tibia 1 very distal (at 60– PME-ALE about 50% of PME diameter. 66%); tarsus 1 with only ϳ 6 pseudoseg- Sternum pale ochre, without anterior humps. ments. Opisthosoma globular, with darker Chelicerae with relatively huge cheliceral spots dorsally. Male epigastric system not apophyses (figs. 462–463, 468), with strid- examined; ALS with piriform gland spigots ulatory files (fig. 468; pick is a modified hair (examined: P. levii female: fig. 154), other proximally on femur). Palps as in figs. 464– spinnerets typical for family (fig. 142). 465, coxa without retrolateral apophysis, fe- Sexual dimorphism slight; epigynum ex- mur cylindrical, only slightly widened dis- tremely simple externally; I could not find tally; tibia almost globular; procursus ex- pore plates. tremely simple, almost nonexistent (figs. MONOPHYLY: The two species included 464, 466); bulb complex, consisting of glob- share the extremely short and simple procur- ular part and two apophyses, one of them sus, and the complex bulb. (‘‘a’’) movable, the other one (‘‘bϩc’’)bifid GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus may (figs. 464–465, 467). Legs without spines be close to several other genera of short-leg- and curved hairs, with some very short ver- ged pholcids with globular opisthosoma, es- tical hairs on tibiae; retrolateral trichoboth- 122 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 460–465. Papiamenta savonet, n. gen., n. sp., male. 460. Habitus, lateral view. 461–463. Prosoma, dorsal, frontal, and ventral views. 464. Right palp, retrolateral view. 465. Right palp, prolateral view. (The bulbal structures a, b, c, are labeled to ease comparison with figs. 467, 471–474.) Scale lines: 1.0 mm (460), 0.5 mm (461–465). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 123

Figs. 466–477. Papiamenta spp. 466–468. P. savonet, n. gen., n. sp., male. 466. Right procursus, retrolaterodorsal view. 467. Bulbal projections (right bulb), dorsal view. 468. Chelicerae, lateral view. 469–477. P. levii (Gertsch). 469. Male prosoma, dorsal view. 470. Male chelicerae, lateral view. 471– 472. Right cymbium with procursus and bulb, retrolateral (471) and prolateral (472) view. 473–474. Bulbal projections (right bulb), dorsal (473) and ventral (474) view. 475. Right cymbium with procursus, retrolateral view. 476. Epigynum, ventral view. 477. Epigynum, dorsal view. (The bulbal structures a, b, c, are labeled to ease comparison among figures). Scale lines: 0.5 mm (469, 476), 0.2 mm (468, 470– 472, 477), 0.1 mm (466–467, 473–475). 124 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

rium of tibia 1 at 66%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 5–6 FEMALE: Total length (N ϭ 10) 1.9–2.5 (x¯ pseudosegments. ϭ 2.2); tibia 1 (N ϭ 10) 1.06–1.19 (x¯ ϭ FEMALE (paratypes): Total length 2.3; tibia 1.12); without vertical hairs on tibiae. Epi- 1: 1.13, 1.19; without vertical hairs on tibiae. gynum extremely simple, as in fig. 476, in- Epigynum apparently indistinguishable from ternally as in fig. 477; I could not see pore P. levii (cf. figs. 476–477). plates. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Curac¸ao cality (see Remark under P. levii). (Netherlands Antilles). MATERIAL EXAMINED: NETHERLANDS MATERIAL EXAMINED: NETHERLANDS ANTILLES: Curac¸ao: 3 km N Savonet: ANTILLES: Curac¸ao: Piscadera Baai: types types above. above; SE airport, Dec. 20, 1962 (H. & L. Levi & B. de Jong), 1( 10& in MCZ; S slope Papiamenta levii (Gertsch, 1982), Veeris Berg, Dec. 20, 1962 (H. Levi), 1( 19& new combination in MCZ; Coral Specht, 3 km E Willemstad, Figures 3, 142, 154, 469–477 Feb. 9–15, 1987 (W. E. Steiner & J. M. Pholcophora levii Gertsch, 1982: 99–100 (part; Swearingen), ‘‘mesquite-acacia desert scrub see P. savonet, above), figs. 12–13, 22–24. near coast,’’ 3( 1& 1 juvenile in USNM. TYPES: Male holotype and female from REMARK: The MCZ has two more vials, Piscadera Baai, Curac¸ao, Netherlands Antil- from ‘‘Grote Berg’’ and ‘‘Sint-Nicolaas, St. les; ‘‘dump,’’ Dec. 20, 1962 (H. W. Levi), in Martha Baai’’ (see data in Gertsch, 1982), MCZ (examined). and the USNM has one more vial from Boca DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to P. savonet, San Pedro, Feb. 10, 1987 (W. E. Steiner & distinguished by the more slender male che- J. M. Swearingen); however, these contain liceral apophyses (compare fig. 468 with only females, and since females of the pre- 470; fig. 461 with 469), and the bulbal sent species and P. savonet are apparently apophyses (compare figs. 467, 473); the fe- indistinguishable, they cannot unambiguous- males are apparently not distinguishable. ly be assigned to any of the two species. MALE (holotype; see also Gertsch, 1982): Carapace width 0.79; tibia 1: 1.07. Habitus CHISOSA, NEW GENUS and prosoma shape as in P. savonet (cf. figs. 460–463); distance PME-ALE about 40% of TYPE SPECIES: Pholcophora diluta Gertsch PME diameter. Chelicerae with long frontal and Mulaik, 1941. apophyses and stridulatory files laterally (fig. ETYMOLOGY: The generic name is derived 470; pick is a modified hair proximally on from the Chisos Mountains in Big Bend Na- femur, not on trochanter as noted in Gertsch, tional Park, Texas. Gender feminine. 1982). Palps in general as in P. savonet (cf. DIAGNOSIS: Tiny pholcids (total length ϳ figs. 464–465); procursus extremely simple, 1.2–1.4 mm) with short legs, globular opis- almost nonexistent (figs. 471, 475) [note that thosoma, without thoracic groove, with eight Gertsch’s (1982) fig. 14 is misleading, as it eyes, stridulatory ridges on male chelicerae; shows one of the bulbal apophyses as if it distinguished from other North American were the procursus]; bulb complex, consist- short-legged genera (Pholcophora, Tolteca) ing of globular part and three apophyses, one by the distally enlarged male palpal femur of them (‘‘a’’) easily movable, describing and the large and complex procursus. half circle around other apophyses (figs. DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 1.2–1.4 mm. 471–474). Sternum without anterior humps. Carapace light ochre, without thoracic Legs without spines and curved hairs, with groove; ocular area hardly elevated (fig. some vertical hairs on tibiae 1 and 2. 478), with eight eyes, AME only slightly Measurements of another male: total smaller than others (fig. 481); distance PME- length 1.6, carapace width 0.80; leg 1: 4.17 ALE small (ϳ 25% of PME diameter). Male (1.20ϩ0.22ϩ1.12ϩ1.24ϩ0.39), tibia 2: 0.97, clypeus unmodified. Male chelicerae with tibia 3: 0.93, tibia 4: 1.31; tibia 1 l/d: 10; one (C. diluta) or two (C. baja) pairs of fron- retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 60%; tal apophyses, with stridulatory ridges later- tarsus 1 with ϳ 6 pseudosegments. ally. Sternum without anterior humps. Male 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 125

palpal coxa without retrolateral apophysis, PME-ALE about 25% of PME diameter. Pro- femur relatively large, conspicuously wid- soma light ochre, only procursus and chelic- ened distally; procursus relatively large and erae with darker structures. Chelicerae with complicated. Tarsal organ exposed (exam- stridulatory files (fig. 484). Procursus rela- ined: C. diluta). Bulb with relatively simple tively huge and complicated (figs. 482–483, embolar division. Legs short (leg 1 about 3– 485–486). Sternum without anterior humps. 3.5 ϫ body length; tibia 1 l/d: 14–21), leg Legs monochromous light ochre; without formula 1423 in C. diluta, 4123 in C. baja; spines, without curved and vertical hairs; re- legs without spines, without curved and ver- trolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 63%; tical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tib- tarsus 1 with ϳ 5 pseudosegments. Opistho- ia 1 very distal (at 63% in C. diluta, not seen soma globular (fig. 478), monochromous in C. baja); tarsus 1 with ϳ 5 pseudoseg- ochre-gray; epigastric system not studied. ments. Opisthosoma globular, monochrom- FEMALE (Big Bend Nat Park): Total length ous; male epigastric system not examined; 1.76–1.82; tibia 1 (N ϭ 4) 1.14–1.31 (x¯ ϭ ALS with piriform gland spigots (examined: 1.25). Tarsal organ exposed. Epigynum with C. diluta female: fig. 151). Sexual dimor- pair of sclerotized pockets laterally (figs. phism slight (C. baja female unknown). 487–488), possibly to accommodate the male MONOPHYLY: The two species included cheliceral apophyses during copulation; in- share the complex, large procursus and the ternal genitalia as in fig. 489, with roundish distally widened male palpal femur. pore plates. ALS apparently with piriform GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus may gland spigots (most spigots in female ex- be close to several other genera of short-leg- amined in SEM were broken). ged pholcids with globular opisthosoma, es- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from along riv- pecially with Tolteca which is similar in hab- er in Big Bend National Park, Brewster itus and geographically close, and with Au- County, Texas, USA. cana (a mainly Chilean genus!), which MATERIAL EXAMINED: USA: Texas: Brew- shares the exposed tarsal organ and the ab- ster County: types above; Big Bend Nat. sence of epiandrous spigots. Park, Santa Elena Region, Aug. 24, 1967 (W. DISTRIBUTION/COMPOSITION: Only two spe- J. Gertsch & R. Hastings), 2( 4& in AMNH. cies described, from Texas (USA), and Baja California Norte (Mexico). Chisosa baja (Gertsch, 1982), new combination Chisosa diluta (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1941), Figures 490–494 new combination Pholcophora baja Gertsch, 1982: 102, figs. 37– Figures 151, 478–489 39. Pholcophora diluta Gertsch and Mulaik, 1941: TYPE: Male holotype from Salsipuedes Is- 320, figs. 27–28. – Gertsch, 1982: 100, 102, figs. 19–21, 28–30. land, Gulf of California, Baja California Nor- te, Mexico; May 21, 1962 (R. E. & A. E. TYPES: Female holotype, 5& paratypes Ryckman), in AMNH (examined). from Hot Springs, Brewster County, Texas, DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from C. USA; June 7–10, 1938 (D. & S. Mulaik), in diluta by the broad, curved flap dorsally on AMNH, examined. the procursus (figs. 490–491), and the two DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from C. pairs of apophyses frontally on the chelicerae baja by the shape of the procursus (compare (figs. 493–494). figs. 486, 491), and the single pair of apoph- MALE (holotype; see Gertsch, 1982, for yses on the male chelicerae (figs. 480, 484). general description): Total length 1.2, cara- MALE (Big Bend Nat. Park; see also pace width 0.48 (not 0.25 as in original de- Gertsch, 1982): Total length 1.4, carapace scription!); leg 1: 3.55 (0.90ϩ0.19ϩ0.94ϩ width 0.60; leg 1: 4.84 (1.25ϩ0.24ϩ1.41 0.94ϩ0.58), tibia 2: 0.81, tibia 3: 0.61, tibia ϩ1.39ϩ0.55), tibia 2: 1.04, tibia 3: 0.84, tib- 4: 0.97; tibia 1 l/d: 14. Habitus and prosoma ia 4: 1.29; tibia 1 l/d: 21. Habitus and pro- shape similar to C. diluta (cf. figs. 478–481); soma shape as in figs. 478–481; distance distance PME-ALE about 25% on PME di- 126 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 478–484. Chisosa diluta (Gertsch), male. 478. Habitus, lateral view. 479–481. Prosoma, dorsal, ventral, and frontal views. 482. Left palp, prolateral view. 483. Left palp, retrolateral view. 484. Che- licerae, lateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (478–481), 0.3 mm (482–483), 0.1 mm (484). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 127

Figs. 485–494. Chisosa spp. 485–489. C. diluta (Gertsch). 485. Left procursus, prolateroventral view. 486. Left procursus, retrolaterodorsal view. 487–488. Epigynum, lateral and ventral views. 489. Epigynum, dorsal view. 490–494. C. baja (Gertsch), male holotype. 490. Right palp without bulb, retrolateral view. 491. Right cymbium with procursus, prolateral view. 492. Right genital bulb, ϳ pro- lateral view. 493–494. Chelicerae, lateral and frontal views. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (485–492), 0.1 mm (493–494). 128 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 ameter. Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow. Car- lez-Sponga, salmeronica Gonza´lez-Sponga); apace without thoracic groove, sternum with- if present, AME considerably smaller than out anterior humps. Chelicerae with stridu- others (e.g., figs. 495, 513); distance PME- latory files laterally and two pairs of ALE varying widely (ϳ 40–120% of PME characteristic blackish apophyses frontally diameter). Male clypeus unmodified. Poste- (figs. 493–494). Palps as in fig. 490, cym- rior border of sternum either straight or pro- bium with dorsal apophysis and procursus duced into one or two lobes. Male chelicerae with large, slightly curved flap dorsally and usually with pair of simple frontal apophyses complicated distal structures (figs. 490–491). distally, missing in P. limonensis Gonza´lez- Legs without spines, without curved and ver- Sponga and lagunosa Gonza´lez-Sponga; tical hairs. Opisthosoma slightly higher than without stridulatory ridges. Male palps (es- long (0.85 versus 0.75), monochromous pecially femur) large in relation to overall ochre. size; coxa without retrolateral apophysis, fe- FEMALE: Unknown. mur very strong, in some species with ven- DISTRIBUTION: Only known from type lo- tral sclerotized rim distally; procursus vari- cality. able in shape, with complex distal system of MATERIAL EXAMINED: MEXICO: Baja apophyses, flaps, and membranous, hairlike California Norte: Salsipuedes Island: type structures (brush; e.g., figs. 508, 516, 525, above. etc.); bulb with spiraling, strong distal apophysis. Tarsal organ exposed, conspicu- PRISCULA SIMON, 1893 ously elevated (examined: P. binghamae, ulai: fig. 96). Legs medium-long (leg 1 about Priscula Simon, 1893b: 477–478 (type species by ϫ original designation P. gularis Simon, 1893; 5–13 body length), usually very strong examined). – Brignoli, 1981: 95–96. – Gonza´- (tibia 1 l/d: 23–63), leg 1 always longest, leg lez-Sponga, 1996: 124–128. – Huber, 1997b: 2 usually longer than leg 4, leg 3 shortest; 598–599. often with dark rings; legs without spines, Blechroscelis Simon, 1893b: 479–483 (type spe- sometimes with many curved hairs (on fem- cies by original designation Pholcus annulipes ora, tibiae, and metatarsi), and sometimes Keyserling, 1877; examined). NEW SYNONYMY. with several vertical hairs (never in high den- Hypsorinus Chamberlin, 1916: 224 (type species sity); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 by original designation H. binghamae Cham- proximal (at 5–10%); cuticle of tarsus broken berlin, 1916; examined). First synonymized by into many seemingly irregular plates (fig. Huber et al. (1999). 101). Opisthosoma higher than long, some- JUSTIFICATION OF SYNONYMY: The type spe- times angular behind, dorsally with dark cies of Blechroscelis (Pholcus annulipes spots and often also white spots. Male gono- Keyserling) is redescribed below, and is pore without epiandrous spigots (examined: clearly congeneric with the type species of P. binghamae, ulai, one undescribed species: Priscula (P. gularis Simon) which is also re- fig. 140). ALS with piriform gland spigots described below. (about six; examined: P. binghamae, ulai, DIAGNOSIS: Large (total length ϳ 3.5–7 one undescribed species; figs. 166–167), oth- mm), dark-colored pholcids. Distinguished er spinnerets typical for family. from most other New World genera by their Sexual dimorphism slight; females with size and the higher-than-long opisthosoma; shorter legs, unmodified chelicerae, with from Physocyclus and Artema by the single greater variation in opisthosoma size. Epi- pair of frontal apophyses on the male chelic- gynum simple dark sclerotized plate; inter- erae; from Ixchela and Aymaria by the male nally with pair of roundish to oval dorsal palp (absence of retrolateral coxal apophysis, pore plates, frontally with large valve. distally enlarged femur, rather complex pro- MONOPHYLY: Although the genus is easily cursus with ‘‘brush’’). diagnosed, it is characterized primarily by DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 3.5–7 mm. plesiomorphies. The only synapomorphy Carapace with distinct thoracic groove, ocu- seems to be the tarsal organ, which is ex- lar area moderately elevated, usually with posed but situated on a high turret (fig. 96). eight eyes (AME missing in P. ulai Gonza´- GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus shares 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 129

with Physocyclus and Artema the brushlike element distally on the procursus, but this may be plesiomorphic (a synapomorphy of holocnemines). The general similarity be- tween Physocyclus and Priscula led Brignoli (1981) to synonymize the two genera. This was not accepted by Gonza´lez-Sponga (1996) (who lists Brignoli’s paper in the ref- erences, but never refers to it in the text), and criticized by Huber (1997b) on the basis that the two genera show some very consistent differences, and are geographically strictly apart. The cladistic analysis suggests that Priscula is indeed close to Physocyclus, but none of the synapomorphies is very compel- ling, while Artema has a procursus very sim- ilar to that of Physocyclus (see Characters Scored section above). The traditional sepa- ration of Physocyclus and Priscula is cer- tainly more informative and is therefore maintained. Moreover, Priscula shows some Map 3. Known distribution of the genus Pris- affinities to New World genera (e.g., the tho- cula Simon. racic groove, reduction of epiandrous spig- ots, exposed tarsal organ), while Physocyclus and Artema rather have thoracic pits like the mon (1893b) thought was ‘‘probablement’’ a Old World Holocnemus group. The phylo- Priscula, was originally described as resem- genetic position of Priscula is thus regarded bling Pholcus phalangioides, but with a as still ambiguous. more pointed opisthosoma, in contrast to the higher-than-long opisthosoma of Priscula.I NATURAL HISTORY: Simon (1893b: 478) gives the following brief account: ‘‘sur les strongly suspect it to be a synonym of Smer- bambous . . . toile napiforme bombe´e, de tis- ingopus pallidus (Blackwall), based on Tac- su tre`s laˆche . . . grand re´sceau irre´gulier.’’ zanowski’s (1874) description of the ‘‘belle Gonza´lez-Sponga (1996) collected Priscula figure’’ on the opisthosoma: ‘‘compose´ede mainly in shady areas close to the ground, 4–6 paires de taches obliques imitant une under logs, leaves, and mosses. He reports feuille penne´e’’; this is a pattern typical for the number of eggs in two egg sacs (60, 162). most species of Smeringopus, and S. pallidus is the only representative of the genus in the DISTRIBUTION: Most known species are from high-altitude locations in the Andes, New World, and is a common synanthropic from northern Argentina to Venezuela (map species. The type material (12 syntypes) is 3). Priscula taruma, n. sp., from Guyana apparently lost. It was sent to Hamburg in presently marks the northeastern limit. 1974, but was apparently never returned (T. Huflejt, personal commun.). COMPOSITION: The genus includes 17 nom- inal species (P. paeta Simon is a nomen du- Priscula gularis Simon, 1893 bium: Gonza´lez-Sponga, 1996; Huber, 1997b). Four of the species recently de- Figures 495–500 scribed by Gonza´lez-Sponga (1996) were not Priscula gularis Simon, 1893a: 319. – Simon, available to me: P. lagunosa, piedraensis, li- 1893b: 477–478, figs. 442(?), 449(?). – Huber, monensis, salmeronica. The remaining 13 1997b: 595–597, figs. 17–19. species are treated herein (six of them are Physocyclus gularis: Brignoli, 1981: 94–97, figs. newly described). Apart from that I have 8–10, 25. seen several additional species, mostly from TYPES: Male lectotype, 1& paralectotype northern Peru (in MUSM, CCR). from Quito, Ecuador; date and collector not Pholcus tigrinus Taczanowski, which Si- given, in MNHN (9762), examined. 130 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 495–500. Priscula gularis Simon. 495. Male ocular area, frontal view. 496. Left genital bulb, ϳ dorsal view. 497. Left procursus, prolateral view. 498. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 499. Epi- gynum, dorsal view. 500. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (500), 0.4 mm (495–499).

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners but femur distally with hardly protruding primarily by the shape of the procursus with ventral rim, and procursus and bulb signifi- its distinctive distal spine (figs. 497–498), cantly different (figs. 496–498). Legs light and by the shape of the bulbal apophysis (fig. brown, with darker rings on femora (subdis- 496). tally) and tibiae (subproximally, subdistally); MALE (Ban˜os; for redescription of type almost all hairs on legs missing; retrolateral material see Huber, 1997b): Total length 4.0, trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 7%. Opisthosoma carapace width 2.0; leg 1: 35.3 (8.7ϩ0.9 length 2.4, height 2.3, slightly angular, gray, ϩ9.3ϩ14.1ϩ2.3), tibia 2: 6.9, tibia 3: 5.1, dorsally covered with blackish spots and tibia 4: 6.9; tibia 1 l/d: 45. Habitus similar to white dots in lines and bands; genital plate P. binghamae (cf. fig. 501; see also figs. light brown. 17a–b in Huber, 1997b); carapace ochre, VARIATION: Tibia 1 in second male from darker median spot and lateral margins, with Ban˜os: 9.7. Lectotype and males from ‘‘Na- deep thoracic groove; ocular area brown, rigual’’ significantly larger (tibia 1: 11.4– slightly higher than in P. binghamae, eight 12.0), but genitalia not distinguishable in eyes as in fig. 495; distance PME-ALE about shape. 60% of PME diameter. Sternum ochre, FEMALE: Tibia 1 (N ϭ 5) 7.5–10.3 (x¯ ϭ brown-speckled at bases of legs and anteri- 8.8). In general very similar to male, but op- orly, posterior border straight; chelicerae isthosoma higher and more rounded. One fe- brown with pair of blackish frontal apophy- male with dark rings also medially on tibiae. ses as in P. pallisteri (cf. fig. 515, apophyses Epigynum as in fig. 500, light brown; dorsal minimally thinner and more laterally; see view as in fig. 499. also fig. 19a in Huber, 1997b). Palps in gen- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Ecuador. eral as in P. binghamae (cf. figs. 505–506), MATERIAL EXAMINED: ECUADOR: Quito: 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 131

types above; ‘‘Narigual,’’ no further collec- by the shape of the procursus (semitranspar- tion data, 3( 2& 2 juveniles in MNHN ent proximal protrusion, triangular distal flap, (10289); Ban˜os, 1900–2000 m elev., Nov. figs. 508–509), by the shape of the bulbal 16–17, 1937 (W. Clarke-Macintyre), 2( 2& apophysis (fig. 507), and the lateral position 13 juveniles in AMNH. Ban˜os, 1800 m elev., of the male cheliceral apophyses (fig. 503; Aug. 10–22, 1937 (E. Brundage), 1& as- similar only in P. tunebo, cf. fig. 554). signed tentatively, in USNM. MALE (La Paz, Bolivia) (see also detailed original description by Chamberlin, 1916): Priscula binghamae (Chamberlin, 1916) Total length 7.1, carapace width 2.9; leg 1: Figures 501–512 38.6 (9.3ϩ1.3ϩ9.9ϩ13.3ϩ4.8), tibia 2: 6.8, tibia 3: 5.5, tibia 4: 7.5; tibia 1 l/d: 25. Hab- Hypsorinus binghamae Chamberlin, 1916: 224– 226, pl. 13: figs. 1–9, pl. 14: figs. 1–7. itus as in fig. 501; carapace light brown with Physocyclus binghamae: Brignoli, 1981: 97, figs. darker spots laterally and medially, with deep 11–13, 19–20. thoracic groove (figs. 502, 504), ocular area Crossopriza saltensis Mello-Leita˜o, 1941: 109, pl. light brown, darker medially and laterally, 7: fig.7(first synonymized by Huber et al., moderately elevated with eight eyes, AME 1999) very low (fig. 502); distance PME-ALE rel- Hypsorinus conwayi Mello-Leita˜o, 1947b: 162– atively small (ϳ 45% of PME diameter), 163, figs. 8–9; NEW SYNONYMY. sternum light brown with darker margins and Systenita conwayi: Brignoli, 1981: 97; 1983: 681. pattern, posterior border barely curved (fig. Priscula binghamae: Huber et al., 1999: 6–7, figs. 510); chelicerae light brown with pair of 13–17. frontal apophyses laterally (fig. 503). Palps JUSTIFICATION OF SYNONYMY: The type as in figs. 505–506, light brown, procursus specimens of Hypsorinus conwayi were com- and bulb sclerites dark brown to black; coxa pared with the female paratypes of Hypso- without retrolateral apophysis, femur proxi- rinus binghamae (the male holotype is lost; mally with retrolateral apophysis, distally see Note below) and the original description with black rim projecting ventrally (fig. 505), of the male: there were no relevant differ- procursus with dorsal semitransparent protru- ences. sion proximally, prolateroventral brush, and TYPES: Hypsorinus binghamae: male ho- complex system of apophyses and flaps dis- lotype (not examined; see Note below), 1& tally (figs. 508–509); bulb with pointed, paratype and 2 juveniles (examined) from slightly spiraling apophysis (fig. 507). Legs Huadquina (near Machu Picchu, 13Њ07ЈS, light brown, with slightly darker rings on 72Њ39ЈW), Dept. Cuzco, Peru; 5000 ft elev., femora and tibiae (proximally, medially, and July 1911, (collector not given), in MCZ. subdistally); legs without spines, without Crossopriza saltensis: female holotype from curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral tricho- Santa Barbara, Dept. Salta, Argentina; no bothrium of tibia 1 at 10%. Opisthosoma date (M. Biraben), in MLP (14625), exam- dark brownish-gray, with small black and ined (see Huber et al., 1999). Hypsorinus white spots dorsally. Gonopore without conwayi:1( 1& syntypes, and 1 juvenile, epiandrous spigots. ALS with several piri- from ‘‘Hampusa & above,’’ Bolivia (not form gland spigots. Guyana, as in Mello-Leita˜o, 1947b!); 13– VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 4 males: 7.3–11.9. 17000 ft elev. (not 1700 ft as in Mello-Lei- FEMALE (La Paz): Tibia 1 (N ϭ 3) 6.5– ta˜o, 1947b!), Mar. 10, 1899 (M. Conway), in 10.5. In general very similar to male. Epi- BMNH (1949.9.14.1), examined. gynum as in fig. 511; dorsal view as in fig. NOTE: The male holotype of H. binghamae 512. could not be found at the MCZ. However, DISTRIBUTION: Known from northern Ar- Chamberlin’s (1916) figures 3 and 6 of the gentina, Bolivia, and southern Peru. Mello- male chelicerae and pedipalp fit perfectly the Leita˜o (1947b) erroneously gives Guyana as material described here, and the present spe- type locality for Hypsorinus conwayi,aner- cies is so far the only representative of the ror that was then copied by Brignoli (1983). genus found south of central Peru. MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Cuzco: DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners Huadquina: Hypsorinus binghamae female 132 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 501–506. Priscula binghamae (Chamberlin), male. 501. Habitus, lateral view. 502. Prosoma frontal view. 503. Chelicerae, frontal view. 504. Prosoma, dorsal view. 505. Left palp, prolateral view. 506. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (501–502, 504), 0.5 mm (503, 505–506). paratypes above; ‘‘Cuzco,’’ 11100 ft elev., no las), 1( 1& in MUSM. BOLIVIA: La Paz: date (K. Schmidt), 1( 4& in FMNH; near La Paz, house, 12000 ft elev., Apr. 1958– Calca, Hacienda Urco, in house, 9500 ft Apr. 1959 (5 vials) (R. Walsh), 4( 5& some elev., Sept. 22, 1939 (K. Schmidt) 2( 2& in juveniles in AMNH; ‘‘Hampusa & above’’: AMNH. Ancash: Huari, June 5, 1989 (A. Sa- Hypsorinus conwayi types above. Beni: 16.8 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 133

Figs. 507–512. Priscula binghamae (Chamberlin). 507. Left genital bulb, ϳ dorsal view. 508. Left procursus, prolateral view. 509. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 510. Male prosoma, ventral view. 511. Epigynum, ventral view. 512. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (510–511), 0.4 mm (507– 509, 512).

mi SW Yucumo (ϳ 15Њ23ЈS, 66Њ59ЈW), ϳ pace width 2.0; leg 1: (10.9ϩ1.1ϩ10.9 500 m elev., Nov. 15–19, 1989 (J. Codding- ϩ17.7, tarsus missing), tibia 2: 7.9, tibia 3: ton, C. E. Griswold, D. Silva, S. Larcher, E. 5.5, tibia 4: 7.3; tibia 1 l/d: 51. Habitus sim- Pen˜aranda), 1& in USNM. ARGENTINA: ilar to P. binghamae (cf. fig. 501); carapace Salta: Santa Barbara: Crossopriza saltensis light brown, darker laterally and medially, type above. with deep thoracic groove; ocular area brown, slightly higher than in P. binghamae, Priscula pallisteri, new species eight eyes as in fig. 513, distance PME-ALE Figures 513–519 about 45% of PME diameter. Sternum orange TYPES: Male holotype, 1& paratype from to light brown, posterior border with pair of Tingo Maria, Dept. Hua´nuco, Peru; Oct. 25, distinct lobes; chelicerae light brown with 1946 (J. C. Pallister), in AMNH. pair of blackish frontal apophyses (fig. 515). ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collector of Palps in general as in P. binghamae (cf. figs. the type material. 505–506), only procursus and bulb signifi- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners cantly different (figs. 514, 516–517). Legs primarily by the shape of the procursus light brown, with slightly darker rings on (shape of base, shape of distal, rounded flap: femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally, figs. 516–517), and by the shape of the bul- subdistally); almost all hairs on legs missing; bal apophysis (fig. 514). retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 6%. MALE (holotype): Total length 4.2, cara- Opisthosoma length 2.6, height 2.4; slightly 134 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 513–519. Priscula pallisteri,n.sp.513. Male ocular area, frontal view. 514. Left genital bulb, ϳ dorsal view. 515. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 516. Left procursus, prolateral view. 517. Left pro- cursus, retrolateral view. 518. Epigynum, ventral view. 519. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (518), 0.5 mm (513–517, 519). angular, pale gray with many dark spots dor- zas near Tingo Maria, Oct. 8, 1946 (J. C. sally, genital plate light brown, wide. Pallister), 2( 2& 3 juveniles in AMNH. FEMALE (paratype): Total length 4.9; tibia 1: 9.1. In general very similar to male, but Priscula annulipes (Keyserling, 1877), opisthosoma higher and more rounded. Epi- new combination gynum as in fig. 518, light brown medially, Figures 520–526 dark brown laterally; dorsal view as in fig. 519. Pholcus annulipes Keyserling, 1877: 4–6, pl. 7: VARIATION: Tibia 1 in male from Cueva de figs. 1, 1a. Lechuzas: 13.1; most specimens had also Blechroscelis annulipes: Simon, 1893b: 483 (see many white spots on the opisthosoma, ar- Notes below). ranged in lines or bands. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Tingo TYPES: Female lectotype (designated here- Maria, Dept. Hua´nuco, Peru. in), 4& paralectotypes, and 2 penultimate MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Hua«nuco: males from St. Fe´ de Bogota´, Dept. Cundi- Tingo Maria: types above; Cueva de Lechu- namarca, Colombia; date and collector not 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 135

Figs. 520–529. Priscula spp. 520–526. P. annulipes (Keyserling). 520. Female lectotype, habitus. 521. Epigynum of paralectotype, ventral view. 522. Epigynum of lectotype, ventral view. 523. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 524. Left genital bulb, ϳ dorsal view. 525. Left procursus, prolateral view. 526. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 527–529. P. venezuelana Simon. 527. Left procursus, prolateral view. 528. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 529. Left genital bulb, ϳ dorsal view. Scale lines: 2.0 mm (520), 1.0 mm (521–522), 0.5 mm (523–529). 136 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 given, in BMNH (1890.7.1.8292-95, part), ALE about 110% of PME diameter), clypeus examined. dark brown; sternum light orange-brown NOTES: The type vial apparently contains with darker speckles, with pair of distinct only some of the original specimens: the la- lobes posteriorly, labium brown; chelicerae bel says ‘‘8292-95 (part).’’ From Keyser- light brown with pair of tiny blackish frontal ling’s (1877) original description it is highly apophyses (fig. 523). Palps in general as in probable that the specimens examined herein P. binghamae (cf. figs. 505–506), but femur are in fact conspecific with, if not identical distally without protruding ventral rim, and to what he was describing (high opisthoso- procursus and bulb significantly different ma, femora with four dark rings: annulipes!, (figs. 524–526). Legs orange-ochre with dis- all femora of about same thickness, almost tinct brown rings on femora (proximally: perfectly agreeing measurements). The fact faint, medially, subdistally, distally) and tib- that Simon chose ‘‘B. annulipes Keyserl.’’ as iae (proximally, medially, subdistally); legs type species for Blechroscelis makes his ge- without spines; with few vertical hairs on all nus Blechroscelis a synonym of Priscula. segments; with many curved hairs on femo- Since both genera were proposed in the same ra, tibiae, and metatarsi; retrolateral tricho- publication, Blechroscelis could either be bothrium of tibia 1 at 9%. Opisthosoma adopted to replace Priscula (which would length 3.2, height 3.2, slightly angular, ochre- completely change the traditional conception gray, many black spots except ventrally, gen- of both genera), or it could be dumped. The ital plate large, light brown posteriorly, yel- second option is here preferred (see Notes lowish anteriorly. under Mesabolivar below for detailed dis- FEMALE (lectotype): Total length 6.7, car- cussion). apace width 3.1; tibia 1: 7.4 (for further mea- Another problem is the conspecificity of surements see Keyserling’s original descrip- the male described herein with the female tion, in which obviously the same individual lectotype. The evidence (four dark rings on was measured). In general very similar to femora, geographic origin) is not unambig- male; curved hairs at least dorsally on meta- uous (legs with four dark rings on femora tarsi (many hairs missing). Epigynum as in and tibiae are not unique to the species, see fig. 522. P. ulai, huila; several species are known to VARIATION: The female paralectotypes are occur in small areas, e.g., P. andinensis, ulai, significantly smaller: carapace width in all ϳ piapoco, chejapi, piedraensis, all from Dept. 2.0, tibia 1 (N ϭ 2) 5.3, 5.4. The epigynum Me´rida, Venezuela). The risk of erroneously is also slightly different (fig. 521). assigning a heterospecific male to the female DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Bogota´ is herein preferred to the risk of creating a area, Colombia. synonym. Future studies of Colombian ma- MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOMBIA: Cun- terial should easily solve this problem. dinamarca: Bogota´: types above; Bogota´: DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners Paramo de Monserrate, Sept. 20–Nov. 29, (especially the closely related P. venezue- 1968 (H. Sturm), between dead leaves of Es- lana) primarily by the shape of the procursus peleta grandiflora, ‘‘Paramo Wald, Barber (position of dorsal projection, shape of distal Fallen,’’ 1( in AMNH. fork: figs. 525–526), and by the shape of the bulbal apophysis (fig. 524). Priscula venezuelana Simon, 1893 MALE (Bogota´): Total length 5.3, carapace Figures 527–529 width 2.6; leg 1: 30.4 (7.7ϩ1.2ϩ7.5ϩ10.7 ϩ3.3), tibia 2: 6.0, tibia 3: 4.3, tibia 4: 5.2; Priscula venezuelana Simon, 1893b: 477–478, tibia 1 l/d: 23. Habitus similar to P. bingh- fig. 466. – Huber, 1997b: 601, figs. 20–21. amae (cf. fig. 501); carapace light orange- Physocyclus venezuelanus: Brignoli, 1981: 96. ochre, dark brown median stripe and lateral (Priscula venezuelana: Gonza´lez-Sponga, 1996: probably misidentified; see Note below). smudges, with deep thoracic groove; ocular Priscula ranchograndensis Gonza´lez-Sponga, area dark brown, slightly higher than in P. 1996: 150–155, figs. 47–55. NEW SYNONYMY. binghamae, eight eyes in position similar to P. pallisteri (cf. fig. 513, but distance PME- JUSTIFICATION OF SYNONYMY: I have not 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 137

been able to study any of the pholcids in erae almost identical to P. annulipes (cf. fig. Gonza´lez-Sponga’s collection (none of nu- 523; apophyses minimally larger; see also merous requests was answered), but for two fig. 21c in Huber, 1997b). Palps in general reasons I believe that the proposed synony- as in P. binghamae (cf. figs. 505–506; see my is very probably correct. First, I have di- also figs. 21a–b in Huber, 1997b), but femur rectly compared Simon’s lectotype with distally without protruding ventral rim, and males collected at the type locality of P. ran- procursus and bulb significantly different chograndensis (Rancho Grande ϭ Henri Pit- (figs. 527–529). Legs light brown, with dark tier Nat. Park): the procursus (which is the rings on femora and tibiae (proximally, dis- interspecifically most variable structure) was tally, and two to three in-between), and meta- practically identical, even with respect to size tarsi (proximally and subproximally), rings (1.49 versus 1.47 mm!). Second, Gonza´lez- on tibiae 1 indistinct; legs without spines, Sponga’s drawing of the procursus (1996: with curved hairs on tibiae and metatarsi, fig. 51) is small but considered sufficient for with few vertical hairs; retrolateral tricho- identification. bothrium of tibia 1 at 6%. Opisthosoma high- NOTE: Gonza´lez-Sponga (1996) gives a re- er than long (3.2 versus 2.7), gray, with many description of P. venezuelana Simon, based white spots, genital plate dark brown; brown on specimens from Miranda. From his rede- area in front of spinnerets. Tibia 1 in other scription per se it is not clear whether or not males: 12.1, 13.7. the specimens treated are ‘‘real’’ P. venezue- FEMALE: Very similar to male. Epigynum lana or not, but if the synonymization above anteriorly divided into two lobes (see fig. 21d is correct, and if Gonza´lez-Sponga (1996) in Huber, 1997b); tibia 1 (N ϭ 3) 9.9, 10.6, was right in separating his P. ranchogran- 12.0. densis from his P. venezuelana, then his P. DISTRIBUTION: Known from Distrito Fed- venezuelana must be misidentified. None of eral and Aragua (Venezuela). the diagnostic characters given by Gonza´lez- MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Dis- Sponga (1996) convincingly separates the trito Federal and Aragua: types above. Ar- two species, and they are clearly very similar. agua: Maracay, Rancho Grande, 1200 m Only a reexamination of the procursus of P. elev., cloud forest, Aug. 1–10, 1987 (Bordan venezuelana sensu Gonza´lez-Sponga can & S. Peck), 2( in AMNH; Rancho Grande, solve this problem. Biol. Station, no date (C. T Collins), 1& in TYPES: Male lectotype, 3& paralectotypes, some juveniles from Caracas (Distrito Fed- AMNH; Henri Pittier Nat. Park, Rancho Grande, 900 m elev., Feb. 18, 1984 (J. Cod- eral) and Tovar (Aragua), Venezuela; no fur- & ther collection data, in MNHN (10923), ex- dington), 1 in USNM. amined. DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to P. annulipes, Priscula huila, new species distinguished by the procursus (straighter, Figures 530–532 dorsal protrusion more distal, shape of distal fork different; figs. 527–528), and by the bul- TYPE: Male holotype from 12 mi E Sta. bal apophysis (fig. 529). Leticia, Dept. Huila, Colombia; 2300 m MALE (Maracay; for redescription of the elev., Mar. 1976 (W. G. Eberhard), in MCZ. type material see Huber, 1997b): Total length ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Colombian 4.8, carapace width 2.6; leg 1: 62.5 state Huila. The name is a noun in apposi- (14.8ϩ1.3ϩ16.0ϩ26.3ϩ4.1), tibia 2: 12.0, tion. tibia 3: 8.0, tibia 4: 11.2; tibia 1 l/d: 55. Hab- DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to P. chejapi itus similar to P. binghamae (cf. fig. 501; see Gonza´lez-Sponga; distinguished by the pro- also fig. 20 in Huber, 1997b), but AME high- cursus (dorsal projection more proximal, dis- er, ocular area more elevated, and distance tal element different; figs. 530, 531), and the PME-ALE larger (ϳ 90% of PME diameter). shape of the bulbal apophysis (fig. 532). Carapace ochre, darker medially, radial MALE (holotype): Total length 4.7, cara- stripes and lateral margins; ocular area and pace width 2.4; leg 1: 41.6 (10.3ϩ1.1ϩ10.3 clypeus brown, sternum light brown; chelic- ϩ16.6ϩ3.3), tibia 2: 7.6, tibia 3: 5.1, tibia 4: 138 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 530–535. Priscula spp. 530–532. P. huila, n. sp., male holotype. 530. Left procursus, prolateral view. 531. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 532. Left genital bulb, ϳ dorsal view. 533–535. P. chejapi Gonza´lez-Sponga. 533. Left procursus, prolateral view. 534. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 535. Left genital bulb, ϳ dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.

6.7; tibia 1 l/d: 43. Habitus similar to P. binghamae (cf. figs. 505–506), but femur binghamae (cf. fig. 501); carapace light or- distally without protruding ventral rim, and ange-ochre, with dark, roundish median spot procursus and bulb significantly different and lateral smudges, with deep thoracic (figs. 530–532). Legs orange-ochre with dis- groove, ocular area dark brown, slightly tinct brown rings on femora (proximally, me- higher than in P. binghamae, eight eyes in dially, subdistally, distally) and tibiae (prox- position similar to P. pallisteri (cf. fig. 513, imally, medially, subdistally, distally); al- but distance PME-ALE about 90% of PME most all hairs on legs missing; retrolateral diameter), clypeus dark brown, sternum light trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 6%. Opisthosoma orange-brown with darker speckles, pair of very high (length 2.9, height 3.2), ochre- indistinct lobes posteriorly, labium brown; gray, many black spots except ventrally, and chelicerae almost identical to P. annulipes some white spots, genital plate large, light (cf. fig. 523, apophyses slightly larger and brown. more laterally). Palps in general as in P. FEMALE: Unknown. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 139

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- za´lez-Sponga, 1996). Tibia 1 in male holo- cality. type: 17.1. MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOMBIA: Hui- FEMALE: Not examined. See Gonza´lez- la: 12 mi E Sta. Leticia: type above. Sponga (1996) for description. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the Ve- Priscula chejapi Gonza´lez-Sponga, 1996 nezuelan state Me´rida. Figures 533–535 MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Me«- rida:Me´rida: ‘‘Telef. Est. La Montan˜a,’’ Priscula chejapi Gonza´lez-Sponga, 1996: 132– 2450 m elev., cloud forest, June 27–July 26, 136, figs. 10–19. 1989 (S. & J. Peck), 1( in AMNH. & TYPES: Male holotype, 1 paratype from Priscula andinensis Gonza´lez-Sponga, 1996 Central Hidroele´ctrica General Jose´ Antonio Figures 536–538 Pa´ez, Cardenal Quintero, Me´rida, Venezuela; 1800 m elev., July 10, 1992 (A. R. Delgado Priscula andinensis Gonza´lez-Sponga, 1996: de Gonza´lez, M. Garc´ıa, M. A. Gonza´lez- 128–132, figs. 1–9. Sponga), in collection Gonza´lez-Sponga TYPES: Male holotype, 3( 5 & paratypes, (1362a, b), not examined. and several juveniles from La Cuchilla DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to P. huila, dis- (8Њ40ЈN, 71Њ20ЈW), carretera Me´rida-La tinguished by the procursus (more curved, Azulita, between Campo El´ıas and Andre´s more slender, and longer; dorsal projection Bello, Me´rida, Venezuela; 2200 m elev., Dec. more distal; distal element different; figs. 12, 1981 and June 18, 1987 (A. R. Delgado 533–534) and by the bulbal apophysis that is de Gonza´lez, J. A. Gonza´lez D., M. A. Gon- much longer (fig. 535). za´lez-Sponga), in collection Gonza´lez-Spon- MALE (Me´rida): Total length 6.7, carapace ga (955a, b), not examined. ϩ ϩ width 3.3; leg 1: (17.1 1.6 18.0, metatarsus DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to P. piapoco; and tarsus missing), tibia 2: 14.7, tibia 3: distinguished by the much thicker procursus 11.3, tibia 4: 14.5; tibia 1 l/d: 54. Habitus (figs. 536, 538); from other congeners also similar to P. binghamae (cf. fig. 501); cara- by the bulbal apophysis (fig. 537). P. pied- pace light brown, dark brown medially and raensis seems also closely related, but has a laterally, ocular area dark brown, slightly distinctive procursus (thicker basally, ventral higher than in P. binghamae, eight eyes in hump less developed; see Gonza´lez-Sponga, position similar to P. pallisteri (cf. fig. 513, 1996: fig. 42). but distance PME-ALE about 70% of PME MALE (Tabay Mucuy): Total length ϳ 6.5 diameter), clypeus dark brown, sternum light (opisthosoma deformed), carapace width 3.1; brown, posteriorly only slightly curved; che- leg 1: 39.8 (10.1ϩ1.5ϩ9.9ϩ14.7ϩ3.6), tibia licerae apparently identical to P. annulipes 2: 7.3, tibia 3: 5.1, tibia 4: 6.7; tibia 1 l/d: (cf. fig. 523). Palps in general as in P. bingh- 25. Habitus similar to P. binghamae (cf. fig. amae (cf. figs. 505–506), but femur distally 501), but ocular area slightly more elevated without protruding ventral rim, and procur- and AME slightly higher, distance PME- sus and bulb significantly different (figs. ALE much higher (ϳ 120% of PME diam- 533–535). Legs light brown, with very faint eter). Carapace light ochre-brown, with dark darker rings on tibiae (subdistally); legs brown median and lateral stripes, ocular area without spines, with curved hairs on femora and clypeus brown, sternum light brown, and tibiae (slightly curved) and metatarsi posterior border with pair of distinct lobes (strongly curved); retrolateral trichobothrium (cf. Gonza´lez-Sponga, 1996: fig. 2), labium of tibia 1 at 5%. Opisthosoma as high as long darker; chelicerae brown, with pair of black- (4.0), dark gray, with lines of white spots, ish frontal apophyses as in P. annulipes (cf. brown genital plate large; brown area in front fig. 523; apophyses minimally more proxi- of spinnerets. mal and median). Palps in general as in P. VARIATION: The male holotype and para- binghamae (cf. figs. 505–506), but femur types have annulated legs (four rings on fem- distally with hardly protruding ventral rim, ora, three on tibiae, two on metatarsi; Gon- and procursus and bulb significantly different 140 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 536–540. Priscula spp. 536–538. P. andinensis Gonza´lez-Sponga. 536. Left procursus, pro- lateral view. 537. Left genital bulb, ϳ dorsal view. 538. Left procursus, retrolateral view (arrow: this protrusion was bigger in one male examined). 539–540. P. piapoco,n.sp.539. Left procursus, prolateral view. 540. Left procursus, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm.

(figs. 536–538). Legs light brown, femora ora, tibiae, and metatarsi; retrolateral tricho- with light distal tips and dark subdistal rings, bothrium of tibia 1 at 7%. Opisthosoma tibiae with dark rings (proximally, medially, about as high as long, slightly angular, ochre, subdistally) and light rings (following prox- with black and white spots dorsally, large imal dark ring, preceding and following sub- brown genital plate. distal dark ring); legs without spines, with VARIATION: Tibia 1 in other males exam- few vertical hairs, with curved hairs on fem- ined: 9.6, 9.7, 9.9. Tibia 1 in male holotype: 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 141

9.2. The procursus of the male from 2700 m rings, tibiae with dark rings proximally and elev. (see below) differs slightly with respect subdistally; legs without spines, with few ver- to a dorsal protrusion (arrow in fig. 538) that tical hairs, with curved hairs on femora, tib- is larger. iae, and metatarsi; retrolateral trichobothrium FEMALE: Not examined. See Gonza´lez- of tibia 1 at 7%. Opisthosoma higher than Sponga (1996) for description of female. long (4.3 versus 4.0), slightly angular; dor- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the Ve- sally gray with blackish spots; large brown nezuelan state Me´rida. genital plate, brown area in front of spinner- MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Me«- ets. rida: Tabay Mucuy, ‘‘Send. Lag. Suero,’’ VARIATION: Tibia 1 in other male: 9.3; one cloud forest, 2250 m elev., June 17–Aug. 2, male had also white spots on the opisthoso- 1989 (S. & J. Peck), 3( in AMNH; same ma. locality at 2700 m elev., June 19–July 24, FEMALE: Unknown. 1989 (S. & J. Peck), 1( in AMNH. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from two lo- calities in the Venezuelan state Me´rida. Priscula piapoco, new species MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Me«- Figures 539–540 rida: 20 km SE Azulita: types above; Me´ri- da, ‘‘Telef. Est. La Montan˜a,’’ 2450 m elev., TYPES: Male holotype, 1( paratype from cloud forest, June 27–July 26, 1989 (S. & J. 20 km SE Azulita, ‘‘ULA Biol. Res. La Car- Peck), 1( in AMNH. bonera,’’ Dept. Me´rida, Venezuela; Podocarp forest, 2300 m elev., June 28–Aug. 3, 1989 Priscula ulai Gonza´lez-Sponga, 1996 (S. & J. Peck), in AMNH. Figures 96, 166, 541–546 ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition honoring the Piapoco Indians, a Priscula ulai Gonza´lez-Sponga, 1996: 160–164, figs. 66–75. tropical forest people in Colombia and Ven- ezuela, who have survived mainly by relocat- TYPES: Male holotype, 1& paratype from ing repeatedly to avoid rubber collectors, set- Monte Zerpa (8Њ36ЈN, 71Њ06ЈW), near Me´- tlers, cattle ranchers, and missionaries. rida, Me´rida, Venezuela; 1650 m elev., Jan. DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to P. andinensis, 7, 1988 (A. R. Delgado de Gonza´lez&M. distinguished by the much thinner procursus A. Gonza´lez-Sponga), in collection Gonza´- (figs. 539–540); from other congeners also by lez-Sponga (1110a, b), not examined. the bulbal apophysis (cf. fig. 537). DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from most MALE (holotype): Total length 6.4, carapace known congeners by the absence of AME width 2.8; leg 1: 37.1 (9.3ϩ1.3ϩ9.3 (fig. 543); from P. limonensis and salmeron- ϩ13.7ϩ3.5), tibia 2: 6.8, tibia 3: 4.5, tibia 4: ica also by the shape of the procursus (partic- 6.3; tibia 1 l/d: 27. Habitus similar to P. ularly the distal segment, which is bent to- binghamae (cf. fig. 501), but ocular area ward the femur: figs. 545–546), and the bulb slightly more elevated, AME slightly higher; (fig. 544). distance PME-ALE higher (ϳ 100% of PME MALE (Tabay Mucuy): Total length 3.7, diameter). Carapace ochre, with dark brown carapace width 1.9; leg 1: 41.7 (10.5ϩ0.9 median stripe and lateral margins, ocular area, ϩ10.3ϩ17.5ϩ2.5), tibia 2: 7.3, tibia 3: 5.1, clypeus, and sternum brown; sternum poste- tibia 4: 6.4; tibia 1 l/d: 55. Habitus as in fig. riorly with pair of distinct lobes, as in P. an- 541; carapace orange to light brown, dark dinensis. Chelicerae dark brown, with pair of brown medially and laterally (fig. 542), ocular blackish frontal apophyses as in P. annulipes area dark brown, considerably elevated, with (cf. fig. 523; apophyses minimally more prox- saddle posteriorly (fig. 541), AME absent, imal). Palps in general as in P. binghamae (cf. distance PME-ALE about 100% of PME di- figs. 505–506), but femur distally with hardly ameter. Clypeus dark brown, sternum ochre- protruding ventral rim, and procursus signifi- brown, darker anteriorly, posterior border al- cantly different (figs. 539–540); bulb as in P. most straight; chelicerae brown, with pair of andinensis (cf. fig. 537). Legs light brown, blackish frontal apophyses (fig. 543). Palps in femora with light distal tips and dark subdistal general as in P. binghamae (cf. figs. 505– 142 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 541–546. Priscula ulai Gonza´lez-Sponga, male. 541. Habitus, lateral view. 542–543. Prosoma, dorsal and frontal views. 544. Left genital bulb, ϳ dorsal view. 545. Left procursus, prolateral view. 546. Left procursus, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (541–543), 0.3 mm (544–546).

506), but ventral rim on femur distally not FEMALE: Not examined. See Gonza´lez- protruding, and procursus and bulb signifi- Sponga (1996) for description of female. cantly different (figs. 544–546). Tarsal organ DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the Ve- exposed, on high stalk (fig. 96). Legs ochre nezuelan state Me´rida. to light brown, with dark rings on femora and MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Me«- tibiae (subproximally, medially: faint, subdis- rida: Tabay Mucuy: ‘‘Send. Lag. Suero,’’ tally, distally), without spines, few vertical cloud forest, 2250 m elev., June 17–Aug. 2, hairs, slightly curved hairs on femora, tibiae, 1989 (S. & J. Peck), 7( in AMNH; Tabay and metatarsi; retrolateral trichobothrium of Mucuy: ‘‘Send. Truchicola,’’ cloud forest, tibia 1 at 9%. Opisthosoma dorsally densely 2300 m elev., June 17–Aug. 3, 1989 (S. & covered with black and white spots (fig. 541), J. Peck), 5( in AMNH. ventrally gray, genital plate brown, large; gonopore without epiandrous spigots; ALS Priscula paeza, new species with several piriform gland spigots (fig. 166). Figures 547–551 VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 9 males: 9.3–10.6 (x¯ TYPES: Male holotype, 1& paratype from ϭ 9.9). ‘‘Central Hidroelectrica Anchicaya´ (Old),’’ 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 143

Dept. del Valle, Colombia; 400 m elev., Oct. elev., Sept. 16, 1969 (W. G. Eberhard), 1& 1975 (W. G. Eberhard), in MCZ. in MCZ; Yotoco, 1500 m elev., Aug. 1977 ETYMOLOGY: The species name is an ad- (W. G. Eberhard), 1& in MCZ. jective honoring the Pa´ez Indians who now live mostly as farmers on the eastern slopes Priscula tunebo, new species of the Cordillera Central in Colombia. Figures 552–555 DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from known congeners by the shape of the pro- TYPE: Male holotype from Pregonero, cursus (extremely broad basis, complicated Dept. Tachira, Venezuela; Camp. Siberia, distal segment: figs. 547–548), and by the Laldea, 1200 m elev., rain forest, July 10– shape of the bulbal apophysis (fig. 549). 31, 1989 (S. & J. Peck), in AMNH. MALE (holotype): Total length ϳ 4.1 (op- ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun isthosoma damaged), carapace width 2.0; leg in apposition honoring the Tunebo, a semi- 1 missing, tibia 2: 8.8, leg 3 missing, tibia 4: nomadic people in the northern Cordillera 8.2. Habitus similar to P. binghamae (cf. fig. Oriental in Colombia, who avoided extinc- 501), but ocular area slightly more elevated, tion during the conquest period by constantly and AME higher, distance PME-ALE about moving to elude the Spaniards. 60% of PME diameter. Carapace ochre, with DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners large roundish spot medially and darker lat- by the shape of the procursus (figs. 552– eral margins; ocular area, clypeus and ster- 553), the bulb (fig. 555), and the lateral po- num brown; sternum posteriorly with single, sition of the cheliceral apophyses (fig. 554; widely curved lobe. Chelicerae as in P. an- cf. P. binghamae). Possibly close to P. la- nulipes (cf. fig. 523), but apophyses slightly gunosa, which lacks apophyses on the male longer. Palps in general as in P. binghamae chelicerae. (cf. figs. 505–506), but femur without distal MALE (holotype): Total length 3.3, cara- protruding rim, and procursus and bulb sig- pace width 1.8; leg 1: 38.4 (9.7ϩ0.8ϩ9.6 nificantly different (figs. 547–549). Legs ϩ16.0ϩ2.3), tibia 2: 6.8, tibia 3: 4.7, tibia 4: light brown, with darker rings at patella area 6.3; tibia 1 l/d: 55. Habitus similar to P. and on tibia subdistally; apparently without binghamae (cf. fig. 501), but ocular area spines, without curved and vertical hairs slightly more elevated and AME slightly (most hairs on legs missing). Opisthosoma higher; distance PME-ALE about 60% of gray, with blackish and white spots. PME diameter. Carapace orange to light FEMALE (paratype): Tibia 1: 8.9. In general brown, speckled with brown, ocular area and very similar to male, but opisthosoma higher, clypeus brown, sternum ochre-brown, pos- triangular in lateral view. Epigynum as in fig. teriorly with pair of indistinct lobes; chelic- 551, light brown medially, dark brown lat- erae brown, with pair of blackish frontal erally; dorsal view as in fig. 550. apophyses in very lateral position (fig. 554). VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 3 other females: 7.9, Palps in general as in P. binghamae (cf. figs. 8.0, 9.6. Two of the females included tenta- 505–506), femur distally with ventral rim tively (Habana, Yotoco) have curved hairs on protruding into distinct apophysis, procursus tibiae and metatarsi, and very strong legs. and bulb as in figs. 552–553, 555. Legs yel- They are assigned to this species (rather than lowish, with very faint darker rings on fem- to P. annulipes whose epigynum is appar- ora (distally) and tibiae (proximally, subdis- ently indistinguishable) because of their geo- tally); most hairs missing; retrolateral tricho- graphic origin (Dept. del Valle), the few dark bothrium of tibia 1 at 6%. Opisthosoma high- rings on the legs, the triangular opisthosoma, er than long (2.3 versus 1.9), slightly and the dark sternum. angular; gray, covered with blackish spots DISTRIBUTION: Known from various local- dorsally; genital plate light brown, large. ities in Dept. del Valle, Colombia. FEMALE: Unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOMBIA: Dept. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- del Valle: Anchicaya´: types above; Anchi- cality. caya´, 400 m elev., Oct. 26, 1969 (W. G. MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Eberhard), 1& in MCZ; Habana, 2200 m Tachira: Pregonero: type above. 144 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 547–555. Priscula spp. 547–551. P. paeza,n.sp.547. Left procursus, prolateral view. 548. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 549. Left genital bulb, ϳ dorsal view. 550. Epigynum, dorsal view. 551. Epigynum, ventral view. 552–555. P. tunebo, n. sp., male holotype. 552. Left procursus, prolateral view. 553. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 554. Chelicerae, frontal view. 555. Left genital bulb, ϳ dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.

Priscula taruma, new species 5Њ70ЈN), East Berbice-Corentyne, Guyana; Figures 556–559 Aug.–Dec. 1961 (G. Brentley), in AMNH. ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun TYPE: Male holotype from ‘‘Canje Ikuru- in apposition honoring the Taruma (see Me- wa River (Forest Savanna)’’ (57Њ50ЈW, tagonia taruma above). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 145

Figs. 556–559. Priscula taruma, n. sp., male holotype. 556. Left procursus, prolateral (slightly ventral) view. 557. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 558. Left genital bulb, ϳ dorsal view. 559. Che- licerae, frontal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from con- followed by light ring, and subdistally, pre- geners by the shape of the procursus, with its ceded by light ring), and metatarsi (proxi- dorsal projection and simple distal flap (figs. mally); legs without spines and curved hairs, 556–557). with few vertical hairs; retrolateral tricho- MALE (holotype): Total length 3.8, cara- bothrium of tibia 1 at 7%. Opisthosoma pace width 1.6; leg 1: 38.6 (9.6ϩ0.5ϩ9.5 ochre-gray, with many dark spots, genital ϩ16.7ϩ2.3), tibia 2: 6.4, tibia 3: 4.3, tibia 4: plate brown, wide; large brown area in front 6.1; tibia 1 l/d: 63. Habitus similar to P. ulai, of spinnerets. including saddle behind eyes (cf. fig. 541), FEMALE: Unknown. but tiny AME present (diameter ϳ 0.025); DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- distance PME-ALE about 80% of PME di- cality. ameter; carapace light brown, speckled, with MATERIAL EXAMINED: GUYANA: East light areas at side of ocular area; ocular area, Berbice-Corentyne: type above. clypeus and sternum brown; sternum with pair of widely separated lobes posteriorly. TAINONIA, NEW GENUS Chelicerae light brown, with pair of frontal apophyses (fig. 559). Palps in general as in TYPE SPECIES: Blechroscelis serripes Si- P. binghamae (cf. figs. 505–506), but femur mon, 1893 without protruding ventral rim distally, and ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the procursus and bulb significantly different Ta´ıno of the West Indies, who numbered per- (figs. 556–558). Legs light orange-brown, haps millions at the time of the Spanish con- with dark rings on femora (subdistally, pre- quest but were almost completely destroyed ceded by light ring), and tibiae (proximally, by 1550. Today a few hundred people with 146 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Taı´no background survive in Cuba and is that Tainonia serripes Simon is not closely Puerto Rico. Gender feminine. related to the South American pholcids Si- DIAGNOSIS: Large, eight-eyed pholcids (to- mon and other workers called Blechroscelis tal length 5–8 mm), with elongate opistho- (now Mesabolivar), but is apparently an iso- soma (fig. 560), spines in several rows on the lated element of the New World fauna, de- legs of both sexes (fig. 567), simple but mas- serving the rank of a genus. There is more sive procursus, barely modified male chelic- than one species on Hispaniola, and I am not erae, flat, trapezoidal epigynum. sure that the material described herein is in DESCRIPTION: See redescription of type fact conspecific with the female holotype, but species below. The other, as yet undescribed, convincing statements on species level can species seem to differ only in details of the only be made after further collecting (e.g., of genitalia (procursus, bulb, epigynum). males at the type locality). Actually, there are MONOPHYLY: The type species shares with at least three, possibly five or more species: the undescribed species the spines in several (1) the present material; (2) serripes, which rows on the legs, and the overall unique is here tentatively considered conspecific shape of the procursus (a massive, slightly with the present material, but in which the curved rod: figs. 562–563). epigynum seems to be shorter and wider; (3) GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The eye pattern the material studied by Bryant (1948) (fe- (large distance between PME and ALE) is males only), in which the epigynum has a similar to typical genera of the New World pair of blackish structures embedded in clade. The bulb, with its slightly spiraling membrane at the lateral margins of the gen- sclerotized apophysis, is similar to Priscula, ital opening; (4) a certainly different species, but Tainonia has a very distinct pseudoseg- not treated in the present paper, from the Do- mentation and is therefore probably not a minican Republic, Prov. Samana, Manuel holocnemine. Whether or not the ventrodistal Chiquito, 1( 1& deposited in Instituto de structure on the male palpal femur (fig. 564) Ecolog´ıa y Sistematica del Ministerio de is a homolog of the ‘‘pup’’ apophysis of the Ciencia, Tecnologı´a y Medio Ambiente, Modisimus group is unknown. In sum, Tai- Cuba; (5) another certainly different species, nonia might be a primitive element of the not treated herein, from the Dominican Re- New World clade, but the phylogenetic po- public, Prov. La Vega, La Cienaga, 1( in sition is obscure. USNM, and 1( in AMNH. COMPOSITION: Only the type species is de- MALE (Kenskoff, Haiti): Total length 7.8, scribed. See Note below for further, as yet carapace width 2.5; leg 1: (19.6ϩ1.1ϩ18.0 undescribed, species. ϩ28.3, tarsus missing), tibia 2: 12.5, tibia 3: DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Hispan- 10.0, tibia 4: 11.9; tibia 1 l/d: 75. Habitus as iola (Haiti and Dominican Republic). in fig. 560; carapace ochre with light brown pattern, with deep thoracic groove, without Tainonia serripes (Simon, 1893), pit; ocular area light to dark brown, moder- new combination ately elevated with eight eyes (fig. 561), dis- Figures 560–569 tance PME-ALE about 100% of PME di- ameter. Sternum ochre-yellow with brown Blechroscelis serripes Simon, 1893b: 479–481, margin, slightly darker medially, labium 483. – Bryant 1948: 366–367, fig. 46. – Huber, 1997b: 578, figs. 2A–D. brown; chelicerae reddish-brown, densely covered with short hair, with pair of humps TYPE: Female holotype from Santo Do- proximally, otherwise unmodified (fig. 561). mingo, Dominican Republic; date and col- Palps as in figs. 562–563, ochre-yellow to lector not given, in MNHN (6832), examined brown, procursus distally black; coxa retro- (Huber, 1997b). laterally with indistinct hump, femur proxi- DIAGNOSIS: Large pholcid, distinguished mally with retrolateral apophysis, and distal- from as yet undescribed congeners (see Note ly with distinctive ventral apophysis (fig. below) by minor details in the shape of pro- 564); procursus massive, but very simple cursus and epigynum (figs. 562–563, 568). (figs. 562–563), bulb with hook-shaped NOTE: The main point in the present paper apophysis (fig. 562). Legs light brown, fem- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 147

Figs. 560–564. Tainonia serripes (Simon), male. 560. Habitus, lateral view. 561. Prosoma, frontal view. 562. Left palp, prolateral view. 563. Left palp, retrolateral view. 564. Left palpal femur, prolateral view. Scale lines: 2.0 mm (560), 1.0 mm (561–564). ora and tibiae with light tips preceded by retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 6%; slightly darker rings; femora and tibiae with tarsus 1 (male from Savanette, Haiti) with five rows of spines and several vertical hairs over 30 pseudosegments (very distinct dis- (fig. 567), metatarsi only dorsoproximally tally). Opisthosoma gray with some lines of with some spines; legs without curved hairs; whitish spots, ochre mark dorsally; genital 148 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 565–569. Tainonia serripes (Simon). 565–566. Male prosoma, ventral and dorsal views. 567. Male femur 2 at distal half, retrolateral view. 568. Epigynum, ventral view. 569. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (565–566, 568–569), 0.4 mm (567). plate brown, purple line from genital plate MATERIAL EXAMINED: DOMINICAN RE- about ⅔ to spinnerets, tapering behind. PUBLIC: Santo Domingo: type above; near FEMALE (for holotype redescription see La Romana: July 31, 1935 (W. G. Hassler), Huber, 1997b): In general very similar to 1 penultimate male, in MCZ. The following male, but without humps on chelicerae; tibia three vials contain the material studied by 1(Nϭ 5) 13.1–15.5. Epigynum as in fig. Bryant (1948): Puerto Plata, Apr.–May 1941 568, dorsal view as in fig. 569. The female (D. Hurst), 2& (2 vials) in MCZ; Villa Al- from Kenskoff carried a relatively huge egg tagracia, July 1938 (Darlington), 1 penulti- sac (diameter 5.6). mate male, in MCZ. HAITI: Kenskoff, Sept. VARIATION: The second male examined 6, 1935 (collector not given), 1( 1& in (Haiti: Savanette) was much smaller (cara- AMNH; Savanette, ‘‘Valley of The Eex-2- pace width 1.4, tibia 2: 9.0), but otherwise Cheval,’’ Apr. 23, 1958 (S. Lazell), 1( 2& identical, and accompanied by two larger fe- 2 juveniles in AMNH. males. The shape of the epigynum may vary in the degree of sclerotization/pigmentation: PHYSOCYCLUS SIMON, 1893 in recently molted or bleached females, it ap- pears short because the anterior part is not Physocyclus Simon, 1893b: 470 (type species by yet pigmented (cf. fig. 2c of holotype in Hub- original designation Pholcus globosus Tacza- er, 1997b), while in older females, the epi- nowski, 1874; examined). – Gertsch, 1971: 61– 62. – Brignoli, 1981: 92–97. – Huber, 1997b: gynum is long, as shown by Bryant (1948) 598; 1998d: 46–47. and in fig. 568. DISTRIBUTION: Known from various local- I have not extensively studied representa- ities on Hispaniola (see Note above). tives of this genus, but several points worth 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 149

noting have emerged during the course of Third, with the exception of the type spe- this study. cies, Physocyclus seems to have a much nar- First, most (or all?) Physocyclus species rower distribution than previously thought. share an easily visible apomorphy on the At this point, only 3 of the previously 11 male procursus: a dorsal apophysis and a South American Physocyclus have not yet ventral pocket (‘‘a’’ and ‘‘p’’ in fig. 577). been transferred or synonymized: (1) P. du- These characters have been illustrated in bius Mello-Leita˜o, 1922 (from Brazil), some species (most clearly in P. bicornis by whose type material is apparently lost, but Gertsch, 1971, fig. 67), but often went un- the original description strongly suggests that noticed because structures and background this is a synonym of P. globosus. Brignoli are usually entirely black. I have checked (1981) already suspected this synonymy, but some species in which the published illustra- did not formally synonymize the two names. tions suggested the absence of one or both The female has the typical ‘‘petite e´le´vation characters (P. cornutus Banks, californicus conique juste en arrie`re de la strie thora- Chamberlin and Gertsch, enaulus Crosby, cique,’’ and Mello-Leita˜o’s description and merus Gertsch, modestus Gertsch, pedrego- illustration of the epigynum (1922: fig. 2) sus Gertsch, reddelli Gertsch, tanneri Cham- perfectly fits P. globosus. Therefore, the two berlin, validus Gertsch), but found them in names are herein synonymized (NEW SYNON- all cases. The two characters form a func- YMY). (2) P. viridis Mello-Leita˜o, 1940 (Bra- tional unit, as the apophysis of one procursus zil), in which the male has one pair of frontal is inserted into the pocket of the other pro- apophyses on the chelicerae (Mello-Leita˜o, cursus during copulation (studied in Physo- 1940c), in contrast to the several cones in cyclus globosus by Huber and Eberhard, ‘‘real’’ Physocyclus. The type material is ap- 1997). This character is apparently shared by parently lost, but the species is almost cer- Artema, but only behavioral observations tainly misplaced. (3) P. tigrinus (Taczanows- could provide convincing evidence as to the ki, 1874) (French Guiana), which Simon homology of the structures (asymmetrical in- (1893b) thought was ‘‘probablement’’ a Pris- sertion of the procursi during copulation cula, and which then accidentally became a would strongly support the existence of an Physocyclus when Brignoli (1981) synony- identical mechanism). Another character mized the two genera. I suspect it to be a shared by Physocyclus and Artema is the synonym of Smeringopus pallidus (see Com- brush on the procursus (e.g., figs. 48–49). position under Priscula description, p. 129). The cones on the chelicerae, however, that In conclusion, Physocyclus is probably not seem so similar under the dissecting scope, an original element of the South American are of a completely different nature: they are fauna. hairs in Artema (figs. 12–13), but sclerotized Most described Physocyclus species occur projections in Physocyclus (e.g., fig. 36). The in western USA and Mexico (W. Gertsch— relationship between the two genera remains in an unpublished manuscript—prepared de- unclear. scriptions of 22 new species from this re- Second, as previously suggested (Huber, gion). The southernmost reliable records (ex- 1997b), Priscula is a well-defined genus, and cept P. globosus) are of P. dugesi Simon and is therefore removed from its synonymy with P. guanacaste Huber from Costa Rica, but Physocyclus (synonymized by Brignoli, even these species might be introduced there 1981). Hypsorinus (also synonymized with by humans. With the exception of P. globo- Physocyclus by Brignoli, 1981) is a synonym sus, Physocyclus seems to be absent from the of Priscula. The cladistic analysis suggests Antilles. I strongly susupect that the recently that Priscula is indeed close to Physocyclus. described Chinese species P. orientalis Zhu However, considering the unclear position of and Song, 1999 (in Song et al., 1999) is a Artema, the several differences between Phy- synonym of P. globosus. socyclus and Priscula, and their strict geo- For several reasons I have chosen P. mys- graphic separation, it seems preferable and ticus rather than the type species for rede- more informative to keep the two genera scription as an exemplary species herein: (1) apart. The type species P. globosus has been illus- 150 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 trated several times in sufficient quality (e.g., femora (subdistally) and tibiae (subproxi- Brignoli, 1981; Huber and Eberhard, 1997), mally and subdistally); without spines and and is one of the exemplar taxa in the cla- vertical hairs, with curved hairs on tibiae distic analysis anyway; (2) Brignoli (1981) (few, ventrally) and metatarsi (many); retro- assumed that P. mysticus was misplaced, and lateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 12%; suggested a transfer to Psilochorus. Howev- pseudosegmentation of tarsi not visible. Op- er, the illustrations of procursus and chelic- isthosoma ochre-gray with stripes of black erae (figs. 577–578) clearly show the struc- spots, genital plate long, light brown. tures on the procursus that define the genus VARIATION: Tibia 1/2 in other males: 11.5/ (together with Artema?), and the typical ar- 9.1, 9.2/7.2, 10.3/?, 10.0/8.0; some speci- mature on the male chelicerae; (3) The spe- mens have many white spots on the opistho- cies has never been redescribed, and the fe- soma. male has never been described. FEMALE: Tibia 1 (N ϭ 6) 7.1–10.0 (x¯ ϭ 8.3). In general very similar to male. Epi- Physocyclus mysticus Chamberlin, 1924 gynum very long, anterior part with three Figures 570–580 small humps, light brown, posterior part flat, with darker brown marks (fig. 579). Dorsal Physocyclus mysticus Chamberlin, 1924: 632– view as in fig. 580. 633, figs. 70–71. – Brignoli, 1981: 94 (transfer to Psilochorus suggested). DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in Baja California, Mexico. TYPE: Male holotype from Tortuga Island MATERIAL EXAMINED: MEXICO: Baja (27Њ26ЈN, 111Њ52ЈW), Gulf of California, California Sur: Tortuga Island: type above; 5 Baja California Sur, Mexico; June 22, 1921 mi N San Ignacio (Mission) (ϳ 27Њ30ЈN, (E. P. van Duze´e), in CAS (examined). 112Њ51ЈW), Jan. 20, 1965 (V. Roth), 1( in DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners AMNH. Baja California Norte:10miEEl by the long, slender palpal femur with ven- Rosario (ϳ 30Њ02ЈN, 115Њ36ЈW), May 5, tral apophysis (fig. 574), by the shape of bulb 1961 (W. J. Gertsch & V. Roth), 1( in and procursus (figs. 576–577), and by the AMNH; 3 mi N Punta Prieta (ϳ 29Њ00ЈN, long epigynum with three small humps an- 114Њ15ЈW), Feb. 25, 1966 (V. Roth), 2& in teriorly (fig. 579). AMNH; Bahia de los Angeles (28Њ55ЈN, MALE (holotype): Total length ϳ 5.5 (op- 113Њ32ЈW), in building, Jan. 15, 1965 (V. isthosoma shrunken), carapace width 2.8, Roth), 1( in AMNH; Isla Cedros (28Њ12ЈN, length 2.8; leg 1 missing, tibia 2: 11.2, tibia 115Њ15ЈW), May 25, 1945 (B. F. Osorio Taf- 3: 8.3, tibia 4: 10.9. Habitus and prosoma all), 1( 2& in AMNH; San Francisquito Bay shape as in figs. 570–572; thoracic groove (28Њ26ЈN, 112Њ53ЈW), Oct. 5, 1921 (J. C. slightly widened frontally, but not forming a Chamberlin), 1( in AMNH. Unidentified pit; distance PME-ALE about 70% of PME and unspecified localities: ‘‘San Jose, Meling diameter. Carapace ochre with brown median Ranch,’’ May 1–4, 1961 (W. J. Gertsch & V. mark, ocular area with dark median stripe, Roth), 1( 5& 1 juvenile in AMNH; ‘‘Bartola clypeus with broad brown median band, ster- Bay,’’ Mar. 12, 1953 (B. Firstman), 1& in num ochre-yellow, speckled with brown; AMNH; ‘‘S.Ca.,’’ June 22, 1968 (William chelicerae ochre with black cones frontally ‘‘et al.,’’ 2 vials), 1( 1& 2 juveniles in and stridulatory files laterally (fig. 578; pick AMNH; ‘‘in Boojum Trunk, Baja,’’ Jan. 11, is a modified hair proximally on palpal fe- 1976 (Ward), 1( in AMNH. mur), palps proximally ochre-yellow, distally brown to black; coxa without retrolateral IXCHELA, NEW GENUS apophysis, femur long and slender, with ven- tral apophysis, procursus relatively simple, TYPE SPECIES: Coryssocnemis furcula F. O . with hood (pocket) and apophysis as typical Pickard-Cambridge, 1902. for genus (fig. 577), bulb with slightly twist- ETYMOLOGY: The generic name is derived ed apophysis and additional smaller protru- from Ixchel, the Yucatec goddess of divina- sion provided with little pointed teeth (fig. tion, midwifery, and curing, who was iden- 576). Legs light brown, with darker rings on tified with the spider. Gender feminine. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 151

Figs. 570–574. Physocyclus mysticus Chamberlin, male. 570. Habitus, lateral view. 571–572. Pro- soma, frontal and dorsal views. 573. Left palp, prolateral view. 574. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm.

DIAGNOSIS: Large (total length usually ϳ genus Physocyclus (which occurs in the same 6–9 mm), dark, eight-eyed pholcids, with rel- geographic area) by the slender, tapering pro- atively long, robust legs and high opistho- cursus and the absence of numerous cones soma; distinguished from all other pholcids on the male chelicerae. by the distinctive roundish outgrowth prola- DESCRIPTION: Total length usually ϳ 6–9 teroventrally on the palpal bulb (see fig. 43 mm. Carapace with thoracic groove some- in Huber, 1998b); from the somewhat similar times slightly widened anteriorly into de- 152 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 575–580. Physocyclus mysticus Chamberlin. 575. Male prosoma, ventral view. 576. Left gen- ital bulb. 577. Left procursus, retrolateral view (a, p ϭ apophysis and pocket). 578. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 579. Epigynum, ventral view. 580. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (575, 579– 580), 0.4 mm (576–578). pression resembling pit of some other genera 44 in Huber, 1998b); procursus very simple, (Holocnemus group, Physocyclus, Artema); bulb with distal spines and distinctive pro- ocular area moderately elevated, with eight lateroventral roundish protrusion. Tarsal or- eyes, AME smallest; distance PME-ALE gan exposed (examined: I. furcula: fig. 92). large (ϳ 100% of PME diameter). Male Legs relatively long, very robust (leg 1 about clypeus unmodified. Male chelicerae with 6–9 ϫ total length; tibia 1 l/d about 30–40), pair of frontal apophyses [I. furcula, pecki leg formula 1423 (leg 4 only slightly longer (Gertsch)], or rounded protrusions [I. simoni than leg 2); legs without spines, without (O. Pickard-Cambridge)], or both [I. aber- curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral tricho- nathyi (Gertsch)]; without stridulatory ridges bothrium of tibia 1 at ϳ 7–8%; tarsus 1 with laterally. Male sternum without humps. Male ϳ 40 very distinct pseudosegments. Opistho- palpal coxa with retrolateral apophysis, fe- soma high, either rounded or angular poste- mur with retrolateral apophysis proximally, riorly, with large dark spots dorsally, often in some species (I. furcula, pecki, simoni) also with white spots. Male gonopore with- with tiny ventral protrusion distally (see fig. out epiandrous spigots (examined: I. furcu- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 153

la). ALS with only one piriform gland spigot Known from Guatemala, Honduras, and El each (examined: I. furcula), other spinnerets Salvador. typical for family. Sexual dimorphism slight; epigynum Ixchela pecki (Gertsch, 1971), prominent, with conspicuous protrusions, new combination paired or unpaired. Coryssocnemis pecki Gertsch, 1971: 58, figs. 14– MONOPHYLY: The species included share 18. – Brignoli, 1974: 217. the unique prolateroventral protrusion on the genital bulb. Also, the almost identical over- Known only from southern Mexico (Chia- all shape of the entire male pedipalp in all pas) known species strongly supports the mono- phyly of the group. Ixchela placida (Gertsch, 1971), GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: This genus shares new combination several apomorphies with ‘‘typical’’ New Coryssocnemis placidus Gertsch, 1971: 57–58, World genera (exposed tarsal organ, male figs. 28–29. palpal coxa with retrolateral apophysis, male gonopore without epiandrous spigots, ALS Known only from the female type speci- with only one piriform gland spigot each, men and three immature individuals, all from large PME-ALE distance). It particularly re- caves in Veracruz, Mexico. This might be a sembles Aymaria in overall shape, but no synonym of abernathyi, but males should be synapomorphies are known to me that would collected before deciding this matter. link the two genera, or that link Ixchela with any other sister group. Ixchela simoni (O. Pickard-Cambridge, DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed from 1898), northeastern Mexico to Nicaragua (see be- new combination low). Coryssocnemis simoni O. Pickard-Cambridge, COMPOSITION: The genus as construed here 1898: 237–238; pl. 31, figs. 9, 9a–f. – F. O . includes the five named species listed below, Pickard-Cambridge, 1902: 371; pl. 35, figs. 7, all of which were previously included in 7a–b. – Strand, 1914: 820 (see below). – Coryssocnemis Simon. I have seen the types Gertsch, 1971: 56. of all of these, and some unpublished mate- Only the female has been described, but rial in the AMNH. Apart from that I have the AMNH has males and females from var- seen one undescribed species from Nicara- ( ious localities in central Mexico (Queretaro, gua, Matagalpa, Fuente Pura, 1 deposited Hidalgo, Michoacan, Guerrero). Strand’s in Museo Entomologico Nicaraguense, Leo´n, (1914) Colombian record of the species re- Nicaragua. sulted very probably from the misidentifica- tion of a Priscula species. Ixchela abernathyi (Gertsch, 1971), new combination AYMARIA, NEW GENUS Coryssocnemis abernathyi Gertsch, 1971: 56–57, figs. 19–22. – Gertsch, 1973: 147. TYPE SPECIES: Coryssocnemis conica Banks, 1902. This species is widely distributed in north- ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the eastern Mexico (San Luis Potos´ı, Tamauli- Aymara people, a vast group among the ab- pas, Nuevo Leo´n). original people of South America, who by 1600 were reduced to a fourth of their pre- Ixchela furcula (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, conquest numbers by slavery under the 1902), Spanish empire. new combination DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized to large (total Coryssocnemis furcula F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, length 3–5 mm), usually dark, eight-eyed 1902: 371; pl. 35, figs. 8, 8a–b. – Kraus, 1955: pholcids (troglobites pale and eyeless), with 14; pl. 2, figs. 22–23. – Huber, 1998b: 63–67, medium-long legs; distinguished from simi- figs. 41–52; 1998d: fig. 3E. lar genera (e.g., Ixchela, n. gen., Priscula Si- 154 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 mon) by the shape of the apophyses frontally bulb), and are extremely similar in overall on the male chelicerae overhanging the fangs shape. (fig. 587; only in A. pakitza, n. sp., are they GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: This genus shares too small to overhang the fangs: fig. 601), several apomorphies with ‘‘typical’’ New the roughly circular indentation (pit) on the World pholcids (exposed tarsal organ, male carapace, and the tent-shaped position of the palpal coxa with retrolateral apophysis, large pore plates in the female internal genitalia distance PME-ALE, male gonopore without (figs. 592, 600, 605). epiandrous spigots, ALS with only one piri- DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 3–5 mm. Car- form gland spigot each), and seems particu- apace with small to distinct round indenta- larly close to Ixchela, but this is only based tion (pit) behind ocular area; ocular area on habitus, large size, and the simple, point- moderately elevated, with eight eyes, AME ed procursus. The ‘‘pit’’ in the prosoma is smallest; distance PME-ALE very large (ϳ similar to that in the Old World Holocnemus 100–120% of PME diameter). Male clypeus group (and Artema and some Physocyclus), unmodified. Male chelicerae with pair of dis- but this is here interpreted as convergence. tinctive apophyses distally, overhanging SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS: The four nominal fangs (except in A. pakitza); without stridu- species from the Gala´pagos Islands have ap- latory ridges laterally. Male sternum without parently indistinguishable genitalia, and are humps. Male palpal coxa with retrolateral thus almost certainly a monophyletic group apophysis, femur with retrolateral apophysis (two of these species may actually be syno- proximally, ventral bulge distally (fig. 609); nyms; see Notes under A. conica below). procursus very simple but with distinctive They also share the stridulatory apparatus in tip, bulb with apophysis distally on embolar the female, but this is also present in an un- division. Tarsal organ exposed (examined: A. described species from Peru (Cajamarca, San conica: fig. 94). Legs relatively long (leg 1 Benito), in MUSM. ISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed from about 6.5–11 ϫ body length; tibia 1 l/d: 34– D northern Argentina to Ecuador, and on the 83), leg formula 1423 (legs 2 and 4 almost Gala´pagos Islands (map 4). of same length); usually without spines, COMPOSITION: The genus as construed here without curved and vertical hairs (A. pakitza includes seven nominal species. Of these, A. with curved hairs); retrolateral trichoboth- conica; calilegua, n. sp.; pakitza n. sp.; and rium of tibia 1 very proximal (at ϳ 5–6%); dasyops (Mello-Leita˜o) are treated below. A. tarsus with 25 or more pseudosegments, insularis (Banks), jarmila (Gertsch and which are very distinct distally. Opisthosoma Peck), and floreana (Gertsch and Peck) are high, either rounded, angular, or pointed pos- discussed under A. conica. I have seen two teriorly, with large dark spots dorsally. Male additional species, one from Peru (see gonopore without epiandrous spigots (ex- above), and one from Ecuador, with much amined: A. conica). ALS with only one pir- longer male cheliceral apophyses, but other- iform gland spigot each (examined: A. coni- wise very similar to A. conica (deposited in ca), other spinnerets typical for family. CAS; poorly preserved). Sexual dimorphism slight. Epigynum con- sisting of anterior and large posterior plate Aymaria conica (Banks, 1902), (figs. 591, 604); pore plates in tentlike posi- new combination tion (figs. 592, 600, 605). Some species with Figures 94, 103, 581–592 paired ‘‘stridulatory’’ apparatus dorsally be- tween prosoma and opisthosoma (in females Coryssocnemis conica Banks, 1902: 56; pl. 1: only). figs. 1–3. – Roth and Craig, 1970: 118. – Baert MONOPHYLY: The species included share and Maelfait, 1986: 107. – Baert et al., 1989a: the unique position of the pore plates in the 45; 1989b: 16–17. – Baert et al., 1991: 338. – Gertsch and Peck, 1992: 1186–1187, figs. 1–6, female internal genitalia; they further share 12–14. many details in the shape of the pedipalp (the only interspecific differences occur on the TYPES: Male lectotype, and a female pro- procursus tip and the embolar division of the soma only, from Hood Island (Isla Espan˜ola), 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 155

in figs. 581, 584–586; distance PME-ALE about 120% of PME diameter. Carapace light brown with darker margins, ocular area and clypeus darker brown, sternum light brown. Chelicerae light brown with pair of dark brown apophyses overhanging fangs (fig. 587). Palps as in figs. 582–583, light brown; coxa with distinct retrolateral apophysis, fe- mur with proximal protrusion and distal bulge, procursus with pointed end, with transparent membranous elements at tip (fig. 588), bulb with spinelike apophysis distally (fig. 589). Tarsal organ exposed (fig. 94). Legs light brown, with dark rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and sub- distally); legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 6%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 27 pseu- dosegments. Opisthosoma pale ochre, with many dark spots posteriorly and dorsally; gonopore without epiandrous spigots; ALS with only one piriform gland spigot each. FEMALE: Tibia 1 in 13 females with rather pointed opisthosoma: 3.3–8.3 (!) (x¯ ϭ 5.1). In general very similar to male. Epigynum usually very elevated (fig. 590), but this Map 4. Known distribution of the genus Ay- varies considerably (probably depending on maria, n. gen.: A. conica (Banks) (circles); A. in- amount of sperm in uterus externus); internal sularis, jarmila, floreana (light square); A. pakit- genitalia with pair of pore plates in tentlike za, n. sp. (diamonds); A. calilegua, n. sp. (dark squares); A. dasyops (Mello-Leita˜o) (triangle). position (fig. 592). Stridulation between pair of roundish humps posteriorly on carapace and pair of granulated plates frontodorsally Gala´pagos Islands, Ecuador; May 18, 1899 on opisthosoma. The striated region frontally (Hopkins Stanford Gala´pagos Expedition), in on epigynum (fig. 591; called ‘‘rasping AMNH, examined. grate’’ by Gertsch and Peck, 1992) has prob- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from A. calile- ably nothing to do with stridulation. gua, pakitza, and dasyops by the pointed end VARIATION: Tibia 1 in eight males: 4.9– of the procursus (fig. 588); from A. pakitza 10.7 (x¯ ϭ 7.7). The opisthosoma apparently also by the shape of the epigynum (fig. 591) varies from rounded to pointed with all in- and the larger apophysis on the male chelic- termediates (see Notes below). erae (fig. 587); from A. insularis supposedly DISTRIBUTION: Apparently on most or all by the posteriorly pointed opisthosoma and Gala´pagos Islands, as well as in Ecuador the shorter legs (A. insularis may in fact be (mainland) and northern Peru (Piura) (map a synonym of A. conica; see Notes below); 4). from A. jarmila and A. floreana by the pres- MATERIAL EXAMINED: ECUADOR, GAL- ence of eyes. APAGOS ISLANDS: Espan˜ola Island: types MALE (lectotype): Carapace width 1.3; tib- above; Punta Cevallos, Jan. 5, 1983 (Y. Lu- ia 2: 4.8. bin), 1( 1 juvenile in MCZ; San Cristobal: The following data are from a male from ‘‘vic. El Junco’’ (crater lake), ϳ 700 m elev., Santa Cruz Island: Total length 3.2, carapace Apr. 15–16, 1970 (R. Silberglied), 2( 2& (4 width 1.5; leg 1: 27.2 (7.2ϩ0.7ϩ6.9ϩ10.4 vials) in MCZ; same data, in lichens and ϩ2.0), tibia 2: 4.3, tibia 3: 3.3, tibia 4: 4.7; mosses on Psidium guayaba,1( in MCZ; tibia 1 l/d: 41. Habitus and prosoma shape as Santa Cruz: ‘‘vic. Mirador’’ (W of Media 156 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 581–584. Aymaria conica (Banks), male. 581. Habitus, lateral view. 582. Left palp, prolateral view. 583. Left palp, retrolateral view. 584. Prosoma, dorsal view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (581, 584), 0.5 mm (582–583).

Luna), May 26, 1970 (R. Silberglied), 1& in sp., Mar. 6–7, 1970 (R. Silberglied), 1& in MCZ; pampas region, ϳ 2 km W & N Media MCZ; Isla Rabida: May 12, 1981 (Y. Lubin), Luna, ϳ 700 m elev., June 4, 1970 (R. Sil- 1& 1 juvenile in MCZ; Isla Santiago: E Side: berglied), 1( 1 juvenile (2 vials) in MCZ; Los Guayabitos, from lava tube, Feb. 27, above Media Luna, 1950 ft elev., Micenia- 1983 (collector not given), 1( in MCZ; SE zone, Apr. 17, 1981 (Y. Lubin), 1& in MCZ; Cumplean˜os (‘‘tortoise nesting zone C’’), S. Plaza: 5 m elev., in dead fallen Opuntia Mar. 11, 1983 (C. Marquez), 1& in MCZ; 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 157

Figs. 585–592. Aymaria conica (Banks). 585–586. Male prosoma, frontal and ventral views. 587. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 588. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 589. Left embolar division of bulb, prolateral view. 590–591. Epigynum, lateral and ventral views. 592. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (585–586), 0.3 mm (587, 590–592), 0.1 mm (588–589).

Santa Fe«: S Coast, Jan. 28, 1983 (Y. Lubin), tatively, in CAS; PERU: Piura: Quebrada 1& in MCZ; ECUADOR (mainland): Puna´ Mogollon (4Њ32ЈS, 81Њ04ЈW), June 11, 1939 Island, Jan. 23–26, 1941 (D.L.F.), 2( in (‘‘D.L.F. & H.E.F.’’), 2( 1& in MCZ; 12 km CAS; Guabillo, 20 km W Arenillas, Oct. 29, SW Ferna´ndez (ϳ 4Њ12ЈS, 80Њ51ЈW), Jan. 1, 1942 (no collector given), 1& assigned ten- 1939 (‘‘D.L.F. & H.E.F.’’), 1( 3& 2 juveniles 158 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 in MCZ; Canchaque (5Њ24ЈS, 79Њ36ЈW), ϳ tions made from ‘‘typical’’ (i.e., pointed ab- 800 m elev., Mar. 24, 1989 (D. Silva) 3( 3& domen) conica females. The two supposed in MUSM. species are not geographically separated NOTES: The main point in the present con- (they share several islands, and at least once, text is that the four Gala´pagos species pre- even the same cave). viously included in Coryssocnemis Simon The two cavernicole species were said to are not closely related to the type species C. differ only in the female genitalia: in flo- callaica Simon, but are part of a distinct reana the frontal ‘‘rasping grate’’ was said to group of species (herein considered a genus) be undivided, but divided in jarmila, and in- widely distributed in western South America. ternal differences were figured by Gertsch With the material examined, I am reluctant and Peck (1992). Again, I have been unable to make statements concerning the number to see these differences. KOH preparations and diagnostic characteristics of the Gala´pa- of the genitalia of the holotypes of jarmila gos species involved. At least two species and floreana revealed no differences; both occur on the islands, one epigean with eight appear similar if not identical to the epigean well-developed eyes, and one completely species, and show little resemblance to the eyeless cavernicole species. The genitalia are figures in Gertsch and Peck (1992). Finally, surprisingly similar (in fact, I have been un- in one female from Floreana Island I exam- able to detect any genitalic differences, see ined (i.e., supposedly floreana), the rasping below), but the complete absence of eyes in grate was clearly divided into two parts (i.e., one group and the absence of intermediate as in jarmila). forms strongly suggests that the two are re- productively isolated. The more confusing Aymaria calilegua, new species problem is that each group is currently again Figures 593–600 separated into two nominal species: the epi- gean A. conica (Banks) and A. insularis TYPE: Male holotype from Calilegua Nat. (Banks), and the blind A. jarmila (Gertsch Park, Prov. Jujuy, Argentina; 600 m elev., and Peck) and A. floreana (Gertsch and ‘‘Mirador,’’ forest, malaise, Dec. 18–28, Peck). I suspect that one name in each group 1987 (S. & J. Peck), in AMNH. is a synonym, but more material should be ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. studied and rigorously compared to allow a The specific name is a noun in apposition. convincing solution. The following hints DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners may be useful for future studies at the species by the serrated tip of the procursus (fig. 598); level. from A. pakitza also by the shape of the epi- Banks (1902) described the two epigean gynum (compare figs. 599 and 604), and by species, and noted that in insularis ‘‘the legs the larger male cheliceral apophyses (com- are much stouter and longer than in [conica], pare figs. 595 and 601). and the abdomen is not prolonged above into MALE (holotype): Total length 3.1, cara- a pointed cone, but broadly rounded behind, pace width 1.5; leg 1: 34.7 (9.2ϩ0.5ϩ8.8 although it projects considerably over the ϩ14.3ϩ1.9), tibia 2: 5.3, tibia 3: 3.9, tibia 4: spinnerets.’’ Gertsch and Peck (1992) (in a 5.5; tibia 1 l/d: 69. Habitus and prosoma paper that is full of contradictions, typing shape as in figs. 593–595, carapace with pit, and other errors) added figures of the female light brown with dark brown mark behind genitalia supposedly showing diagnostic dif- ocular area; distance PME-ALE about 120% ferences. All three proposed differences seem of PME diameter. Ocular area with dark dubious: leg length and ‘‘stoutness’’ vary brown median stripe and lateral margins, widely, as does the shape of the opisthosoma, clypeus light brown, with pair of darker and I have been unable to understand how stripes (fig. 595), sternum orange-brown, Gertsch and Peck (1992) managed to see any dark brown margin and labium. Chelicerae epigynal differences. In fact, KOH prepara- brown with pair of dark brown apophyses tions of the genitalia of the insularis holotype overhanging fangs (fig. 595). Palp as in figs. and another female identified by Gertsch as 596–597, light brown; coxa with distinct re- insularis showed no differences to prepara- trolateral apophysis, femur with proximal 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 159

Figs. 593–598. Aymaria calilegua, n. gen., n. sp., male. 593. Habitus, lateral view. 594–595. Pro- soma, ventral and frontal views. 596. Right palp, retrolateral view. 597. Right palp, prolateral view. 598. Right procursus, dorsal view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (593–595), 0.5 mm (596–597).

protrusion and distal bulge, procursus with without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral serrated tip (fig. 598), bulb with distal spine- trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 5%; tarsus 1 with like apophysis (figs. 596–597). Femora of ϳ 25 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma pale legs dark brown, tibiae and metatarsi light greenish-ochre, with faint darker spots pos- brown, without rings; legs without spines, teriorly and dorsally. 160 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 599–605. Aymaria spp. 599–600. A. calilegua, n. gen., n. sp. 599. Epigynum, ventral view. 600. Epigynum, dorsal view. 601–605. A. pakitza, n. gen., n. sp. 601. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 602. Left procursus, ventral view. 603. Left procursus, dorsal view. 604. Epigynum, ventral view. 605. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in other males: 9.2, In some males the dark spots on the opistho- 9.5, 10.9, 12.7; in the two males from Cali- soma are quite distinct, and the legs have legua Nat. Park, ‘‘El Cortaderal’’, the thorac- slightly darker rings (cf. female). ic pit is more distinct than in the holotype. FEMALE: In general similar to male, but 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 161

rings on legs more distinct. Epigynum as in like widened thoracic groove than ‘‘real’’ pit fig. 599, light brown, relatively small. Inter- as, e.g., in the Holocnemus group; ocular nally with pore plates in tentlike position area dark brown, eye pattern as in congeners (fig. 600). Without stridulatory apparatus (cf. (cf. figs. 595, 607); distance PME-ALE A. conica and relatives on Gala´pagos is- about 100% of PME diameter. Clypeus dark lands). Tibia 1 in three females: 8.5, 9.5, 9.6. brown; sternum dark brown, lateral margins DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in north- light brown. Chelicerae dark brown with pair ern Argentina, Bolivia, and possibly southern of unusually short apophyses in position typ- Peru (the single female from Peru is assigned ical for genus (fig. 601). Palp in general as tentatively) (map 4). in congeners, mostly dark brown, procursus MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Ju- as in figs. 602–603, bulb very similar to A. juy: Calilegua Nat. Park: type above; Cali- conica (cf. fig. 589), but terminal apophysis legua Nat. Park, 800 m elev., ‘‘El Cortader- slightly longer. Legs brown, with dark brown al,’’ km 6, forest, malaise, Dec. 18–28, 1987 rings on femora (two on distal half), tibiae (S. & J. Peck), 2( in AMNH. BOLIVIA: La (proximally, medially, distally; on tibia 1 Paz: Yungas, Mapiri, N La Paz, Aug. 11–15, only proximally); legs without spines; few 1989 (L. E Pen˜a), 1& in AMNH. Beni: 16.8 vertical hairs on tibiae and metatarsi; curved mi SW Yucumo (15Њ23ЈS, 66Њ59ЈW), ϳ 500 hairs on femora, tibiae, and metatarsi; femur m elev., Nov. 15–19, 1989 (J. Coddington, 3 slightly thicker than others; retrolateral tri- C. Griswold, D. Silva, S. Larcher, E. Pen˜ar- chobothrium of tibia 1 at 5%; tarsus 1 with anda), 3( 1& (3 vials) in USNM; Est. Biol. ϳ 25 distinct pseudosegments. Opisthosoma Beni (14Њ47ЈS, 66Њ15ЈW), ϳ 225 m elev., globular, greenish-gray with many distinct Nov. 8–14, 1989 (J. Coddington, C. Gris- dark bluish spots, with large, dark brown wold, D. Silva, S. Larcher, E. Pen˜aranda), 2( epiandrous plate, brown border of book-lung 1& (2 vials) in USNM. PERU: Madre de cover (cf. female: fig. 604), and roughly rect- Dios: Parque Nacional Manu´, Zona Reser- angular brown plate in front of spinnerets. vada Pakitza, 356 m elev., (11Њ56ЈS, VARIATION: Tibia 1 in two male paratypes: 71Њ17ЈW), Apr. 24–29, 1991 (D. Silva), 1& 8.0, 8.1. Femur 3 sometimes significantly assigned tentatively, in USNM. thicker than others. FEMALE: In general very similar to male; Aymaria pakitza, new species tibia 1 (N ϭ 11) 6.8–7.6 (x¯ ϭ 7.1); opistho- Figures 601–605 soma usually significantly higher than long. Without stridulatory organ between prosoma TYPES: Male holotype, 4( 5& paratypes and opisthosoma. Epigynum with dark, from Zona Reservada Pakitza (11Њ56ЈS, blackish anterior plate (fig. 604), brown bor- 71Њ17ЈW), Madre de Dios, Peru; 356 m elev., ders of lung plates more distinct than in July 4, 1991 (D. Silva), in MUSM. male. Internal genitalia as in fig. 605. ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. DISTRIBUTION: Known from southern Peru The species name is a noun in apposition. (Cuzco and Madre de Dios) (map 4). DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from all known MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Madre de congeners by the tiny male cheliceral apoph- Dios: types above; same locality, July 3, yses (fig. 601), by the shape of the procursus 1991 (D. Silva), 2( in MUSM. Cuzco: tip (figs. 602–603), and the sclerotized arches Acjanaco-Tres Cruces (13Њ18ЈS, 71Њ40ЈW), at the book-lung covers (fig. 604). Mar. 1991 and July 3, 1991 (4 vials, D. Sil- MALE (holotype): Total length 4.7, cara- va), 4& 3 juveniles in MUSM; Machu Pic- pace width 2.1; leg 1: 30.5 (7.5ϩ0.8ϩ7.7 chu, ruins, bamboo/cloud forest, 2400 m ϩ11.7ϩ2.8), tibia 2: 5.1, tibia 3: 3.6, tibia 4: elev., Oct. 16, 1987 (J. Coddington), 1( 2& 5.1; tibia 1 l/d: 34. Habitus typical for the 4 juveniles (2 vials) in USNM; Win˜ahuaina genus, except for the more rounded opistho- (ϳ 13Њ07ЈS, 72Њ34ЈW), 2700–3100 m elev., soma (resembling that of certain Priscula Feb 8–10, 1990 (D. Silva), 1( 1& in species, cf. fig. 501). Carapace orange brown MUSM; Parque Nacional Manu´, Carretera with dark brown lateral margin and triangu- Paucartambo–Pilcopata, 2700 m elev., Feb. lar median mark, with very narrow pit rather 18–19, 1990 (D. Silva) 2& in MUSM; same 162 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 locality, Feb. 19, 1990 (A. Cano & D. Silva) who declined rapidly after the arrival of the 1& 1 juvenile in MUSM. Spaniards and whose dialect had become ex- tinct by the early 1700s. Gender feminine. Aymaria dasyops (Mello-Leita˜o, 1947), DIAGNOSIS: Tiny to medium-sized (total new combination length 1.1–3.6 mm), usually dark pholcids Figures 606–612 with eight eyes (AME rarely rudimentary or absent), with short to medium-long legs, Psilochorus dasyops Mello-Leita˜o, 1947b: 163– globular to oval to higher-than-long opistho- 164, fig. 10. soma; distinguished by the short, almost cy- TYPE: Male lectotype (designated herein) lindrical segments of the male palp, and by and a prosoma (probably of an adult female) the projections or apophyses on the male from ‘‘Chaco, Yungas,’’ Bolivia; June 5, 1937 cheliceral fangs (figs. 31, 620, 631, etc.; ab- (H. E. Hinton), in BMNH (1940.12.30.50), sent in Venezuelan and Chilean representa- examined. tives and in the Peruvian C. mateo, n. sp., DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners and abiseo, n. sp., which are assigned ten- by the broadly ending, slightly bent procur- tatively; see Specific Relationships below). sus (figs. 611–612), and the rounded tip of DESCRIPTION: Total length usually ϳ 2.2– the bulbal apophysis (fig. 610). From A. pak- 3.6 mm (C. uru, n. sp., only 1.1 mm). Car- itza also by the longer male cheliceral apoph- apace with distinct thoracic groove (very yses (fig. 607). shallow in C. uru), ocular area low to mod- MALE (lectotype): Total length 4.3, cara- erately elevated, with eight eyes, AME pace width 1.8; leg 1: (14.7ϩ0.7ϩ13.9, smallest (absent in C. uru); distance PME- metatarsus and tarsus missing), tibia 2 and 4 ALE relatively large (usually ϳ 60–110% of missing, tibia 3: 6.3; tibia 1 l/d: 83. Habitus PME diameter, only 30% in C. uru). Sternum and prosoma shape as in figs. 606–608, car- without humps. Male clypeus unmodified. apace ochre with brown radii and brown pit, Basal segment of male chelicerae unmodified ocular area dark brown, clypeus light brown, or with transverse ridge proximally (e.g., with many long hairs (fig. 606), sternum figs. 665, 681), with tiny to large apophyses light ochre. Chelicerae light brown with pair originating from the fangs (the Venezuelan of dark brown apophyses overhanging fangs and Chilean representatives and C. mateo (fig. 607). Palps as in figs. 609–610, very and abiseo have apophyses and/or modified light brown; coxa with distinct retrolateral hairs on the basal segments, but unmodified apophysis, femur with proximal protrusion fangs); without stridulatory ridges laterally. and distal bulge, procursus ending broadly, Male palpal coxa with retrolateral apophysis ventrally with small subdistal semitranspar- (absent in C. mayna, n. sp.), femur short, al- ent process (figs. 611–612). Femora of legs most cylindrical, with often very conspicu- brown, more distal segments ochre; legs ous retrolateral apophysis basally (e.g., figs. without spines, without curved and vertical 658, 680); procursus and bulb variable. Tar- hairs. Opisthosoma greenish-gray with many sal organ exposed (examined: C. ika, n. sp.; blackish spots, high posteriorly (fig. 606). salta, n. sp.; araona, n. sp.; picunche, n. sp.). ϳ ϫ FEMALE: Unknown. Legs relatively short (leg 1 usually 4–8 DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- total length; only 2.5 in C. uru,10inC. cality (map 4). malkini, n. sp., and silvae, n. sp.; tibia 1 l/d MATERIAL EXAMINED: BOLIVIA: ‘‘Chaco, usually 30–70; only 9 in C. uru); leg 1 usu- Yungas’’: type above. ally longest, leg 2 about as long as leg 4, leg 3 shortest (in C. uru leg 4 longest: 4123); CHIBCHEA, NEW GENUS legs without spines and vertical hairs (only C. silvae with many vertical hairs on meta- TYPE SPECIES: Chibchea ika, new species. tarsi); sometimes with curved hairs (on fem- ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the ora and/or tibiae ϩ metatarsi); retrolateral tri- Chibcha Indians and their surviving accul- chobothrium of tibia 1 usually at ϳ 10–35% turated descendants. The Chibcha are a peo- (at 51% in C. uru); tarsus 1 usually with ϳ ple native to the high plateau of Colombia 15–25 pseudosegments (only ϳ 10 in C. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 163

Figs. 606–612. Aymaria dasyops (Mello-Leita˜o), male lectotype. 606. Habitus, lateral view. 607– 608. Prosoma, frontal and dorsal views. 609. Right palp, retrolateral view. 610. Right palp, prolateral view. 611. Right procursus, prolateral view. 612. Right procursus, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (606–608), 0.3 mm (609–612). uru). Opisthosoma variable in shape, with form gland spigot each (examined: C. ika, dark spots dorsally. Male gonopore without salta, araona, picunche), other spinnerets epiandrous spigots (examined: C. ika, salta, typical for family. araona, picunche). ALS with only one piri- Sexual dimorphism slight. Females often 164 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 with more distinct dark rings on legs. Epi- that lacks the primary synapomorphy of the gynum variable in shape. genus (fang apophyses), but is otherwise MONOPHYLY: The species of the core- very similar (overall size and habitus, leg group (C. ika, valle, mayna, salta, aberrans, length, curved hairs on legs), and therefore araona, uru, silvae, malkini) share the assigned tentatively to the genus; (4) a Pe- apophyses on the male cheliceral fangs, and ruvian group (C. mateo, abiseo) that is sim- the short, cylindrical segments of the male ilar and possibly close to the Chilean group. palp. The Venezuelan and Chilean species DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in west- and C. mateo and abiseo are included ten- ern South America, from Colombia (and pos- tatively (see Specific Relationships below). sibly eastern Venezuela; see Specific Rela- GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: Two other genera tionships above) to Argentina (and possibly share apophyses on the male cheliceral fangs Chile; see Specific Relationships above). Ap- (Galapa, Blancoa: figs. 30, 32), but in these parently restricted to the Andean region. the apophyses originate from the bases of the COMPOSITION: The genus as construed here fangs rather than from the middle, and the includes 16 named species, 15 of which are genitalia are very different. Other than that, new. All 16 species are treated below. I have only the placement within the New World seen numerous further species from Ecuador, clade is beyond doubt (large distance PME- Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and Chile (AMNH, ALE, retrolateral coxal apophysis, reduction CAS, MUSM, USNM). of epiandrous spigots and ALS piriform spig- ots, exposed tarsal organ). The close rela- Chibchea ika, new species tionship with Carapoia suggested by the Figures 189, 197, 613–624 cladogram in appendix 2 is based on the presence of curved hairs on the legs and is TYPES: Male holotype, 9( 10& paratypes very probably artificial. from San Sebastian de Rabago (10Њ34ЈN, SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus can 73Њ36ЈW), Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, tentatively be divided into four operational Dept. Ce´sar, Colombia; 2000 m elev., from species groups: (1) a possibly monophyletic dry banana leaves, Apr. 11–14, 1968 (B. northern group from Colombia and Ecuador Malkin), in AMNH. (C. ika, valle, mayna) with a sculptured epi- ETYMOLOGY: The species name is a noun gynum that is provided with pits or pockets in apposition honoring the Ika Indians, a (presumably for the male cheliceral apophy- seminomadic people in northern Colombia. ses); C. merida and tunebo have a very dis- DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to C. valle, dis- tinct armature on the male chelicerae (and tinguished by the spiraling bulbal apophysis lack sexual modifications of the fangs), but (fig. 619), by the shape of the procursus (fig. they have almost identical procursi, proximal 621) and by the shape of the apophyses on palpal segments, and prosoma shape as the the male cheliceral fangs (fig. 620); from type species, and are therefore included ten- other congeners also by the shape of the epi- tatively in this group and in the genus (note gynum (figs. 622–623). that they have been collected very close to MALE (holotype): Total length 2.3, cara- the type locality of C. ika, the type species!); pace width 1.0; leg 1: 14.4 (3.5ϩ0.4ϩ3.7 (2) a possibly monophyletic southern group ϩ5.5ϩ1.3), tibia 2: 2.6, tibia 3: 1.9, tibia 4: from Peru, Bolivia, Argentina (C. salta, 2.5; tibia 1 l/d: 36. Habitus as in fig. 613. aberrans, araona, uru, silvae, malkini) with Carapace with distinct thoracic groove (fig. a very conspicuous retrolateral apophysis ba- 615), brown, with broad median darker stripe sally on the femur and a rather pointed retro- and black central line, eight eyes on brown lateral coxal apophysis on the male palp; ad- elevated ocular area (figs. 614–615); distance ditionally, these species share a small, dis- PME-ALE about 110% of PME diameter. tinctive apophysis on the male palpal tro- Clypeus brown, sternum wide (fig. 616), chanter (e.g., figs. 658, 688; absent only in light ochre-brown, slightly darker anteriorly; C. uru), and prominent transverse ridges basal segments of chelicerae unmodified, but proximally on the male chelicerae; (3) a Chi- fangs with small apophyses (fig. 620). Palps lean group (C. picunche, mapuche, elqui), as in figs. 617–618; coxa with distinct retro- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 165

lateral apophysis, femur with basal retrola- guished by the bulbal apophysis that is not teral protrusion, procursus simple (fig. 621), spiraling (fig. 629), the procursus that is dis- bulbal apophysis spiraling, with denticles tally more slender (fig. 628), and the smaller (fig. 619); tarsal organ exposed. Legs light apophyses on the cheliceral fangs (fig. 630). ochre-brown, with darker rings on femora MALE (holotype): Total length 2.4, cara- (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and sub- pace width 1.0; leg 1: 19.9 (4.7ϩ0.3ϩ4.9 distally); curved hairs on tibiae and metatar- ϩ8.9ϩ1.1), tibia 2: 3.2, tibia 3: 2.6, tibia 4: si; without vertical hairs and spines; retrola- 3.3; tibia 1 l/d: 56. Habitus and prosoma teral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 15%; tarsus shape as in figs. 625Ð627. Carapace ochre 1 with ϳ 20 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma with brown marks medially and laterally (fig. gray-brown, with large dark spots dorsally, 627), ocular area less elevated than in C. ika genital plate trapezoidal, brown; gonopore (fig. 625), and distance PME-ALE smaller without epiandrous spigots; ALS with only (ϳ 60% of PME diameter). Clypeus with one piriform gland spigot each (fig. 189). pair of broad brown bands (fig. 626), ster- VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 9 other males: 3.7Ð num light brown; chelicerae almost identical 4.3 (xø ϭ 3.9). to C. ika, but with shorter apophyses on FEMALE: Total length (N ϭ 10) 1.9Ð2.9 (xø fangs (fig. 630). Palps very similar to C. ika ϭ 2.3); tibia 1 (N ϭ 10) 2.4Ð3.1 (xø ϭ 2.7). (cf. figs. 617Ð618), but coxal apophysis nar- Habitus as in male. Epigynum brown, with rower and basal femur apophysis longer; pro- anterior knob provided with pair of lateral cursus and bulbal projection as in figs. 628Ð indentations (figs. 622Ð623). Internal geni- 629. Legs light ochre-brown, without mark- talia with pair of large pore plates and ap- ings; without spines, without curved and ver- parently anterior receptacle (fig. 624). tical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- 1 at 9%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 20 pseudosegments. cality. Opisthosoma dark greenish, indistinct black- MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOMBIA: Ce´s- ish spots dorsally, trapezoidal genital plate, ar: San Sebastian de Rabago: types above; dark bluish band between genital plate and same locality and collector, all in AMNH: spinnerets. Apr. 1Ð6, 1968, 3( 11& sifted from rotten FEMALE: Unknown. banana leaves and ground debris; Apr. 1Ð10, DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- 1968, 1( 3& some juveniles beaten from dry cality. leaves; Apr. 11Ð14, 1968, banana plantation, MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOMBIA: Dept. 2& some juveniles beaten from dry foliage; del Valle: near Cali: type above. Apr. 12, 1968, 1( from house. NOTE: The distance between the indenta- Chibchea mayna, new species tions on the epigynal knob coincides with the Figures 631Ð639 distance between the apophyses on the male cheliceral fangs. Together with what is ‘‘Ecuadorian pholcid, I.D. #3’’: Huber, 1999: figs. 14Ð16. known about copulation in pholcids (Huber and Eberhard, 1997) this suggests that the TYPES: Male holotype, 1& paratype from male apophyses grasp the knob during cop- Cuenca, Dept. Azuay, Ecuador; Apr. 3, 1942 ulation. (‘‘DLF, HEF’’), in CAS. ETYMOLOGY: The species name is a noun Chibchea valle, new species in apposition honoring the Mayna people in Figures 625Ð630 Ecuador and Peru. They aggressively fought outsiders during the 1930s gold rush, but are TYPE: Male holotype from near Cali, Dept. now rapidly being acculturated. del Valle, Colombia; 1000 m elev., no date DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from con- (W. G. Eberhard), in MCZ. geners by the long apophyses on the male ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Colombian cheliceral fangs (fig. 631). Also distinguished Departamento del Valle. The specific name by the relatively complicated tip of the pro- is a noun in apposition. cursus (figs. 635Ð636), the conspicuous pro- DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of C. ika, distin- lateral apophysis on the bulb (fig. 632), and 166 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 613Ð618. Chibchea ika, n. gen., n. sp., male. 613. Habitus, lateral view. 614–616. Prosoma, dorsal, frontal, and ventral views. 617. Left palp, prolateral view. 618. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (613Ð616), 0.3 mm (617Ð618). the wide epigynum with lateral pockets (figs. 2.8; tibia 1 l/d: 40. Habitus and prosoma 637Ð639). shape as in C. ika (cf. figs. 613Ð616); dis- MALE (holotype): Total length 2.5, cara- tance PME-ALE about 110% of PME di- pace width 1.2; leg 1: 14.1 (3.6ϩ0.4ϩ3.7 ameter. Carapace brown with darker median ϩ5.2ϩ1.2), tibia 2: 2.3, tibia 3: 2.0, tibia 4: mark, ocular area and clypeus brown with 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 167

Figs. 619Ð624. Chibchea ika, n. gen., n. sp. 619. Embolar division of left bulb, prolateral view. 620. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 621. Left cymbium with procursus, retrolateral view. 622–623. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 624. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

darker bands laterally (fig. 631); chelicerae eral extremes (figs. 637Ð639; see Notes be- brown, basal segment unmodified, fangs with low). long apophyses directed laterally (fig. 631). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from two lo- Palps in general very similar to C. ika, but calities in southern Ecuador. The MUSM has without retrolateral coxal apophysis; procur- three possibly conspecific males from north- sus and bulb tips distinctive (figs. 632Ð636). ern Peru (Piura: Ayabaca), but these are very Legs brown with faint blackish rings on fem- poorly preserved. ora (distally) and tibiae (distally), almost all MATERIAL EXAMINED: ECUADOR: Azuay: hairs missing; tarsus 1 with ϳ 20 pseudo- Cuenca: types above, with 2 juveniles; Loja: segments. Opisthosoma dark greenish-gray Loja, Mar. 26, 1965 (L. Pen˜a), 1( in MCZ. with blackish spots dorsally. NOTES: The distances between the tips of VARIATION: The male from Loja is much the male cheliceral fangs (0.8 mm) and be- lighter (as usual in more recently molted tween the pockets in the female epigynum pholcids), and has a tibia 1 length of 4.0. (0.7 mm), together with what is known about FEMALE (paratype): Total length 1.9, cara- copulation in pholcids (review in Huber and pace width 0.8; leg 1 missing. In general Eberhard, 1997), suggest that the male very similar to male. Very wide brown epi- apophyses are inserted into the pockets dur- gynum with pair of cuticular pockets on lat- ing copulation. 168 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 625Ð630. Chibchea valle, n. gen., n. sp., male holotype. 625. Habitus, lateral view. 626–627. Prosoma, frontal and dorsal views. 628. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 629. Embolar division of left bulb, prolateral view. 630. Cheliceral fangs, frontal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (625Ð627), 0.1 mm (628Ð 630).

One of the juveniles accompanying the distinguished by the presence of conspicuous types is a penultimate male, and it seems re- frontal apophyses on the male chelicerae (fig. markable that the palps are swollen as usual, 648). but the cheliceral fangs show no sign of the MALE (holotype): Total length 2.5, cara- developing apophyses. pace width 0.9; leg 1: 12.7 (2.9ϩ0.4ϩ3.1 ϩ5.3ϩ1.0), tibia 2: 2.1, tibia 3: 1.8, tibia 4: Chibchea merida, new species 2.5; tibia 1 l/d: 33. Habitus as in fig. 640; Figures 640Ð651 distance PME-ALE about 70% of PME di- TYPE: Male holotype from ‘‘coffee forest’’ ameter. Prosoma with moderately deep tho- at Univ. Los Andes, Me«rida, Dept. Me«rida, racic groove; eight eyes on slightly elevated Venezuela; June 22Ð27, 1989 (S. & J. Peck), ocular area (figs. 640Ð642); carapace light in AMNH. brown, darker laterally and medially, clypeus ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Venezuelan with pair of darker brown bands (fig. 642); state Me«rida. The specific name is a noun in sternum light brown. Chelicerae light brown, apposition. with pair of conspicuous apophyses and an- DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of C. tunebo, other pair of hardly visible apophyses just in 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 169

Figs. 631Ð639. Chibchea mayna, n. gen., n. sp. 631. Male prosoma, frontal view. 632. Embolar division of left bulb, dorsal view. 633. Left palp, prolateral view. 634. Left palp, retrolateral view. 635. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 636. Left procursus, dorsal view. 637. Epigynum, ventral view. 638. Epigynum, dorsal view. 639. Epigynum, lateral view (arrows point to lateral pockets in epigynum). Scale lines: 0.5 mm (631), 0.2 mm (632Ð639). 170 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 640Ð644. Chibchea merida, n. gen., n. sp., male holotype. 640. Habitus, lateral view. 641– 642. Prosoma, frontal and dorsal views. 643. Left palp, prolateral view. 644. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (640Ð642), 0.3 mm (643Ð644). front of cheliceral laminae; long hairs prox- sal hairlike projections (figs. 650Ð651). Legs imally and short, spinelike hairs distally (fig. light brown, without rings; without spines, 648); fangs unmodified. Palps (figs. 643Ð without curved and vertical hairs; tarsus 1 644) almost identical to C. tunebo, procursus with ϳ 20 pseudosegments (difficult to simple (fig. 649), bulbal apophysis with dor- count!). Opisthosoma tapering into terminal 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 171

Figs. 645Ð647. Chibchea merida, n. gen., n. sp. 645. Epigynum, ventral view, slightly frontal. 646. Epigynum, dorsal view. 647. Epigynum, lateral view (asterisks mark plug). Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

spinnerets (fig. 640); greenish-gray, darker yses as in C. merida), and the longer legs dorsally. Genital plate large, brown, trape- (femur 1 in male holotypes: 5.0 versus 2.9). zoidal; dark band between genital plate and MALE (holotype): Total length 2.3, cara- spinnerets, tapering toward spinnerets. pace width 0.9; femur 1: 5.0 (other segments VARIATION: The two other males examined missing), tibia 2: 3.5, tibia 3: 2.8, tibia 4: 3.9. had a monochromous ochre prosoma, distinct Habitus and coloration almost identical to C. dark spots on the opisthosoma dorsally, and merida (cf. figs. 640Ð642); distance PME- were slightly smaller (tibia 1 in both: 2.7). ALE about 60% of PME diameter. Chelic- FEMALE: Very similar to male; tibia 1 in erae only with inconspicuous apophyses in only known specimen: 2.2. Epigynum very front of cheliceral laminae, pair of deep in- simple plate (figs. 645, 647), light brown. In- vaginations and modified hairs (long thick ternally, pore plates well visible, resembling hairs covering invagination and short spine- those of type species (cf. fig. 624), but pores like hairs more distally: fig. 652); fangs un- visible only frontally (fig. 646). modified. Palps almost identical to C. meri- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Me«rida. da, procursus simple (fig. 653), bulbal MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Me´- apophysis with transparent, fringed lamina rida: Univ. Los Andes: type above; Andre«s dorsally (figs. 654Ð655). Legs light brown, Bello, Quebrada Eusebio, 2200 m elev., Jan. without rings; without spines, without curved 28, 1984 (C. Sobrevila), 1( in USNM; Cue- and vertical hairs. Opisthosoma slightly va del Pirata nr. Azulita (8Њ40ЈN, 71Њ26ЈW), shrunken, but apparently as in C. merida; Jan. 24, 1984 (J. Coddington), 1( 1& in large black spots dorsally, blackish band ven- USNM. trally. FEMALE: Unknown. Chibchea tunebo, new species DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- Figures 652Ð655 cality. MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: TYPE: Male holotype from ‘‘2nd forest road at Camp Siberia,’’ Pregonero, Dept. Tachira: type above. Tachira, Venezuela; 1280 m elev., July 10Ð Chibchea salta, new species 13, 1989 (S. & J. Peck), in AMNH. Figures 656Ð664 ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition honoring the Tunebo Indians TYPES: Male holotype, 31( 7& paratypes (see Priscula tunebo). from 22 km N La Caldera, Salta, Argentina; DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of C. merida, 1550 m elev., ‘‘El Ucumar,’’ subtropical hu- distinguished by the presence of a deep de- mid forest, malaise, Dec. 2Ð30, 1987 (S. & pression frontally on the male chelicerae (fig. J. Peck), in AMNH. 652; instead of a pair of conspicuous apoph- ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Argentinean 172 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 648Ð655. Chibchea spp. 648Ð651. C. merida, n. gen., n. sp., male holotype. 648. Chelicerae, frontal view. 649. Left cymbium with procursus, retrolateral view. 650–651. Embolar division of left genital bulb, prolateral (650) and retrolateral (651) views. 652Ð655. C. tunebo, n. gen., n. sp., male holotype. 652. Chelicerae, frontal view. 653. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 654–655. Embolar divi- sion of left genital bulb, prolateral (654) and retrolateral (655) views. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (648, 652), 0.1 mm (649Ð651, 653Ð655). state Salta. The specific name is a noun in 3.6; tibia 1 l/d: 28. Prosoma shape as in C. apposition. mapuche (cf. figs. 700Ð701); distance PME- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners ALE about 90% of PME diameter. Carapace, by the relatively complex apophyses on the clypeus, and sternum ochre-brown, ocular procursus tip (one of them T-shaped; figs. area with darker brown margins; chelicerae 659Ð660). brown, basal segments unmodified except MALE (holotype): Total length 3.6, cara- proximal transverse ridge, fangs with small, pace width 1.4; leg 1: 14.6 (3.7ϩ0.5ϩ4.2 semitransparent projections (fig. 656). Palps ϩ4.7ϩ1.5), tibia 2: 3.1, tibia 3: 2.6, tibia 4: with distinct narrow coxal apophysis, femur 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 173

Figs. 656Ð664. Chibchea salta, n. gen., n. sp. 656. Distal part of male chelicerae, frontal view. 657. Left male palp, prolateral view. 658. Left palp, retrolateral view. 659. Left procursus, prolateral view. 660. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 661–662. Epigynum, ventral (661) and dorsal (662) views. 663– 664. Epigynum of another female from same locality (type locality), ventral (663) and dorsal (664) views. Scale lines: 0.4 mm (657Ð658, 661Ð664), 0.2 mm (656, 659Ð660). 174 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 proximally with large characteristic projec- ϩ5.2ϩ6.0ϩ1.3), tibia 2: 3.5, tibia 3: 2.8, tib- tion, procursus tip with T-shaped apophysis, ia 4: 4.2; tibia 1 l/d: 33. Prosoma shape as bulb with simple spinelike apophysis distally in C. mapuche (cf. figs. 700Ð701); carapace (figs. 657Ð660); tarsal organ exposed. Legs ochre with wide brown median band and lat- brown, with dark rings on femora (subdistal- eral bands, clypeus with light brown band, ly) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally); sternum ochre, slightly darker toward mid- curved hairs on legs 1Ð3; without spines and dle. Chelicerae brown, basal segments un- vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of modified, except proximal transverse ridge tibia 1 at 30%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 17 pseudo- (fig. 665), fangs with tiny projections (fig. segments. Opisthosoma shape as in C. map- 666). Palps in general as in C. salta (includ- uche (cf. fig. 699), but slightly more rounded ing distinctive apophyses on coxa and femur, posteriorly, grayish with large blackish spots and tiny trochanter apophysis, cf. fig. 658), dorsally and posteriorly, genital plate brown, but procursus simpler (figs. 667Ð668). Legs wide and short; gonopore without epiandrous ochre to light brown, slightly darker brown spigots; ALS with only one piriform gland rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae spigot each. (proximally and subdistally); curved hairs on FEMALE (paratypes): Total length 2.5Ð3.2, legs 1Ð3 (femora, tibiae, and metatarsi); ap- tibia 1 (N ϭ 5) 3.1Ð3.5 (xø ϭ 3.3). In general parently without spines and vertical hairs very similar to male. Epigynum simple flat (many hairs missing). Opisthosoma shape as plate, brown (figs. 661, 663), in some fe- in C. mapuche (cf. fig. 699), but slightly males with greenish marks; internal genitalia more rounded posteriorly, ochre-gray with with pair of elongated transverse pore plates blackish spots dorsally and posteriorly, gen- (figs. 662, 664). ital plate brown. VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 19 male paratypes: VARIATION: The second specimen seen was 3.5Ð4.3 (xø ϭ 3.8). The external appearance considerably smaller (carapace width 1.0, tib- (pigmentation) of the epigynum is quite var- ia 1: 2.7) but had apparently indistinguishable iable (figs. 661, 663), but internally there genitalia. seems to be very little variation (figs. 662, FEMALE: Unknown. 664). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Cuzco, DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Salta Peru. Province, Argentina. MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Cuzco: Uru- MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Sal- bamba: type above; Road Cuzco to Shintuya, ta: 22 km N La Caldera: types above; 17 km near Huancarane, ‘‘1st truck breakdown,’’ N Caldera, 1550 m, Alto(?) de la Sierra, sub- Sept. 23, 1987 (J. Coddington), 1( in tropical humid forest, malaise, Dec. 2Ð30, USNM. 1987 (S. & J. Peck), ϳ 80( 7& in AMNH. Chibchea araona, new species Chibchea aberrans (Chamberlin, 1916), Figures 31, 669Ð674 new combination Figures 665Ð668 TYPES: Male holotype, 9( 14& paratypes from Oruro, Dept. Oruro, Bolivia; 12,500 ft Litoporus aberrans Chamberlin, 1916: 226Ð227, elev., in house, Mar. 24, 1958 (F. Walsh), in pl. 14: figs. 8Ð9, pl. 15: figs. 1Ð3. AMNH. TYPE: Male holotype from Urubamba, ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun Dept. Cuzco, Peru; 9500 ft elev., July 1911 in apposition honoring the Araona people (Yale Peruvian Expedition), in MCZ (exam- who live in the department of La Paz, Boliv- ined). ia. Numbering more than 20,000 people at DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to C. araona; the beginning of the century, the tribal pop- distinguished by the more slender procursus ulation was down to about 60 people by the and the shapes of its distal structures (com- 1980s. pare figs. 667Ð668 with 669Ð670). DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to C. aberrans, MALE (holotype): Total length 3.4, cara- distinguished by the wider procursus and the pace width 1.5; leg 1: 18.3 (5.2ϩ0.6 shapes of its distal structures (figs. 669Ð670). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 175

Figs. 665Ð674. Chibchea spp. 665Ð668. C. aberrans (Chamberlin), male holotype. 665. Chelicerae, frontal view. 666. Cheliceral fang, frontal view. 667. Right procursus, prolateral view. 668. Right pro- cursus, retrolateral view. 669Ð674. C. araona, n. gen., n. sp. 669. Right procursus, prolateral view. 670. Right procursus, retrolateral view. 671–672. Epigynum, ventral (671) and dorsal (672) views. 673–674. Epigynum of another female from same locality (type locality), ventral (673) and dorsal (674) views. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (665, 671Ð674), 0.1 mm (666Ð668).

MALE (holotype): Total length 2.5, cara- clypeus, and sternum light brown; ocular pace width 1.0; leg 1: 12.9 (3.5ϩ0.4ϩ3.7 area only slightly darker. Chelicerae brown, ϩ4.2ϩ1.1), tibia 2: 2.7, tibia 3: 2.1, tibia 4: basal segments unmodified except basal 2.9; tibia 1 l/d: 33. Prosoma shape as in C. transverse ridge, fangs with tiny projection mapuche (cf. figs. 700, 701); distance PME- (fig. 31). Palps in general as in C. salta (cf. ALE about 80% of PME diameter. Carapace, figs. 657Ð658), but procursus simpler (figs. 176 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

669Ð670); tarsal organ exposed. Legs light elev., Feb. 3Ð4, 1994 (N. Platnick, K. Catley, brown, without rings; with curved hairs on R. Caldero«n, R. T. Allen), 12( 7& in tibiae and metatarsi, without spines and ver- AMNH. tical hairs; tarsus 1 with ϳ 17 pseudoseg- ments; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 Chibchea uru, new species at 34%. Opisthosoma shape as in C. mapuche Figures 675Ð684 (cf. fig. 699), but slightly more rounded pos- teriorly, gray with large blackish spots dor- TYPE: Male holotype from Consuelo, sally and posteriorly, genital plate brown, Manu« Road km 165, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; litter much wider than long; gonopore without at rotten logs, Oct. 1, 1982 (L. E. Watrous & epiandrous spigots; ALS with only one piri- G. Mazurek), in FMNH. form gland spigot each. ETYMOLOGY: The species name is a noun FEMALE (type locality): Total length (N ϭ in apposition honoring the Uru, a fishing and 10) 1.6Ð2.4 (xø ϭ 2.1), tibia 1 (N ϭ 10) 2.0Ð foraging people who lived on floating rafts 2.9 (xø ϭ 2.5). Habitus as in male. Epigynum on Lake Titicaca in Bolivia. About 20 people simple flat plate (figs. 671, 673), internal who were direct descendents of the Uru were genitalia with pore ‘‘plates’’ apparently left in the 1980s. forming pair of globular receptacles (figs. DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from its 672, 674). closest described relatives (C. araona, malk- VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 9 males from type ini, salta, aberrans) by the absence of AME locality: 2.7Ð4.4 (xø ϭ 3.5). The epigynum is (fig. 681), the small overall size, and by the quite variable in external appearance (pig- shape of bulb, procursus, and epigynum mentation), but apparently much less vari- (figs. 677Ð678, 682Ð683). The MUSM has at able internally (figs. 671Ð674; cf. C. salta). least one very closely related species, also In the specimens from La Paz, the genitalia from Cuzco, which differs only minimally and chelicerae appear identical, but the legs with respect to the male palps. are significantly shorter: tibia 1 in 5 males: MALE (holotype): Total length 1.12, cara- 1.7Ð1.9; in 3 females: 1.5Ð1.7. pace width 0.48; leg 1: 2.75 (0.73ϩ0.21ϩ DISTRIBUTION: Known from western Boliv- 0.73ϩ0.71ϩ0.37), tibia 2: 0.53, tibia 3: 0.45, ia (Oruro, La Paz) and northern Chile (Tar- tibia 4: 0.76; tibia 1 l/d: 9. Habitus and pro- apaca«). soma shape as in figs. 675Ð676; entire pro- MATERIAL EXAMINED: BOLIVIA: Oruro: soma ochre-yellow; carapace with shallow Oruro: types above; same locality, same col- thoracic groove, six eyes in two triads; dis- lector: no date, 2( 9& in AMNH; Oruro city, tance PME-ALE only ϳ 30% of PME di- rock pile, Mar. 16, 1958, 3( 3& some ju- ameter. Sternum without frontal humps; che- veniles in AMNH. The following Bolivian licerae with transverse ridge basally, and material is tentatively assigned to the species tiny, slightly backward-directed apophyses (because of the significantly shorter legs, see on fangs (arrow in fig. 681). Palps as in figs. above): La Paz: La Paz, 12500 ft elev., in 679Ð680, coxa with distinct narrow apoph- house, Jan.ÐFeb. 1959 (R. Walsh), 3( 2&; ysis, femur about cylindrical, with large same locality, same collector: Mar.ÐApr. proximal apophysis, procursus simple, ser- 1959, 1( 3& in AMNH; Dec. 1958, 1&; rate dorsally (figs. 677Ð678), bulb with Valle de La Luna, 15 km S La Paz, badlands prominent prolateral outgrowth and several (ϳ 16Њ40ЈS, 68Њ12ЈW), Sept. 19, 1987 (J. distal elements (figs. 679, 682). Legs mono- Coddington), 1( 1& 1 juvenile in USNM. chromous ochre-yellow, without spines, CHILE: Tarapaca´: Parinacota: 9 km SE Za- without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral pahuira (18Њ21ЈS, 69Њ32ЈW), 3620 m elev., trichobothrium of leg 1 at 51%; tarsus 1 with Feb 5, 1994 (N. Platnick, K. Catley, R. Cal- ϳ 10 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma gray, dero«n, R. T. Allen), 5( 7& in AMNH; 2 km with slightly darker, large spots dorsally. S Zapahuira (18Њ20ЈS, 69Њ34ЈW), 3400 m VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 5 other males: 0.73Ð elev., Feb. 3, 1994 (N. Platnick, K. Catley, 0.79 (xø ϭ 0.76). R. Caldero«n, R. T. Allen), 1( in AMNH; 6 FEMALE: Tibia 1 (N ϭ 6) 0.63Ð0.77 (xø ϭ km S Zapahuira (18Њ21ЈS, 69Њ34ЈW), 3420 m 0.68). In general very similar to male, but 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 177

Figs. 675Ð681. Chibchea uru, n. gen., n. sp., male. 675. Habitus, lateral view. 676. Prosoma, dorsal view. 677. Left procursus, prolateral view. 678. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 679. Left palp, pro- lateral view. 680. Left palp, retrolateral view. 681. Prosoma, frontal view (arrow points to tiny fang apophysis). Scale lines: 0.5 mm (675), 0.2 mm (676, 679Ð681), 0.1 mm (677Ð678).

clypeus not as high. Epigynum simple flat locality, same collectors, all from leaf litter: plate (fig. 683); dorsal view as in fig. 684. Oct. 4, 1982: 2(; Oct. 10, 1982: 2&; Oct. DISTRIBUTION: Known from two localities 12, 1982: 2( 2& (3 vials); Oct. 13, 1982: in Dept. Cuzco, Peru. 1( 1& 1 juvenile; Pillahuata, Manu« Road at MATERIAL EXAMINED (all in FMNH): km 128, moss and litter on xeric slope, Sept. PERU: Cuzco: Consuelo: type above; same 26, 1982 (L. E. Watrous & G. Mazurek), 1(; 178 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 682Ð684. Chibchea uru, n. gen., n. sp. 682. Left genital bulb, prolateral view. 683. Epigynum, ventral view. 684. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.1 mm. same locality, same collectors, from leaf lit- jections. Palps (fig. 688) with distinct narrow ter, Sept. 24, 1982: 1&. coxal apophysis, fingerlike apophysis on tro- chanter, femur proximally with characteristic Chibchea silvae, new species retrolateral projection, procursus as in figs. Figures 685Ð691 686, 688, bulb with sclerotized apophysis and transparent membranous element on em- TYPES: Male holotype, 7( 8& paratypes bolar division (figs. 688Ð689). Legs yellow- from Acjanaco-Tres Cruces (13Њ18ЈS, ish, only on tibiae brown ring distally; with- 71Њ40ЈW), Cuzco, Peru; Mar. 2Ð3, 1990 (D. out spines; curved hairs on tibiae 1Ð3, many Silva), in MUSM. vertical hairs on all metatarsi, especially ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collector of all proximally on metatarsi 1Ð3; retrolateral tri- the material studied. chobothrium of tibia 1 apparently missing in DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from de- holotype, in paratype at 10%; tarsus 1 with scribed congeners by the pale coloration, the Ͼ almost complete reduction of AME, and the 20 pseudosegments (difficult to count shape of procursus and epigynum (figs. 686, proximally). Opisthosoma shape as in fig. 691). The MUSM has a very close, as yet 685, pale grayish, dorsally with two small undescribed relative from the same locality, dark marks. ϭ which has shorter legs, dark marks on the FEMALE (type locality): Tibia 1 (N 10) ϭ prosoma and dark rings on the femora. 3.9Ð4.5 (xø 4.2). In general very similar to MALE (holotype): Total length 2.3, cara- male, but without curved and vertical hairs pace width 1.0; leg 1: 23.1 (5.6ϩ0.4ϩ5.9 on legs. Epigynum simple flat plate, with ϩ9.3ϩ1.9), tibia 2: 4.0, tibia 3: 3.1, tibia 4: slightly darker arch frontally (fig. 691); in- 3.6; tibia 1 l/d: 68. Habitus as in fig. 685; ternal genitalia with large, undulating pore prosoma entirely yellowish-ochre, only dor- plates apparently fused medially (fig. 690). sally with darker median line in thoracic VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 15 males: 4.9Ð6.0 groove, and light brown mark behind ocular (xø ϭ 5.5). Most specimens still have tiny area (fig. 687). Ocular area only slightly el- lenses of the AME, but in some there is no evated, AME rudimentary; distance PME- pigment left and the lenses are difficult to ALE about 100% of PME diameter. Sternum see. The pattern on the opisthosoma ranges pale yellowish, without humps; chelicerae in both sexes from no marks at all to four pale yellowish, in structure very similar to pairs of large blackish marks (in an appar- those in C. aberrans (cf. fig. 665); basal seg- ently freshly molted male). ments unmodified except proximal transverse DISTRIBUTION: Known from Cuzco and ridge, fangs with small, semitransparent pro- Madre de Dios (Peru). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 179

Figs. 685Ð691. Chibchea silvae, n. gen., n. sp. 685. Male habitus, lateral view. 686. Left cymbium with procursus, retrolaterodorsal view. 687. Male prosoma, dorsal view. 688. Left male palp, retrolateral view. 689. Left genital bulb, prolaterodorsal view. 690. Epigynum, dorsal view. 691. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (685, 687), 0.3 mm (686, 688Ð691). 180 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Cuzco: 25 pseudosegments (distally distinct, proxi- Acjanaco-Tres Cruces: types above; same lo- mally difficult to count). Opisthosoma shape cality, Mar. 1990 (D. Silva), 5( in MUSM; as in C. mapuche (cf. fig. 699), but slightly same locality, Mar. 12, 1991 (D. Silva), 1( more rounded posteriorly, ochre-gray with 1& in MUSM; same locality, July 3, 1991 some blackish spots dorsally and posteriorly. (D. Silva), 1( in MUSM; Win˜ayhuaina (ϳ FEMALE (paratypes): Total length 1.6Ð1.9; 13Њ07ЈS, 72Њ34ЈW), 2700Ð3100 m elev., Feb. tibia 1: 3.1Ð3.5. Habitus as in male. Epigyn- 9Ð11, 1990 (D. Silva), 2( 2& in MUSM (as- um simple flat plate, brown laterally (fig. signed tentatively); Parque Nacional Manu«, 697), internal genitalia with pair of large Carretera PaucartamboÐPilcopata, 2750 m pore plates (fig. 698). elev., Feb. 18, 1990 (D. Silva), 1( in DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- MUSM; same locality at 2650 m elev., Feb. cality. 18, 1990 (D. Silva), 2( 4& in MUSM; same MATERIAL EXAMINED: BOLIVIA: La Paz: locality at 2150 m elev., Feb. 17, 1990 (D. types above. Silva), 1( 1& in MUSM. Madre de Dios: Zona Reservada Pakitza (11Њ56ЈS, 71Њ17ЈW), Chibchea mapuche, new species ( & July 4, 1991 (D. Silva), 4 1 in MUSM. Figures 699Ð709

Chibchea malkini, new species TYPES: Male holotype, 3( 6& paratypes Figures 692Ð698 from Parque Nacional Cerro Nielol, Temuco, Cautin, Chile; 230 m elev., wet forest, Jan. TYPES: Male holotype, 1( 4& paratypes 27, 1985 (N. I. Platnick & O. F. Francke), in from Sacramanto Camp, Ingavi-Coroico Rd., AMNH. Yungas, Dept. La Paz, Bolivia; July 9Ð13, ETYMOLOGY: The species name is a noun 1964 (B. Malkin), in AMNH. in apposition honoring the Mapuche, the ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collector of largest Amerindian tribe in Chile, known for the type material. their resiliency to external pressure. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from close rela- DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of C. picunche tives (C. salta, aberrans, araona) by the sim- and elqui, distinguished from both by the ple pointed procursus (figs. 693Ð694), and more proximal position of the cheliceral the longer, much thinner legs. apophyses (fig. 704), and the tip of the pro- MALE (holotype): Total length 2.2, cara- cursus (compare figs. 706, 712, 718); from pace width 1.0; leg 1: 22.6 (5.5ϩ0.3ϩ5.6 C. elqui also by the single bulbal apophysis ϩ9.2ϩ2.0), tibia 2: 3.6, tibia 3: 2.7, tibia 4: (compare figs. 702, 719). 3.3; tibia 1 l/d: 64. Prosoma shape as in C. MALE (holotype): Total length 2.8, cara- mapuche (cf. figs. 700Ð701); distance PME- pace width 1.2; leg 1: 19.4 (5.2ϩ0.5ϩ5.3 ALE about 90% of PME diameter. Carapace ϩ6.9ϩ1.5), tibia 2: 3.6, tibia 3: 3.1, tibia 4: light brown, darker medially and around oc- 3.9; tibia 1 l/d: 47. Habitus as in fig. 699. ular area, less pigment around AME than in Carapace with deep thoracic groove (fig. C. mapuche (cf. fig. 701), clypeus with pair 701), light brown with darker roundish spot of darker brown bands, sternum light ochre- and lateral margins (fig. 700), eight eyes on brown, darker at margins. Chelicerae brown, moderately elevated, dark brown ocular area; basal segments unmodified, except (appar- distance PME-ALE about 60% of PME di- ently) basal transverse ridge, fangs with ameter. Clypeus brown, sternum wide (fig. small projection (fig. 696). Palps as in figs. 705), light brown; chelicerae with one pair 692, 695, with distinct retrolateral coxal of large frontal apophyses (fig. 704), fangs apophysis, femur proximally with large re- unmodified. Palps as in figs. 702Ð703, coxa trolateral protrusion, procursus and bulb dis- with roundish, indistinct retrolateral apoph- tally ending in single pointed tips. Legs light ysis, femur with retrolateral bulge proximal- brown, with rings on femora (subdistally) ly, procursus as in fig. 706, bulb with single and tibiae (proximally and subdistally), al- distal apophysis (figs. 702Ð703). Legs light most all hairs missing; retrolateral tricho- brown, without rings; curved hairs on tibiae bothrium of tibia 1 at 13%; tarsus 1 with ϳ and metatarsi (mainly legs 2 and 3), without 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 181

Figs. 692Ð698. Chibchea malkini, n. gen., n. sp. 692. Left palp, prolateral view. 693. Left procursus, prolateral view. 694. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 695. Left palp, retrolateral view. 696. Distal part of left chelicera, frontal view. 697. Epigynum, ventral view. 698. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (692, 695), 0.1 mm (693Ð694, 696Ð698).

spines and vertical hairs; retrolateral tricho- ϭ 5.2). In the material from Quintero, Val- bothrium of tibia 1 at 18%; tarsus 1 with ϳ paraiso, the prosoma is significantly smaller, 22 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma ochre- but the genitalia seem to be identical. gray, many large blackish spots dorsally and FEMALE: Total length (N ϭ 11) 2.0Ð3.3; posteriorly (fig. 699). tibia 1 (N ϭ 12) 3.6Ð4.5 (xø ϭ 4.1). In general VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 5 males: 4.9Ð5.6 (xø very similar to male. Epigynum as in figs. 182 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 699Ð703. Chibchea mapuche, n. gen., n. sp., male. 699. Habitus, lateral view. 700–701. Pro- soma, dorsal and frontal views. 702. Left palp, prolateral view. 703. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (699), 0.4 mm (700Ð703).

707Ð708; dorsal view as in fig. 709, pore forest, Oct. 2, 1968 (R. Caldero«n G.), 1( 2& plates very difficult to see. in AMNH; same locality and collector: Mar. DISTRIBUTION: Known from the Chilean 26, 1968, 1( in AMNH; Aug. 12, 1968, 3( provinces Cautin, Valparaiso, Concepcio«n, in AMNH; ‘‘Osorno,’’ Aug. 1977 (A. Tobar), Osorno, and the Juan Fernandez Islands (ϳ 1( 4& in AMNH; Concepcio´n: ‘‘mouth of 600 km off Valparaiso). B«õoB«õo river,’’ June 8, 1980 (I. Barra), 1( MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Cautin: 2& in AMNH; Juan Fernandez Islands: Parque Nacional Cerro Nielol, Temuco: types Robinson Crusoe Island: Plazoleta El above; Valparaiso: Quintero, pitfalls in relict Yunque, pans near Plazoleta campside, Jan. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 183

Figs. 704Ð709. Chibchea mapuche, n. gen., n. sp. 704. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 705. Male prosoma, ventral view. 706. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 707–708. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 709. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (705), 0.2 mm (704, 706Ð709).

23Ð29, 1992 (S. A. Marshall), 1( 2& in more distal position of the cheliceral apoph- AMNH. yses (fig. 711) and the shorter anterior plate of the epigynum (fig. 714); from C. elqui by Chibchea picunche, new species the single bulbal apophysis; distinguished Figures 80, 190, 710Ð715 from both also by the shape of the procursus TYPES: Male holotype, 4( 9& paratypes (fig. 712). from 5 km N Los Vilos, Coquimbo, Chile; 3 MALE (holotype): Total length 2.7, cara- ϩ ϩ m elev., under succulent rock cover along pace width 1.2; leg 1: 16.5 (4.4 0.5 4.4 ϩ ϩ cove, Jan. 5, 1985 (N. I. Platnick & O. F. 5.9 1.3), tibia 2: 2.7, tibia 3: 2.0, tibia 4: Francke), in AMNH. 2.5; tibia 1 l/d: 41. Habitus and prosoma ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun shape as in C. mapuche (cf. figs. 699Ð701); in apposition honoring the Picunche, who distance PME-ALE about 60% of PME di- were the northernmost of the Araucanian In- ameter. Carapace light brown with darker dian people of Chile. Enslaved by the Span- median stripe and faint lateral spots (fig. iards their population rapidly declined and 710), black line pointing down from AME. had mostly disappeared by the early 17th Sternum wide, light brown; chelicerae with century. pair of large frontal apophyses distally (fig. DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of C. mapuche 711; small additional apophysis absent in ho- and elqui, distinguished from the first by the lotype), fangs unmodified. Palps generally as 184 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 710Ð715. Chibchea picunche, n. gen., n. sp. 710. Male prosoma, dorsal view, slightly frontal. 711. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 712. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 713–714. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 715. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (710), 0.2 mm (711Ð715). in C. mapuche, procursus distinctive (fig. eral very similar to male, but distinct, dark 712); tarsal organ exposed (cf. female: fig. rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (sub- 80). Legs light brown, without rings; femur proximally and subdistally). Epigynum as in 2 thicker than others; curved hairs on tibiae figs. 713Ð714; dorsal view as in fig. 715. and metatarsi (mainly legs 2 and 3), without DISTRIBUTION: Known from the Chilean spines and vertical hairs; retrolateral tricho- provinces Coquimbo, Valparaiso, and Acon- bothrium of tibia 1 at 19%; tarsus 1 with ϳ cagua. 24 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma grayish, MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Coquimbo: with large blackish spots dorsally and pos- 5 km N Los Vilos: types above, and 2 ju- teriorly; gonopore without epiandrous spig- veniles; same data: 3( 6& 2 juveniles in ots; ALS with only one piriform gland spigot AMNH; 19 km N Los Vilos, Rt 5, km 244, each (cf. female: fig. 190). elev. 5 m, Nov. 9, 1993 (N. I. Platnick, K. VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 8 males: 3.5Ð4.2 (xø Catley, M. Ramirez, R. T. Allen), 1( in ϭ 4.0). In some males there is another pair AMNH; Valparaiso: Petorca, Los Molles, Rt of very small apophyses present on the che- 5, km 188, elev. 10 m, Nov. 9, 1993 (N. I. licerae, as illustrated in fig. 711. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramirez, R. T. Al- FEMALE: Total length (N ϭ 10) 1.9Ð3.2; len), 1( 3& 1 juvenile in AMNH; Aconca- tibia 1 (N ϭ 28) 2.9Ð4.0 (xø ϭ 3.5). In gen- gua: Los Molles, 2 m elev., under succulent 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 185

Figs. 716Ð722. Chibchea elqui, n. gen., n. sp. 716. Male prosoma, dorsal view. 717. Left procursus, prolateral view. 718. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 719. Embolar division of left bulb, prolateral view. 720. Epigynum, ventral view, slightly frontal. 721. Epigynum, lateral view. 722. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (716), 0.2 mm (720Ð722).

rock cover along coast, Jan. 9, 1985 (N. I. ϩ4.0ϩ1.2), tibia 2: 2.9, tibia 3: 2.5, tibia 4: Platnick & O. F. Francke), 2( ϳ 15& some 3.3; tibia 1 l/d: 39. Prosoma shape as in C. juveniles in AMNH. mapuche (cf. figs. 700Ð701); carapace and ocular area ochre to light brown, with dark Chibchea elqui, new species brown pattern of spots (fig. 716); short black Figures 716Ð722 line running down from between AME; dis- TYPES: Male holotype, 2( 2& paratypes tance PME-ALE about 60% of PME diam- from 79 km N La Serena (Rt 5, km 553), eter. Clypeus light brown, sternum brown Elqui, Coquimbo, Chile; 300 m elev., Oct. with numerous lighter spots; chelicerae 15, 1992 (N. I. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Ca- brown, with black apophyses as in C. picun- tley), in AMNH. che (cf. fig. 711). Palps in general as in C. ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. mapuche, but procursus straight and long, The specific name is a noun in apposition. with simple tip (figs. 717Ð718), and bulb DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of C. picunche with pair of apophyses (fig. 719). Legs light and mapuche, distinguished by the straight brown with dark rings on femora (subdistal- and simple procursus (figs. 717Ð718), and ly) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally); the two bulbal apophyses (fig. 719). femora 2 stronger than others; almost all MALE (holotype): Total length 2.4, cara- hairs missing; retrolateral trichobothrium of pace width 0.9; leg 1: 12.8 (3.6ϩ0.3ϩ3.7 tibia 1 at 21%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 15 pseudo- 186 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 segments. Opisthosoma greenish-gray with with ϳ 15 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma dark spots, shape as in C. mapuche (cf. fig. shape as in C. mapuche (cf. fig. 699), dark 699) but projecting farther back over spin- greenish-gray with small white and large nerets. black spots. VARIATION: Tibia 1 in other males: 3.7, VARIATION: While tibia 1 length is similar 4.1. in all paratypes (3.6Ð3.9), one male has a sig- FEMALE (paratype): Total length 2.5; tibia nificantly larger prosoma (width 1.2). The 1: 3.6. Very similar to male. Epigynum as in males from San Mart«õn (see below) are figs. 720Ð721, brown; dorsal view as in fig. slightly smaller (tibia 1: 3.2Ð3.5), but the 722. palps do not differ in size, and the procursus DISTRIBUTION: Known from the Chilean tip is only minimally different. These males provinces Coquimbo and Santiago. have some darker spots proximally on the MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Coquimbo: femora, which are almost invisible in the Elqui: types above. Santiago: Parellones, type specimens. Sept. 13, 1966 (L. Pen˜a), 1( in MCZ. FEMALE (paratype): Carapace width 1.1; tibia 1: 4.5. Epigynum very simple flat plate, Chibchea mateo, new species brown with two whitish spots (fig. 730); in- Figures 723Ð731 ternal genitalia with pair of elongated pore plates (fig. 731). TYPES: Male holotype, 2( 1& paratypes DISTRIBUTION: Known from central Peru from W edge San Mateo, Dept. Lima, Peru; (Lima, San Mart«õn). eucalyptus forest, under rocks, 3100 m elev., MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Lima: San Mar. 27, 1988 (Coyle, Bennett, Palmer, Mateo: types above; San Martõ«n: Parque Na- Smith), in AMNH; 2( 1& paratypes, same cional Abiseo, Pampa del Cuy, 3550 m elev., collection data, in MCZ. ‘‘entre rocas,’’ Mar. 1, 1988 (D. Silva ‘‘et ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. al.’’), 6( in MUSM. The specific name is a noun in apposition. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners Chibchea abiseo, new species by the rounded dorsal apophysis on the pro- Figures 732Ð737 cursus (figs. 725Ð726). MALE (holotype): Total length 1.7, cara- TYPES: Male holotype, 4( 11& paratypes pace width 0.9; leg 1: 14.1 (3.7ϩ0.3ϩ3.7 from Parque Nacional Abiseo, Pampa del ϩ5.1ϩ1.3), tibia 2: 2.5, tibia 3: 2.0, tibia 4: Cuy, Dept. San Mart«õn, Peru; 3550 m elev., 2.3; tibia 1 l/d: 51. Prosoma shape as in C. Mar. 10, 1988 (D. Silva), in MUSM. mapuche (cf. figs. 700Ð701), but ALE slight- ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. ly more distant from AME (fig. 723); dis- The specific name is a noun in apposition. tance PME-ALE about 70% of PME diam- DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to C. mateo, eter. Carapace orange-ochre, darker medially; distinguished by the shape of the male che- short black line going down from between liceral apophyses (fig. 732), the shape of the AME; clypeus and sternum orange-ochre; procursus (figs. 734Ð735), and the epigynum chelicerae light brown, with pair of distal with the pair of posterior apophyses (fig. apophyses (fig. 724). Palps (figs. 727Ð729) 736). with distinct retrolateral coxal apophysis, fe- MALE (holotype): Total length 2.7, cara- mur proximally with rounded retrolateral pace width 1.3; leg 1: 19.3 (4.9ϩ0.5ϩ5.0 protrusion and distally with distinct ventral ϩ6.8ϩ2.1), tibia 2: 3.3, tibia 3: 2.5, tibia 4: apophysis, procursus dorsally with black 3.1; tibia 1 l/d: 44. Prosoma shape and eye subdistal apophysis (figs. 725Ð726), bulb pattern as in C. mateo and mapuche (cf. figs. simple, with distal spine (fig. 727). Legs with 699, 723); distance PME-ALE about 70% of dark rings on femora (medially and subdis- PME diameter. Carapace light brown, darker tally) and tibiae (subproximally, medially medially; ocular area and clypeus brown; and subdistally); curved hairs on legs 1Ð3; sternum light brown, without humps; chelic- without spines and vertical hairs; retrolateral erae brown, with pair of distal apophyses trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 10%; tarsus 1 overhanging fangs (fig. 732). Palps as in fig. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 187

Figs. 723Ð731. Chibchea mateo, n. gen., n. sp. 723. Male prosoma, dorsal view. 724. Male chelic- erae, frontal view. 725. Left procursus, prolateral view. 726. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 727. Left palp, prolateral view. 728. Left palp, retrolateral view. 729. Left palpal femur, retrolateral view. 730. Epigynum, ventral view. 731. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (723), 0.3 mm (724, 727Ð 731), 0.1 mm (725Ð726). 188 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 732Ð737. Chibchea abiseo, n. gen., n. sp. 732. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 733. Left palp, retrolateral view. 734. Tip of left procursus, prolateral view. 735. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 736. Epigynum, ventral view. 737. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (733), 0.2 mm (732, 734Ð737).

733, with distinct retrolateral coxal apophy- black spine (figs. 734Ð735). Legs light sis, femur proximally with rounded retrola- brown with dark rings on femora (subdistal- teral protrusion and distally with distinct ly) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally); ventral apophysis, procursus distally with legs without spines, with curved hairs on tib- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 189

iae and metatarsi 1Ð3, with few vertical hairs; that Simon missed the fact that B. annulipes retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 12%; did not quite fit his own description of Ble- tarsus 1 with 23 quite distinct pseudoseg- chroscelis. ments. Opisthosoma about as high as long, This means that Priscula and Blechroscel- shape as in C. uru (cf. fig. 657), dark green- is have to be treated as subjective synonyms. ish-gray with blackish spots dorsally and lat- Since they were proposed in the same pub- erally; large, light brown genital plate. lication, the Principle of the First Reviser VARIATION: Tibia 1 (4 male paratypes): (ICZN, 1999: Art. 24.2) provides that the 4.7Ð4.9. first reviser determines the relative prece- FEMALE (paratypes): Tibia 1 (N ϭ 10) 3.5Ð dence. I chose Priscula as senior synonym, 3.9 (xø ϭ 3.7). Very similar to male, including for two reasons: first, it leaves the well-de- curved hairs on legs. Epigynum very distinc- fined genus Priscula intact in its original tive, with two small apophyses posteriorly meaning; second, it only affects Blechros- (fig. 736); internal genitalia with pair of large celis, a polyphyletic genus that has come to pore plates (fig. 737). include species from what are herein consid- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Parque ered to be representatives of five genera. Nacional Abiseo, Dept. San Mart«õn, Peru. The next question is: which is the next MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: San Mart«õn: available name for the species corresponding Parque Nacional Abiseo: Pampa del Cuy: to Simon’s original conception of Blechros- types above; same locality and collector: celis? Gonza«lez-Sponga (1998) proposed the Mar. 2Ð3, 1988 (2 vials), 2( 5& 1 juvenile new genus Mesabolivari, whose type species in MUSM; Mar. 7, 1988, 2( 1& in MUSM; clearly falls into the large group of species Parque Nacional Abiseo: Puerta del Monte, corresponding to Simon’s Blechroscelis. 3300 m elev., Mar. 4Ð8, 1988 (2 vials; D. However, Mesabolivari has the form of a Silva & A. Salirrosas), 4& in MUSM. Latin two-word phrase (‘‘tableland of Bol«õ- var’’—I am indebted to H. D. Cameron for MESABOLIVAR GONZA« LEZ-SPONGA, advice concerning this and what follows). 1998 The ICZN (1999: Art. 26) specifies that such a spelling must be considered Latin, and thus Mesabolivari Gonza«lez-Sponga, 1998: 27 (type Mesabolivari is a two word-phrase, not a species by original designation M. pseudoble- compound noun. It does not, therefore, fulfill chroscelis Gonza«lez-Sponga, 1998; not exam- one of the Criteria of Availability (ICZN, ined—the newly described M. huambisa is a very close relative). 1999: Art. 11.8), and must be corrected. [It is also not an ‘‘arbitrary combination of let- NOTES: This genus roughly corresponds to ters’’ (Art. 11.3), since it is explicitly meant Blechroscelis Simon, 1893. However, the to refer to the city Mesa Bol«õvar]. Instead of type species of Blechroscelis (Pholcus an- changing ‘‘bolivari’’ to the corresponding nulipes Keyserling) is congeneric with the nominative singular (which would result in type species of Priscula Simon, 1893, a ge- the grammatically awkward combination nus described in the same paper as Blechros- ‘‘Mesabolivarus’’), I here choose the emend- celis. The first question that has thus to be ed form Mesabolivar, which renders it a sim- answered is the following: is B. annulipes a ple noun without the complication of Latin misidentified type species? If yes, Article grammar. 70.3 of the International Code of Zoological The final question regards the gender of Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999) would apply. I the genus. No gender was explicitly attribut- believe it is not, for two reasons: first, there ed to Mesabolivari by Gonza«lez-Sponga is apparently no material labeled ‘‘B. annu- (1998), and no gender is grammatically self- lipes’’ in the MNHN in Paris, meaning that evident, neither in Mesabolivari nor in Mes- Simon probably never saw any material of abolivar. The specific name of the single what he considered to be B. annulipes, but species included by the author (pseudoble- based his decision on Keyserling’s descrip- chroscelis) is a noun in apposition (ICZN, tion; second, Keyserling’s (1877) description 1999: Art. 11.9.1.2) (anything ending in is accurate and detailed, so it is not probable ‘‘-scelis’’ is a noun, not an adjective), and gives 190 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 therefore no indication of the intended gen- hairs (except M. cyaneotaeniatus, which has der of the genus Mesabolivari. Therefore, vertical hairs on femora); retrolateral tricho- Mesabolivar is to be treated as masculine bothrium of tibia 1 very proximal (at 1.5Ð (ICZN, 1999: Art. 30.2.4). 3%); tarsus 1 usually with 30 or more pseu- DIAGNOSIS: (The diagnosis given herein is dosegments (ϳ 25 in M. iguazu and boto- valid only for a core-group of species close cudo). Opisthosoma usually oval to elongate, to the type species; see Specific Relation- cylindrical in M. cyaneotaeniatus, usually ships below for species assigned tentatively). with pattern of dark spots dorsally. Male Medium-sized to fairly large (total length ϳ gonopore without epiandrous spigots (ex- 3Ð6 mm), usually dark, eight-eyed pholcids amined: M. huanuco, eberhardi, aurantiacus, with long legs, usually oval to elongate op- junin, iguazu: fig. 138, cyaneotaeniatus). isthosoma; distinguished from similar neo- ALS with only one piriform gland spigot tropical genera (Coryssocnemis, Carapoia) each (examined: M. huanuco, eberhardi: by the median groove or pocket on the fe- figs. 183Ð184, aurantiacus, junin, iguazu, cy- male epigynum, and a corresponding pair of aneotaeniatus), other spinnerets typical for contiguous apophyses frontally on the male family. chelicerae. These characters are missing in a Sexual dimorphism slight. Females often few species (M. huanuco, n. sp., togatus with more distinct rings on legs, without (Keyserling), maxacali, n. sp.) which are spines on legs. Epigynum usually with me- nevertheless assigned to the core-group be- dian groove or pocket, sometimes with ad- cause of overall and specific similarities (see ditional lateral apophyses that are conspicu- below). ous in some species. DESCRIPTION: Total length usually ϳ 3Ð6 MONOPHYLY: Most species included share mm. Carapace with distinct thoracic groove, the median groove or pocket on the epigyn- ocular area moderately to conspicuously el- um (see Specific Relationships for species evated, with eight eyes, AME smallest. Dis- assigned tentatively). tance PME-ALE relatively large (65Ð100% GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus is of PME diameter). Sternum without anterior clearly part of the New World clade: male humps. Male clypeus unmodified. Basal seg- palpal coxa with retrolateral apophysis, ment of male chelicerae usually with pair of epiandrous spigots absent, ALS piriform contiguous apophyses frontally, sometimes gland spigots reduced to one, thoracic groove with additional apophyses more proximally; present, exposed tarsal organ, large distance without modified hairs; fangs unmodified; PME-ALE. Otherwise, the phylogenetic re- without stridulatory ridges laterally. Male lationships are obscure. The cladogram in ap- palpal coxa with retrolateral apophysis, pro- pendix 2 proposes Coryssocnemis as sister cursus and bulb relatively simple, variable in group of Mesabolivar based on the presence shape. Tarsal organ exposed [examined: M. of enlarged femora in walking legs. How- huanuco, n. sp., eberhardi, n. sp., aurantia- ever, this character has considerable homo- cus (Mello-Leita˜o): fig. 81, junin, n. sp., ig- plasy (see Characters Scored section: char. uazu, n. sp., cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling)]. 23). Legs long (leg 1 usually ϳ 10Ð20 ϫ body SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus can length; tibia 1 l/d usually ϳ 70Ð100; 45 in tentatively be divided into four operational M. botocudo, n. sp., 110 in M. aurantiacus); species groups; the first three correspond to leg 1 longest, leg 2 usually longer than leg the core-group mentioned above, the fourth 4, leg 3 shortest; in most species femora of includes species that were assigned to the ge- some walking legs (usually femora 2, 2 and nus for various reasons, but will probably 3, or 3) thicker than others (not in M. huan- have to be partly transferred in future more uco, locono, n. sp., iguazu); legs sometimes detailed studies. (1) A northern group widely with spines on metatarsi, only in M. spinu- distributed in northern South America, dis- losus (Mello-Leita˜o) and M. cambridgei tinguished by the spines on the male meta- (Mello-Leita˜o) with spines on femora and tarsi; including M. eberhardi, huanuco, rub- tibiae; without curved hairs (except in some risternus (Caporiacco), aurantiacus, and cy- M. cambridgei specimens), without vertical aneus (Taczanowski) which is possibly a 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 191

synonym of rubristernus. (2) A closely re- from the northern group (see Specific Rela- lated group with a similar distribution, with- tionships above), six species from group 2, out spines on the male metatarsi, with high 15 species from the southern group, seven apophyses on the female epigynum and cor- species included tentatively, and two species respondingly prominent male cheliceral incertae sedis (see below). The collections I apophyses; including the type species M. have seen contain dozens of further species pseudoblechroscelis, the closely related M. of this genus from various countries. If the huambisa, and M. locono, junin, paraensis definition is not narrowed, future revisions (Mello-Leita˜o), exlineae (Mello-Leita˜o). (3) will probably yield up to hundreds of spe- A southern group widely distributed in cies. The following species previously in- southern and eastern Brazil and northern Ar- cluded in Blechroscelis are either not con- gentina; several species have a distinctively generic with the type species of Mesabolivar, curved procursus, but the group is probably or are incertae sedis: B. serripes (transferred not monophyletic; including M. cyaneoma- to Tainonia), B. modesta (transferred to culatus (Keyserling), spinulosus, ceruleiven- Waunana), B. annulipes (transferred to Pris- tris (Mello-Leita˜o), tandilicus (Mello-Lei- cula). ‘‘Mesabolivar’’ globulosus (Nicolet, ta˜o), iguazu, argentinensis (Mello-Leita˜o), 1849) and ‘‘M.’’ aurantius (Mello-Leita˜o, brasiliensis (Mello-Leita˜o), togatus (Keyser- 1940) are incertae sedis. I have seen what ling), guapiara, n. sp., maxacali, n. sp., bo- might be the type of B. aurantia from ‘‘Goy- tocudo, cyaneotaeniatus, azureus (Badcock tacazes,’’ Esp«õrito Santo, in MNRJ (58250); and Oxon), and two species whose types I it is a penultimate female. Even though the have not been able to examine: M. fluminen- vial number is correct, it may not be the type, sis (Mello-Leita˜o, 1918), n. comb., and M. as Mello-Leita˜o (1940a) describes the epi- nigridentis (Mello-Leita˜o, 1922), n. comb. gynum as ‘‘muy alto, bicorne.’’ As for ‘‘M.’’ (4) A miscellaneous group, certainly poly- globulosus, I do not know if the type material phyletic, whose representatives did not fit still exists. Mello-Leita˜o (1941) gave usable convincingly into any other genus: M. luteus illustrations of the epigynum and the male (Keyserling), simoni (Moenkhaus), and pos- palp, but whether or not his specimens were sibly also difficilis (Mello-Leita˜o), have correctly identified is unknown. pockets on the epigynum; M. levii, n. sp., is probably very close to M. luteus; M. banksi (Moenkhaus) has a curved procursus like Mesabolivar huambisa, new species that of many representatives of the southern Figures 738Ð747 group; M. cambridgei resembles M. huanuco ( & in respect to opisthosoma and epigynum TYPES: Male holotype, 21 18 paratypes Њ Ј Њ Ј shape, and has spines in bands on the femora from Rio Samiria (4 43 S, 74 18 W), Dept. like M. spinulosus and M. luteus; M. xingu, Loreto, Peru; MayÐJune 1990 (T. Erwin ‘‘et n. sp., is only known from the male and al.’’), in MUSM. might be an unproblematic species of the ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun southern group. in apposition honoring the Huambisa Indians NATURAL HISTORY: To my knowledge, from Peru, whose fierce resistance to subju- only M. eberhardi has been studied with gation has made them one of the few tribes some detail (see p. 201). in South America who still occupy the land DISTRIBUTION: From northern South Amer- that they held in the preconquest era. ica to northern Argentina. In Colombia the DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to the type spe- genus is not known from west of the Andes. cies M. pseudoblechroscelis, distinguished Together with Metagonia, this is probably by the procursus, which is longer and less the most widely distributed pholcid genus in strongly bent dorsally in the present species South America. No representative is known (fig. 742). Distinguished from M. locono by from Central America, the Gala«pagos Is- the straight cheliceral apophyses and the lands, or the Antilles (except Trinidad). shape of the procursus (figs. 738, 742); from COMPOSITION: The genus as construed here M. junin by the shape of the procursus; from includes 35 nominal species: five species M. exlineae and paraensis by the epigynum 192 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 738Ð742. Mesabolivar huambisa, n. sp., male. 738. Habitus, lateral view. 739–740. Prosoma, frontal and dorsal views. 741. Left palp, prolateral view. 742. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (738Ð740), 0.5 mm (741Ð742).

(shape of lateral apophyses and median carapace orange-ochre with light brown spot pocket, figs. 746Ð747). behind ocular area, with deep thoracic MALE (holotype): Total length 3.0, cara- groove; eight eyes on prominently elevated pace width 1.3; leg 1: 52.3 (12.7ϩ0.6ϩ12.4 ocular area (figs. 738Ð739); distance PME- ϩ23.9ϩ2.7), tibia 2: 8.3, tibia 3: 5.7, tibia 4: ALE about 65% of PME diameter. Sternum 8.0; tibia 1 l/d: 93. Habitus as in fig. 738; light brown, wide (fig. 743); chelicerae 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 193

Figs. 743Ð747. Mesabolivar huambisa,n.sp.743. Male prosoma, ventral view. 744. Embolar di- vision of left bulb, prolateral view. 745. Epigynum, dorsal view. 746–747. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (743), 0.3 mm (744Ð747).

brown proximally, pale ochre-yellow distal- over 30 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma pale ly, with pair of large straight apophyses, greenish, with darker greenish spots dorsally. slightly hooked at tips (figs. 738Ð739). Palp VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 6 male paratypes: (especially femur) very large in relation to 10.7Ð13.6 (xø ϭ 11.8). In the male from prosoma; coxa with distinct, pointed retro- Napo, Alinahui, Ecuador, the tip of the pro- lateral apophysis, trochanter with prominent cursus is slightly different; the male and the ventral apophysis (fig. 742), femur proxi- female from this locality are therefore as- mally with retrolateral apophysis (fig. 742); signed tentatively. procursus curved distally (fig. 742); bulb as FEMALE (paratypes): Tibia 1 (N ϭ 5) 7.9Ð in figs. 741, 744, with slightly spiraling 8.8 (xø ϭ 8.3). In general very similar to apophysis. Legs ochre to light brown, femora male, but with distinct dark rings on femora and tibiae with light tips; legs without spines, (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and sub- without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral distally), subdistal rings followed by light trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 with tips. Epigynum dark brown, with median 194 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 pocket and pair of lateral apophyses (figs. soma; coxa with distinct apophysis, femur 746Ð747); internal genitalia with distinctive- proximally with retrolateral apophysis and ly formed pore plates, and large membranous small ventral hump slightly more distally structures of unknown function reaching into (fig. 753); procursus rather simple, strongly lateral apophyses (fig. 745). curved (figs. 754Ð755); bulb relatively sim- DISTRIBUTION: Known from northern Peru ple (globular part shrunken in type) (fig. and Ecuador. 752). Legs apparently without spines, with- MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Loreto: Rio out curved and vertical hairs (many hairs Samiria: types above; same locality, June 16, missing). Opisthosoma missing. 1990 (T. Erwin ‘‘et al.’’), 3( in MUSM; Co- VARIATION: The male from Guyana (see cha Shinguito (5Њ08ЈS, 74Њ45ЈW), June 18, below) differs minimally with respect to the 1990 (T. Erwin ‘‘et al.’’), 1( in MUSM. EC- tip of the procursus and is slightly larger (tib- UADOR: Napo: 20 km E Puerto Napo, Al- ia 4: 6.5), but otherwise indistinguishable. inahui (1Њ00ЈS, 77Њ25ЈW), 450 m elev., Jan. FEMALE: Unknown (see Note above). 1994 (V. D. & B. Roth), 1( assigned tenta- DISTRIBUTION: Known from Surinam and tively, in CAS; same data, in building, 1& Guyana. assigned tentatively, in CAS; Reserva Faun- MATERIAL EXAMINED: SURINAM: Ma- istica Cuyabeno, Laguna Grande (0Њ00ЈS, rowijne: Benzdorp: type above. GUYANA: 76Њ10ЈW), from Macrolobium trees in lake, Mazaruni-Potaro: Kartabo Point, Dec. 22Ð June 28, 1988 (W. Maddison), 1( 2& (2 vi- 24, 1983 (W. Steiner, J. Byrd, J. Hill, F. als) in MCZ; Pompeya, Napo River, May Holtzclaw), 1( in USNM. 1965 (L. Pen˜a), 1( 1 juvenile in MCZ. Mesabolivar junin, new species Mesabolivar locono, new species Figures 756Ð766 Figures 748Ð755 ‘‘Peruvian pholcid, I.D. #2’’: Huber, 1999: figs. 8Ð11. TYPE: Male holotype from Lawa River, Benzdorp, Marowijne Dist., Surinam; ‘‘forest TYPES: Male holotype, 2( 2& paratypes night sweep,’’ Nov. 6, 1963 (B. Malkin), in from Utcuyacu, Dept. Junin, Peru; 1600Ð AMNH. 2000 m elev., Feb.ÐMar. 1948 (3 vials) (F. NOTE: It is possible that this is a junior Woytkowski), in AMNH. synonym of M. paraensis (of which only the ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Peruvian state female is known; see below). Junin. The specific name is a noun in appo- ETYMOLOGY: The species name is a noun sition. in apposition, honoring the Locono people of DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from M. locono eastern Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, and by the straight cheliceral apophyses (fig. 763); French Guiana. from M. huambisa and M. pseudoblechros- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from M. huam- celis also by the shape of the procursus (figs. bisa by the curved cheliceral apophyses (fig. 757, 760Ð761); from M. exlineae and paraen- 750); from M. junin and M. pseudoblechros- sis by the epigynum (shape of lateral apoph- celis also by the shape of the procursus (figs. yses and median pocket, figs. 764Ð765). 753Ð755). MALE (holotype): Total length 3.8, cara- MALE (holotype): Carapace width 1.4, car- pace width 1.7; leg 1: (12.4ϩ0.7ϩ11.9 apace length 1.1 (opisthosoma missing); leg ϩ16.5, tarsus missing), tibia 2: 7.7, tibia 3: 1: 34.0 (8.3ϩ0.3ϩ8.4ϩ15.1ϩ1.9), tibiae 2 5.5, tibia 4: 6.8; tibia 1 l/d: 69. Habitus sim- and 3 missing, tibia 4: 5.7; tibia 1 l/d: 79. ilar to M. huambisa (cf. fig. 738); carapace Colors poorly preserved (entire animal light light ochre brown, darker roundish spot me- brown); carapace with deep thoracic groove; dially, ocular area brown with light median eight eyes on prominent elevation (fig. 748); stripe, with stronger saddle behind eyes than distance PME-ALE about 65% of PME di- M. huambisa; distance PME-ALE about ameter. Chelicerae with pair of large, strong- 100% of PME diameter. Clypeus and ster- ly curved apophyses (fig. 750). Palp (espe- num light ochre-brown; chelicerae ochre- cially femur) very large in relation to pro- brown with pair of strong, projecting frontal 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 195

Figs. 748Ð755. Mesabolivar locono, n. sp., male holotype. 748. Prosoma with right palp, lateral view. 749. Prosoma, frontal view. 750. Chelicerae, lateral view. 751. Prosoma, dorsal view. 752. Left palp, prolateral view (note that bulb is shrunken). 753. Left palp, retrolateral view. 754. Left procursus, prolateral view. 755. Left procursus, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (748), 0.5 mm (749, 751Ð 755), 0.2 mm (750). 196 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 756Ð763. Mesabolivar junin, n. sp., male. 756. Left palp, prolateral view. 757. Left palp, retrolateral view. 758. Left palpal femur, prolateral view. 759. Embolar division of left bulb, prolateral view. 760. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 761. Left procursus, prolateral view. 762–763. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (756Ð758), 0.3 mm (760Ð763). apophyses (figs. 762Ð763). Palps as in figs. more or less straight (figs. 757, 760Ð761), 756Ð757, coxa with distinct retrolateral embolar division with terminal spine and apophysis, trochanter with prominent ventral membranous structures (fig. 759). Tarsal or- apophysis, femur with retrolateral apophysis gan exposed. Legs ochre-brown, darker rings proximally and ventral hump distally (figs. on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximal- 757Ð758), procursus widened before tip, but ly and subdistally); femora 3 significantly 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 197

Figs. 764Ð768. Mesabolivar spp. 764Ð766. M. junin,n.sp.764–765. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 766. Epigynum, dorsal view. 767. M. paraensis (Mello-Leita˜o), female holotype: epigynum, ventral view. 768. M. exlineae (Mello-Leita˜o), female holotype: epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

thicker than others; all legs without spines, DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral cality. trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 (par- MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Junin: Ut- atype) with over 35 pseudosegments. Opis- cuyacu: types above. thosoma shape as in M. huambisa (cf. fig. 738), gray with blackish spots dorsally, gen- Mesabolivar paraensis (Mello-Leita˜o, ital plate light brown; gonopore without 1947), epiandrous spigots; ALS with only one piri- new combination form gland spigot each. Figure 767 VARIATION: Tibia 1 in male paratypes: 10.7, 12.0; one male has on the opisthosoma Coryssocnemis paraensis Mello-Leita˜o, 1947b: 161Ð162, fig. 7. also some white spots among the black spots. FEMALE (paratypes): Total length 3.6, 4.1; TYPE: Female holotype from Breves, tibia 1: 6.5, 6.8. In general very similar to Para«, Brazil; no date (F. O. Pickard-Cam- male. Epigynum brown, with median pocket bridge), in BMNH (B.M.97.9.21.501-508), and pair of high, roundish apophyses laterally examined. (figs. 764Ð765); dorsal view as in fig. 766. NOTES: It is not entirely clear whether this 198 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 is actually the specimen described by Mello- The MUSM and USNM have material Leita˜o (1947b). His drawing of the epigynum from Madre de Dios (Peru) and Beni (Boliv- is quite different, and he mentions also the ia) that is possibly conspecific, but this can male, while the female holotype is the only only be decided when more material from the specimen in the type vial. type locality becomes available. It is possible that C. paraensis is a senior DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from close rela- synonym on M. locono (of which only the tives (M. paraensis, junin, huambisa)bythe male is known; see above). shape of the epigynal pocket and the epigyn- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from close rela- al apophyses (fig. 768). tives (M. exlineae, junin, huambisa) by the MALE: Unknown. shape of the epigynal pocket and the epigyn- FEMALE (holotype): Total length 3.0, car- al apophyses (fig. 767). apace width 1.2, carapace length 1.1, opis- MALE: Unknown (see Notes above). thosoma length 2.0; femur 1: 6.0 (rest miss- FEMALE (holotype): Total length 3.3, car- ing), leg 2: (4.1ϩ0.4ϩ3.3, rest missing), leg apace width 1.3, carapace length 1.1, opis- 3: (3.3ϩ0.4ϩ2.6, rest missing), leg 4: 16.4 thosoma length 2.2; leg 1 missing, tibia 2: (4.7ϩ0.4ϩ3.9ϩ6.3ϩ1.1). Habitus as in M. 3.5, tibia 3: 2.6, tibia 4: 3.9. Habitus as in huambisa (cf. fig. 738), prosoma blackish- M. huambisa (cf. fig. 738); carapace orange- ochre (apparently artificially darkened); ster- ochre, with slightly darker median spot an- num, chelicerae, and palps ochre. Legs teriorly, ocular area ochre to light brown, ochre-yellow, dark rings on femora (subdis- clypeus ochre, sternum pale ochre, chelicerae tally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally), light brown, legs ochre-yellow with dark most hairs on legs missing. Opisthosoma rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae dark gray, covered with blackish spots. Epi- (proximally and subdistally), most hairs on gynum light to dark brown, with distinctive legs missing. Opisthosoma greenish-ochre wide median pocket and pointed lateral with darker greenish spots dorsally. Epigyn- apophyses (fig. 768; in lateral view epigyn- um light to dark brown, with distinctive me- um hardly distinguishable from that of M. dian pocket and lateral apophyses (fig. 767). huambisa, cf. fig. 747). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- cality. cality (see Notes above). MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Para«: MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Puno: Ca- Breves: type above. pachica: type above.

Mesabolivar exlineae (Mello-Leita˜o, 1947), Mesabolivar eberhardi, new species new combination Figures 184, 194, 769Ð781 Figure 768 Blechroscelis sp.: Eberhard and Bricen˜o, 1983: Modisimops exlineae Mello-Leita˜o, 1947b: 159, 189Ð195, fig. 1; 1985: 29Ð36, figs. 2aÐb.ÐHub- fig. 1. er, 1998d: fig. 2S. Modisimus exlineae: Brignoli, 1983: 164. TYPES: Male holotype, 2( 6& paratypes TYPE: Female holotype from Capachica, from Caripe, Monagas, Venezuela; Cueva del Dept. Puno, Peru; Apr. 20, 1934 (Lake Titicaca Guacharo, hand collecting, Aug. 20Ð21, Expedition, Percy Sladen Memorial Fund, 1987 (S. & J. Peck), in AMNH. ‘‘G.I.C. 22’’), in BMNH (1940.12.30.108), ex- ETYMOLOGY: Named for W. G. Eberhard amined. who collected and studied this species in Co- NOTES: The measurements and Mello-Lei- lombia. ta˜o’s short characterization of the epigynum DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from close rela- (‘‘very high, with two horns’’) suggest that tives (M. rubristernus, aurantiacus, huanu- this is actually the specimen described by co) by the hugely enlarged femur (fig. 777), Mello-Leita˜o (1947b). His drawing of the by the lateral apophyses on the male chelic- epigynum, however, is quite different, and as erae in addition to the pair of frontal apoph- type locality he erroneously gives ‘‘Pebas yses (fig. 774), by the tip of the procursus, (Peru«).’’ consisting of two distinctively shaped parts 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 199

Figs. 769Ð774. Mesabolivar eberhardi, n. sp., male. 769. Habitus, lateral view. 770–771. Prosoma, ventral and dorsal views. 772. Left palp, prolateral view. 773. Left palp, retrolateral view. 774. Chelic- erae, frontal view. Scale lines: 1 mm (769Ð771), 0.5 mm (772Ð774).

(fig. 778), and the tip of the bulb with its ϩ23.5, tarsus missing), tibia 2: 8.1, tibia 3: dorsal semitransparent projection (figs. 775Ð 5.9, tibia 4: 7.7; tibia 1 l/d: 67. Habitus as in 776). fig. 769 (opisthosoma shrunken); distance MALE (holotype): Total length 4.6, cara- PME-ALE about 80% of PME diameter. Car- pace width 1.7; leg 1: (13.1ϩ0.8ϩ11.6 apace light brown with dark brown median 200 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 775Ð781. Mesabolivar eberhardi,n.sp.775–776. Embolar division of left bulb, retrolateral (775) and prolateral (776) views. 777. Male left palpal femur, ϳ retrolateral view. 778. Left procursus, prolateral view. 779–780. Epigynum, lateral and ventral views. 781. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm. spot, ocular area dark brown, clypeus slightly spine and dorsal flat projection (figs. 775Ð orange, sternum very light brown, darker 776). Tarsal organ exposed. Legs brown, medially; chelicerae ochre, with pair of dark with faint darker rings on femora (subdistal- brown to black frontal apophyses and weakly ly) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally); sclerotized lateral apophyses (figs. 770, 774). femora 3 slightly thicker than others; meta- Palps as in figs. 772Ð773, coxa retrolaterally tarsi 2 and 3 with single row of spines ven- with ridge rather than apophysis, trochanter trally (cf. M. huanuco, fig. 791); legs without with prominent apophysis, femur extremely vertical and curved hairs; retrolateral tricho- widened distally (fig. 777), procursus ending bothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 (paratype) in dorsal apophysis and ventral flap (fig. with ϳ 35 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma 778), embolus with prolateral subterminal greenish-gray, dorsally with darker spots; 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 201

MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Monagas: Caripe: types above; Aragua: Ma- racay, Rancho Grande, cloud forest, 1200 m elev., Aug. 1Ð10, 1987 (Bordan & S. Peck), 1( in AMNH; Rancho Grande, Mar. 22Ð29, 1945 (W. Beebe), 1( 1& in AMNH; Henri Pittier Nat. Park, Rancho Grande, 200Ð900 m elev., Feb. 18Ð19, 1984 (J. Coddington), 3( 6& (5 vials) in USNM; San Sebastian, Cueva el Murcielago, 500 m elev., Feb. 17, 1984 (J. Coddington), 2& in USNM. Me«rida: Cueva del Pirata near Azulita (8Њ40ЈN, 71Њ26ЈW), outside cave, Jan. 28, 1984 (J. Coddington), 2( 2& in USNM. Anzoategui: Map 5. Known distribution of Mesabolivar San Tome«, Cueva del Guacharo, 1960 (T. eberhardi, n. sp. Bricen˜o-Maaz), 1( 1& in AMNH. TRINI- DAD: Bush Bush Forest, Mar. 5, 1965 (C. genital plate trapezoidal, light brown; gono- B. Worth), 3( 6& in AMNH; Bush Bush pore without epiandrous spigots; ALS with Forest, Nariva Swamp, Oct. 22, 1962 and only one piriform gland spigot each (cf. fe- Aug. 28, 1964 (C. B. Worth), 3( 3& (2 vi- male: fig. 184). als) in AMNH; St. Andrew: Turure, Brigand VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 10 males: 11.1Ð13.6 Hill, July 21, 1979 (L. N. Sorkin), 1( in (xø ϭ 12.6). As might be expected in a species AMNH. COLOMBIA: Meta: 20 km N Rio with wide distribution (see below), there is Muco, ‘‘Carimagua,’’ 175 m elev., 1978 (W. some variation in the details of the procursus G. Eberhard), 2( 2& in UCR; same data, tip: in the males from Colombia, the two dis- ‘‘voucher specimens for study of Eberhard & tal structures are shorter, while in the males Bricen˜o,’’ 3( 8& in MCZ; Ce«sar: ‘‘Socorpa from Mato Grosso and Peru the entire pro- Mission,’’ Serra de Perija«, 1350Ð1400 m cursus is slightly shorter and more curved. elev., Aug. 1Ð14, 1968 (B. Malkin), 4& 2 At the present state of knowledge it seems juveniles in AMNH; Cordoba: Ayapel, near preferable to lump these slightly different Cienaga ‘‘La Cuajada,’’ 22 m elev., Jan. 5, specimens into one easily distinguishable 1987 (M. A. Serna), 1& in MCZ; Santande«r: species. Rio Opon, 1000 m elev., Jan. 1947 (L. Rich- FEMALE: Total length (N ϭ 3) 3.3Ð4.0, tib- ter), 1& 1 juvenile in AMNH; Cundinamar- ia 1 (N ϭ 15) 6.8Ð11.1 (xø ϭ 8.9). In general ca: Monterredondo, 1200 m elev., Feb. 25, very similar to male, but rings on legs usu- 1975 (P. A. Schneble), 1( in MCZ; Monter- ally quite distinct, metatarsi without spines, redondo, ϳ 1300 m elev., June 24, 1973 (P. opisthosoma rarely also with white spots. A. Schneble), 1& in MCZ. Boyaca«: Muzo, Epigynum slightly elevated (fig. 779), with 1936 (J. Bequaert), 1(, in MCZ; PERU: distinctive groove ending posteriorly in Hua«nuco: Tingo Maria, Cueva de las Lechu- pocket (fig. 780), dorsal view as in fig. 781. zas, May 31, 1967 (A. F. Archer), 2( 1& 1 DISTRIBUTION: Known from Colombia, juvenile in AMNH; BRAZIL: Mato Grosso: Venezuela, Trinidad, Peru, and Brazil (Mato Aripuana«, forest, 1979 (W. & L. Miller), 1( Grosso) (map 5). 5& in MCZ. NATURAL HISTORY: Eberhard and Bricen˜o (1983, 1985) give data on behavior and ecol- Mesabolivar huanuco, new species ogy of a population from the tropical dry for- Figures 59, 183, 782Ð795 est life zone in Meta, Colombia: the spiders spin dome-shaped sheet webs in forest hab- TYPES: Male holotype, 24( 9& paratypes itats; males search out mature females and from Divisoria, Dept. Hua«nuco, Peru; 1700 cohabit webs with them; males are ‘‘chival- m elev., Sept. 23ÐOct. 3, 1946 (F. Woyt- rous’’ in that they are dominant but cede prey kowski), in AMNH. to the female. ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Peruvian state 202 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 782Ð786. Mesabolivar huanuco, n. sp., male. 782. Habitus, lateral view. 783–784. Prosoma, frontal and ventral views. 785. Left palp, prolateral view. 786. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (782Ð784), 0.5 mm (785Ð786).

Hua«nuco. The specific name is a noun in ap- (figs. 789Ð790), and the elongated opistho- position. soma (fig. 782). DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from close rela- MALE (holotype): Total length 5.3, cara- tives (M. eberhardi, aurantiacus, rubrister- pace width 2.0; leg 1: 74.8 (18.3ϩ0.8ϩ16.7 nus) by the two pairs of apophyses on the ϩ35.3ϩ3.7), tibia 2: 10.7, tibia 3: 7.6, tibia male chelicerae, one of them ending in two 4: 9.2; tibia 1 l/d 96. Habitus as in fig. 782; tips (fig. 788), the tips of procursus and bulb carapace and clypeus ochre-brown; eight 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 203

Figs. 787Ð795. Mesabolivar huanuco,n.sp.787. Male prosoma, dorsal view. 788. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 789. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 790. Embolar division of left bulb, prolateral view. 791. Male metatarsus with ventral row of spines. 792–793. Epigynum, lateral and ventral views (female from Divisoria). 794. Epigynum of female from Divisoria, dorsal view. 795. Epigynum of female from Tingo Maria, dorsal view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (787), 0.4 mm (788, 792Ð795), 0.2 mm (789Ð791).

eyes on moderately elevated ocular area element (cf. fig. 59). Tarsal organ exposed. (figs. 782Ð783); distance PME-ALE about Legs brown, coxae 1 and 4 lighter than oth- 80% of PME diameter. Sternum bright or- ers, femora and tibiae with light tips; spines ange, wide (fig. 784); chelicerae with two only on metatarsi 3 (fig. 791); all legs with- pairs of apophyses, the lateral one bifurcated out vertical and curved hairs; retrolateral tri- (fig. 788). Palps as in figs. 785Ð786, procur- chobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 with sus simple (fig. 789), bulb with pointed distal over 30 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma apophysis (fig. 790) and membranous dorsal monochromous light orange-brown (the male 204 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 in fig. 782 is a paratype), lung plates darker, only that the types were from Guyana, and dark stripe behind genital plate; gonopore that they were collected either in 1931 or without epiandrous spigots; ALS with only 1936. For the following reasons I strongly one piriform gland spigot each (fig. 183). believe that the material examined below is FEMALE (paratypes): Total length (N ϭ 8) conspecific with the type material: (1) The 4.0Ð4.4; tibia 1 (N ϭ 19) 10.8Ð13.1 (xø ϭ figures of Caporiacco rather agree with the 12.2). In general very similar to male; colors material below than with the closest known rather as in young males (see below); ster- relative (M. aurantiacus). (2) At the end of num also orange to reddish, coxae 1 and 4 his description, Caporiacco (1948) mentions lighter than others; metatarsi without spines. another species, with slightly different palps Epigynum simple, without median groove or and epigynum, and lists the collection data pocket, with pair of brown humps on reddish of that species. I have seen that material; it plate, and brown stripe behind epigynum is M. aurantiacus. (figs. 792Ð793); dorsal view as in fig. 794. NOTE: This species might be a junior syn- In two females, large plugs consisting of two onym of Pholcus cyaneus Taczanowski, quite distinct parts stuck in vulva. 1874, from French Guiana. I have not been VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 19 males: 14.1Ð18.3 able to examine the types of that species ϭ (xø 16.4). Older(?) males had very distinct which are at the Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii black femora and tibiae, with broad orange PAN (Warszawa, Poland). (I have been re- or red bands in the patella region and the questing them for years, but for financial or tibia-metatarsus joint; in these males coxae 2 other reasons, the shipment has always been and 3 were also black, while coxae 1 and 4 postponed). were ochre-brown; some males had dark DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to M. aurantia- spots dorsally on the opisthosoma (fig. 782). cus, distinguished by the more slender and Females from Tingo Maria had lower humps more S-shaped procursus (fig. 796), and by on the epigynum, and also differed slightly the epigynum (fig. 799; general shape, no in the dorsal view of the epigynum (fig. 795; frontal humps, short median pocket). some of the differences shown may be arti- MALE (Baboon Camp): Total length 4.4, facts). In males from Utcuyacu the median carapace width 1.7; leg 1: 69.9 (18.5 pair of cheliceral apophyses was not diverg- ϩ0.7ϩ16.1ϩ31.5ϩ3.1), tibia 2: 12.1, tibia 3: ing as in fig. 788, but rather parallel. 8.7, tibia 4: 10.9; tibia 1 l/d: 89. Prosoma DISTRIBUTION: Known from three localities in central Peru. very similar to M. huanuco (cf. figs. 782Ð 784, 787; rather than M. aurantiacus), light MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Hua«nuco: Divisoria: types above; Tingo Maria, Castil- brown, with some darker radial lines and lo, June 2, 1967 (2 vials) (A. F. Archer & S. darker Y mark; distance PME-ALE about Risco), 2& 2 juveniles in AMNH; Tingo Ma- 70% of PME diameter. Sternum reddish; che- ria, Oct. 1946ÐMay 1947 (10 vials) (J. Pal- licerae as in M. aurantiacus (cf. fig. 807). lister), 7( 12& in AMNH; Tingo Maria, Feb. Palps as in figs. 796Ð797, with distinct retro- 1947 (W. Weyrauch), 1( in AMNH; Junin: lateral coxal apophysis, femur proximally Utcuyacu, Feb.ÐMar. 1948 (5 vials) (F. Woyt- with large retrolateral apophysis, procursus kowski), 10( 5& in AMNH. strongly S-shaped, bulb with long but simple embolar division (fig. 798). Femur 3 thicker Mesabolivar rubristernus (Caporiacco, than others, light orange-brown, other femora 1947), dark brown; distal segments lighter, metatarsi new combination yellowish; metatarsi 3 with row of spines Figures 796Ð800 ventrally (cf. M. huanuco, fig. 791); legs without vertical and curved hairs; retrolateral Blechroscelis rubristernus Caporiacco, 1947: 22; trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1.4%; tarsus 1 1948: 627Ð628, figs. 19Ð21. with over 35 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma TYPES: The types could not be found in shape similar to M. huanuco (cf. fig. 782; MZF, and Caporiacco (1947, 1948) gives no rather than M. aurantiacus), light brown to collection data. From the context it is clear ochre, without spots. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 205

Figs. 796Ð800. Mesabolivar rubristernus (Caporiacco). 796. Right palp, retrolateral view. 797. Right palp, prolateral view. 798. Embolar division of right bulb, prolateral view. 799. Epigynum, ventral view. 800. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.4 mm (796Ð797, 799Ð800), 0.2 mm (798).

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 7 other males: 15.3Ð without spines, opisthosoma with many dor- 18.4 (xø ϭ 16.4). Some males had a few dark- sal dark spots. Epigynum light brown, with er spots dorsoposteriorly on the opisthosoma. distinctive pocket (fig. 799); dorsal view as FEMALE (Baboon Camp): Tibia 1: 12.1. In in fig. 800. general very similar to male, but metatarsi 3 DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Guyana. 206 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

MATERIAL EXAMINED: GUYANA: ‘‘near respond with the specimen in the vial, which Mazaruni Hd.,’’ Pakaraima Mts, no date (C. has a long groove in the epigynum, as shown W. Myers), 1( in CUC. Potaro Landing, July in fig. 808. Such an epigynum with groove 28Ð29, 1911 (collector no given), 1( in is illustrated in Mello-Leita˜o’s fig. 2, for Ble- AMNH. Kangaruma, Aug. 18, 1911 (F. E. chroscelis (not Psilochorus!) cambridgei,a Lutz), 1( in AMNH. Kaietur, July 29, 1911 species that lacks a groove (see fig. 901)! (collector not given), 2( 1& in MZF. Kaie- Second, the vial labeled with Blechros- tur, Aug. 4, 1911 (F. E. Lutz), 2( in AMNH. celis virescens contains a male of the pre- Kaietur, Aug. 1, 1911 (W. G. Hassler), 1( in sent species, but several lines of indirect ev- AMNH. Takutu Mts (6Њ15ЈN, 59Њ05ЈW), idence point to the possibility that this spec- Dec. 6, 1983 (P. J. Spangler & R. A. Faitou- imen might be the missing male of B. ir- te), 1( in USNM. ‘‘Campo I, Baboon roratus rather than the originally described Camp,’’ Oct. 1931 (Beccari), 3( 1& in MZF. specimen. The label says ‘‘Blechroscelis vi- Kartabo (6Њ23ЈN, 58Њ42ЈW), Tropical Re- rescens (Tacz.),’’ but Taczanowski never de- search Station, Feb. 11, 1921 (no collector scribed such a species, only a B. cyanea given), 1( in AMNH. Kartabo, 1924 (no (originally Pholcus cyaneus) (note that ‘‘vi- collector given), 1( in AMNH. ‘‘Anunda- rescens’’ ϭ greenish, and ‘‘cyaneus’’ ϭ baru,’’ 2000 ft elev., Jan. 22, 1928 (no col- blue, are semantically quite related). Mello- lector given), 1( in AMNH. ‘‘Minnehaha Leita˜o’s figure corresponds much more to B. Creek,’’ Sept. 1913 (collector not given), 1( rubristernus (which I suspect is a synonym in AMNH. ‘‘Tukeit’’ (Tukeit Fall: 5Њ12ЈN, of Pholcus cyaneus) than to the specimen in 59Њ26ЈW), July 25, 1911 (F. E. Lutz), 5( 2& the vial, and I assume that Mello-Leita˜o in AMNH. originally wanted to redescribe Taczanows- ki’s species (with which he considered him- Mesabolivar aurantiacus (Mello-Leita˜o, self familiar: Mello-Leita˜o, 1940d), and just 1930), confused the name. new combination Third, Psilochorus cambridgei is the only Figures 42Ð43, 81, 801Ð810 species in Mello-Leita˜o’s (1947b) paper that is described without figures, in fact without Blechroscelis aurantiacus Mello-Leita˜o, 1930: 61, fig. 13. any reference to morphology, but only with Blechroscelis irroratus Mello-Leita˜o, 1947b: description of the coloration. I suspect that 160Ð161, figs. 4Ð5 (?; see below). NEW SYN- Mello-Leita˜o realized at some point during ONYMY. the preparation of the manuscript (after not- Blechroscelis virescens Mello-Leita˜o, 1947b: 161, ing down the colors, before noting down fig. 6. NEW SYNONYMY. morphology) that he was creating a syno- Psilochorus cambridgei Mello-Leita˜o, 1947b: 163 nym, but that the rudimentary description (name preoccupied: Gertsch and Davis, 1937). somehow nevertheless made its way into the Psilochorus browningi Roewer, 1951: 455 (re- final paper. placement name for Psilochorus cambridgei In sum, Blechroscelis irroratus and Psil- Mello-Leita˜o, 1947). NEW SYNONYMY. ochorus cambridgei Mello-Leita˜o (and its re- JUSTIFICATION OF SYNONYMIES: The list placement name P. browningi) seem to be above implies that one species was described synonyms of Blechroscelis aurantiacus, under three different names in a single paper. while Blechroscelis virescens might rather be Three factors seem to have worked together a synonym of Blechroscelis rubristernus (ϭ to create a probably unresolvable chaos con- cyaneus?!), although the specimen in the vial cerning the junior synonyms: (1) careless is also Blechroscelis aurantiacus. original descriptions; (2) confusion of fig- TYPES: Blechroscelis aurantiacus: 2( syn- ures; (3) the loss and/or probable confusion types from Cumina«, Para«, Brazil; date and of types. collector not given, in MNRJ, examined. Ble- First, the vial with Blechroscelis irroratus chroscelis irroratus:1& type from Breves, contains only a female, while also the male Para«, Brazil, no date (F. O. Pickard-Cam- was originally described. Mello-Leita˜o’s bridge), in BMNH (1897.9.21 501-508), ex- (1947b) figure of the epigynum does not cor- amined. Blechroscelis virescens:1( type 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 207

Figs. 801Ð806. Mesabolivar aurantiacus (Mello-Leita˜o), male. 801. Habitus, lateral view. 802–804. Prosoma, frontal, dorsal, and ventral views. 805. Left palp, prolateral view. 806. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (801Ð804), 0.5 mm (805Ð806). from Higher Potaro River, Guyana, no date chorus browningi: 1& type from Breves, (R. Lloyd?; this name is on the label, but Para«, Brazil, no date, in BMNH (1897.9.20 Mello-Leita˜o gives T. T. Quelch as collector), 501-508), examined. in BMNH (1897.8.5.3.8), examined. Psilo- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from M. rubris- 208 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 807Ð810. Mesabolivar aurantiacus (Mello-Leita˜o). 807. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 808– 809. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 810. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm. ternus by the procursus (less S-shaped, fig. trolateral apophysis, procursus slightly S- 806), and the epigynum (long median shaped, ending in distinct black spine (fig. groove, general shape, fig. 808), from M. 806; see also figs. 42Ð43). Tarsal organ ex- huanuco by the chelicerae (one pair of point- posed (fig. 81). Legs light brown, femora and ed contiguous apophyses, fig. 807), and the tibiae with light tips; femora 3 slightly thick- epigynum with median groove and pocket er than others; metatarsi 3 only with row of (fig. 808). spines ventrally (cf. M. huanuco, fig. 791); MALE (Cabo Frio): Total length 3.9, cara- legs without curved and vertical hairs; retro- pace width 1.4; leg 1: 67.9 (16.9ϩ0.7 lateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus ϩ15.6ϩ31.3ϩ3.3), tibia 2: 10.9, tibia 3: 8.3, 1 with over 35 pseudosegments. Opisthoso- tibia 4: 10.7; tibia 1 l/d: 110. Habitus as in ma oval, pointed posteriorly, greenish-gray fig. 801; carapace light brown, with slightly with many dark spots in groups dorsally (fig. darker brown pattern (fig. 803), ocular area 801); lung plates and rectangular genital slightly elevated (figs. 801Ð802), slightly plate light brown; gonopore without epian- darker laterally; distance PME-ALE about drous spigots; ALS with only one piriform 65% of PME diameter. Clypeus light brown; gland spigot each. sternum light brown to orange, wide (fig. VARIATION: Carapace width in Blechros- 804); chelicerae light brown with pair of celis aurantiacus syntypes: 1.6, 1.9; tibia 1 long, contiguous apophyses (fig. 807). Palps in 26 males (various localities): 12.4Ð18.1 (xø as in figs. 805Ð806, with distinct retrolateral ϭ 15.9). In some males the legs are much coxal apophysis, femur proximally with re- darker, the proximal segments almost black; 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 209

1989 (H. G. Fowler), 1( in MCZ; Manaus, ‘‘km 41 Reserve,’’ 1989Ð1992 (3 vials) (H. G. Fowler), 3& in MCZ; Manaus, Dimona Reserve, 1989Ð1992 (2 vials) (H. G. Fowl- er), 2( in MCZ; Morro dos Seis Lagos, Sa˜o Gabriel da Cachoeira (8Њ33ЈS, 58Њ21ЈW), Sept. 30, 1990 (A. A. Lise), 1( in MCP (7207). Para«: Cumina«: syntypes of B. auran- tiacus above; Breves: types of B. irroratus and P. browningi above; Caxiuna˜, Melgac¸o, Aug. 11, 1996 (A. A. Lise ‘‘et al.’’), 2( 2& in MCP (9423Ð26); Santare«m, Fa«tima de Ur- icurituba, Jan. 24, 1994 (A. D. Brescovit), Map 6. Known distribution of Mesabolivar ( aurantiacus (Mello-Leita˜o). 2 in MCN; Santare«m Forest, no date (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge), 7( 5& in BMNH (Ble- chroscelis cambridgei paratypes); Bele«m, but also in these, femora 3 are not darkened. July 1971 (T. McGrath), 1( in MCZ; Bele«m, Femora 3 are sometimes hardly thicker than Utinga, Nov. 10/21, 1963 (Oliveira & P. Wy- the others; in other males the difference is godzinski), 1( in AMNH; Breves, no date conspicuous. Opisthosoma sometimes with- (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge), 1( in BMNH out spots. (Blechroscelis cambridgei paratype); FEMALE (Manaus Reserves): Tibia 1 (N ϭ ‘‘Para«,’’ July 1911 (Stanford Expedition), 1( 9) 9.1Ð11.1 (xø ϭ 10.5). In general very sim- in MCZ; ‘‘Lower Amazonas,’’ no date (F. O. ilar to male, but metatarsi without spines, and Pickard-Cambridge) 1( in BMNH (Ble- legs never black. Epigynum light brown, chroscelis cambridgei paratype). Roraima: with characteristic long groove, anteriorly ei- Ilha de Maraca«, Jan. 31ÐFeb. 14, 1992 (A. ther flat or with rounded or pointed humps B. Bonaldo), 1& in MCP (1850). Mato Gros- (figs. 808Ð809 show an epigynum with so: ‘‘Villa Murtinho,’’ Mar. 28ÐApr. 3, 1922 rounded humps); dorsal view as in fig. 810. (J. H. Williams, J. W. Strohm), 2( 1& (2 DISTRIBUTION: Known from Brazil (Ama- vials), in MCZ; Acre: Rio Purus NW of Sena zonas, Para«, Mato Grosso, Acre), Surinam, Madureira, Seringal Santo Antonio (above Guyana, Trinidad, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Manuel Urbana), Sept. 15Ð18, 1973 (B. Pat- and Bolivia (map 6). terson), 1( in MCZ. SURINAM: Browns- MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Amazon- berg, Sept. 16, 1938 (Gerikes), 1( in as: Manaus: Reserva Ducke, Aug. 17Ð24, AMNH; Brownsberg, Brokopondo Prov. 1991, and Aug. 6Ð9, 1992 (2 vials) (A. D. (5Њ00ЈN, 55Њ27ЈW), Feb. 20, 1982 (D. Brescovit), 6( 7& in MCN; same locality, Smith), 1& in MCZ; Kaiserberg, airstrip, Aug. 3, 1987 (A. A. Lise), 3( 1& in MCN; Zuid River, 900 ft elev., 1960Ð1962 (H. A. same locality, Feb. 20, 1992 (A. A. Lise), Beatty) 2( in FMNH. GUYANA: Higher 14( 3& in MCP (1683); same locality, Mar. Potaro River: type of B. virescens above; 25, 1992 and June 10, 1992 (S. Darwich), Canje Ikuruwa River (Forest Savanna), 3( 1& in MCP (2723, 2847); same locality, Aug.ÐDec. 1961 (3 vials) (G. Brentley), 4( Nov. 8, 1991 (S. Magni), 1( 1& in MCP 3& 3 juveniles in AMNH; Essequibo River (1434); Manaus, Solimoes, Dec. 16Ð17, 1987 opposite Twasinki Mts, Sept. 25, 1937 (W. (E. H. Buckup), 1& in MCN; Manaus: Cabo G. Hassler), 1( in AMNH; Two Mouths (Es- Frio Reserve, 1989Ð1992 (12 vials) (H. G. sequibo), July 9, 1936 (Romiti), 1( 4& in Fowler, E. N. Vincticinque, C. Vieira), 11( MZF; Waratilla Creek, Apr. 29, 1936 (col- 6& in MCZ; Manaus, Colosso Reserve, Feb. lector not given), 1( in MZF; Tumaturai, 27ÐSept. 7, 1989 (8 vials) (H. G. Fowler, E. Sept. 19, 1936 (Romiti), 5( 2& in MZF; Ita- N. Vincticinque, C. Vieira), 7( 3& 1 juve- myaruma (Essequibo), July 29, 1936 (Rom- nile in MCZ; Manaus, Porto Alegre, 1989Ð iti), 1( 3& in MZF; Sand Wall, Apr. 17, 1992 (3 vials) (H. G. Fowler), 3( in MCZ; 1936, 1( in MZF. TRINIDAD: Port of Manaus, 80 km N city of Manaus, Sept. 23, Spain, 1913 (R. Thaxter), 1( in MCZ; Sim- 210 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 la, Arima Valley, Apr. 12Ð26, 1964 (4 vials) Beni, Sapecho, Aug. 1993 (H. Ho¬fer), 1( (A. M. Chickering), 4( 8& in AMNH; Ari- 1& in MCN; Beni: 16.8 mi SW Yucumo (ϳ ma Valley, 2000 ft elev., Feb. 1972 (J.A.L. 15Њ23ЈS, 66Њ59ЈW), ϳ 500 m elev., Nov. 15Ð Cooke), 1( in AMNH; St. George County, 19, 1989 (J. Coddington, C. Griswold, D. Arima, Spring Hill (‘‘web, roadside mud em- Silva, S. Larcher, E. Pen˜aranda), 3( 1& (3 bankment with depression’’), July 22, 1979 vials) in USNM. (L. N. Sorkin), 1( in AMNH; Simla Re- search Station and Asa Wright Nature Center, Mesabolivar cyaneomaculatus (Keyserling, Feb. 1Ð2, 1984 (J. Coddington), 3( 1& (3 1891), vials) in USNM; Navy Base, southwest Trin- new combination idad, Oct. 1944 (2 vials) (R. Ingle), 3( 2& in AMNH. COLOMBIA: Comissar«õa del Figures 811Ð819 Њ Ј Њ Ј Vaupe«s: Mitu« (1 08 N, 70 03 W), July 9Ð15, Pholcus cyaneo-maculatus Keyserling, 1891: 1990 (L. E. Pen˜a), 1( in AMNH; Rio Suar- 173Ð175, pl. 5: figs. 119aÐd. ez, 800Ð1000 m elev., Aug. 11Ð17, 1946 Blechroscelis cyaneo-maculatus / -a: Moenkhaus, (collector not given), 1( (and a female pro- 1898: 100Ð101. Ð Mello-Leita˜o, 1918: 107Ð soma) in AMNH. ECUADOR: Pastaza: Cu- 108. (Both authors simply translated Keyser- suimi (Cushueme), on Rio Cusuimi, 150 km ling’s original description, adding no new in- SE Puyo, 320 m elev., Apr. 1Ð5, and May formation). 15Ð31, 1971 (B. Malkin), 18( 7& (4 vials) Psilochorus cyaneomaculatus: Mello-Leita˜o, in FMNH. PERU: Loreto: Rio Samiria 1943: 155; 1947a: 2 (new records only). (4Њ43ЈS, 74Њ18ЈW), May 11Ð18, 1990 (D. Sil- Blechroscelis cyaneomaculatus: Mello-Leita˜o, va), 1( in MUSM; same locality, MayÐJune 1947c: 233 (new records only). 1990 (T. Erwin ‘‘et al.’’), ϳ 6( 10& (2 vials) Њ Ј TYPES: One male and one female syntypes in MUSM; Henaro Herrera (4 55 S, from Rio de Janeiro, no date (E. A. Go¬ldi), 73Њ45ЈW), ϳ 100 m elev., Aug. 24, 1988 (D. in BMNH (1890.7.1.8325-7), examined. (I Silva), 2& in MUSM; Yagua Indian village, have not seen Keyserling’s (1891) second headwaters of Rio Loreto-Yucu, Apr. 22Ð male and second female.) May 2, 1970 (B. Malkin), 1( in FMNH; DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from close rela- Ucayali, Pacullpa, Ivita, Rio Neshuya, July tives (M. botocudo, maxacali, iguazu) by the 19, 1986 (D. Silva) 1& in MUSM; Ucayali, Pacullpa: Bosque Nacional Alexander von single pair of frontal apophyses on the male Humboldt, July 30, 1986 (D. Silva) 2( 3& chelicerae (fig. 812); from these and M. bras- 1 juvenile in MUSM; Pasco: Huancabamba, iliensis also by the shape of the epigynum Quebrada Castillo, NW Iscozacin (10Њ10ЈS, and the posterior pocket (figs. 817Ð818). 75Њ15ЈW), 345 m elev., Sept. 10, 1988 (D. MALE (syntype): Measurements copied Silva), 3( in MUSM; Hua«nuco: Dantas-La from Keyserling (my measurements gave Molina, SW Puerto Inca (9Њ38ЈS, 75Њ00ЈW), only slightly different values, and all legs 270 m elev., May 19 and 27, 1987 (D. Silva), are loose): Total length 4.3, carapace width 3( 1& (2 vials) in MUSM; Madre de Dios: 1.7; leg 1 and 2 missing, tibia 3: 8.3, tibia 15 km E Puerto Maldonado (12Њ33ЈS, 4: 10.3. Habitus as in fig. 811; prosoma 69Њ03ЈW), 200 m elev., Feb. 24ÐMar. 2, 1990 shape similar to M. togatus (cf. figs. 852Ð (D. Silva), 2( 2& in MUSM; Zona Reser- 854); distance PME-ALE about 85% of vada Tambopata, June 9, 1988 (J. Codding- PME diameter. Carapace brown, darker me- ton), 2( (2 vials) in USNM; same locality, dially, ocular area also dark brown, clypeus Oct. 31ÐNov. 6, 1986 (A. Rypstra), 1& in brown, sternum orange brown. Chelicerae USNM; Zona Reservada Pakitza (11Њ56ЈS, brown with only one pair of black frontal 71Њ17ЈW), 356 m elev., May 9, 1991 (D. Sil- apophyses (fig. 812). Palps as in figs. 813, va), 1& in MUSM; same locality, May 1Ð6 816; procursus closely resembling M. boto- and Oct. 1Ð9, 1991 (D. Silva), 4( 4& (3 vi- cudo and maxacali, but with longer prola- als) in USNM; same locality, Sept. 28ÐOct. teral apophysis (compare fig. 814 with figs. 9, 1987 (D. Silva & J. Coddington), 7( 7& 872, 879). Legs light brown, tips of femora (9 vials) in USNM. BOLIVIA: La Paz: Alto and tibiae light. Opisthosoma greenish- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 211

Figs. 811Ð819. Mesabolivar cyaneomaculatus (Keyserling). 811. Male habitus, lateral view. 812. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 813. Left palp, prolateral view. 814. Tip of left procursus, prolateral view. 815. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 816. Left palp, retrolateral view. 817–818. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 819. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (811), 0.5 mm (812Ð813, 816Ð819), 0.1 mm (814Ð815).

brown, dorsally with blackish spots, genital 1.8; leg 1: 62.0 (14.8ϩ0.7ϩ14.8ϩ28.1ϩ3.6), plate light brown. tibia 2: 10.3, tibia 3: 6.7, tibia 4: 9.6; tibia 1 The following data are from a male from l/d: 86. Femora 2 and 3 thicker than others; Tereso«polis, Rio de Janeiro: Carapace width legs without spines, without curved and ver- 212 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 tical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia similar to M. cyaneomaculatus and togatus 1 at 1.8%; tarsus 1 with over 30 pseudo- (cf. figs. 811, 851Ð854); distance PME-ALE segments. about 100% of PME diameter. Carapace VARIATION: Tibia 1 in two males from Pico ochre, with brown median mark that radiates da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro: 16.1, 16.8. toward lateral margins; ocular area brown, FEMALE (syntype): Carapace width 1.7; clypeus ochre, sternum pale ochre. Chelic- tibia 1: 13.5. In general very similar to male. erae ochre with only one pair of black frontal Epigynum with pair of apophyses, and small apophyses, almost identical to M. cyaneo- pocket at rear side of frontal plate (figs. 817Ð maculatus (cf. fig. 812), but apophyses 818); internal genitalia with pair of pore slightly shorter in lateral view. Palp in gen- plates forming part of lateral walls of copu- eral very similar to M. cyaneomaculatus (cf. latory pouch (fig. 819). figs. 813, 816), procursus tip distinctive (figs. DISTRIBUTION: Mello-Leita˜o (1943, 1947a, 820Ð822). Legs ochre-brown, without c) gives Rio de Janeiro, Sa˜o Paulo, Rio curved and vertical hairs; all femora with Grande do Sul, Parana«, and Pernambuco as many short spines in several rows, more or known distribution (1947a: 2: ‘‘comum des- less evenly spread over segment (most on de Pernambuco ate« o Rio Grande do Sul’’). prolateral and ventral sides), tibiae with sim- I have only seen material from Rio de Ja- ilar spines concentrated ventrally; tarsus 4(?) neiro. with ϳ 25 pseudosegments; retrolateral tri- MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Ja- chobothrium of tibia 2(?) at 2.5%. Opistho- neiro: not further specified: types above; soma monochromous grayish-ochre, shape as Guanabara, Pico da Tijuca, 500Ð950 m elev., in M. cyaneomaculatus (cf. fig. 811). in forest, Apr. 17, 1965 (H. Levi), 2( in FEMALE (paralectotype): Carapace width MCZ; Tereso«polis, 900Ð1100 m elev., Nov. 1.6; leg 3 (the only leg still attached): 24.2 7Ð9, 1945 (H. Sick), 1( 1& in AMNH. (7.3ϩ0.6ϩ5.9ϩ9.3ϩ1.1). In general very similar to male, but apparently without Mesabolivar spinulosus (Mello-Leita˜o, spines on legs (loose legs that appear to be 1939), from female also have no spines). Epigynum new combination light brown, posteriorly protruding with Figures 820Ð825 pocket, anteriorly pair of humps (fig. 824); internal genitalia as in fig. 825. Blechroscelis spinulosus Mello-Leita˜o, 1939: 173. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- TYPES: Male lectotype and 1& paralecto- cality. type (designated herein) from Soledade, Pa- MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Para«õba: ra«õba, Brazil; no date (R. von Ihering), in types above. MNRJ (58365), examined. DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from most Mesabolivar ceruleiventris (Mello-Leita˜o, known congeners by the many short spines 1916), on the femora and tibiae of the male; M. new combination cambridgei has similar spines, but a different Figures 826Ð827 procursus and a flat epigynum; distinguished from the similar M. cyaneomaculatus also by Psilochorus ceruleiventris Mello-Leita˜o, 1916: the shape of the procursus (figs. 820Ð822); 12Ð13. Ð Mello-Leita˜o, 1918: 97Ð98 (copy of from other close relatives (M. botocudo, original description). maxacali, iguazu) also by the single pair of Psilochorus coeruleiventris: Roewer, 1942: 350: unjustified emendation. frontal apophyses on the male chelicerae; Psilochorus cæruleiventris: Bonnet, 1958: 3822: from these and M. brasiliensis also by the unjustified emendation. shape of the epigynum and the posterior pocket (fig. 824). TYPE: Female holotype (only the opistho- MALE (lectotype): Total length 5.0; cara- soma and parts of one leg are left) from Es- pace width 1.9; legs (only femora 2Ð4 were p«õrito Santo, Brazil; date and collector not still attached to the body): femora: 15.2(?), given, in MNRJ (851), examined. 11.6, 10.9, 11.9. Habitus and prosoma shape DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from similar 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 213

Figs. 820Ð825. Mesabolivar spinulosus (Mello-Leita˜o), male lectotype and female paralectotype. 820. Left procursus, prolateral view. 821. Left procursus tip, ϳ dorsal view. 822. Left procursus with cymbium, retrolateral view. 823. Male femur 1 at ϳ 4/5, prolateral view. 824. Epigynum, ventral view. 825. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

congeners (e.g., M. cyaneomaculatus, boto- tus comparable to those shown in figs. 811, cudo, maxacali, iguazu) by the shape of the 851; total length is given as 4 mm. epigynum with the anterior pocket and pos- The shape of the opisthosoma is like that terior apophyses (fig. 826). of M. cyaneomaculatus or togatus (cf. figs. MALE: Unknown. 811, 851); length 2.4. It is now monochrom- FEMALE: Judging from Mello-Leita˜o’s ous dark gray, but was originally ‘‘azul-es- (1916) original description, this spider is verdeado com manchas azues escuras, gran- probably similar to most southeast-Brazilian des, em duas series parallelas, no dorso.’’ representatives of Mesabolivar, with a habi- Epigynum brown, with anterior pocket and 214 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 826Ð829. Mesabolivar spp. 826Ð827. M. ceruleiventris (Mello-Leita˜o), female holotype. 826. Epigynum, ventral view. 827. Epigynum, dorsal view. 828Ð829. M. tandilicus (Mello-Leita˜o), female syntype. 828. Epigynum, ventral view. 829. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm. posterior apophyses (fig. 826); dorsal view as palps!) from Tandil, Prov. Buenos Aires, Ar- in fig. 827. Segments of accompanying leg: gentina; Dec. 1938 (M. Birabe«n), in MLP tibia: 9.3, metatarsus: 14.6, tarsus: 1.9 (which (14275), examined. is comparable to the first leg of close rela- NOTES: Mello-Leita˜o (1940b) writes ‘‘Tipo tives); tarsus of this leg with ϳ 25 pseudos- y alotipo ( :nos 14.275 y 14.276; . . .,’’ sug- egments. gesting that he is talking about a female ho- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- lotype and a male allotype, each in a separate cality. vial. In agreement with this, the label in vial MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Esp«õrito 14275 reads ‘‘Litoporus tandilicus Typus,’’ Santo: type above. i.e., singular. However, vial 14275 now con- tains two females and one male, and the lo- Mesabolivar tandilicus (Mello-Leita˜o, cation of vial 14276 is unknown. Possibly 1940), the contents of the two vials were combined new combination at some point (at this time the detached palps Figures 828Ð829 and chelicerae of the male were probably lost). Litoporus tandilicus Mello-Leita˜o, 1940b: 9Ð10, DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners figs. 10Ð12; 1944b: 312. of the southern group of species (see p. 191) TYPES: Two females (one without epigyn- by the shape of the epigynum (a pair of pos- um) and one male (without chelicerae and terior apophyses and a shallow anterior in- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 215

dentation: fig. 828), and apparently by the brown. Chelicerae light brown, with pair of cheliceral apophyses (facing upward, similar black distal apophyses and pair of weakly in lateral view to M. togatus: fig. 851; cf. fig. sclerotized proximal protrusions (figs. 834Ð 11 in Mello-Leita˜o, 1940b). 835). Palps as in figs. 830, 833, light to dark MALE: Habitus as in female (see below). brown; with distinct retrolateral coxal apoph- According to Mello-Leita˜o (1940b), the male ysis, femur proximally with rounded retro- chelicerae are provided proximally with pair lateral apophysis, distally with bulge (fig. of pointed, upward facing apophyses (cf. his 836), procursus weakly curved, with distinc- fig. 11); his drawing of the male palp (fig. tive tip (figs. 831Ð832). Tarsal organ ex- 12) is unfortunately from the prolateral side, posed. Legs brown, light at tips of femora i.e., the procursus is not shown. and tibiae, slightly darker rings just before FEMALE (type specimen with epigynum): light tips; legs without spines, without Total length 2.2; carapace width 0.8; leg 1: curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral tricho- (4.0ϩ0.3ϩ4.0ϩ5.9, tarsus missing), tibia 2: bothrium of tibia 1 at 2%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 2.7, tibia 3: 1.9, tibia 4: 2.6; tibia 1 l/d: 48. 25 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma greenish- Prosoma shape as in M. togatus (cf. figs. gray, with dark spots in pattern as in M. to- 851Ð854). Carapace ochre-yellow with dis- gatus (cf. figs. 851Ð852); genital plate tinct brown median band. Sternum whitish, brown; gonopore without epiandrous spigots; with light brown reticulate pattern. Legs light ALS with only one piriform gland spigot ochre, with darker rings on femora (distally), each (fig. 138). and tibiae (proximally and distally). Opistho- VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 7 males (including soma as illustrated for M. aurantiacus (cf. holotype): 8.8Ð12.3 (xø ϭ 10.7). fig. 801), with identical pattern of dark spots FEMALE (N ϭ 3): Total length 2.7Ð3.3; tib- shown there. Epigynum with pair of light ia 1: 6.5Ð7.2. In general very similar to male. posterior apophyses and anterior dark inden- Epigynum light to dark brown, with pair of tation (fig. 828); internal genitalia as shown low humps and conspicuous posterior pocket in fig. 829. (figs. 837Ð838); internal genitalia with large DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- oval pore plates, converging anteriorly (fig. cality. 839). MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: DISTRIBUTION: Known only from area Buenos Aires: types above. around the Iguazu« waterfalls (Argentina and Brazil). Mesabolivar iguazu, new species MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Mi- Figures 138, 830Ð839 siones: Parque Nacional Iguazu«: types above; same collectors: Dec. 23, 1990ÐJan. 6, 1991, TYPE: Male holotype from Parque Nacion- ‘‘Send. Macuco,’’ 180 m elev., 4( in al Iguazu«, Misiones, Argentina; 206 m elev., AMNH; Dec. 24, 1990ÐJan. 6, 1991, ‘‘Cent. ‘‘Empalme,’’ palm forest, Dec. 8, 1990ÐJan. Ecol.,’’ forest edge, 180 m elev., 1( in 6, 1991 (S. & J. Peck), in AMNH. AMNH; Jan. 1, 1991, ‘‘on rock face along ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. tourist trail,’’ 5( 4& some juveniles in The specific name is a noun in apposition. AMNH; Dec. 8, 1990ÐJan. 6, 1991, ‘‘Pto. DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of M. argenti- Canoas,’’ hill forest, 200 m elev., 2( in nensis, distinguished by the different shape AMNH. BRAZIL: Parana«: Foz do Iguac¸u, of the epigynum (figs. 837Ð838). Mar. 21Ð24, 1985 (H. &. L. Levi), 5( 3& 1 MALE (holotype): Total length 2.8, cara- juvenile (4 vials) in MCZ. pace width 1.3; leg 1: 40.8 (10.4ϩ0.5ϩ10.0 ϩ ϩ 18.0 1.9), tibia 2: 6.7, tibia 3: 5.1, tibia 4: Mesabolivar argentinensis (Mello-Leita˜o, 6.5; tibia 1 l/d: 83. Prosoma shape as in M. 1938), togatus (cf. figs. 852Ð854); distance PME- new combination ALE about 90% of PME diameter. Carapace Figures 840Ð842 light brown with darker lateral margins and central spot, ocular area dark brown, clypeus Litoporus argentinensis Mello-Leita˜o, 1938: 92, and sternum light brown, labium darker fig. 3; 1944b: 312. 216 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 830Ð836. Mesabolivar iguazu, n. sp., male. 830. Left palp, prolateral view. 831. Left pro- cursus, prolateral view. 832. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 833. Left palp, retrolateral view. 834– 835. Chelicerae, lateral and frontal views. 836. Left palpal femur, retrolaterodorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

TYPE: Female holotype from Monte Veloz, (scape with pocket more protruding, no Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina; no date (C. humps, internal structures different; figs. Bruch), in MLP (14031), examined. 841Ð842). DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of M. iguazu, MALE: Unknown. distinguished by the shape of the epigynum FEMALE (holotype): Total length 3.3; car- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 217

Figs. 837Ð842. Mesabolivar spp. 837Ð839. M. iguazu,n.sp.837–838. Epigynum, lateral and ventral views. 839. Epigynum, dorsal view. 840Ð842. M. argentinensis (Mello-Leita˜o), female holotype. 840. Ocular area, frontal view. 841. Epigynum, dorsal view. 842. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

apace width 1.1, length 0.9; opisthosoma Mesabolivar brasiliensis (Moenkhaus, length 2.3; leg 1: (6.3ϩ0.5ϩ6.2, rest miss- 1898), ing), tibia 2: 4.1, tibia 3: 3.3, tibia 4 missing; new combination tibia 1 l/d: 47. Habitus as in M. togatus (cf. Figures 843Ð850 figs. 851Ð854); distance PME-ALE about 80% of PME diameter. Prosoma ochre with Litoporus brasiliensis Moenkhaus 1898: 110Ð distinct brown median band dorsally. Legs 112, figs. 6, 6aÐc. Ð Mello-Leita˜o, 1918: 95Ð96 (Mello-Leita˜o just copied Moenkhaus’s descrip- yellowish, with dark rings on femora (sub- tion, without adding new information). distally) and tibiae (proximally), distal tips of Blechroscelis viridis Mello-Leita˜o, 1918: 105Ð femora and tibiae light, whitish; retrolateral 107, figs. 19Ð20. Ð Mello-Leita˜o, 1947a: 2. NEW trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%. Opisthosoma SYNONYMY. monochromous ochre, epigynum protruding posteriorly, with pocket (fig. 842); dorsal JUSTIFICATION OF SYNONYMY: The type view as in fig. 841. specimens of both species were compared DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- and showed no relevant differences. cality. TYPES: L. brasiliensis: male lectotype (des- MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: ignated herein) and 1& paralectotype, togeth- Buenos Aires: Monte Veloz: type above. er with four juveniles and two (probably fe- 218 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 843Ð850. Mesabolivar brasiliensis (Moenkhaus). 843. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 844–845. Left procursus of a male from Boraceia, Saleso«polis, prolateral (844), and retrolateral (845) views. 846– 847. Left procursus of a male from Tereso«polis, prolateral (846), and retrolateral (847) views. 848. Genital bulb, prolateral view. 849. Epigynum, dorsal view. 850. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

male) prosomata from Poc¸o Grande, ‘‘mar- er, or was misled by the unusually small and gem do Rio Juquia«,’’ Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; Jan. inconspicuous epigynum into believing that 1898 (W. Moenkhaus), in MZSP, examined. the females were juveniles, is not known. B. viridis: three male syntypes from Pinheiro, Whatever, it is highly probable that the ma- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; date and collector not terial above is at least conspecific (if not given, in MNRJ, examined. identic) with Moenkhaus’s original material. NOTE: Moenkhaus (1898) described only DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from the male. Whether he added the female(s) lat- known congeners by the tiny and inconspic- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 219

uous epigynum (fig. 850), and the distally to Mello-Leita˜o (1947a) also in Minas Ger- widened and sclerotized procursus (figs. ais. 844Ð845). MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Sa˜o Pau- MALE: The L. brasiliensis lectotype is in lo: Poc¸o Grande: L. brasiliensis types above; poor general condition, completely bleached Boraceia Saleso«polis, 800 m elev., Oct. 21Ð and colorless, with only one femur 3 left 25, 1963 (Oliveira & P. Wygodzinski), 2( from the legs. Measurements copied from 3& in AMNH. Rio de Janeiro: Pinheiro: B. Moenkhaus (1898): Total length 3.0; cara- viridis types above; Ilha Grande, sea level, pace width 1.0; leg 1: 57.9 (15.5ϩ0.5ϩ12.5 May 20, 1944 (H. Sick), 1( 1 juvenile in ϩ27.0ϩ2.4), tibia 2: 9.5, tibia 3: 7.5, tibia 4: AMNH; Tereso«polis, 950 m elev., Mar. 1979 8.5. Measurements of B. viridis syntypes: (C. W. Myers), 1( assigned tentatively, in carapace width (N ϭ 3) 1.1Ð1.3; tibia 1 (N AMNH; Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca Mtn., Aug. ϭ 1) 10.0. 1983 (I. Stupakoff) 1& in AMNH. Parana«: The following description is based on ma- Serra da Graciosa, Morretes, Jan. 9Ð20, 1995 terial from Boraceia, Saleso«polis: Prosoma (Lab. Aracnologia), 2( in MCP (7208 part). shape similar to M. togatus (cf. figs. 852Ð 854), orange ochre; distance PME-ALE Mesabolivar togatus (Keyserling, 1891), about 100% of PME diameter. Chelicerae new combination with pair of black, distal apophyses and very Figures 851Ð863 inconspicuous pair of more proximal, un- sclerotized light protrusions (fig. 843). Palp Pholcus togatus Keyserling, 1891: 172Ð173, pl. 5: figs. 118, 118aÐc. generally as in M. guapiara (cf. figs. 864Ð Coryssocnemis togatus / -a: Moenkhaus 1898: 95. 865), with distinctive procursus (figs. 844Ð Ð Mello-Leita˜o, 1918: 103 (both authors simply 845), and simple bulb (fig. 848). Legs or- translated Keyserling’s original description, and ange-ochre, with very distinct brown bands added poorly specified new records). on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximal- Pholcus coeruleus Keyserling, 1891: 171; pl. 5: ly and subdistally), tips of femora and tibiae figs. 116, 116a, NEW SYNONYMY. light; femora 2 significantly thicker than oth- Blechroscelis coruleus [sic] / coerulea/-us/ ers; legs without spines, without curved and cærulea: Moenkhaus 1898: 101. Ð Mello-Lei- vertical hairs; tibia 1 l/d: 77; retrolateral tri- ta˜o, 1918: 108 (both authors simply translated chobothrium of tibia 1 at 1.8%; tarsus 1 with Keyserling’s original description). Ð Mello-Lei- ta˜o, 1940c: 21; 1947c: 233. Ð Bonnet, 1955: over 40 pseudosegments (difficult to count!). 890. Opisthosoma monochromous ochre-yellow (Moenkhaus described it as light green), JUSTIFICATION OF SYNONYMY: The compar- shape very similar to that of M. huanuco (cf. ison of the type material of Pholcus togatus fig. 782). Keyserling and Pholcus coeruleus Keyser- VARIATION: The single male from Tereso«- ling with the two males and six females col- polis, Rio de Janeiro, showed some differ- lected together (see below) leaves no doubt ences that might be significant; it is therefore about the synonymy. only tentatively assigned to the species. It TYPES: Pholcus togatus: two male synty- was slightly larger (total length 3.9), with a pes from ‘‘Fazenda Sergio Potta de Castro,’’ relatively shorter tibia 1 (10.7), had only Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, no date (E. A. Go¬ldi), very faint rings on the legs, and a slightly in BMNH (1890.7.1.8328), examined. Phol- different procursus (figs. 846Ð847). cus coeruleus: female holotype from Rio de FEMALE (Boraceia, Saleso«polis): Carapace Janeiro, Brazil, no date (E. A. Go¬ldi), in width (N ϭ 3) 1.0Ð1.1; tibia 1: 8.5 (tibia 1 BMNH, examined. in paralectotype: 7.5). Epigynum very small DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from con- in relation to opisthosoma and of same color, geners by the large transverse ridges on the only slightly protruding, with tiny median male chelicerae in addition to the proximal pocket (fig. 850); internal genitalia with pair pair of pointed apophyses (figs. 854, 860). of relatively large pore plates (fig. 849). MALE (P. togatus syntype): Measurements DISTRIBUTION: Known from Sa˜o Paulo, Pa- copied from Keyserling (1891) (my mea- rana«, and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). According surements gave only slightly different values, 220 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 851Ð856. Mesabolivar togatus (Keyserling), male. 851–852. Habitus, lateral and dorsal views. 853. Prosoma, frontal view. 854. Prosoma, ventral view. 855. Left palp, prolateral view. 856. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (851Ð854), 0.5 mm (855Ð856). and most legs are either loose or missing): brown spot medially, eight eyes on moder- Total length 5.5; carapace width 2.0; leg 1: ately elevated ocular area; distance PME- 71.5 (18.0ϩ1.0ϩ17.2ϩ32.1ϩ3.2), tibia 2: ALE about 85% of PME diameter. Clypeus 12.7, tibia 3: 7.3, tibia 4: 11.4. Habitus and ochre, sternum orange-brown. Chelicerae prosoma shape as in figs. 851Ð854. Carapace brown with distinctive pair of frontal, heavily with distinct thoracic groove, ochre with sclerotized ridges and pair of more proximal, 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 221

Figs. 857Ð863. Mesabolivar togatus (Keyserling). 857. Left procursus tip, retrolateral view. 858. Tip of embolar division of left bulb, retrolateral view. 859. Male left palpal femur, retrolateral view. 860. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 861–862. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 863. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (859Ð863), 0.1 mm (857Ð858).

pointed apophyses (fig. 860). Palps as in figs. trally light brown, with large brown genital 855Ð856, light brown with dark brown pro- plate. cursus; distinct retrolateral coxal apophysis, FEMALE (P. coeruleus holotype): Total femur proximally with rounded retrolateral length 4.9, carapace width 1.7; leg 1: 50.9 apophysis and distal bulge (fig. 859); pro- (12.9ϩ0.7ϩ12.5ϩ22.0ϩ2.8), tibia 2: 8.4, tib- cursus simple, widely curved rod, with rel- ia 3: 5.6, tibia 4: 8.4; tibia 1 l/d: 70. In gen- atively simple tip (figs. 856Ð857), bulb also eral very similar to male; femora and tibiae simple (figs. 855, 858). Legs light brown, with light distal tips. Epigynum as in figs. slightly darker rings on femora (subdistally) 861Ð862, light to dark brown; internal geni- and tibiae (proximally); femora 2 and 3 talia with pair of large pore plates that delim- thicker than 1 and 4; legs without spines, it copulatory chamber laterally (fig. 863). without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral VARIATION: Tibia 1 in three males (includ- trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 with ing Keyserling’s measurement): 16.8Ð17.5 ϳ 35 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma ochre- (tibia 1 l/d: 84); total length in five females gray, dorsally with dark spots (fig. 852), ven- from Sumare, Rio de Janeiro: 4.3Ð5.6 (xø ϭ 222 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 864Ð868. Mesabolivar guapiara, n. sp., male holotype. 864. Left palp, prolateral view. 865. Left palp, retrolateral view. 866. Chelicerae, frontal view. 867. Left procursus tip, prolateral view. 868. Left procursus tip, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.

4.8); tibia 1 in same females: 11.9Ð13.9 (xø MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Ja- ϭ 13.2). In the males from Sumare, Rio de neiro: types above; Sumare, cidade Rio de Janeiro, the tips of femora and tibiae are Janeiro, 200Ð300 m elev., Jan. 1946 (H. light, like those of the P. coeruleus holotype. Sick), 2( 6& 1 juvenile in AMNH. DISTRIBUTION: Mello-Leita˜o (1918) claimed to have material from ‘‘varias local- Mesabolivar guapiara, new species idades dos Estados de S. Paolo e Rio de Ja- Figures 864Ð868 neiro,’’ and later (Mello-Leita˜o, 1940c, TYPE: Male holotype from Fazenda Inter- 1947c) cites material from Para« and Parana«. vales, 15 km E Guapiara, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; I have only seen material from Rio de Ja- 700 m elev., Feb. 1990 (W. G. Eberhard), in neiro, Brazil. MCZ. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 223

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the town near the the male chelicerae; from both species by the type locality. The specific name is a noun in epigynum, which has an indistinct median apposition. groove, but lacks a real pocket (fig. 873). DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of M. brasilien- MALE (holotype): Total length 4.9, carapace sis, easily distinguished by the shape of the width 1.6; leg 1: 63.1 (15.2ϩ0.8ϩ15.2 procursus (figs. 867Ð868). ϩ28.3ϩ3.6), tibia 2: 10.9, tibia 3: 6.3, tibia 4: MALE (holotype): Total length 4.8, cara- 9.7; tibia 1 l/d: 91. Prosoma shape as in M. pace width 2.1; leg 1: 71.0 (17.9ϩ0.9ϩ17.2 togatus (cf. figs. 851Ð854). Carapace light ϩ32.1ϩ3.2), tibia 2: 11.6, tibia 3: 8.7, tibia brown, darker medially; ocular area brown; 4: 11.1; tibia 1 l/d: 81. Prosoma shape as in distance PME-ALE about 100% of PME di- M. togatus (cf. figs. 851Ð854); distance ameter. Clypeus light brown, sternum light PME-ALE about 85% of PME diameter. Car- brown to orange. Chelicerae brown, with two apace ochre-yellow, with brown median pairs of black apophyses (figs. 869Ð870). mark, ocular area brown, clypeus ochre-yel- Palps as in M. togatus (cf. figs. 855Ð856), low, sternum light orange-ochre. Chelicerae light brown, only tip of procursus dark; pro- light brown, with pair of black distal apoph- cursus with short rounded prolateral apophy- yses and pair of weakly sclerotized proximal sis (fig. 872), otherwise very similar to M. protrusions (fig. 866). Palps as in figs. 864Ð cyaneomaculatus and M. botocudo (see figs. 865, ochre-yellow to light brown; with dis- 814, 879). Legs light to dark brown, femora tinct retrolateral coxal apophysis, femur very and tibiae with light tips that are preceded by large, proximally with rounded retrolateral slightly darker rings; femora 3 thicker than apophysis, distally only widened; procursus others; legs without spines, without curved strongly curved, with distinctive tip (figs. and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium 867Ð868). Legs ochre, femora and tibiae of tibia 1 at 1.6%; tarsus 1 with over 30 pseu- with light tips; femora 2 and 3 stronger than dosegments. Opisthosoma greenish-gray, with others; legs without spines, without curved blackish spots in pattern as in M. togatus (cf. and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium fig. 852); genital plate light brown to orange. of tibia 1 at 1.9%. Opisthosoma greenish- VARIATION: Tibia 1 in three males (includ- gray, with dark greenish spots in pattern as ing holotype): 14.5Ð15.2. in M. togatus (cf. fig. 852). FEMALE (paratypes): Tibia 1 (N ϭ 3) 10.5Ð FEMALE: Unknown. 12.3. In general very similar to male. Epi- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- gynum dark brown anteriorly, with indistinct cality. median groove and barely recognizable MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Sa˜o Pau- pocket (fig. 873), slightly elevated (fig. 874); lo: 15 km E Guapiara: type above. internal genitalia with large pore plates, con- fining uterus externus laterally (fig. 875). Mesabolivar maxacali, new species DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- Figures 869Ð875 cality. MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Minas TYPES: Male holotype, 3( 5& paratypes, Gerais: ‘‘Mina Serinha,’’ Diamantina: types and 2 juveniles from ‘‘Mina Serinha,’’ Dia- above. mantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Jan.ÐMar. 1945 (E. Cohn), in AMNH. Mesabolivar botocudo, new species ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun Figures 876Ð882 in apposition honoring the Maxacal«õ. Once a large tribe, they are now reduced to fewer TYPE: Male holotype from ‘‘Mina Serin- than 500 people, living at government Indian ha,’’ Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Jan.Ð posts in Minas Gerais. Mar. 1945 (E. Cohn), in AMNH. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from M. iguazu ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun by the proximal apophyses on the male che- in apposition honoring the Botocudo people, licerae (facing downwards; figs. 869Ð870), who once occupied a wide stretch of forest from M. botocudo and cyaneomaculatus by in Minas Gerais and Esp«õrito Santo. They are the presence of two pairs of apophyses on now reduced to perhaps 50 people. 224 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 869Ð875. Mesabolivar maxacali,n.sp.869–870. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 871. Left procursus, ϳ retrolateral view. 872. Left procursus, prolateral view. 873–874. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 875. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of M. cyaneo- (cf. figs. 813, 816), light brown, only tip of maculatus and M. maxacali, distinguished by procursus dark; procursus with short, round- the single pair of long and pointed apophyses ed prolateral apophysis (fig. 879), otherwise on the male chelicerae (figs. 876Ð877), the similar to M. cyaneomaculatus and M. max- tip of the procursus (figs. 878Ð879), and the acali (cf. figs. 814, 872). Legs brown, femora epigynum with large apophyses and tiny and tibiae with light tips; femora 1 and 2 pocket in anterior position (figs. 880Ð881). thickest; legs without spines, without curved MALE (holotype): Total length 3.2, cara- and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium pace width 1.4; leg 1: 30.3 (7.9ϩ0.6ϩ7.5 of tibia 1 at 2.3%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 25 pseu- ϩ12.3ϩ2.0), tibia 2: 5.1(?), tibia 3: 3.6, tibia dosegments. Opisthosoma greenish-gray, 4: 5.3; tibia 1 l/d: 45. Prosoma shape as in with blackish spots in pattern as in M. to- M. togatus (cf. figs. 851Ð854); distance gatus (cf. fig. 852); large brown genital plate. PME-ALE about 100% of PME diameter. FEMALE (type locality): Total length (N ϭ Carapace light brown, darker medially; ocu- 10) 2.0Ð2.8 (xø ϭ 2.5), tibia 1 (N ϭ 8) 5.1Ð lar area brown, clypeus and sternum light 5.7 (xø ϭ 5.5). In general very similar to brown. Chelicerae light brown, with pair of male; some females with slightly darker long pointed apophyses, only tips black (figs. rings before distal light tips on femora and 876Ð877). Palps as in M. cyaneomaculatus tibiae. Epigynum light brown, with pair of 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 225

Figs. 876Ð882. Mesabolivar botocudo,n.sp.876–877. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 878. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 879. Left procursus, prolateral view. 880–881. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views (arrow points to position of pocket; pocket itself visible only in anterior view). 882. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

large lateral apophyses (fig. 881) and incon- above; same locality, same collector, all in spicuous anterior(!) pocket (fig. 880); inter- AMNH: Jan.ÐMar., 1945, 3( 8&; Dec. 1944, nal genitalia with large pore plates, confining 1( 2& 1 juvenile; no date, 3&. uterus externus laterally (fig. 882). VARIATION: Tibia 1 in three males (includ- Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling, ing holotype): 7.3Ð7.5. 1891), DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- new combination cality. Figures 55, 883Ð894 MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Minas Pholcus cyaneo-taeniatus Keyserling, 1891: 176Ð Gerais: ‘‘Mina Serinha,’’ Diamantina: type 177, pl. 6: figs. 121, 121aÐb. 226 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 883Ð888. Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling), male. 883–884. Habitus, lateral and dor- sal views. 885. Left palp, prolateral view. 886. Left procursus, prolateral view. 887. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 888. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 2.0 mm (883Ð884), 0.3 mm (885Ð888).

Blechroscelis cyaneo-taeniatus / -a/ cyaneotæniata: TYPES: Male lectotype (designated herein), Moenkhaus, 1898: 99Ð100. Ð Mello-Leita˜o, 3& paralectotypes from ‘‘Miracena, St. An- 1918: 105. (Both authors simply translated tonio at Rio Pomba,’’ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Keyserling’s original description, adding no no date (E. A. Go¬ldi), in BMNH (0321-4), new information except records.) Ð Bonnet, 1955: 891. Ð Mello-Leita˜o, 1946: 55Ð56, erro- examined. neous synonymization of Blechroscelis azurea NOTES: There are no palps left with the Badcock and Oxon (see Notes below). Ð Huber, male lectotype. However, there is no reason- 1999: figs. 12Ð13. able doubt that the additional material stud- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 227

Figs. 889Ð894. Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling). 889–890. Male metatarsus at ϳ 2/5 and at ϳ 4/5 of length, with ventral row of spines. 891. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 892–893. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 894. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

ied herein is in fact conspecific with the lec- specific, and not even as similar as noted by totype: Keyserling’s (1891) figs. 121, 121aÐ Badcock and Oxon (1932): Mesabolivar b clearly show the unique dorsal protrusion azureus (Badcock and Oxon, 1932), new on the procursus, the cylindrical opisthosoma combination. and the shape of the epigynum. DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from con- Mello-Leita˜o (1946) synonymized Ble- geners by the cylindrical opisthosoma (figs. chroscelis azurea Badcock and Oxon, 1932 883Ð884), by the rounded dorsal protrusion with the present species. I have seen the male on the procursus (figs. 886Ð888), and the and female syntypes of B. azurea, and there rather flat epigynum with distinctive poste- is no doubt that this is a good species. (I rior pocket (figs. 892Ð893). received the material too late to include a MALE (lectotype): Total length 5.9, cara- redescription in the present paper.) The male pace width 2.0; leg 1 missing, tibia 2: 10.9, has a very different procursus (somewhat re- tibia 3: 8.1, tibia 4: 9.4. Habitus as in figs. sembling that of M. guapiara: fig. 865), the 883Ð884; distance PME-ALE about 80% of chelicerae are intermediate between figs. 891 PME diameter. Carapace ochre with brown and 897. The epigynum is very similar to M. central and lateral marks, ocular area and cyaneotaeniatus (fig. 892), but relatively nar- clypeus ochre, sternum ochre, turning grad- rower. In sum, B. azurea is certainly conge- ually brown toward center. Chelicerae light neric with M. cyaneotaeniatus, but not con- brown with only one pair of black, frontal 228 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 apophyses (fig. 891). Palps as in figs. 885, Graciosa, Morretes, Jan. 9Ð20, 1995 (Lab. 888, ochre to brown; procursus with distinc- Aracnologia), 1( 1& in MCP (7208 part). tive dorsal protrusion and distal spinelike apophysis (figs. 886Ð887). Tarsal organ ex- Mesabolivar cambridgei (Mello-Leita˜o, posed. Legs light brown, distal tips of femora 1947), and tibiae light; femora with many vertical new combination hairs in two dorsal stripes; metatarsi 2 and 3 Figures 895Ð901 with ventral row of short spines with rounded tips (figs. 889Ð890). Opisthosoma pale Blechroscelis cambridgei Mello-Leita˜o, 1947b: 160, fig. 3 (fig. 2 from non-conspecific female; greenish-ochre, with several dark-greenish see Notes below). stripes (a dorsal pair, lateral pair, and ventral stripe behind genital plate), each stripe con- TYPES: Male holotype (with only right sisting of many contiguous spots; lung plates pedipalp), 1& paratype, from forest at San- brown, genital plate rectangular, brown; tare«m, Para«, Brazil; no date (F. O. Pickard- gonopore without epiandrous spigots; ALS Cambridge), in BMNH, examined; 6( 4& with only one piriform gland spigot each. paratypes, some juveniles from Monte Ale- Measurements of male from Jardim Botan- gre, Para«, Jan. 1896 (F. O. Pickard-Cam- ico, Rio de Janeiro: leg 1: 68.1 bridge), in BMNH, examined; 1& paratype (17.7ϩ0.8ϩ15.7ϩ31.1ϩ2.8), tibia 2: 10.4, from Breves, Para«, no date (F. O. Pickard- tibia 3: 7.7, tibia 4: 8.9; tibia 1 l/d: 74; retro- Cambridge), in BMNH, examined; 1& par- lateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus atype from ‘‘Lower Amazonas,’’ Para«, no 1 with over 30 pseudosegments. date (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge), in BMNH, VARIATION: Tibia 1 in three males: 14.7Ð examined. 15.7. NOTES: Mello-Leita˜o (1947b) designated a FEMALE (paralectotypes): Carapace width holotype and paratypes, but the identity of 1.7, leg 1 missing, tibia 3 (N ϭ 3) 5.4Ð5.8. the holotype is not clear. I received from the In general very similar to male, but femora BMNH seven vials labeled by Mello-Leita˜o without vertical hairs. Epigynum only slight- ‘‘Blechroscelis cambridgei,’’ two of which ly elevated where pocket is situated (figs. were labeled as ‘‘Type’’ and ‘‘typi’’, respec- 892Ð893), internal genitalia with pair of large tively. One of them contained specimens oval pore plates (fig. 894). from the type locality (Santare«m): a male that DISTRIBUTION: Apparently widely distrib- is very probably conspecific with the male uted throughout eastern Brazil. I have seen whose palp Mello-Leita˜o’s (1947b) fig. 3 material from the states Rio de Janeiro, Sa˜o shows, and a female that is conspecific with Paulo, Parana«, and Para«. Mello-Leita˜o (1946) the male. The second ‘‘type-vial’’ contained also cites Espõ«rito Santo and Rio Grande do two specimens from ‘‘Lower Amazonas’’: Sul. one male Mesabolivar aurantiacus (Mello- MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Ja- Leita˜o), and one male Carapoia fowleri,n. neiro: ‘‘Miracena, St. Antonio at Rio Pom- sp. From this it is clear that the first vial con- ba’’: types above; Parque Nac. Tijuca, road tains the ‘‘real’’ types. Since the male from to Paineiras, Apr. 1, 1987 (L. Levi), 1( 1 this vial fits Mello-Leita˜o’s drawing (his fig. juvenile in MCZ; Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Bo- 3), while the female does not, I assume here- tanico, Apr. 2, 1987 (H. & L. Levi), 1( 2 in that the male is the actual holotype. juveniles in MCZ; Guanabara, June 1971 (T. The other five vials (Mello-Leita˜o’s ‘‘nu- McGrath), 3& 4 juveniles in MCZ; Guana- merous paratypes’’) contained several differ- bara, Floresta dos Macacos, Feb. 1961 (M. ent species, up to five species per vial. Tech- Alvarenga), 1& in AMNH. Sa˜o Paulo:Sa˜o nically, these are all paratypes (ICZN, 1999: Paulo, Jardim Botanico, Mar. 9Ð10, 1985 (H. Art. 72.4.2). Three vials (from Monte Alegre, & L. Levi), 3( 3& 1 juvenile (2 vials) in Breves, ‘‘Lower Amazonas’’) contained ma- MCZ; Sa˜o Paulo, Jardim Botanico, Agua terial conspecific with the lectotype (see Funda, July 7, 1962 (P. de Biasi & A. F. Ar- Types above). One vial (Santare«m Forest) cher), 2& in AMNH. Para´: Bele«m, July 1971 contained a very close relative of M. cam- (T. McGrath), 1( in MCZ; Parana´: Serra da bridgei, but with the cheliceral apophyses 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 229

Figs. 895Ð901. Mesabolivar cambridgei (Mello-Leita˜o), male lectotype and female paralectotype. 895. Right palp, retrolateral view. 896. Right palp, prolateral view. 897. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 898–900. Right procursus, retrolateral (898), prolateral (899), and ϳ dorsal (900) views. 901. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (895Ð896, 901), 0.1 mm (897Ð900). more proximal and farther apart, and with a identified females (one similar to Mesaboli- slightly different procursus tip (the proximal var spinulosus, one possibly conspecific with tooth on the distal spine is missing, among the close relative of M. cambridgei men- other differences). The other species includ- tioned above). This probably explains two ed were Mesabolivar aurantiacus, Carapoia errors in Mello-Leita˜o’s (1947b) paper: his fowleri, Physocyclus globosus, and two un- fig. 2 is probably from a M. aurantiacus fe- 230 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 male, and his observation that the femora 3 400 m elev., grassland, Feb.ÐApr. 1969 are thicker than the others probably comes (Xavant-Cachimbo Exp.), in MCZ. from a M. aurantiacus or C. fowleri male. ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Xingu River. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners The specific name is a noun in apposition. by the procursus, which ends in a semitrans- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from described parent, bifurcated lamina and a laterally pro- congeners by the prominent sclerotized ridg- jecting apophysis with a proximal tooth (figs. es on the ventral side of the procursus (figs. 898Ð900); by the male chelicerae with a pair 903, 906), and the armature of the chelicerae of short frontal apophyses close to the me- (fig. 904). The MCP has three male speci- dian line (fig. 897); and by the simple epi- mens of a closely related species, from ‘‘Por- gynum without pocket or groove (fig. 901). to Cercado, MF,’’ differing slightly with re- MALE (holotype): Total length ϳ 3.5 (op- spect to procursus shape and cheliceral ar- isthosoma shrunken), carapace width 1.45; mature. ϩ ϩ ϩ leg 1: (12.9 0.6 11.7 23.7, tarsus miss- MALE (holotype): Total length 2.8, cara- ing), tibia 2: 7.3, tibia 3: 5.4, tibia 4: 6.6; pace width 1.3; leg 1: (8.9ϩ0.5ϩ8.9ϩ14.9, tibia 1 l/d: 85. Prosoma very similar to M. tarsus missing), tibia 3: 4.0; tibia 1 l/d: 79. huanuco (cf. figs. 782Ð784); carapace and Habitus and prosoma shape similar to M. clypeus orange-ochre, sternum pale ochre; eberhardi (cf. figs. 769Ð771); distance PME- chelicerae orange-ochre with light brown ALE about 80% of PME diameter. Carapace frontal apophyses (fig. 897). Palps as in figs. brown, with dark spot behind ocular area, oc- 895Ð896, rounded but distinct retrolateral ular area and clypeus brown, sternum light coxal apophysis, femur proximally with large brown, with darker labium. Chelicerae light retrolateral apophysis, procursus ending in brown, with pair of basal humps, three pairs semitransparent, bifurcated lamina and lat- of black-pointed apophyses, and pair of cir- erally projecting apophysis (figs. 898Ð900), cular depressions (fig. 904). Palps as in figs. bulb with strong distal apophysis ventrally, 902Ð903, very strong, dark brown, with dis- and membranous elements dorsally (figs. tinct retrolateral coxal apophysis, femur 895Ð896). Legs orange to light brown, fem- proximally with small roundish retrolateral ora and tibiae with light tips, all femora protrusion, distally very enlarged, procursus about same thickness; femora with many light, short spines in ventral bands; legs with- with distinctive black, sclerotized ridges ven- out vertical and curved hairs. Opisthosoma trally and semitransparent flaps dorsally pointed posteriorly (similar to M. huanuco, (figs. 903, 906), bulb light brown, with trans- cf. fig. 782), gray with two pairs of stripes parent distal elements (fig. 905). Legs brown, consisting of many dark spots. tibiae with slightly lighter tips; legs without FEMALE (paratype): Total length 4.7, cara- spines, without curved and vertical hairs; re- pace width 1.3, tibia 2: 5.6, tibia 4: 5.3 (oth- trolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 2.5%. ers missing). In general very similar to male, Opisthosoma pale greenish-ochre. but femora without spines, and dark stripes FEMALE: Unknown. on opisthosoma more distinct. Epigynum DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- simple plate (fig. 901). cality. VARIATION: Tibia 1 in other male: 11.5, MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Mato other female: 9.3. Some males had spines Grosso: 260 km N Xavantina: type above. also proximally on the tibiae. One male had also curved hairs on the legs. Mesabolivar luteus (Keyserling, 1891), DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Brazil, new combination Para«. Figures 907Ð915 MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Para´: Pholcus luteus Keyserling, 1891: 171Ð172, figs. types above. 117, 117a. Mesabolivar xingu, new species Litoporus luteus: Moenkhaus 1898: 104. Ð Mello- Leita˜o, 1918: 93. (Both Moenkhaus and Mello- Figures 902Ð906 Leita˜o simply translated Keyserling’s original TYPE: Male holotype from 260 km N Xav- description; apart from the transfer to Litopo- antina (Chavantina), Mato Grosso, Brazil; rus, no new information was added.) 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 231

Figs. 902Ð906. Mesabolivar xingu, n. sp., male holotype. 902. Left palp, prolateral view. 903. Left palp, retrolateral view. 904. Chelicerae, frontal view. 905. Embolar division of left bulb, prolateral view. 906. Left procursus, prolateroventral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (902Ð903), 0.2 mm (904Ð906).

Pholcus imbecillus Keyserling, 1891: 170, figs. 473. Ð Huber, 1997b: 587Ð588, figs. 10Ð11. 115, 115a. NEW SYNONYMY. NEW SYNONYMY. Litoporus imbecilis [sic]: Moenkhaus 1898: 103Ð Litoporus fulvus Moenkhaus, 1898: 105Ð107, figs. 104. (Moenkhaus simply translated Keyser- 4, 4aÐc. Ð Mello-Leita˜o, 1918: 94. (Mello-Lei- ling’s original description; apart from the trans- ta˜o simply copied Moenkhaus’s original de- fer to Litoporus, no new information was add- scription and two of his illustrations.) Treated ed.) as a junior synonym of L. imbecillus by Roewer Litoporus imbecillus: Mello-Leita˜o, 1918: 93. (1942) but not by Bonnet (1957). NEW SYNON- (Mello-Leita˜o simply translated Keyserling’s YMY. original description; no new information was added.) JUSTIFICATION OF SYNONYMIES: The male Litoporus coccineus Simon, 1893b: 479Ð483, fig. type specimens of Pholcus luteus Keyserling, 232 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 907Ð915. Mesabolivar luteus (Keyserling). 907. Left procursus, retrolateral (slightly dorsal) view. 908. Left procursus, prolateral view. 909. Left procursus and cymbium, retrolateral view. 910. Left male femur 3, retrolateral view. 911. Left male palpal femur, prolateral view. 912. Embolar division of left bulb, prolateral view. 913. Epigynum of female from Parque Nacional do Iguac¸u, ventral view. 914. Epigynum of female from same locality, ventral view. 915. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

Litoporus coccineus Simon, and Litoporus livar the pocket in the epigynum. Geograph- fulvus Moenkhaus were compared, and are ically, Litoporus seems to be absent from clearly conspecific. The female type speci- southern Brazil, while Mesabolivar is ex- mens of Pholcus imbecillus Keyserling were tremely diverse there. collected at the same site as the male type TYPES: Pholcus luteus: three male synty- specimens of Pholcus luteus, and the com- pes from Rio de Janeiro (‘‘Miracena, Fazen- parison with new material of both sexes con- da Sergio Potta de Castro’’), Brazil; no date firms their conspecificity. (E. A. Go¬ldi), in BMNH (BM 1890.7.1 JUSTIFICATION OF TRANSFER: This species 8310-3), examined. Pholcus imbecillus: five has some similarities with Litoporus in over- female syntypes, and three penultimate males all habitus and eye pattern, but lacks the from Rio de Janeiro (‘‘Miracena, Serra Ver- characteristic high ratio of femur 1/tibia 1 of mella, Fazenda Sergio Potta de Castro’’) Bra- Litoporus, and shares with typical Mesabo- zil; no date (E. A. Go¬ldi), in BMNH (BM 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 233

1890.7.1 8314.20), examined. (The vial in- on all femora, though in lowest numbers on cludes one specimen of another species.) Li- femur 1, and the chelicerae lacked the prox- toporus coccineus: male lectotype, 6( para- imal pair of humps (like in the Litoporus ful- lectotypes from Rio de Janeiro, ‘‘Curuc¸a«,’’ vus types). Even in these specimens the op- Brazil; no date (see Huber, 1997b), in isthosoma was monochromous. Tibia 1 in MNHN (6918), examined. Litoporus fulvus: three males from Rio Grande do Sul: 9.3, three male syntypes from Iguape, Rio de Ja- 10.1, 10.7. neiro, Brazil; Dec. 1897 (collector not giv- FEMALE: In general similar to male, but en), in MZSP (DZ 3030), examined. paler (i.e., not orange), with brownish clyp- DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to M. levii, dis- eus. Legs with distinct darker rings on fem- tinguished by the male cheliceral apophyses ora (subdistally), patellae, tibiae (proximally (one pair instead of three), and the more and subdistally), and metatarsi (proximally). complicated tip of the procursus (figs. 907Ð Tibia 1 in 5 females from Rio Grande do Sul: 909). 6.3Ð7.5 (xø ϭ 7.0). Epigynum light brown, MALE (combined from all types; see Key- usually with greenish arch in front, but shape serling (1891) for detailed measurements of of arch varies widely (e.g., figs. 913Ð914); a Pholcus luteus syntype, and Huber (1997b) posteriorly with slightly protruding scape for detailed measurements of the Litoporus with sclerotized median pocket (figs. 913Ð coccineus types, and general habitus and palp 914). Dorsal view as in fig. 915 (the epigyna ϭ drawings): Total length (N 2) 2.5Ð3.3; car- illustrated in figs. 913Ð914 were not visibly ϭ ϭ apace width (N 5) 1.1Ð1.4; femur 1 (N different in dorsal view). Bluish band behind 6) 10.1Ð11.2; tibia 1 (N ϭ 6) 9.2Ð10.4; tibia ϭ epigynum. 1 l/d (N 2) 77Ð78. Prosoma pale ochre- Pholcus imbecillus syntypes: Total length yellow to ochre brown, carapace with tho- ϳ 3.0, carapace width 1.2. Leg measure- racic groove, eight eyes on moderately ele- ments in one syntype: leg 1: 32.3 vated ocular area; distance PME-ALE about (7.8ϩ0.4ϩ7.5ϩ14.6ϩ2.0), tibia 2: 4.6, tibia 65% of PME diameter. Chelicerae with pair 3: 3.2, tibia 4: 4.2; tibia 1 l/d: 69. of prominent frontal apophyses and two pairs DISTRIBUTION: Known from southeastern of more proximal, quite indistinct humps (cf. Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Sa˜o Paulo, Rio fig. 10C in Huber, 1997b; most proximal pair Grande do Sul, Parana«) and northeastern Ar- of humps missing in Litoporus fulvus syn- gentina. types). Palps with round but distinct retrola- teral coxal apophysis, femur with prominent MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Ja- basal apophysis, small humps dorsally and neiro: all types above. Sa˜o Paulo: Parque Es- tadual de Carlos Botelho, Sa˜o Miguel Arcan- ventrodistally (fig. 911), procursus simple, ( with three tiny sclerotized tips and transpar- jo, Oct. 14, 1990 (A. B. Bonaldo), 2 (MCN ent laminae (figs. 907Ð909), bulb with char- 20470); Rio Grande do Sul: Salto do Yucu- acteristic translucent projection and terminal ma«, Parque Estadual Doturo Tenente, Jan. 16, & spinelike apophysis (fig. 912). Legs with 1985 (A. A. Lise), 1 (MCN 13.003 part); light distal tips on femora and tibiae, with Novo Hamburgo, Oct. 20, 1986 (C. J. Beck- ( ventral band of short spines on each femur er), 1 (MCP 225); Morro Santana, Porto & in two Pholcus luteus syntypes (fig. 910; Alegre, Dec. 15, 1989 (A. A. Lise), 1 most spines seem to be on femora 3 and 4, (MCN 19197); Parque Estadual do Turvo, but in most types there were either no hairs Derrubadas, Feb. 1, 1996 (A. B. Bonaldo, A. left on legs, or no legs at all). All legs with- Kury, R. Pinto-da-Rocha), 1( (MCN out curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral tri- 27097); Parana´: Serra da Graciosa, Morre- chobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 with tes, Jan. 9Ð20, 1995 (‘‘Lab. Aracnologia’’), ϳ 30 pseudosegments (very distinct distally). 1( (MCP 7208 part); Parque Nac. do Iguac¸u, Opisthosoma without markings. Foz do Iguac¸u, Mar. 29Ð30, 1993 (A. B. VARIATION: In more recently collected Bonaldo), 1& (MCN 23518 part); Refu«gio males (from MCN and MCP) the prosoma, Biolo«gico de Bela Vista, Foz do Iguac¸u, Nov. legs and genital plate were rather orange. In 9Ð11, 1991 (A. B. Bonaldo), 2( 3& 2 ju- these specimens, spines were usually found veniles (MCN 21817). ARGENTINA: Mi- 234 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 916Ð923. Mesabolivar levii, n. sp., male holotype and female paratype. 916. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 917–920. Left procursus, prolateroventral (917), retrolaterodorsal (918), prolateral (919), and retrolateral (920) views. 921. Left genital bulb, prolateral view. 922. Epigynum, ventral view. 923. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm. siones: Pto. Iguazu«, Oct. 1954 (Schiapelli), in Huber, 1997b); distance PME-ALE about 2& (AMNH). 70% of PME diameter. Chelicerae with three pairs of brown apophyses (fig. 916). Palps Mesabolivar levii, new species generally as in M. luteus (cf. figs. 11AÐBin Figures 916Ð923 Huber, 1997b), bulb with short translucent projection and terminal spinelike apophysis TYPES: Male holotype, 1& paratype from Serra dos Orga˜os, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (fig. 921), procursus with simple, bifurcated 1000Ð1800 m elev., in forest, Apr. 19, 1965 tip (figs. 917Ð920). Legs pale ochre-yellow, (H. W. Levi), in MCZ. apparently without spines (lost?), without ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collector. curved and vertical hairs; tarsus 1 with over DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to M. luteus, 30 pseudosegments (difficult to count). Op- distinguished by the male cheliceral apoph- isthosoma pale grayish-ochre, without mark- yses (three pairs instead of one: fig. 916), and ings. the tip of the procursus (simply bifurcated FEMALE: Total length 3.2, carapace width instead of three tips: figs. 917Ð920). 1.2; tibia 1: 6.9. Habitus as in male. Distinct MALE (holotype): Total length 2.6, cara- dark rings on femora (subproximally), tibiae pace width 1.1; leg 1: 41.7 (10.0ϩ0.4ϩ9.9 (proximally and subdistally), and metatarsi ϩ19.7ϩ1.7), tibia 2: 6.4, tibia 3: 4.3, tibia 4: (proximally). Clypeus, chelicerae, palpal 5.7; tibia 1 l/d: 83. Prosoma pale ochre-yel- coxae, and labium brown. Coxae of legs 3 low, shape as in M. lutues (cf. figs. 10AÐB also brown. Epigynum simple flat plate (fig. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 235

Figs. 924Ð929. Mesabolivar difficilis (Mello-Leita˜o), male. 924. Habitus, lateral view. 925. Prosoma, dorsal view. 926. Tip of left procursus, prolateral view. 927. Embolar division of left bulb, prolateral view. 928. Left palp, prolateral view. 929. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (924Ð925), 0.4 mm (928Ð929), 0.1 mm (926Ð927).

922), internal genitalia with pair of round Mesabolivar difficilis (Mello-Leita˜o, 1918), pore plates (fig. 923). new combination DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- Figures 924Ð933 cality. Physocyclus difficile Mello-Leita˜o, 1918: 112Ð MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Ja- 113, figs. 28Ð29. neiro: types above. Physocyclus difficilis: Bonnet, 1958: 3650. 236 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 930Ð933. Mesabolivar difficilis (Mello-Leita˜o). 930–931. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 932. Female habitus, lateral view. 933. Epigynum, ventral (slightly posterior) view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (932), 0.3 mm (930Ð931, 933).

TYPES: Four males and four females (type MALE (‘‘syntype’’): Total length 2.4, car- series?) (see Note below) from Pinheiro, Rio apace width 1.2; leg 1: (4.3ϩ0.4ϩ4.6ϩ7.4, de Janeiro, Brazil; no date (C. de Mello-Lei- tarsus missing), tibia 2: 2.8, tibia 3: 1.9, tibia ta˜o), in MNRJ, examined. 4: 3.0; tibia 1 l/d: 36. Habitus as in fig. 924; NOTE: Mello-Leita˜o described only the fe- carapace light brown, with distinct thoracic male, and the material examined here may groove, ocular area moderately elevated, not be the material used for the original de- with eight eyes (fig. 925). Chelicerae with scription. However, the epigynum has the pair of voluminous frontal apophyses ending same characteristic shape as in Mello-Lei- in small pointed tips (figs. 930Ð931). Palps ta˜o’s specimens, and the present material is as in figs. 928Ð929, with distinct retrolateral from the type locality, suggesting that the coxal apophysis, femur proximally with material examined is in fact at least conspe- small retrolateral apophysis, procursus sim- cific with Mello-Leita˜o’s original specimens. ple curved apophysis ending in pair of trans- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners parent flaps (fig. 926), bulb more complicat- by the large pair of apophyses on the epi- ed, with sclerotized projection provided with gynum (figs. 932Ð933), the voluminous hooked apophysis and characteristic trans- apophyses on the male chelicerae (figs. 930Ð parent projection provided with many small 931), and the transparent ventral projection humps (fig. 927). Legs light brown, without on the bulb (fig. 927). rings, without spines and vertical hairs. Op- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 237

Figs. 934Ð939. Mesabolivar simoni (Moenkhaus), female lectotype. 934. Habitus, lateral view. 935. Prosoma, frontal view. 936. Epigynum, ventral (slightly frontal) view. 937. Epigynum, frontal view. 938. Epigynum, lateral view. 939. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (934Ð935), 0.2 mm (936Ð939).

isthosoma globular (fig. 924), pale greenish, Mesabolivar simoni (Moenkhaus, 1898), without spots (in two males it seems that new combination there once were several large dark spots). Figures 934Ð939 FEMALE (‘‘syntype’’): Total length 2.3, car- Blechroscelis simoni Moenkhaus, 1898: 101Ð103, apace width 1.1; leg 1: 13.3 (3.3ϩ0.4ϩ3.6 figs. 3, 3aÐb. Ð Mello-Leita˜o, 1918: 107 (copied ϩ5.2ϩ0.8), tibia 2: 2.2, tibia 3: 1.7, tibia 4: from Moenkhaus). 2.6. Habitus as in male (fig. 932); sternum TYPE: Female lectotype (designated herein, posteriorly with slightly elevated humps. Epi- see Note below), from Poc¸o Grande, Sa˜o gynum with pair of large, distinctive apoph- Paulo, Brazil; Feb. 1898 (no collector given), yses (figs. 932Ð933). (At the time I had this in MZSP (DZ 3236), examined. material in loan I did not yet actively look for NOTE: The vial contains another specimen a median pocket, which I may have over- that is not conspecific (probably a mature fe- looked on the frontal side of the epigynum.) male). Moenkhaus’s original description VARIATION: Carapace width in other ma- leaves no doubt about which has to be the terial (males and females) 1.0Ð1.1. lectotype. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from con- cality. geners by the scapelike posterior projection MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Ja- with pocket on the epigynum and the paired neiro: Pinheiro: types above. anterior apophyses (figs. 934, 936Ð938). 238 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

MALE: Unknown. shaped. Legs pale ochre-yellow, almost no FEMALE (lectotype, in poor state): Mea- hairs left. Opisthosoma shrunken, shape surements copied from Moenkhaus, 1898 probably similar to female (cf. fig. 943). (my measurements gave only slightly differ- FEMALE (paralectotypes): Carapace width ent values, and only leg 2 is left): Total 0.9Ð1.0; tibia 1: 5.6Ð6.0. Habitus as in figs. length 1.8, carapace width 0.7; leg 1: 10.4 943Ð944, with very large, prominent epigyn- (2.5ϩ0.3ϩ2.7ϩ4.2ϩ0.8), tibia 2: 1.8, tibia 3: um consisting of bifurcated anterior apoph- 1.5, tibia 4: 2.3. Entire animal pale ochre- ysis and (apparently) median pocket (figs. yellow; prosoma shape as in figs. 934Ð935, 945Ð946). with distinct thoracic groove and eight eyes DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- on moderately elevated ocular area. Opistho- cality. soma globular, with very distinctive epigyn- MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Sa˜o Pau- um: posterior scapelike process provided lo: Poc¸o Grande: types above. with a pocket, and a pair of anterior cone- shaped processes (figs. 936Ð938). Internally CARAPOIA GONZA« LEZ-SPONGA, 1998 with a pair of oval pore plates (fig. 939). Carapoia Gonza«lez-Sponga, 1998: 18Ð19 (type DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- species by original designation C. paraguaensis cality. Gonza«lez-Sponga, 1998; examined). MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Sa˜o Pau- lo: Poc¸o Grande: type above. DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized (total length 2.5Ð4.5 mm), fairly dark, eight-eyed phol- Mesabolivar banksi (Moenkhaus, 1898), cids with long legs; distinguished from sim- new combination ilar genera (Mesabolivar, Mecoloesthus, Figures 940Ð946 Coryssocnemis) by the modified hairs on the male chelicerae (e.g., figs. 947, 955, 967), Coryssocnemis banksi Moenkhaus, 1898: 96Ð98, and by the pair of diverging sclerites behind figs. 2, 2aÐd. Ð Mello-Leita˜o, 1918: 102 (copied from Moenkhaus). the epigynum (e.g., figs. 953, 960, 971). DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 2.5Ð4.5 mm. TYPES: Male lectotype (designated herein) Carapace with distinct thoracic groove, ocu- and 3& paralectotypes from Poc¸o Grande, lar area moderately elevated, with eight eyes, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; Jan. 1898 (no collector AME smallest; distance PME-ALE relatively given), in MZSP (DZ 3024), examined. large (50Ð80% of PME diameter). Sternum DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from con- without humps. Male clypeus unmodified. geners by the shape of the procursus tip (figs. Male chelicerae with modified (globular or 940Ð941), and the large protrusions on the cone-shaped) hairs frontally, sometimes on epigynum (figs. 945Ð946). protrusion; without stridulatory ridges later- MALE (lectotype, in poor state; measure- ally. Male palpal coxa with retrolateral ments copied from Moenkhaus, 1898—my apophysis, femur with large roundish retro- measurements gave only slightly different lateral apophysis proximally, conspicuously values, and leg 1 is lost): Total length 2.2, enlarged distally; procursus simple (figs. 950, carapace width 0.9; leg 1: 33.0 (7.8ϩ0.4 958, 965); bulb large, with strong distal spine ϩ8.3ϩ14.2ϩ2.4), tibia 2: 5.3, tibia 3: 3.6, and conspicuous whitish globular area dor- tibia 4: 5.3. Prosoma shape as shown for fe- sally on embolar division (figs. 952, 956, male (figs. 943Ð944), pale ochre-yellow. 970). Tarsal organ exposed (examined: C. Chelicerae missing (according to Moenkhaus fowleri, n. sp.; ocaina, n. sp.). Legs very long provided with pair of very conspicuous (leg 1 about 11Ð13 ϫ body length; tibia 1 l/ apophyses; see his figs. 2d and 2d’). Palps as d about 70Ð100); leg formula 1423; legs in fig. 942, without retrolateral coxal apoph- without spines and vertical hairs; sometimes ysis, femur characteristically curved and en- (always?) with curved hairs (on femora and/ larged distally, with rounded retrolateral or tibiae); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia apophysis proximally, procursus curved, at 1 very proximal [at ϳ 3%, not seen in C. tip with prolateral spine (figs. 940Ð941), genitalis (Moenkhaus)]; tarsus with ϳ 25Ð30 bulbs shrunken, apparently simple, pear- pseudosegments (unknown in C. genitalis). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 239

Figs. 940Ð946. Mesabolivar banksi (Moenkhaus), male lectotype and female paralectotype. 940. Left procursus, prolateral view. 941. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 942. Left palp, retrolateral view. 943. Female habitus, lateral view. 944. Female prosoma, frontal view. 945–946. Epigynum, lateral and ventral views. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (943), 0.5 mm (944), 0.3 mm (940Ð942, 945Ð946).

Opisthosoma elongate, with or without dark- tally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally); er spots. Male gonopore without epiandrous epigynum dark flat plate, with distinctive pair spigots (examined: C. fowleri, ocaina: fig. of sclerites diverging behind plate. 131). ALS with only one piriform gland MONOPHYLY: The four species included spigot each (examined: C. fowleri, ocaina: share the modified hairs on the male chelic- fig. 179), other spinnerets typical for family. erae and the diverging sclerites behind the Sexual dimorphism slight; legs of females epigynum; C. genitalis is included tentative- often with distinct dark rings on femora (dis- ly, as it does not share an additional set of 240 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Carapoia paraguaensis Gonza«lez-Sponga, 1998 Figures 947Ð954 Carapoia paraguaensis Gonza«lez-Sponga, 1998: 19Ð21, figs. 1Ð10.

TYPES: Male holotype, 1( 5& paratypes, 2 juveniles from Rio Carapo, at base of tepui Guaiquinima, Dept. Heres, Bol«õvar, Venezue- la; Feb. 17, 1980 (L. Sanabria), in collection Gonza«lez-Sponga (1178a, b), not examined. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners by the high number of modified hairs on prominent projections of the male chelicerae (figs. 947Ð948), the slender bulbal apophysis (fig. 952), and details of the procursus (figs. 950Ð951). MALE (Guyana, Kartabo): Total length ϳ Map 7. Known distribution of the genus Car- 3.2 (opisthosoma damaged), carapace width apoia Gonza«lez-Sponga. C. paraguaensis Gon- 1.4; leg 1: (9.7ϩ0.5; rest missing), tibia 2: za«lez-Sponga (circles); C. ocaina, n. sp. (dark 6.2, tibia 3: 4.6, tibia 4: 5.7. Habitus very squares); C. fowleri, n. sp. (light squares); C. similar to C. fowleri (cf. fig. 962); carapace genitalis (Moenkhaus) (diamond). orange-ochre, only thoracic groove blackish; ocular area moderately elevated (prosoma in general very similar to Coryssocnemis simla, characters that unites the other three species cf. figs. 982Ð983), orange-ochre; distance (globular outgrowth dorsally on embolar di- PME-ALE about 70% of PME diameter. vision, details of procursus shape). Sternum rather orange (1.0 wide, 0.6 long); GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus is chelicerae with pair of large apophyses prox- clearly part of the New World clade: male imally, each provided with ϳ 40 modified palpal coxa with retrolateral apophysis, hairs, and pair of small distal apophyses epiandrous spigots absent, ALS piriform (figs. 947Ð948). Palps in general as in C. gland spigots reduced to one, thoracic groove fowleri (cf. figs. 963Ð964), procursus simple present, exposed tarsal organ, large distance (figs. 950Ð951), bulb with conspicuous whit- PME-ALE. Otherwise, the phylogenetic re- ish globular area dorsally on embolar divi- lationships are obscure. The close relation- sion, and slender apophysis (fig. 952). Legs ship with Chibchea proposed by the clado- orange-ochre, tibiae with light tips, no dark gram in appendix 2 is based on the presence rings visible; legs without spines, without of curved hairs on legs and is probably an curved and vertical hairs. Opisthosoma pale artifact. ochre, shape as in C. fowleri (cf. fig. 962). SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS: The three north- VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 3 other males ex- ern species (C. paraguaensis, fowleri, ocai- amined: 8.3, 9.6, 12.1; tibia 1 in male holo- na) are closely related (see Monophyly), type: 11.4; leg 1 in male from Corocito, Bo- whereas C. genitalis from southeastern Bra- l«õvar, Venezuela: 40.4 (9.5ϩ0.5ϩ9.6ϩ18.8 zil stands separate and is included tentatively. ϩ2.0), tibia 1 l/d: 80; retrolateral trichoboth- DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in north- rium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 with over 25 ern South America (map 7); C. genitalis pseudosegments; two of the loose legs in that from southeastern Brazil is included tenta- vial have curved hairs on the tibiae (as in C. tively. fowleri), but not all the legs seem to be from COMPOSITION: The genus as construed here the specimen. includes four named species, all of which are FEMALE: In general similar to male. Cara- treated below. Two of the species are newly pace with brown lateral bands and brown Y described. mark. Sternum with brown spot anteriorly, 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 241

Figs. 947Ð954. Carapoia paraguaensis Gonza«lez-Sponga. 947–948. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 949. Modified hairs on male chelicerae. 950. Left procursus, prolateral view. 951. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 952. Embolar division of left bulb, prolateral view. 953. Epigynum, ventral view. 954. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (949 without scale).

clypeus with brown mark. Legs with dark (collector not given), 1( in MZF. Kaietur, rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae July 30, 1911 (F. E. Lutz), 1& in AMNH. (proximally and subdistally). Tibia 1 (N ϭ Isherton (‘‘Ishear-tun’’), 10 mi E Rupunini 10) 5.9Ð8.9 (xø ϭ 7.2). Opisthosoma with River, Nov. 1937 (W. G. Hassler), 1& in several dark spots, dorsally and laterally. AMNH. BRAZIL: Roraima: Estac¸a˜o Ecolo«- Epigynum and internal genitalia as in figs. gica de Maraca«, Ilha de Maraca«, Alto Alegre, 953Ð954. July 20, 1987 (A. A. Lise), 3& in MCN DISTRIBUTION: Known from Guyana, east- (17583); same data, but July 18, 1987: 2& in ern Venezuela and northern Brazil (map 7). MCN (17582); Ilha de Maraca«, Jan. 31ÐFeb. MATERIAL EXAMINED: GUYANA: Kartabo 14, 1992 (A. A. Lise), 1( 9& in MCP (6Њ23ЈN, 58Њ42ЈW), 1924 (collector not giv- (1851); same locality, May 1992 (M. Nasci- en), 1( in AMNH. Sauriwau River (3Њ09ЈN, mento), 1& in MCP (1967). VENEZUELA: 59Њ54ЈW), ‘‘pusc. Tacuta,’’ Oct. 23, 1937 Bol«õvar: 10 km N Corocito, Rio Caura 242 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 955Ð961. Carapoia ocaina, n. sp. 955. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 956. Embolar division of left bulb, prolateral view. 957. Male prosoma, dorsal view. 958. Left procursus, prolateral view. 959. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 960. Epigynum, ventral view. 961. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (957), 0.2 mm (955Ð956, 958Ð961).

(7Њ12ЈN, 64Њ59ЈW), rain forest, June 18ÐAug. rubber boom of around 1900, and today 3, 1987 (S. & J. Peck), 1( in AMNH. number only a few hundred people. DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of C. para- Carapoia ocaina, new species guaensis, but with additional modified hairs Figures 19Ð20, 131, 179, 955Ð961 distally on the male chelicerae (fig. 955); fur- ther distinguished by details of the procursus TYPES: Male holotype, 5( 8& paratypes (figs. 958Ð959). from Rio Samiria (4Њ43ЈS, 74Њ18ЈW), Dept. MALE (holotype): Total length 4.4, cara- Loreto, Peru; May 21Ð28, 1990 (D. Silva ‘‘& pace width 1.8; leg 1: 50.2 (12.3ϩ0.6 Ernesto’’), in MUSM. ϩ11.9ϩ23.1ϩ2.3), tibia 2: 7.1, tibia 3: 5.1, ETYMOLOGY: The species name is a noun tibia 4: 6.3; tibia 1 l/d: 74. Habitus very sim- in apposition honoring the Ocaina, who were ilar to C. fowleri (cf. fig. 962); distance once a large tribe in northern Peru and south- PME-ALE about 50% of PME diameter. Car- ern Colombia. They were devastated by the apace orange-ochre, slightly darker behind 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 243

ocular area, clypeus slightly darker medially; 19, 1986 (D. Silva), 1( in MUSM; Ucayali, sternum orange. Chelicerae with pair of large Pacullpa, Bosque Nacional Alexander von apophyses proximally (fig. 955; not as prom- Humboldt, July 30, 1986 (D. Silva), 1& in inent as in C. paraguaensis, cf. fig. 948), MUSM; Parque Nacional Pacaya-Samiria, each provided with ϳ 40 modified hairs (figs. Pithecia (5Њ06ЈS, 74Њ50ЈW), Aug. 15, 1989 19Ð20); ϳ 10 further modified hairs more (D. Silva), 1( 1& in MUSM; Cocha Shin- distally, and pair of small distal apophyses guito (5Њ08ЈS, 74Њ45ЈW), May 27, 1990 (T. (fig. 955). Palps in general as in C. fowleri Erwin ‘‘et al.’’), 1& assigned tentatively, in (cf. figs. 963Ð964), procursus simple (figs. MUSM; Pastaza, rain forest, Aug. 1973 (J. 958Ð959), bulb with conspicuous whitish C. Olin), 1& in MCZ, assigned tentatively. globular area dorsally on embolar division, Hua«nuco: Dantas-La Molina, Quebrada Sa- and strong apophysis (fig. 956). Tarsal organ pete, SW of Puerto Inca (9Њ38ЈS, 75Њ00ЈW), exposed. Legs brown, only tips of tibiae 270 m elev., May 24Ð27, 1987 (D. Silva), whitish, and area around patellae lighter, no 7( 3& (5 vials) in MUSM. Amazonas: Rio dark rings; legs without spines and vertical Alto Maran˜on, between Rios Cempa and hairs, with many curved hairs (femur 1 dor- Nieva (ϳ 4Њ40ЈS, 78Њ00ЈW), Sept. 10Ð24, sally, tibia 1 dorsally and ventrally, tibia 4 1924 (Klug), 1( in AMNH. BRAZIL: Ama- dorsally, not on tibiae 2 and 3, not on meta- zonas: Manaus, Igapo« Taruma˜ Mir«õm, Oct. 5, tarsi); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1987 (H. Ho¬fer), 10( in SMNK. 3%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 30 pseudosegments. Op- isthosoma monochromous greenish-ochre, Carapoia fowleri, new species shape as in C. fowleri (cf. fig. 962); gonopore Figures 18, 962Ð972 without epiandrous spigots (fig. 131); ALS with only one piriform gland spigot each (fig. TYPES: Male holotype, 1& paratype from 179). Cabo Frio Reserve, ϳ 80 km N Manaus, VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 7 other males from Amazonas, Brazil; 1989Ð1992 (H. G. Fowl- type locality: 11.3Ð12.3 (xø ϭ 11.6), tibia 1 er), in MCZ. in 8 males from Manaus: 9.9Ð10.9 (xø ϭ ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collector of 10.4); some males (apparently more recently the type material. molted individuals) with lighter legs and DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners dark spots on opisthosoma. by the small number of modified hairs on the FEMALE: In general similar to male, but male chelicerae (only ϳ 5Ð10 on each side, legs with dark rings on femora (subdistally) figs. 967Ð969), and their shape (cone-shaped and tibiae (proximally and subdistally). Tibia rather than globular: fig. 18). 1 in 11 females from type locality: 8.3Ð9.6 MALE (holotype): Total length 4.0, cara- (xø ϭ 8.8). Opisthosoma with several dark pace width 1.7; leg 1: 50.8 (11.9ϩ0.6 spots laterally, sometimes also dorsally. Epi- ϩ12.0ϩ23.9ϩ2.4), tibia 2: 7.1, tibia 3: 5.1, gynum and internal genitalia as in figs. 960Ð tibia 4: 6.3; tibia 1 l/d: 97. Habitus as in fig. 961; most females with conspicuous plug. 962; carapace orange-brown, slightly darker DISTRIBUTION: Known from northern and behind ocular area, black line in thoracic central Peru and northwestern Brazil (map groove; ocular area moderately elevated, 7). ochre-brown, darker on sides (prosoma shape MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Loreto: Rio in general very similar to Coryssocnemis Samiria: types above; same data but May 11Ð simla, cf. figs. 982Ð983); distance PME-ALE 18, 1990 (D. Silva), 9( 8& in MUSM; same about 80% of PME diameter. Sternum rather data, but May 1990 (T. Erwin ‘‘et al.’’), 3& orange; chelicerae with some modified in MUSM; Alto Rio Samiria (5Њ07ЈS, (cone-shaped: fig. 18) hairs, five in one row 75Њ28ЈW), May 13, 1990 (D. Silva), 2( 1& on each side, and small distal apophysis (figs. in MUSM; Jenaro Herrera (4Њ55ЈS, 967Ð968). Palps as in figs. 963Ð964, procur- 73Њ44ЈW), ϳ 100 m elev., Aug. 26, 1988 (D. sus simple (figs. 965Ð966), bulb with very Silva), 4( 5& in MUSM; same locality, Dec. conspicuous whitish globular area dorsally 1990 (B. Hakquziev), 1( 1& in MUSM; on embolar division (fig. 970). Tarsal organ Ucayali, Pacullpa: Ivita, Rio Neshuya, July exposed. Legs brown, tibiae with light tips, 244 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 962Ð966. Carapoia fowleri, n. sp., male. 962. Habitus, lateral view. 963. Left palp, prolateral view. 964. Left palp, retrolateral view. 965. Left procursus, ϳ prolateral view. 966. Left procursus, retrolateral (slightly dorsal) view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (962), 0.3 mm (963Ð966). darker rings hardly discernible; without 41 males: 10.3Ð13.3 (xø ϭ 11.7). Most males spines and vertical hairs, with curved hairs had curved hairs on tibiae 4; some slight var- on tibiae 4 only; retrolateral trichobothrium iation in number and position of modified of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 30 pseu- hairs on male chelicerae. dosegments. Opisthosoma pale greenish- FEMALE (Manaus Reserves): Total length gray, with darker spots laterally (fig. 962), (N ϭ 15) 2.9Ð4.4 (xø ϭ 3.3); tibia 1 (N ϭ genital plate oval, orange, lung plates brown; 19) 6.5Ð8.3 (xø ϭ 7.3). In general very similar large brown area in front of spinnerets, black to male; opisthosoma often also with dorsal line between this area and genital plate; spots; dark rings on legs often quite distinct: gonopore without epiandrous spigots; ALS femora (subdistally, followed by light tips) with only one piriform gland spigot each. and tibiae (proximally and subdistally, latter VARIATION (Manaus Reserves): Tibia 1 in followed by light tips); clypeus usually with 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 245

Figs. 967Ð972. Carapoia fowleri, n. sp. 967. Chelicerae of male from Cabo Frio Reserve (Ama- zonas, Brazil), frontal view. 968. Modified hairs on male chelicerae (see also fig. 18). 969. Chelicerae of male from Caxiuna˜, (Para«, Brazil), frontal view. 970. Embolar division of left bulb, prolateral view. 971. Epigynum, ventral view. 972. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (967, 969, 971Ð972), 0.1 mm (968, 970).

horseshoe-shaped brown mark. Epigynum as: Cabo Frio Reserve: types above; and 19( flat brown plate, with characteristic pair of 3& from same locality, 1989Ð1992 (H. G. sclerites diverging behind epigynum (fig. Fowler, E. N. Vincticinque, C. Vieira), in 971); internally with pair of large roundish MCZ; Colosso Reserve, Dimona Reserve, pore plates (fig. 972). Several females had a ‘‘km 41’’:63( 23& same dates and collec- plug in their genitalia; plug always clearly tors, in MCZ; Reserva Ducke, Feb. 20, 1992 divided into two distinct halves (right and (A. A. Lise), 4( in MCP (1683 part). Para«: left). Caxiuna˜, Melgac¸o, Aug. 11, 1996 (A. A. DISTRIBUTION: Known from the Manaus Lise ‘‘et al.’’), 8( 14& in MCP (9424, 9427, area (Amazonas, Brazil) and maybe from 9429, 9430), tentatively assigned (see Notes Para« (Brazil) and Guyana (see Notes below) below). The following four vials contain (map 7). specimens collected by F. O. Pickard-Cam- MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Amazon- bridge, deposited in the BMNH, which are 246 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 technically paratypes of Blechroscelis cam- to C. fowleri (cf. fig. 962); prosoma and legs bridgei Mello-Leita˜o: Santare«m Forest: 3( completely bleached (yellowish). Chelicerae 2&; Breves: 4( 2&; ‘‘Santare«m Forest, Low- with ϳ 25 modified hairs on each side, and er Amazonas’’:2(; ‘‘Para«, Lower Amazon- single modified hair more distally (figs. 973Ð as’’:1(; all assigned tentatively (see Notes 974). Palps in general as in C. fowleri (cf. below). GUYANA: Isherton (‘‘Ishestun’’), figs. 963Ð964), but femur even more wid- 10 mi E Rupununi River, Nov. 1937 (W. G. ened distally, procursus ending in sclerotized Hassler), 1& in MZF, tentatively assigned tip with subterminal small apophysis, provid- (see Notes below). ed dorsally with large projection that is NOTES: The specimens from Para« are as- brown and narrow at basis, semitransparent signed tentatively because the pattern of and wide distally (figs. 975Ð976); bulb with modified hairs on the male chelicerae differs: curved apophysis (fig. 977). Femora 3 sig- those from Caxiuna˜ have hairs only in one nificantly thicker than others; almost all hairs distal patch (fig. 969), those collected by F. on legs missing. Opisthosoma apparently O. Pickard-Cambridge have more hairs prox- more pointed posteriorly than in C. fowleri, imally (ϳ 5). Also, some male specimens dark ochre-gray, with blackish spots in lat- have curved hairs both on male tibiae 1 and eral and dorsal lines. 4, and on femora, and in some females the FEMALE (paralectotypes): Very similar to carapace has a distinct brown margin and male; tibia 1 in 2 females: 5.2, 5.5. Epigyn- brown bands medially and around the ocular um flat, ventral view as in fig. 978, light area. Palps and epigyna are apparently indis- brown with large orange area in front; dorsal tinguishable from the type material. Tibia 1 view as in fig. 979. in 4 males (Caxiuna˜): 10.3Ð10.7; in 12 fe- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- males: 6.8Ð8.0 (xø ϭ 7.5). cality (map 7). The single female specimen from Guyana MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Sa˜o Pau- is assigned tentatively, as females in this ge- lo: Poc¸o Grande: types above. nus are not easily distinguished. CORYSSOCNEMIS SIMON, 1893 Carapoia genitalis (Moenkhaus, 1898), new combination Coryssocnemis Simon, 1893b: 483 (type species by original designation Coryssocnemis callaica Figures 973Ð979 Simon, 1893; examined). Ð Gertsch, 1971: 56. Litoporus genitalis Moenkhaus, 1898: 107Ð110, Ð Gertsch and Peck, 1992: 1186. figs. 5, 5aÐd. Ð Mello-Leita˜o, 1918: 96Ð97 ϳ (copy of Moenkhaus’s original description). DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized (total length 2Ð5 mm), dark-colored, eight-eyed pholcids, TYPES: Male lectotype (designated herein, with elongate opisthosoma, known only from in E2842e3031), 2( 2& paralectotypes, all Venezuela and Trinidad. Distinguished from in poor condition, from Poc¸o Grande, Sa˜o other New World genera by the simple pro- Paulo, Brazil; Feb. 1898 (W. J. Moenkhaus?), cursus with dorsodistal black spine (figs. in MZSP (E2841e3022; E2852e3035; 988, 1000, 1004, 1006), the chelicerae with E2842e3031), examined. short, pointed apophyses (figs. 987, 997, DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from con- 1005; missing in C. monagas, n. sp.), and a geners by the procursus, which is provided pair of distal apophyses on the male chelic- with a large, semitransparent dorsal projec- erae that are bent back upwards (figs. 35, tion (figs. 975Ð976). 987: arrow, 997; missing in C. aripo, n. sp.). MALE (lectotype): Total length ϳ 2.5 (in DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 2Ð5 mm. Car- bad shape; Moenkhaus’s measurement was apace with distinct thoracic groove, ocular area 3.5), carapace width ϳ 1.0; leg 1: moderately elevated, with eight eyes, AME (8.3ϩ0.5ϩ8.1; metatarsus and tarsus miss- considerably smaller than others. Distance ing), tibia 2: 4.9, tibia 3: 3.2, tibia 4: 4.3; PME-ALE usually large (ϳ 70Ð90% of PME tibia 1 l/d: 76 (tibia 1 in one paralectotype: diameter; in C. monagas only 45%). Male 8.3; Moenkhaus’s measured male had 8.75). clypeus unmodified. Sternum wide (fig. 986). Habitus and prosoma apparently very similar Male chelicerae usually with typical pointed 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 247

Figs. 973Ð979. Carapoia genitalis (Moenkhaus). 973. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 974. Modified hairs on male chelicerae. 975. Right procursus, prolateral view. 976. Right procursus, retrolateral view. 977. Embolar division of right bulb, ϳ prolateral view. 978. Epigynum, ventral view. 979. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (973, 975Ð979), 0.05 mm (974).

cone-shaped apophyses (e.g., figs. 987, 997), dorsodistal black spine (e.g., figs. 988, 1000); sometimes with additional pair of longer bulb with varying pattern of apophyses and apophyses and pair of apophyses (close to lam- membranous structures distally. Tarsal organ inae) that are bent upward (figs. 35, 987: ar- exposed (examined: C. simla, n. sp.). Legs row, 997); without stridulatory ridges. Male long (leg 1 about 8Ð16 ϫ body length; tibia 1 palps small in relation to overall size; coxa l/d about 65Ð80), leg 1 always longest, leg 2 with retrolateral apophysis; femur with blunt, slightly longer than leg 4, leg 3 shortest; femur downward-projecting, ventrodistal apophysis 2 sometimes thicker than others; sometimes (e.g., figs. 989, 1007); procursus simple, with with darker rings on femora (subdistally, fol- 248 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 lowed by light tip) and tibiae (proximally, sub- scriptions; types possibly lost; see appendix distally followed by light tip); sometimes with 3). spines ventrally on anterior femora (femora 1Ð NATURAL HISTORY: Some information on 2, or 1Ð3), without vertical and curved hairs; the labels (see species descriptions) suggests retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 very prox- that the spiders live in webs close to the imal (at 2Ð4%); tarsus with ϳ 20 to more than ground, in shady humid areas. 30 pseudosegments, which are distinct distally DISTRIBUTION: Known only from northern but difficult to count proximally. Opisthosoma Venezuela and Trinidad. elongate with terminal spinnerets (fig. 980), COMPOSITION: The genus as redelimited dorsally with dark spots. Male gonopore with- herein includes only the type species C. cal- out epiandrous spigots (examined: C. simla). laica (see redescription in Huber, 1997b) and ALS with only one piriform gland spigot each the four species newly described below. (examined: C. simla), other spinnerets typical Eight further species formally remain in the for family. genus, but will have to be removed eventu- Sexual dimorphism slight, females with ally (see Misplaced Species above). shorter legs, unmodified chelicerae, with greater variation in opisthosoma size. Epi- Coryssocnemis simla, new species gynum simple dark sclerotized plate or mod- Figures 35, 110, 980Ð992 erately sculptured; internally with pair of small, roundish dorsal pore plates. TYPES: Male holotype, 5( 4& paratypes, MONOPHYLY: The species included share and 6 juveniles, from Simla, Arima Valley, the shape of the procursus (simple rod with Trinidad; Apr. 19, 1964 (A. M. Chickering), dorsal spine distally). All species except C. in AMNH. aripo share the upward-bent apophysis on ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. the male chelicerae near the cheliceral lami- The specific name is a noun in apposition. na. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The genus shares by the position and number of sclerotized with some other Venezuelan genera (Mecol- cones frontally on the male chelicerae (fig. oesthus, Systenita, Kaliana) the shape of the 987; in C. callaica they form a pair of arch- ventrodistal femur apophysis. Some Mecol- es; see Huber, 1997b), and by the two slender oesthus species and Kaliana yuruani, n. sp., bulbal apophyses (fig. 990; in C. callaica have a distal structure on the chelicerae that they are much shorter; see Huber, 1997b); might be a homolog to the upward-bent from C. callaica and C. guatopo also by the apophysis in Coryssocnemis (see figs. 1018, flat epigynum (fig. 991; in C. callaica the 1092). The cladogram in appendix 2 propos- epigynum has a pair of distinctive frontal es Coryssocnemis as sister group of Mesa- protrusions: fig. 993; in C. guatopo the epi- bolivar based on the presence of enlarged gynum has a median indentation: fig. 995). femora in walking legs. However, this char- MALE (holotype): Total length 4.4, cara- acter has considerable homoplasy (see char. pace width 1.6; leg 1: 37.7 (8.8ϩ0.7 23 in Characters Scored). ϩ9.1ϩ16.8ϩ2.3), tibia 2: 5.7, tibia 3: 4.7, MISPLACED SPECIES: Of the 22 species pre- tibia 4: 5.2; tibia 1 l/d: 68. Habitus as in fig. viously assigned to Coryssocnemis, all but 980; carapace ochre to light brown, with dark the type species are herein either transferred brown pattern (fig. 983), ocular area brown to other genera, or considered incertae sedis: with light median band; distance PME-ALE most Central American species are trans- about 80% of PME diameter. Clypeus brown ferred to Ixchela (incertae sedis are: ‘‘C.’’ (fig. 982), sternum ochre with dark brown clara, faceta, iviei, tigra, viridescens; see ap- median band (fig. 986); chelicerae brown pendix 3), Gala«pagos species to Aymaria; C. with several cone-shaped, sclerotized apoph- altiventer to Tupigea; C. togata, banksi and yses, and pair of upward-bent apophyses dis- paraensis to Mesabolivar; C. uncata to Li- tally (figs. 35, 987: arrow). Palps as in figs. toporus; see respective genera for discussion 984Ð985, coxa with rounded but distinct re- of transfers. ‘‘C.’’ discolor, lepidoptera, and trolateral apophysis, femur with conspicuous occulta cannot be placed (inadequate de- retrolateral apophysis proximally, ventral 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 249

Figs. 980Ð985. Coryssocnemis simla, n. sp., male. 980. Habitus, lateral view. 981. Ventral side of femur 1 at ϳ 1/3 of length, with two rows of spines. 982–983. Prosoma, frontal and dorsal views. 984. Right palp, retrolateral view. 985. Right palp, prolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (980, 982, 983), 0.5 mm (984Ð985), 0.1 mm (981). apophysis distally (fig. 989), procursus with sion (fig. 990). Legs brown, femora and tib- membranous lamella ventrally, long spine iae with light tips; femora 2 thicker than oth- dorsally (fig. 988), bulb with pair of apoph- ers; femora 1 and 2 with two rows of spines yses and accompanying transparent protru- ventrally (fig. 981); legs without curved and 250 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 986Ð992. Coryssocnemis simla,n.sp.986. Male prosoma, ventral view. 987. Male chelicerae, frontal view (arrow points to upward-bent apophysis, cf. fig. 35). 988. Right procursus tip, retrolateral view. 989. Male right palpal femur, retrolateral view. 990. Embolar division of right bulb, prolateral view. 991. Epigynum, ventral view. 992. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (986), 0.2 mm (987Ð992).

vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of DISTRIBUTION: Known from several local- tibia 1 at 2%; tarsus 1 with over 30 pseu- ities on Trinidad. dosegments. Opisthosoma greenish-gray, MATERIAL EXAMINED: TRINIDAD: St. with darker greenish spots arranged in stripes George Co.: Arima Valley, Simla, Apr. 16Ð (fig. 980); genital plate dark brown, black 28, 1964 (10 vials) (A. M. Chickering), 37( band behind genital plate halfway to spin- 38& many juveniles in AMNH; same local- nerets. ity, Feb. 8, 1965, and Feb. 24, 1966 (2 vials) VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 10 males (type lo- (J. Rozen), 4( 4& 1 juvenile in AMNH; 4 cality): 8.7Ð10.9 (xø ϭ 9.7). mi N Arima, Apr. 18ÐMay 4, 1967 (C. T. FEMALE (type locality): Total length (N ϭ Collins), 2& in AMNH; Arima, Asa Wright 10) 2.4Ð3.3; tibia 1 (N ϭ 10) 5.5Ð6.4 (xø ϭ Nat. Cent., ‘‘at night ex small excavation in 5.9). In general very similar to male but fem- embankment roadside, in web,’’ July 12, ora without spines. Epigynum brown to dark 1979 (L. N. Sorkin & B. Faber), 1( in brown, simple flat plate (fig. 991), dorsal AMNH; Arima, Simla Research Station, Feb. view as in fig. 992, pore plates oval. 4, 1984 (J. Coddington), 1( 1& in USNM; 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 251

Arima, Spring Hill (AWNC), ‘‘web, roadside thicker than others; legs without spines, with- mud embankment with depression,’’ July 22, out curved and vertical hairs. Opisthosoma 1979 (L. N. Sorkin), 1( 1& in AMNH; Ar- greenish-gray, dorsally covered with dark ima, Andrews Trace (off Blanchisseuse Rd), spots; genital plate wide, dark brown; black ‘‘leaf litter, web,’’ July 16, 1979 (L. N. Sor- band behind genital plate halfway to spin- kin), 1( 2& in AMNH; Arima, Guanapo nerets. Valley Rd, Guanapo Cave, cave wall, July VARIATION: Three of the other four males 15, 1979 (L. N. Sorkin), 1( in AMNH; Ar- examined had spines in two rows ventrally ima Valley, 800Ð1200 ft elev., Feb. 10Ð22, on femora 2. In two of these males, femora 1964 (2 vials) (J. Rozen & P. Wygodzinski), 2 were slightly thicker than the others. The 5( 5& in AMNH; Blanchisseuse, beach fourth male lacked spines on both femora 1 area, Apr. 22, 1964 (A. M. Chickering), 2( and 2. Measurements of two other males: tib- 2& in AMNH; St. Patrick Co.: navy base, ia 1: 8.8, 9.6; tibia 2: 5.6, 6.0; retrolateral Sept. 1944, Apr. 1945 (2 vials) (R. Ingle), trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 3.4%; tarsus 1 1( 3& some juveniles, in AMNH. with ϳ 30 pseudosegments (difficult to count). Coryssocnemis guatopo, new species FEMALE: Similar to male, but legs much Figures 995Ð1000 thinner and shorter (tibia 1 in 2 females: 5.7, 6.4), without spines. Epigynum dark brown TYPE: Male holotype from 28 km N Al- plate with shallow anterior indentation (fig. tagracia, Guatopo Nat. Park, Dept. Miranda, 995); internal genitalia with small pore plates Venezuela; 700 m elev., ‘‘El Lucero, ravine,’’ (fig. 996). May 31ÐJune 7, 1987 (S. & J. Peck), in DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Guatopo AMNH. Nat. Park, Miranda, Venezuela. ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Mi- The specific name is a noun in apposition. randa: Guatopo Nat. Park: type above; Gua- DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to C. callaica; topo Nat. Park, Agua Blanca, 400 m elev., easily distinguished by the epigynum (com- forest streamside, June 7Ð14, 1987 (S. & J. pare figs. 993Ð996). Distinguished from oth- Peck), 1( in AMNH; same locality, ravine, er congeners by the sclerotized cones fron- May 31ÐJune 7, 1987 (S. & J. Peck), 1( in tally on the male chelicerae in arches and the AMNH; Guatopo Nat. Park, Santa Cruzita, additional pair of pointed apophyses closer 450 m elev., Feb. 14, 1984 (J. Coddington), to the median line (fig. 997), and by the short ( & apophyses on the bulb (figs. 998Ð999). 2 2 (2 vials) in USNM. MALE (holotype): Total length 2.2, cara- pace width 1.0; leg 1 missing, tibia 2: 3.7, Coryssocnemis monagas, new species tibia 3: 2.7, tibia 4: 3.5. Habitus and prosoma Figures 1001Ð1004 shape as in C. simla (cf. figs. 980, 982Ð983); carapace brown, darker medially, ocular area TYPE: Male holotype from 27 km SW Car- dark brown; distance PME-ALE about 70% ipe, Monagas, Venezuela; 300 m elev., ‘‘for- of PME diameter. Sternum ochre, darker an- est over coffee,’’ July 19Ð31, 1987 (S. & J. teriorly; chelicerae ochre and brown, with Peck), in AMNH. several cone-shaped sclerotized apophyses in ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Venezuelan lateral arches, pair of pointed apophyses me- state Monagas. The specific name is a noun dially, and pair of rounded, upward-facing in apposition. apophyses distally (fig. 997). Palps in general DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners as in C. simla (cf. figs. 984Ð985), procursus by the shape of the bulbal apophyses (figs. as in fig. 1000, bulb with several short 1002Ð1003), and the armature of the male apophyses and semitransparent projection chelicerae, which are equipped with proxi- (figs. 998Ð999). Legs light brown, femora mal humps and two pairs of distal apophyses, with subdistal dark rings and light tips, tibiae but lack sclerotized cones (fig. 1001). with faint proximal and more distinct sub- MALE (holotype): Carapace width 1.3, op- distal dark rings, and light tips; femora 2 not isthosoma missing; leg1: 26.8 (6.3ϩ0.5ϩ6.5 252 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 993Ð996. Coryssocnemis spp. 993Ð994. C. callaica Simon, female paralectotype. 993. Epi- gynum, ventral view. 994. Epigynum, dorsal view. 995Ð996. C. guatopo,n.sp.995. Epigynum, ventral view. 996. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

ϩ11.5ϩ2.0), tibia 2: 4.0, tibia 3: 3.2, tibia 4: characteristic projections, one bifurcated and 3.9; tibia 1 l/d: 65. Habitus and prosoma rather sclerotized, the other rather membra- shape as in C. simla (cf. figs. 980, 982Ð983); nous (figs. 1002Ð1003). Legs light brown, entire prosoma light brown, only ocular area femora with subdistal dark rings and light slightly darker; distance PME-ALE only ϳ tips, tibiae with light tips; femora 2 not sig- 45% of PME diameter. Chelicerae light nificantly thicker than others; femora 1Ð3 brown, with blackish proximal hump, and with spines ventrally (cf. fig. 981), on femora two pairs of distal apophyses, one rather 3 spines almost look like ‘‘normal’’ hairs; all pointed, one round (fig. 1001). Palps in gen- legs without curved and vertical hairs; retro- eral as in C. simla (cf. figs. 984Ð985), pro- lateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 4%; tarsus cursus as in fig. 1004, embolar division with 1 with over 20 pseudosegments. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 253

Figs. 997Ð1004. Coryssocnemis spp. 997Ð1000. C. guatopo, n. sp., male. 997. Chelicerae, frontal view. 998–999. Embolar division of right bulb, retrolateral (998) and prolateral (999) views. 1000. Right procursus, retrolateral view. 1001Ð1004. C. monagas, n. sp., male. 1001. Chelicerae, frontal view. 1002– 1003. Embolar division of right bulb, retrolateral (1002) and prolateral (1003) views. 1004. Right pro- cursus, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

FEMALE: Unknown. No.1,’’ Trinidad; 2200 ft elev., no date (P.C.J. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- Brunet), in AMNH. cality. ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: The specific name is a noun in apposition. Monagas: 27 km SW Caripe: type above. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners by the 2Ð3 sclerotized cones frontally on Coryssocnemis aripo, new species each male chelicera (fig. 1005), by the ab- Figures 1005Ð1013 sence of upward-bent apophyses on the male chelicerae, and by the shape of the bulbal TYPES: Male holotype, 2& paratypes from apophyses (figs. 1008Ð1009). El Cerro del Aripo (Mt. Aripo), ‘‘Cave MALE (holotype): Total length 2.6, cara- 254 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1005Ð1013. Coryssocnemis aripo, n. sp., male holotype and female paratype. 1005. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 1006. Right procursus, retrolateral view. 1007. Male right palpal femur, retro- lateral view. 1008–1009. Embolar division of right bulb, retrolateral (1008) and prolateral (1009) views. 1010–1011. Epigynum, lateral and ventral views. 1012. Epigynum, dorsoposterior view. 1013. Epigyn- um, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm. pace width 1.3; leg 1: 40.3 (9.2ϩ0.5ϩ9.3 pale ochre-yellow; chelicerae light ochre- ϩ17.7ϩ3.6), tibia 2: 6.0, tibia 3: 4.7, tibia 4: brown, with blackish cones frontally (fig. 5.9; tibia 1 l/d: 78. Habitus and prosoma 1005). Palps in general as in C. simla (cf. shape as in C. simla (cf. figs. 980, 982Ð983); figs. 984Ð985), femur as in fig. 1007, pro- carapace pale ochre with dark median stripe, cursus and bulb as in figs. 1006, 1008Ð1009. ocular area slightly darker; distance PME- Legs monochromous pale ochre-yellow; ALE about 90% of PME diameter. Sternum without spines, without curved and vertical 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 255

hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at hoti); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 3%; tarsus 1 with over 30 pseudosegments. very proximal (1.5Ð6%); tarsus with ϳ 25 to Opisthosoma greenish, with dark spots as in Ͼ 35 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma longer C. simla (cf. fig. 980). than high, pointed at spinnerets, in type spe- FEMALE (paratypes): Tibia 1: 6.9, 7.6. In cies unusually long. Male gonopore without general very similar to male, but darker. Epi- spigots (examined: M. longissimus: fig. 136). gynum flat, brown to dark brown, with ALS with only one piriform gland spigot blackish spot behind epigynum and pair of each (examined: M. longissimus: fig. 180), brown spots in front of epigynum (figs. other spinnerets typical for family. 1010Ð1011); dorsal view as in fig. 1013, dor- Sexual dimorphism slight (females of most soposterior view as in fig. 1012. species unknown); in M. longissimus females DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- with opisthosoma shorter than in males. cality. MONOPHYLY: The species included share MATERIAL EXAMINED: TRINIDAD: El Cer- the posteriorly inflated prosoma. In some ro del Aripo: types above. species, including the type species, this infla- tion is very slight, but in other close relatives MECOLOESTHUS SIMON, 1893 the inflation is very distinct (e.g., M. mucuy, n. sp.: figs. 1024Ð1026; azulita, n. sp.; pec- Mecoloesthus Simon, 1893b: 482 (type species by korum, n. sp.). original designation M. longissimus Simon, GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: Two characters 1893; examined). Ð Bonnet, 1957: 2742 (justi- vaguely hint to a closer relationship with fication of preference of Mecoloesthus over Me- colaesthus). Coryssocnemis: the blunt apophysis close to the lamina on the male chelicera (present DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized to large (total only in M. longissimus), which might be a length ϳ 2Ð7 mm), eight-eyed pholcids; dis- homolog to the upward-bent apophysis in tinguished from other New World genera by Coryssocnemis (C. monagas has the same the posteriorly inflated prosoma. blunt apophysis instead of the ‘‘typical’’ up- DESCRIPTION: Total length usually ϳ 2Ð4 ward-bent apophysis: fig. 1001); and the dis- mm, only M. longissimus, with its long op- tal apophysis on the male palpal femur. (This isthosoma, up to 7 mm. Carapace with tho- character may also unite Mecoloesthus with racic groove, which disappears posteriorly further mainly Venezuelan genera: Systenita, because of inflation of carapace (e.g., figs. Kaliana). 1025Ð1026); ocular area moderately elevat- SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS: A number of spe- ed; eight eyes; AME smallest. Distance cies (core-group) seem close to M. longissi- PME-ALE usually large (ϳ 80Ð90% of PME mus (similar procursi and bulbs), but have diameter; smaller in some species assigned shorter opisthosomata and shorter legs: M. tentatively: M. yawaperi, n. sp.; hoti, n. sp.; mucuy, azulita, peckorum, tabay, n. sp., cor- arima, n. sp.). Male clypeus unmodified. nutus, n. sp. All other species are assigned Male chelicerae with one or more pairs of tentatively: (1) three closely related species variously shaped apophyses, without stridu- from the Antilles: M. lemniscatus (Simon, latory ridges. Male palps relatively small in 1894), n. comb., and M. nigrifrons (Simon, relation to overall size; coxa with retrolateral 1894), n. comb. (both transferred from Psil- apophysis, femur with retrolateral apophysis ochorus), and the newly described M. taino, proximally, with variably shaped ventral n. sp.; these form a monophyletic group, apophysis distally, procursus and bulb vari- sharing details of the procursus, especially a able. Tarsal organ exposed (examined: M. unique internal ‘‘reservoir’’ (arrow in fig. longissimus: fig. 79). Legs of varying length 1085); (2) four newly described long-legged (leg 1 usually 6Ð12 ϫ body length; tibia 1 l/ species that show substantial variation in d: 35Ð114); leg 1 always longest, legs 2 and genital structure, but share the inflated cara- 4 about same length, leg 3 shortest; without pace: M. yawaperi, putumayo, arima, hoti. spines, without curved and vertical hairs DISTRIBUTION: The core-group is so far re- (two species assigned tentatively have many stricted to northern Venezuela. Together with vertical hairs on metatarsi: M. yawaperi, the species assigned tentatively, the genus 256 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1014Ð1018. Mecoloesthus longissimus Simon, male from Guatopo National Park. 1014. Hab- itus, lateral view. 1015. Left palp, prolateral view. 1016. Left palpal femur, retrolateral view. 1017. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1018. Chelicerae, frontal view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (1014), 0.2 mm (1015Ð1018). has a wide distribution in northern South herein (M. lemniscatus, nigrifrons) were re- America, from southern Colombia and Ma- cently redescribed (Huber, 1997b). naus in Brazil to the Lesser Antilles. COMPOSITION: The genus as construed here Mecoloesthus longissimus Simon, 1893 includes 13 named species: the type species Figures 79, 136, 180, 1014Ð1023 M. longissimus (which is redescribed below), and 12 further species, 10 of which are newly Mecoloesthus longissimus Simon, 1893a: 320Ð described below. The two species not treated 321; 1983b: 479Ð482, figs. 439, 443, 469.— 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 257

Figs. 1019Ð1023. Mecoloesthus longissimus Simon. 1019. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 1020. Left procursus, prolateral view. 1021. Left genital bulb, ϳ retrolateral view. 1022. Epigynum, ventral view. 1023. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (1021), 0.1 mm (1019Ð1020, 1022Ð1023).

Caporiacco, 1955: 299. Ð Huber, 1997b: 588Ð and procursus in individuals of very different 591, figs. 12aÐe, 13aÐd. body size. (Note that the differences in shape TYPES: Male lectotype, 13( 3& paralec- between the drawings of the palp in Huber, totypes from Tovar (Aragua), and Corosal 1997b, and those herein result mostly from (Distrito Federal), Venezuela; Jan.-Feb. 1888 slightly different angles of view.) Apart from (E. Simon), in MNHN (11024), examined total size, variation mainly occurs in the male (see Huber, 1997b for redescription of this chelicerae (see Variation below). The rede- material). scription herein deals with populations of NOTE: Simon’s type material contains one rather small individuals, and gives some new slightly deviating male, probably because Si- data on ultrastructure and variation. mon lumped the material from two different DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners localities (Tovar and Corosal). Discussing by the long opisthosoma (especially in the these differences, I have previously (Huber, male), and the shape of the procursus (figs. 1997b) not made a decision on the taxonom- 1019Ð1020). ic status of the ‘‘aberrant’’ male. With the MALE (Guatopo Nat. Park): Total length additional material studied herein I tend to 3.0, carapace width 0.81; leg 1: 32.7 see one quite variable species rather than (8.0ϩ0.4ϩ7.7ϩ14.7ϩ1.9), tibia 2 missing, several minimally different ones, primarily tibia 3: 3.7, tibia 4: 4.1; tibia 1 l/d: 114. Hab- because the male palp is almost indistin- itus as in fig. 1014; distance PME-ALE about guishable, even comparing the size of bulb 80% of PME diameter. Carapace ochre to 258 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 light brown, with dark Y mark; clypeus light (S. & J. Peck), ‘‘ravine FITs,’’ 5( 1& in brown, sternum ochre-yellow. Chelicerae AMNH; same locality and collectors, June light brown, with two pairs of frontal apoph- 7Ð14, 1987, forest streamside, 2( in AMNH; yses and pair of sclerotized patches (fig. same locality and collectors, June 3Ð10, 1018). Palps as in figs. 1015Ð1017, femur 1987, forest floor sweeping, 1& in AMNH; with conspicuous apophyses (fig. 1016), pro- Guatopo Nat. Park, El Lucero, 700 m elev., cursus simple (figs. 1019Ð1020), with pro- May 31ÐJune 7, 1987 (S. & J. Peck), ‘‘ravine lateral apophysis subdistally (fig. 1020), bulb FIT,’’ 2( in AMNH; Guatopo Nat. Park, as in fig. 1021. Tarsal organ exposed (fig. Santa Cruzita, 450 m elev., Feb. 14, 1984 (J. 79). Legs light brown, femora and tibiae with Coddington), 3( 2& in USNM; Recreational light distal tips, without spines, without Club Izcaragua (between Caracas and Gua- curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral tricho- tire), ϳ 900 m elev., Jan. 19, 1985 (E. Bar- ϳ bothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 with dinet & Sobrevila), 1( 1 juvenile in USNM. 30 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma light greenish, with darker greenish spots dorsally, light brown genital plate, black spot between Mecoloesthus mucuy, new species genital plate and spinnerets; gonopore with- Figures 1024Ð1033 out epiandrous spigots (fig. 136); ALS with only one piriform gland spigot each (fig. TYPES: Male holotype, 7( paratypes from 180). Tabay Mucuy, Me«rida, Venezuela; 2250 m FEMALE (Guatopo Nat. Park): Total length elev., ‘‘Send. Lag. Suero,’’ cloud forest, June 2.3; carapace width 0.87; tibia 1 missing, tib- 17ÐAug. 2, 1989 (S. & J. Peck), in AMNH. ia 2: 3.1, tibia 3: 2.3, tibia 4: 2.8. Very sim- ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. ilar to male, but anterior part of opisthosoma The specific name is a noun in apposition. not so elongated. Epigynum small, very sim- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from close rela- ple, consisting of pair of brown plates be- tives (M. azulita, peckorum) by the number tween which semispherical pore plates were and position of apophyses on the male che- visible in one individual (fig. 1022). Dorsal licerae (fig. 1030), by the shape of the pro- view as in fig. 1023. cursus (figs. 1032Ð1033), and the embolar di- VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 2 other males from vision of the bulb (fig. 1031). Guatopo Nat. Park: 9.1, 10.4; in one male MALE (holotype): Total length 3.2, cara- the ventral black mark on the opisthosoma pace width 1.3; leg 1: 21.2 (4.8ϩ0.4ϩ4.9 was a long band rather than a spot. Total ϩ9.1ϩ2.0), tibia 2: 3.1, tibia 3: 2.4, tibia 4: length varied as follows (resulting mainly 2.9; tibia 1 l/d: 35. Habitus as in fig. 1024; from variation in opisthosoma length): Si- distance PME-ALE about 80% of PME di- mon’s type material: 4.5Ð7.0; male from ameter. Carapace dark ochre-brown, darker Rancho Grande (see below): 5.7; male from anteriorly, posteriorly slightly inflated (figs. ‘‘Golfo Triste’’ (see below): 3.9; males from 1025Ð1026); ocular area and clypeus brown. Guatopo Nat. Park: 3.0Ð4.0. The proximal Sternum light to dark brown (dark anterior- pair of apophyses on the chelicerae is absent ly); chelicerae ochre and brown in pattern in some males (fig. 12E in Huber, 1997b). shown in fig. 1030, with three pairs of in- DISTRIBUTION: Known from several local- ities in northern Venezuela (Aragua, Distrito ward-facing black apophyses (most distal Federal, Miranda, Carabobo). pair just a sclerotized hump) (fig. 1030). MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Ar- Palps as in figs. 1028Ð1029, coxa with dis- agua and Distrito Federal: types above; Ar- tinct retrolateral apophysis, femur with retro- agua: Rancho Grande near Maracay, Mar. lateral apophysis proximally and ventral pro- 15Ð31, 1946 (W. Beebe ‘‘et al.’’), 1( in jection distally, procursus with prominent AMNH. Carabobo: Golfo Triste (10Њ40ЈN, proximal protrusion, distally simple (fig. 68Њ10ЈW), Sept. 6, 1942 (W. Beebe ‘‘et al.’’), 1032), bulb as in fig. 1031. Legs light brown, 1( 2& 1 juvenile in AMNH. Miranda: Gua- with dark rings on femora (subdistally) and topo Nat. Park, 35 km N Altagracia, Agua tibiae (proximally and subdistally), without Blanca, 400 m elev., May 31ÐJune 7, 1987 spines, without curved and vertical hairs; re- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 259

Figs. 1024Ð1029. Mecoloesthus mucuy, n. sp., male. 1024. Habitus, lateral view. 1025–1026. Pro- soma, frontal and dorsal views. 1027. Left palpal femur, prolateral view. 1028. Left palp, prolateral view. 1029. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (1024Ð1026), 0.5 mm (1027Ð1029).

trolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 5%; tar- FEMALE: Unknown. sus 1 with ϳ 25 pseudosegments. Opistho- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- soma as in fig. 1024, very dark bluish. cality. VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 4 other males: 4.7Ð MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Me«- 5.4. rida: Tabay Mucuy: types above. 260 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1030Ð1039. Mecoloesthus spp. 1030Ð1033. M. mucuy, n. sp., male. 1030. Chelicerae, frontal view. 1031. Left genital bulb, retrolateral view. 1032. Left procursus with cymbium, retrolateral view. 1033. Left procursus, prolateral view. 1034Ð1037. M. azulita, n. sp., male. 1034. Chelicerae, frontal view (arrow points to area where the closely related M. peckorum, n. sp. has some additional tiny cones). 1035. Left genital bulb, retrolateral view. 1036. Left procursus with cymbium, retrolateral view. 1037. Left procursus, prolateral view. 1038Ð1039. M. peckorum, n. sp., male. 1038. Left procursus with cymbium, retrolateral view. 1039. Left procursus, prolateral view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

Mecoloesthus azulita, new species Me«rida, Venezuela; 2300 m elev., ‘‘Podo- Figures 1034Ð1037 carp forest,’’ June 28ÐAug. 3, 1989 (S. & J. TYPES: Male holotype from 20 km SE Peck), in AMNH; 1( paratype from same Azulita (‘‘ULA Biol. Res. La Carbonera’’), locality, ‘‘Podocarp forest, carriontips,’’ 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 261

June 28ÐJuly 27, 1989 (S. & J. Peck), in 3: 2.5, tibia 4: 3.0. Habitus and prosoma AMNH. shape as in M. mucuy (cf. figs. 1024Ð1026); ETYMOLOGY: Named for the town close to distance PME-ALE about 90% of PME di- the type locality. The specific name is a noun ameter. Prosoma brown, sternum slightly in apposition. lighter; chelicerae with large lateral apophy- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from close rela- ses as in M. azulita (cf. fig. 1034), but with tives (M. mucuy, peckorum, tabay) by the some additional small black cones frontally single pair of short, curved, pointed apoph- (arrow in fig. 1034). Palps in general as in yses laterally on the male chelicerae (fig. M. mucuy (cf. figs. 1028Ð1029), procursus as 1034), by the shape of the procursus (figs. in figs. 1038Ð1039; bulb as in M. azulita (cf. 1036Ð1037), and the embolar division of the fig. 1035). Legs light brown, without any bulb (fig. 1035). rings (as in M. azulita); without spines, with- MALE (holotype): Total length 3.0, cara- out curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral tri- pace width 1.3; femur 1: 4.5 (other segments chobothrium of tibia 1 at 6%. Opisthosoma missing), tibia 2: 3.1, tibia 3: 2.5, tibia 4: 3.1. dark greenish. Habitus and prosoma shape as in M. mucuy VARIATION: The second male is larger (car- (cf. figs. 1024Ð1026); distance PME-ALE apace width 1.4; leg 1: 5.6ϩ0.5ϩ5.7, meta- about 90% of PME diameter. Carapace dark tarsus and tarsus missing; tibia 2: 3.7, tibia brown, ocular area and clypeus even darker, 3: 2.9, tibia 4: 3.5; tibia 1 l/d: 37), but oth- sternum brown; chelicerae with pair of short erwise not distinguishable. curved apophyses laterally, and pair of tiny FEMALE: Unknown. black cones (fig. 1034). Palps in general as DISTRIBUTION: Known from two localities in M. mucuy (cf. figs. 1028Ð1029), procursus in Me«rida, Venezuela. and bulb as in figs. 1035Ð1037. Legs light MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Me«- brown, without any rings; without spines, rida:Me«rida: type above; Me«rida, ‘‘Hechi- without curved and vertical hairs. Opistho- cera, Monte Zerpa,’’ 2000 m elev., montane soma dark greenish. forest, July 22ÐAug. 2, 1989 (S. & J. Peck), Leg 1 in male paratype: 21.2 (4.8ϩ0.5 1( in AMNH. ϩ5.0ϩ8.9ϩ2.0), tibia 1 l/d: 38. FEMALE: Unknown. Mecoloesthus tabay, new species DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- Figures 1040Ð1043 cality. MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Me«- TYPE: Male holotype from Me«rida (‘‘Telef. rida: 20 km SE Azulita: types above. Est. La Montan˜a’’), Dept. Me«rida, Venezue- la; 2450 m elev., cloud forest, June 27ÐJuly Mecoloesthus peckorum, new species 26, 1989 (S. & J. Peck), in AMNH. Figures 1038Ð1039 ETYMOLOGY: Named for one of the collec- tion sites, Tabay Mucuy Nat. Park. The spe- TYPE: Male holotype from Me«rida (‘‘Telef. cific name is a noun in apposition. Est. La Montan˜a’’), Me«rida, Venezuela; 2450 DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from close rela- m elev., cloud forest, June 27ÐJuly 26, 1989 tives (M. mucuy, azulita, peckorum) by the (S. & J. Peck), in AMNH. rounded, inward-facing apophyses on the ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collectors of male chelicerae (fig. 1040), and the shape of the type material. the procursus (figs. 1042Ð1043). DIAGNOSIS: Very closely related to M. MALE (holotype): Total length 2.8, cara- azulita, distinguished only by the procursus, pace width 1.2; leg 1: 22.3 (5.1ϩ0.5ϩ5.1 which is more slender and has a bent tip ϩ9.6ϩ2.0), tibia 2: 3.3, tibia 3: 2.5, tibia 4: (compare figs. 1036Ð1039), and by the male 2.9; tibia 1 l/d: 38. Habitus and prosoma chelicerae, which are provided with several shape as in M. mucuy (cf. figs. 1024Ð1026); additional tiny sclerotized cones frontally distance PME-ALE about 90% of PME di- (arrow in fig. 1034). ameter. Prosoma brown, chelicerae with MALE (holotype): Total length 2.4, cara- large rounded lateral apophyses, and another pace width 1.1. Legs 1 and 2 missing; tibia smaller pair (hidden by large apophyses in 262 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1040Ð1047. Mecoloesthus spp. 1040Ð1043. M. tabay, n. sp., male. 1040. Chelicerae, frontal view. 1041. Left genital bulb, retrolateral view. 1042. Left procursus with cymbium, retrolateral view. 1043. Left procursus, prolateral view. 1044Ð1047. M. cornutus, n. sp., male. 1044. Chelicerae, frontal view. 1045. Left genital bulb, retrolateral view. 1046. Left procursus with cymbium, retrolateral view. 1047. Left procursus, prolateral view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

fig. 1040). Palps in general as in M. mucuy DISTRIBUTION: Known from two localities (cf. figs. 1028Ð1029), procursus and bulb as in Me«rida, Venezuela. in figs. 1041Ð1043. Legs light brown, with MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Me«- dark rings on femora (subdistally), and tibiae rida:Me«rida: type above; Tabay Mucuy, (proximally, subdistally), dark rings on fem- ‘‘Send. Lag. Suero,’’ cloud forest, 2700 m ora preceded by light rings; without spines, elev., June 19ÐJuly 24, 1989 (S. & J. Peck), without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral 1( in AMNH. trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 5%; tibia 1 with ϳ 36 pseudosegments (very distinct!). Op- Mecoloesthus cornutus, new species isthosoma dark greenish-gray. (Tibia 1 in Figures 1044Ð1047 other male: 5.3.) TYPES: Male holotype, 3( paratypes from FEMALE: Unknown. El Valle, 5 km NE Me«rida, Me«rida, Vene- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 263

zuela; 2400 m elev., cloud forest, June 24Ð ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun Aug. 2, 1989 (S. & J. Peck), in AMNH. in apposition honoring the Yawaperi Indi- ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is an ad- ans living north of Manaus in Brazil, who jective referring to the long male cheliceral have been widely known for their ‘‘aggres- apophyses. siveness’’ in protecting their land and iden- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners tity. by the long curved apophyses laterally on the DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners male chelicerae (fig. 1044), by the shape of by the pair of tiny frontal apophyses on the the procursus (figs. 1046Ð1047), and the em- male chelicerae (fig. 1049), the slender and bolar division of the bulb (fig. 1045). simple procursus (figs. 1050Ð1051), and the MALE (holotype): Total length 2.8, cara- shape of the ventral apophysis distally on the pace width 1.3; leg 1: 23.6 (5.3ϩ0.5ϩ5.5 male palpal femur (fig. 1048). ϩ10.3ϩ2.0), tibia 2: 3.3, tibia 3: 2.5, tibia 4: MALE (holotype): Total length 2.2, cara- 2.9; tibia 1 l/d: 39. Habitus and prosoma pace width 1.0; leg 1: 27.2 (6.4ϩ0.3ϩ6.7 shape as in M. mucuy (cf. figs. 1024Ð1026); ϩ11.7ϩ2.1), tibia 2: 3.9, tibia 3: 2.7, tibia coloration and general structure as in M. mu- 4: 3.5; tibia 1 l/d: 100. Prosoma as in M. cuy; distance PME-ALE about 80% of PME mucuy (cf. figs. 1024Ð1026), but ocular area diameter. Chelicerae with pair of very long slightly less elevated, and distance PME- curved apophyses laterally, and two pairs of ALE smaller (ϳ 50% of PME diameter). smaller humps frontally (fig. 1044). Palps in Carapace ochre-brown, slightly inflated pos- general as in M. mucuy (cf. figs. 1028Ð1029), teriorly but with distinct thoracic groove; procursus and bulb as in figs. 1045Ð1047. clypeus with pair of darker stripes, sternum Legs as in M. mucuy, but with light rings ochre-brown, without humps. Chelicerae immediately before and after dark rings; brown, with pair of small apophyses fron- without spines, without curved and vertical tally (fig. 1049). Palps as in figs. 1052Ð hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1053, coxa with retrolateral apophysis, fe- 5%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 30 pseudosegments. Op- mur with retrolateral apophysis proximally isthosoma as in M. mucuy, but with dark and distinct ventral apophysis distally (fig. spots dorsally. 1048), procursus simple (figs. 1050Ð1051), VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 2 other males: 5.0, bulb as in fig. 1054. Legs light brown, with- 5.5. out rings, without spines and curved hairs; FEMALE: Unknown. with vertical hairs on metatarsi; retrolateral DISTRIBUTION: Known from four localities trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 in Me«rida, Venezuela. with over 30 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Me«- as in M. mucuy (cf. fig. 1024) but slightly rida: El Valle: types above; Tabay Mucuy, longer, pale greenish, with hardly visible ‘‘Send. Lag. Suero,’’ cloud forest, 2250 m darker spots dorsally, ventrally with darker elev., June 17ÐAug. 2, 1989 (S. & J. Peck), band from genital plate halfway to spinner- 1( in AMNH; Me«rida, ‘‘Telef. Est. La Mon- ets. tan˜a,’’ 2450 m elev., cloud forest, June 27Ð VARIATION: Tibia 1 in paratype: 5.7 (miss- July 26, 1989 (S. & J. Peck), 1( in AMNH; ing in other paratype). One male paratype Me«rida, ‘‘Hechicera, Monte Zerpa,’’ 2000 m (‘‘T14 N-E’’) with some distinct bluish-white elev., montane forest, July 22ÐAug. 2, 1989 spots and stripes on opisthosoma. (S. & J. Peck), 1( in AMNH. FEMALE: Unknown (a prosoma, possibly of a conspecific female, accompanies the male Mecoloesthus yawaperi, new species holotype; it is very similar to the male pro- Figures 1048Ð1054 soma, also slightly inflated; tibia 1: 4.3). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- TYPES: Male holotype (‘‘T11 N-A’’), 2( cality. paratypes (‘‘T2 N-B,’’ ‘‘T14 N-E’’), from MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Amazon- Dimona Reserve, near Manaus, Amazonas, as: Manaus, Dimona Reserve: types above, Brazil; 1989Ð1992 (H. G. Fowler), in and female prosoma accompanying holo- MCZ. type. 264 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1048Ð1054. Mecoloesthus yawaperi, n. sp., male. 1048. Left palpal femur, retrolateral view. 1049. Chelicerae, frontal view. 1050. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 1051. Left procursus, prolateral view. 1052. Left palp, prolateral view. 1053. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1054. Left genital bulb, retro- lateral view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (1048Ð1049, 1052Ð1053), 0.1 mm (1050Ð1051, 1054).

Mecoloesthus putumayo, new species DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners Figures 1055Ð1059 by the procursus with complicated tip com- TYPE: Male holotype from near Puerto posed of lamellae and apophyses (figs. 1058Ð Asis, Rio Putumayo, Dept. Putumayo, Co- 1059), and the male palpal femur with its lombia; no date (W. G. Eberhard), in MCZ. distinctive ventral apophysis (fig. 1057). ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Colombian MALE (holotype): Carapace width 1.1, op- state Putumayo. The specific name is a noun isthosoma missing; leg 1: 53.9 (12.8ϩ0.5 in apposition. ϩ12.8ϩ24.9ϩ2.9), tibia 2: 7.1, tibia 3: 5.3, 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 265

Figs. 1055Ð1059. Mecoloesthus putumayo, n. sp., male. 1055. Chelicerae, frontal view. 1056. Right genital bulb, retrolateral view. 1057. Left palpal femur, prolateral view. 1058. Left procursus, prolateral view. 1059. Left procursus and cymbium, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

tibia 4: 6.9; tibia 1 l/d: 113. Prosoma slightly MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOMBIA: Pu- damaged, but apparently very similar to M. tumayo: near Puerto Asis: type above. mucuy (cf. figs. 1024Ð1026); distance PME- ALE about 80% of PME diameter. Carapace Mecoloesthus arima, new species light ochre with large median brown mark Figures 1060Ð1068 and brown lateral margins, slightly inflated posteriorly; clypeus dark brown, sternum TYPE: Male holotype from Arima Valley, pale ochre-yellow. Chelicerae light brown, Trinidad; 800Ð1200 ft elev., Feb. 10Ð22, with pair of blackish apophyses frontally (fig. 1964 (P. Wygodzinski & J. Rozen), in 1055). Palps in general very similar to M. AMNH. mucuy (cf. figs. 1028Ð1029), coxa with re- ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. trolateral apophysis, femur with distinct ven- The specific name is a noun in apposition. tral apophysis distally (fig. 1057), procursus DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from con- with complex tip (figs. 1058Ð1059), bulb as geners by the shape of the procursus (figs. in fig. 1056. Legs light ochre, distal tips of 1065, 1067Ð1068), the long bulbal apophysis tibiae light; legs without spines, without (fig. 1064), the shape of the male palpal fe- curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral tricho- mur apophysis (fig. 1066) and the strong bothrium of tibia 1 at 1.5%; tarsus 1 with apophyses on the male chelicerae (figs. over 35 pseudosegments. 1060Ð1061). FEMALE: Unknown. MALE (holotype): Total length 2.5, cara- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- pace width 1.1, legs 1Ð3 missing; leg 4: 17.9 cality. (5.0ϩ0.4ϩ4.5ϩ7.0ϩ1.5). Habitus as in fig. 266 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1060Ð1068. Mecoloesthus arima, n. sp., male. 1060. Habitus, lateral view. 1061–1063. Pro- soma, frontal, ventral, and dorsal views. 1064. Left palp, prolateral view. 1065. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1066. Left palpal femur, retrolateral view. 1067–1068. Left procursus tip, prolateral (1067) and retrolateral (1068) views. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (1060), 0.4 mm (1061Ð1066), 0.1 mm (1067Ð1068). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 267

1060; distance PME-ALE about 70% of (fig. 1075), the uniquely formed procursus PME diameter. Carapace orange-ochre, (figs. 1073, 1075), and the cheliceral arma- brown medially and laterally, conspicuously ture (fig. 1076). inflated posteriorly (figs. 1060Ð1061, 1063), MALE (holotype): Total length 2.8, cara- ocular area brown, clypeus brown, sternum pace width 1.2; leg 1: 35.2 (8.5ϩ0.4ϩ8.1 light orange-ochre, with reddish-brown mar- ϩ15.5ϩ2.7), tibia 2: 5.1, tibia 3: 3.9, tibia 4: gins (fig. 1062). Chelicerae brown, produced 5.1; tibia 1 l/d: 101. Habitus and prosoma as anteriorly into pair of large apophyses (figs. in figs. 1069Ð1072. Carapace light brown, 1060Ð1061). Palps as in figs. 1064Ð1065, inflated posteriorly, but with distinct thoracic coxa with retrolateral apophysis, femur with groove between inflation and ocular area; retrolateral apophysis proximally, distinct eight eyes on moderately elevated ocular ventral apophysis distally (fig. 1066), pro- area; distance PME-ALE about 50% of PME cursus as in figs. 1067Ð1068, bulb with trans- diameter. Sternum light orange-brown; che- parent projection accompanying simple long licerae light brown, with two pairs of apoph- apophysis (fig. 1064). Legs light brown, fem- yses, median pair distinctively shaped (fig. ora and tibiae with slightly lighter tips; legs 1076). Palps as in figs. 1074Ð1075, light 4 without spines, without curved and vertical brown, procursus black; coxa with narrow re- hairs; tarsus 4 with ϳ 20 pseudosegments. trolateral apophysis, femur proximally with Opisthosoma in holotype shrunken (fig. rounded retrolateral apophysis, distally with 1060), in other male (see below) like in M. distinct ventral apophysis and sclerotized mucuy (cf. fig. 1024), pale greenish, with dis- hump (fig. 1075), procursus bent inwards in tinct black spots arranged in lines, genital sharp angle, with field of sclerotized ridges plate wide, light brown, short black stripe be- retrolaterally and large rounded protrusion hind genital plate. dorsally (fig. 1073), bulb with slightly spi- Measurements of other male (see below): raling sclerite and semitransparent projection carapace width: 1.15; leg 1: 36.5 (8.8ϩ0.4 dorsally (fig. 1074). Legs brown with light ϩ8.8ϩ16.5ϩ2.0), tibiae 2 and 4 missing, tib- tips on femora and tibiae; without spines and ia 3: 3.9; tibia 1 l/d: 110; retrolateral tricho- curved hairs, with some vertical hairs on bothrium of tibia 1 at 2%; tarsus 1 with over metatarsi; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 30 pseudosegments. 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 with over 35 pseudoseg- FEMALE: Unknown. ments. Opisthosoma ochre-gray, with dark DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Arima spots dorsally. Valley, Trinidad. FEMALE: Unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED: TRINIDAD: St. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- George Co.: Arima Valley: type above; Sim- cality. la, Arima Valley, Apr. 18, 1964 (A. M. MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Chickering), 2( in AMNH. Amazonas: Rio Baria: type above.

Mecoloesthus hoti, new species Mecoloesthus taino, new species Figures 1069Ð1076 Figures 1077Ð1089

TYPE: Male holotype from Rio Baria, TYPES: Male holotype, 1( 2& paratypes Dept. Amazonas, Venezuela; ϳ 100 m elev., from ‘‘La maison de la Foret,’’ Basse Terre, ‘‘from overhead vegetation fell into dugout Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; Aug. 1983 (A. canoe,’’ July 21, 1984 (L. S. Ford & C. W. Lopez), in AMNH. Myers), in AMNH. ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition honoring the Ta«õno of the West in apposition honoring the Hot«õ, an Indian Indies (see Tainonia, p. 145). people in the state of Bol«õvar who have DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of M. lemnisca- maintained their cultural identity partly by tus (Simon) and M. nigrifrons (Simon), eas- the relative inaccessibility of their territory. ily distinguished from both by the pair of DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from any apophyses on the epigynum (figs. 1087Ð known pholcid by the bulky male pedipalp 1088). 268 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1069Ð1076. Mecoloesthus hoti, n. sp., male. 1069. Habitus, lateral view. 1070–1072. Prosoma, ventral, frontal, and dorsal views. 1073. Cymbium with procursus, dorsal view. 1074. Left palp, pro- lateral view. 1075. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1076. Chelicerae, frontal view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (1069Ð1072), 0.2 mm (1073Ð1076). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 269

Figs. 1077Ð1081. Mecoloesthus taino, n. sp., male. 1077. Habitus, lateral view. 1078–1079. Pro- soma, frontal and dorsal views. 1080. Left palp, prolateral view. 1081. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (1077Ð1079), 0.5 mm (1080Ð1081).

MALE (holotype): Total length 3.9, cara- with brown pattern (fig. 1079), inflated pos- pace width 1.5; leg 1: (11.9ϩ0.6ϩ11.6ϩϾ teriorly, but with distinct thoracic groove be- 18.1, tarsus missing), tibia 2: 6.7, tibia 3: 4.8, tween inflated part and ocular area; eight tibia 4: 6.1; tibia 1 l/d: 94. Habitus and pro- eyes on moderately elevated brown ocular soma as in figs. 1077Ð1079. Carapace ochre area; distance PME-ALE about 70% of PME 270 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1082Ð1089. Mecoloesthus taino,n.sp.1082. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 1083. Male pro- soma, ventral view. 1084. Left procursus, prolateral view. 1085. Left procursus, retrolateral view (arrow points to internal ‘‘reservoir’’). 1086. Left palpal femur, prolateral view. 1087–1088. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 1089. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (1083), 0.2 mm (1082, 1084Ð 1089). diameter. Clypeus with brown pattern (fig. cursus with dorsal process subdistally and 1078), sternum ochre with brown triangle an- transparent laminae distally (figs. 1084Ð teriorly (fig. 1083); chelicerae brown, with 1085), bulb with flat sclerite dorsally, short two contiguous black apophyses on each side spinelike process prolaterally, and a promi- (fig. 1082). Palps as in figs. 1080Ð1081, nent apophysis distally (fig. 1080). Legs ochre to dark brown; coxa with distinct re- light, with slightly darker rings on femora trolateral apophysis, femur with small retro- (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and sub- lateral apophysis proximally and distinct distally); without spines and curved hairs, ventral apophysis distally (fig. 1086), pro- with some vertical hairs on all segments; re- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 271

trolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 2%; tar- inae resembles a similar structure in some sus 1 with ϳ 30 pseudosegments. Opistho- Mecoloesthus and Coryssocnemis species soma greenish-gray, with large darker spots (figs. 1001, 1018). Otherwise, both genitalic dorsally, genital plate dark brown; behind and nongenitalic characters are highly auta- genital plate dark band halfway to spinnerets. pomorphic, providing no clues on possible VARIATION: Tibia 1 in four males (incl. relatives. types): 9.6Ð11.7; in the paratype the margin DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- of the sternum is darker. The specimens from cality in eastern Venezuela. Dominica are smaller, but the genitalia and chelicerae appear to be identical. Kaliana yuruani, new species FEMALE (paratypes): Total length 3.9; tibia Figures 1090Ð1100 1: 9.5, 9.9; prosoma only slightly inflated posteriorly. Epigynum brown, prominent, TYPE: Male holotype from 26 km N Rio with pair of anterior apophyses (figs. 1087Ð Yuruani, La Gran Sabana, Bol«õvar, Venezue- 1088), internal genitalia with transparent me- la; ‘‘forest grassland edge,’’ malaise, June dian blind sac and apparently divided pore 29ÐAug. 10, 1987 (S. & J. Peck), in AMNH. plates (fig. 1089; in the KOH preparation it ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Yuruani River was difficult to see whether both plates are close to the type locality. The specific name actually provided with the typical pores). is a noun in apposition. DISTRIBUTION: Known from the Lesser An- DIAGNOSIS: Small pholcid (total length ϳ tilles: Guadeloupe, Dominica; the label in 2 mm) with eight eyes, relatively long legs, one additional vial reads ‘‘Landat Dom.’’ roughly globular opisthosoma; easily distin- MATERIAL EXAMINED: GUADELOUPE: guished from any known pholcid by the ex- Basse Terre: types above. DOMINICA: tremely long procursus (figs. 1096Ð1097), Fresh Water Lake, 850 m elev., Feb. 4, 1968 the long apophysis ventrally on the palpal fe- (B. Malkin), 1( 1& in AMNH; Long Ditton, mur (fig. 1098), the high eye turret with tri- June 18, 1911 (‘‘M. I.’’), 1( in AMNH; ads far apart (figs. 1090, 1095), the modified Clarke Hall, ‘‘molasses jars,’’ Oct. 12, 1966 male clypeus (fig. 1095), and the armature of (A. B. Gurney), 1( 1& in USNM; Clarke the male chelicerae (figs. 1092Ð1093). Hall, Apr. 5, 1965 (D. R. Davis), 1( 2& in MALE (holotype): Total length 1.9, cara- USNM; l’Eau Goumier, Mar. 13, 1956 (J.F.G. pace width 1.0; leg 1: 23.1 (5.5ϩ0.3ϩ5.6 Clarke), 1& in USNM. ϩ10.0ϩ1.7), tibia 2: 3.5, tibia 3: 2.5, tibia 4: 3.5; tibia 1 l/d: 76. Habitus as in fig. 1090. KALIANA, NEW GENUS Carapace with deep thoracic groove, ochre- yellow, slightly darker spot medially (fig. TYPE SPECIES: Kaliana yuruani, new spe- 1094), ocular area elevated, eight eyes sep- cies. arated into two lateral triads, and AME iso- ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the lated in front (fig. 1095); distance PME-ALE Kaliana Indians, a riverine people in Bol«õvar, about 50% of PME diameter. Clypeus taper- Venezuela, widely known and respected ing in front, with sclerotized knob at tip (figs. among other Indians for their elaborate heal- 1094Ð1095). Sternum wide (fig. 1091). Che- ing and religious rituals. By the 1980s, about licerae ochre-yellow with dark brown to 15 Kaliana were still alive. Gender feminine. black apophyses proximally (figs. 1092Ð DIAGNOSIS/DESCRIPTION: See diagnosis and 1093). Palps as in figs. 1096Ð1097, ochre- description of single known species below. yellow proximally, distally brown to black GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The apophysis (procursus); coxa with distinct retrolateral ventrally on the male palpal femur is similar apophysis, femur with small dorsal protru- in position and direction (i.e., pointing in a sion and conspicuous ventrolateral apophysis proximal direction) to that in some other (fig. 1098), procursus structurally simple but mainly Venezuelan genera (Mecoloesthus, extremely long (figs. 1096Ð1097), bulb sim- Systenita, Coryssocnemis). Also, the sclero- ple with embolar division ending in two tized area at the basis of the cheliceral lam- transparent laminae (figs. 1099Ð1100). Legs 272 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1090Ð1095. Kaliana yuruani, n. sp., male holotype. 1090. Habitus, lateral view. 1091. Pro- soma, ventral view. 1092–1093. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 1094–1095. Prosoma, dorsal and frontal views. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (1090Ð1091, 1094Ð1095), 0.2 mm (1092Ð1093). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 273

Figs. 1096Ð1100. Kaliana yuruani, n. sp., male holotype. 1096. Right palp, retrolateral view. 1097. Right palp, prolateral view. 1098. Right palpal femur, retrolateral view. 1099–1100. Embolar division of right bulb, ϳ ventral (1099) and prolateral (1100) views. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (1096Ð1097), 0.3 mm (1098Ð1100). light brown, with indistinct darker rings on 5%. Opisthosoma pale greenish-gray with femora (distally) and tibiae (proximally); some darker greenish spots dorsally (fig. without spines, without curved and vertical 1090). hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at FEMALE: Unknown. 274 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- gland spigot each (examined: W. modesta), cality. other spinnerets typical for family. MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Bo- Female only known in type species; sexual l«õvar: 26 km N Rio Yuruani, La Gran Sa- dimorphism slight. Epigynum and stridula- bana: type above. tion see W. modesta description below. MONOPHYLY: The species included do not WAUNANA, NEW GENUS share a clear synapomorphy, but rather show general and specific similarities (habitus and TYPE SPECIES: Blechroscelis modesta pale coloration; simple, spinelike procursus; Banks, 1929. one pair of apophyses on male chelicerae; ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the many vertical hairs on male femora and tib- Waunana Indians, a tropical forest tribe liv- iae), could not convincingly be placed into ing in the Colombian Choco« and Panamanian another genus, and occur in a restricted geo- Darie«n. Gender feminine. graphic region. The unique stridulatory ap- DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized (total length paratus in W. modesta females might be a 1.6Ð2.7 mm), rather light, eight-eyed phol- synapomorphy, but in no other species is the cids with relatively long legs, longer-than- female known. high opisthosoma; distinguished from similar GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: Waunana shares genera (Modisimus, Pisaboa) by the combi- the high concentration of vertical hairs on nation of anterior humps on male sternum, male femora with Modisimus, a largely Cen- apophyses on male chelicerae, pointed and tral American genus, but it lacks the high eye upward-projecting (‘‘pup’’) apophysis on turret of typical Modisimus. Several other genera share the many vertical hairs on the male palpal femur, eight eyes on moderately tibiae; of these, Pomboa and Pisaboa appear elevated ocular area, and many vertical hairs similar to Waunana, and Pisaboa also shares on femora and tibiae of male legs. the ‘‘pup’’ apophysis on the male palpal fe- DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 1.6Ð2.7 mm. mur. Carapace with distinct thoracic groove, ocu- SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS: W. anchicaya,n. lar area moderately elevated, with eight eyes, sp., is very close to W. modesta (identical AME smallest; distance PME-ALE relatively male chelicerae, minimal differences in the large (80Ð100% of PME diameter). Sternum procursus); W. eberhardi shares with these with humps (absent in W. eberhardi, n. sp.). species the many vertical hairs on femora Male clypeus unmodified. Basal segment of and tibiae; W. tulcan is quite different (no male chelicerae with pair of simple apophy- vertical hairs, no ‘‘pup’’ apophysis) and ses (more prominent in W. tulcan, n. sp.); therefore assigned tentatively. without stridulatory ridges laterally; fangs DISTRIBUTION/COMPOSITION: Four de- unmodified. Male palpal coxa with retrola- scribed species from Panama, Colombia and teral apophysis, femur with prominent retro- Ecuador east of the Andes. W. tulcan is the lateral apophysis proximally and ‘‘pup’’ only species from high in the Andes (2400 apophysis distally (missing in W. tulcan); m elev.), but this species is also tentatively procursus long and thin, with simple tip. Tar- assigned for other reasons (see above). sal organ exposed (examined: W. modesta). Legs relatively long (leg 1 about 9Ð13 ϫ Waunana modesta (Banks, 1929), body length; tibia 1 l/d usually 75Ð85; only new combination 56 in W. tulcan); leg formula 1243; legs Figures 199, 1101Ð1114 without spines and curved hairs; with many vertical hairs on femora and tibiae (not in W. Blechroscelis modesta Banks, 1929: 57, figs. 24, tulcan); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 39, 41, 80. very proximal (at 3Ð4%); tarsus 1 with ϳ TYPES: Two male and one female syntypes 20Ð30 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma longer from Barro Colorado, Canal Zone, Panama; than high, pointed at spinnerets. Male gono- June 20Ð24 and July 13, 1924 (N. Banks) pore without epiandrous spigots (examined: and Ft. Davis, July 3, 1924 (N. Banks), in W. modesta). ALS with only one piriform MCZ (examined). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 275

Figs. 1101Ð1106. Waunana modesta (Banks), male. 1101. Habitus, lateral view. 1102–1104. Pro- soma, frontal, dorsal, and ventral views. 1105. Left palp, prolateral view. 1106. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (1101Ð1104), 0.3 mm (1105Ð1106).

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from close rela- ing), tibia 2: 4.0, tibia 3: 2.8, tibia 4: 3.5; tives (W. anchicaya, eberhardi) by the tibia 1 l/d: 75. Habitus as in fig. 1101; pro- curved slender procursus (figs. 1106Ð1108), soma ochre-yellow, with deep thoracic and the bipartite bulbal apophysis (figs. groove and moderately elevated ocular area 1105Ð1106). with eight eyes (figs. 1101Ð1103); distance MALE (syntype from Ft. Davis): Total PME-ALE about 80% of PME diameter. length 2.1, carapace width 0.9; leg 1: Sternum with pair of anterior humps (figs. (6.6ϩ0.4ϩ6.7, metatarsus and tarsus miss- 1102, 1104); chelicerae with pair of frontal 276 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1107Ð1114. Waunana modesta (Banks). 1107–1108. Left procursus tip, ventral (1107) and retrolateral (1108) views. 1109. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 1110. Male left palpal femur, retrolateral view. 1111–1112. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 1113. Epigynum, dorsal view. 1114. Stridulatory apparatus: row of knobs on opisthosoma against sclerotized arch on sternum (s: sternum; c: coxa 4; o: opisthosoma). Scale lines: 0.2 mm. apophyses distally, directed inward (fig. hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1109). Palps as in figs. 1105Ð1106, with dis- 4%; tarsus 1 (male from Barro Colorado) ap- tinct retrolateral coxal apophysis, femur with parently with over 20 pseudosegments (very proximal bulge and distal ventral apophysis difficult to count). Opisthosoma pale green- (fig. 1110), procursus slender and curved, ish-gray, with faint dorsal marks (fig. 1101); with distal ventral lamina (figs. 1107Ð1108), gonopore without epiandrous spigots; ALS bulb with bipartite distal apophysis. Legs with only one piriform gland spigot each. ochre-yellow; femora and tibiae with many FEMALE (syntype): Total length 2.0; tibia vertical hairs, without spines and curved 1: 3.8. General shape and colors as in male; 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 277

sternum without humps, femora and tibiae 1117Ð1118), bulb tapering into single distal without vertical hairs. Unique stridulatory apophysis (fig. 1116). Legs light brown, apparatus ventrally between prosoma and op- without markings; femora and tibiae with isthosoma: sclerotized edge on prosoma many vertical hairs; without spines and against transverse band of about a dozen tiny curved hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of cuticular knobs on opisthosoma (fig. 1114). tibia 1 at 4%; tarsus 1 with over 20 pseu- Epigynum only slightly darker than opistho- dosegments (quite distinct). Opisthosoma soma, with pair of large pits (figs. 1111Ð shape as in W. modesta (cf. fig. 1101), but 1112; the ‘‘two circular openings’’ of Banks, slightly longer, ochre-gray, with hardly visi- 1929). Dorsal view as in fig. 1113. ble darker spots dorsally. VARIATION (Barro Colorado Island): Tibia VARIATION: Tibia 2 in paratype: 4.7. Male 1 in another male: 6.1; tibia 1 in 10 females: from Ecuador (see below) with longer opis- 3.8Ð4.3 (xø ϭ 4.1). thosoma and minimally different procursus DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Canal tip (figs. 1119Ð1121), assigned tentatively. Zone, Panama. FEMALE: Unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED: PANAMA: Canal DISTRIBUTION: Known from Colombia, Zone: Ft. Davis: syntype above; Barro Col- Dept. del Valle, and possibly Ecuador: Los orado: syntypes above; Barro Colorado Is- Rios (see Variation). land, JulyÐAugust 1939 (A. M. Chickering), MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOMBIA: Dept. several vials with males and females, in del Valle: types above. ECUADOR: Los MCZ. Rios: km 56 Quevedo to Sto Domingo, Jan. 27, 1973 (V. Brach), 1( in MCZ, assigned Waunana anchicaya, new species tentatively. Figures 1115Ð1121 Waunana eberhardi, new species ( TYPES: Male holotype, 1 paratype from Figures 1122Ð1127 ‘‘Cent. Anchicaya´’’ (hydroelectric dam on Rio Anchicaya« at ϳ 400 m elev.), Dept. del TYPE: Male holotype from ‘‘Cent. Anchi- Valle, Colombia; no date (W. G. Eberhard), caya´’’ (hydroelectric dam on Rio Anchicaya« in MCZ. at ϳ 400 m elev.), Dept. del Valle, Colombia; ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. 1975 (W. G. Eberhard), in MCZ. The specific name is a noun in apposition. ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collector of DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of W. modesta, the type material. distinguished by the straighter procursus and DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of W. modesta its tip (figs. 1116Ð1118), and the single and anchicaya, distinguished by the procur- apophysis on the bulb (fig. 1116). sus that suddenly narrows into a distal spine MALE (holotype): Total length 2.7, cara- bent ventrally (figs. 1123Ð1124), the chelic- pace width 1.13; leg 1: 35.0 (8.0ϩ0.5ϩ8.4 eral apophyses that are less converging at ϩ15.6ϩ2.5), tibia 2: 5.2, tibia 3: 3.8, tibia 4: their tips (fig. 1127), the palpal coxal apoph- 4.7; tibia 1 l/d: 79. Prosoma shape and eye ysis that is more rounded (fig. 1126), and the pattern as in W. modesta (cf. figs. 1102Ð distal femur apophysis that sits on a large 1104); distance PME-ALE about 80% of bulge (fig. 1122). PME diameter; humps on sternum very low, MALE (holotype): Total length 2.5, cara- almost invisible; carapace, ocular area, clyp- pace width 1.00; leg 1: 31.8 (7.6ϩ0.5ϩ7.6 eus, and palps ochre to light brown, with ϩ14.1ϩ2.0), tibia 2: 4.3, tibia 3: 3.0, tibia 4: darker spot behind ocular area; sternum light 3.9; tibia 1 l/d: 84. Prosoma shape and eyes ochre. Chelicerae light brown with black as in W. modesta (cf. figs. 1102Ð1104; dis- apophyses in same position as in W. modesta tance PME-ALE about 80% of PME diam- (cf. fig. 1109), but slightly smaller. Palps as eter; sternum, however, without humps); en- in figs. 1115Ð1116, with distinct retrolateral tire prosoma pale orange-ochre, except apophysis on coxa, femur with proximal brown Y mark dorsally; sternum orange; bulge and distal ventral apophysis, long thin chelicerae with pair of frontal apophyses (fig. procursus with distal ventral lamina (figs. 1127). Palps as in figs. 1125Ð1126; with 278 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1115Ð1121. Waunana anchicaya, n. gen., n. sp., male. 1115. Left palp, prolateral view. 1116. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1117–1118. Left procursus tip, retrolateral (1117) and prolateral (1118) views. 1119. Male from Los Rios, Ecuador, lateral view. 1120–1121. Left procursus tip of male from Los Rios, Ecuador, retrolateral (1120) and prolateral (1121) views. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (1119), 0.2 mm (1115Ð1116), 0.1 mm (1117Ð1118, 1120Ð1121). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 279

Figs. 1122Ð1127. Waunana eberhardi, n. gen., n. sp., male. 1122. Left palpal femur, retrolateral view. 1123–1124. Left procursus, retrolateral (1123) and prolateral (1124) views. 1125. Left palp, pro- lateral view. 1126. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1127. Chelicerae, frontal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (1125Ð1127), 0.1 mm (1122Ð1124).

rounded retrolateral apophysis on coxa, fe- FEMALE: Unknown. mur with proximal bulge and distal ventral DISTRIBUTION: Known only from western apophysis (fig. 1122); procursus simple dark Colombia (Dept. del Valle, Narin˜o). rod that bifurcates distally into short translu- MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOMBIA: Dept. cent dorsal projection and ventrally bent black del Valle: type above; Narin˜o: Barbacoas, 20 spine (figs. 1123Ð1124). Legs orange-ochre, m elev., Mar. 20, 1974 (W. G. Eberhard), 1( tips of femora and tibiae slightly lighter; hairs in MCZ. on legs as in W. modesta and anchicaya; re- trolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tar- Waunana tulcan, new species ϳ sus 1 with 30 quite distinct pseudoseg- Figures 1128Ð1132 ments. Opisthosoma shape as in W. modesta (cf. fig. 1101), but slightly longer, pale ochre- TYPE: Male holotype from El Angel (Tul- gray, genital plate slightly brownish. ca«n), Dept. Carchi, Ecuador; 2700 m elev., VARIATION: Tibia 1 in male from Narin˜o: June 24, 1965 (L. Pen˜a), in MCZ. 7.9. NOTE: This species is tentatively assigned 280 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1128Ð1132. Waunana tulcan, n. gen., n. sp., male. 1128–1129. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 1130. Left palp, prolateral view. 1131. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1132. Left procursus, prolateral view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm. to Waunana because of the similarities with ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. W. modesta in terms of prosoma shape, pres- The specific name is a noun in apposition. ence of sternum humps, slender procursus, DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners and because of the geographic origin. It dif- by the large male cheliceral apophyses (figs. fers, however, in the absence of vertical hairs 1128Ð1129), the absence of an apophysis on on legs, and the absence of a ventrodistal the male palpal femur and the absence of ver- apophysis on the palpal femur. tical hairs on the femora and tibiae of all legs. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 281

MALE (holotype): Total length 1.6, cara- AME smallest; distance PME-ALE about pace width 0.8; leg 1: 15.1 (3.6ϩ0.3ϩ3.7 50Ð70% of PME diameter. Male clypeus un- ϩ6.0ϩ1.5), tibia 2 missing, tibia 3: 1.7, tibia modified. Male chelicerae with pair of dis- 4: 2.0; tibia 1 l/d: 56. Prosoma as in W. mo- tinctive apophyses that appear to be articu- desta (cf. figs. 1102Ð1104), but distance lated (ϭ extremely modified hairs?), without PME-ALE about 100% of PME diameter; stridulatory ridges laterally. Male sternum carapace ochre-yellow, darker medially and with very low humps in P. laldea, n. sp. (oth- around ocular area, ocular area with brown er species without humps). Male palpal coxa median band, clypeus with broad light brown with rounded retrolateral apophysis, femur band medially; sternum pale ochre-yellow proximally with retrolateral apophysis, dis- with pair of distinct anterior humps (cf. figs. tally enlarged with distinct ventral apophysis; 1102, 1104). Chelicerae (figs. 1128Ð1129) procursus very long; bulb simple, with distal ochre-yellow, only tips of long apophyses spine. Tarsal organ exposed (examined: P. brown. Palps as in figs. 1130Ð1131, retrola- silvae: fig. 95). Legs relatively long (leg 1 teral coxal apophysis distinct but rounded, about 8 ϫ body length; tibia 1 l/d about 43Ð femur with long proximal protrusion, without 63), leg formula 1243 (leg 2 only slightly distal ventral apophysis, procursus long and longer than leg 4); legs in males usually slender (fig. 1132), bulb with single, spine- without dark rings; without spines and like apophysis distally (figs. 1130Ð1131). curved hairs, with many vertical hairs on all Legs pale ochre-yellow, with hardly visible tibiae; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 darker rings on femora and tibiae (distally), proximal (at ϳ 6Ð7%); tarsus with ϳ 16Ð22 without spines, without curved and vertical pseudosegments. Opisthosoma oval, tapering hairs; tarsus 1 with over 20 pseudosegments into spinnerets (fig. 1151). Male gonopore (difficult to count). Opisthosoma slightly without epiandrous spigots (examined: P. sil- shrunken, but apparently more globular than vae: fig. 130). ALS with only one piriform in W. modesta (cf. fig. 1101), pale ochre- gland spigot each (examined: P. silvae: fig. gray, with large blackish spots dorsally. 181), other spinnerets typical for family. FEMALE: Unknown. Sexual dimorphism slight; legs of females DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- with distinct dark rings on femora and tibiae cality. (subdistally); epigynum with pair of pockets MATERIAL EXAMINED: ECUADOR: Car- or light areas, internally with very character- chi: El Angel: type above. istic arched pore plates (figs. 1138, 1142, 1150), and membranous receptacle originat- PISABOA, NEW GENUS ing medially from valve area. MONOPHYLY: The four species included TYPE SPECIES: Pisaboa silvae, new species. share the arched pore plates and membranous ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the receptacle in the female internal genitalia, the Pisabo Indians, a tropical forest people in the articulated apophyses on the male chelicerae, Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon, who num- and the long procursus. ber approximately 100 people. GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The ventral DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized (total length apophysis on the palpal femur and the many 1.8Ð2.7), rather dark, eight-eyed pholcids; vertical hairs on the male tibiae are shared distinguished from other genera by the artic- by Waunana. However, a similar femur ulated apophyses on the male chelicerae apophysis is shared by several Central Amer- (figs. 13, 1148, 1155; except P. estrecha,n. ican genera and Tupigea and some species sp.: fig. 1140), the long procursus, the dis- tentatively placed in Mecoloesthus. On the tinctively shaped ventral apophysis on the other hand, a similar membranous sac in the male palpal femur (figs. 1136, 1146), and the female internal genitalia (not included in the arched pore plates in the female internal gen- cladistic analysis) is shared by the type spe- italia (figs. 1138, 1142, 1150). cies of Pomboa. Whatever the sister group, DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 1.8Ð2.7 mm. Pisaboa is clearly part of the New World Carapace with deep thoracic groove, ocular clade (thoracic groove, large distance PME- area moderately elevated, with eight eyes, ALE, retrolateral coxal apophysis, epian- 282 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 drous spigots absent, ALS piriform gland in P. laldea (cf. fig. 1151), dark gray with spigots reduced to one, exposed tarsal or- white spots among many indistinct dark gan). spots, with light brown genital plate; gono- DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in west- pore without epiandrous spigots (fig. 130); ern South America from Bolivia to north- ALS with only one piriform gland spigot western Venezuela. each (fig. 181). COMPOSITION: The genus as construed here VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 14 male paratypes: includes only the four species newly de- 3.5Ð3.9 (xø ϭ 3.7). Some males have no white scribed below. spots on the opisthosoma. FEMALE (paratypes): Tibia 1 (N ϭ 22) 2.5Ð Pisaboa silvae, new species 2.8 (xø ϭ 2.6). In general similar to male, but Figures 13, 52, 58, 95, 130, 181, 1133Ð1139 with distinct dark brown rings proximally and subdistally on femora and tibiae, and TYPES: Male holotype, 18( 24& paratypes proximally on metatarsi; each ring preceded from Rio Samiria (4Њ43ЈS, 74Њ18ЈW), Dept. and followed by whitish ring, which gives Loreto, Peru; MayÐJune, 1990 (T. Erwin ‘‘et legs very vivid, annulated pattern; tibiae al.’’), fogging, in MUSM. without vertical hairs. Sternum brown. Epi- ETYMOLOGY: Named for Diana Silva who gynum ochre, with pair of dark, lateral pock- collected most of the Peruvian pholcids I ets, and frontally with greenish arch (fig. have seen. 1139); internally with long, arched pore DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from P. laldea plates and large transparent ventral sac orig- and estrecha by the position and direction of inating from round median frontal structure the cheliceral apophyses (which in the pre- (fig. 1138). sent species are identical to P. mapiri, n. sp., DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in low- cf. fig. 1148); from P. laldea and mapiri by land Peru (Loreto to Madre de Dios). the more slender procursus (figs. 1133Ð MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Loreto: 1135); from P. estrecha also by the wider types above; same data as types: 2( in epigynum (fig. 1139); from P. mapiri also by MUSM; same locality, May 30, 1990 (D. Sil- the absence of light spots laterally on the epi- va), 1& 1 juvenile in MUSM; Madre de gynum (fig. 1139). Dios: Zona Reservada Pakitza (11Њ56ЈS, MALE (holotype): Total length 2.1, cara- 71Њ17ЈW), 356 m elev., May 2, 1991 (D. Sil- pace width 0.9; leg 1: 16.0 (4.0ϩ0.3ϩ3.7 va), 1& in MUSM; same locality and collec- ϩ6.8ϩ1.2), tibia 2: 2.5, tibia 3: 2.0, tibia 4: tor, Apr. 24ÐMay 6, 1991, 2& (2 vials) in 2.4; tibia 1 l/d: 43. Habitus and prosoma USNM; Pakitza, Rio Manu«, 250 m elev., shape as in P. laldea (cf. figs. 1151Ð1153); Sept. 22, 1988 (T. Erwin & B. D. Farrel), 2( distance PME-ALE about 70% of PME di- 1& (2 vials) in USNM. ameter. Carapace ochre-yellow to light brown, with indistinct darker Y mark, clyp- Pisaboa estrecha, new species eus with pair of darker stripes, sternum Figures 1140Ð1142 ochre-yellow, without anterior humps. Che- licerae indistinguishable from those of P. TYPES: Male holotype, 3( 5& paratypes mapiri (cf. fig. 1148; see also fig. 13). Palps from Rio Samiria (4Њ43ЈS, 74Њ18ЈW), Loreto, as in fig. 1137, with rounded retrolateral cox- Peru; MayÐJune, 1990 (T. Erwin ‘‘et al.’’), al apophysis; femur with subdistal apophysis ‘‘fogging . . . and manual,’’ in MUSM. ventrally (fig. 1136), procursus long, not ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is an ad- conspicuously flattened (figs. 1133Ð1135); jective referring to the comparatively narrow bulb simple, with distal spine (fig. 1137; see epigynum. also figs. 52, 58). Tarsal organ exposed (fig. DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of P. silvae, dis- 95). Legs ochre-yellow, darker rings hardly tinguished by the converging cheliceral visible, without spines and curved hairs, apophyses (fig. 1140), and by the much nar- many vertical hairs on all tibiae; retrolateral rower epigynum (fig. 1141). trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 6%; tarsus 1 with MALE (holotype): Total length 1.8, cara- ϳ 16 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma shape as pace width 0.74; leg 1: (4.4ϩ0.3ϩ4.6ϩ8.5, 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 283

Figs. 1133Ð1139. Pisaboa silvae, n. gen., n. sp. 1133–1135. Left procursus, retrolateroventral (1133), prolateral (1134), and retrolateral (1135) views. 1136. Left palpal femur, retrolateral view. 1137. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1138. Epigynum, dorsal view. 1139. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (1137Ð1139). 284 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1140Ð1142. Pisaboa estrecha, n. gen., n. sp. 1140. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 1141. Epi- gynum, ventral view. 1142. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm. tarsus missing), tibia 2: 2.6, tibia 3: 1.9, tibia present material, but the procursus is slightly 4 missing (tibia 2/4 in male paratype: 2.9/ longer, and the epigynum slightly larger and 2.8); tibia 1 l/d: 63. Habitus and prosoma minimally different in shape. This material is shape as in P. laldea (cf. figs. 1151Ð1153); tentatively assigned to the present species. distance PME-ALE about 50% of PME di- FEMALE: Tibia 1 (N ϭ 10): 2.9Ð3.4 (xø ϭ ameter. Carapace ochre-yellow to light 3.2). In general similar to male, but with dis- brown, with indistinct darker Y mark, clyp- tinct dark brown rings subdistally on femora, eus with pair of darker stripes, sternum proximally and subdistally on tibiae, and ochre-yellow, without anterior humps. Che- proximally on metatarsi (without whitish licerae with pair of converging apophyses rings); sternum brown; tibiae without vertical (fig. 1140; unlike the apophyses in other spe- hairs. Epigynum ochre, with pair of dark, lat- cies of the genus, these apophyses do not eral pockets (fig. 1141); internally with long, seem to be articulated, but their actual mode arched pore plates and large transparent ven- of insertion is unclear). Palps not distinguish- tral sac (not bifid) originating from round able from those of P. silvae (cf. figs. 1133Ð median frontal structure (fig. 1142; the sac is 1137). Legs ochre-yellow, without rings, actually easier to see in ventral view: fig. without spines and curved hairs, many ver- 1141). tical hairs on all tibiae; retrolateral tricho- DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in low- bothrium of tibia 1 at 7%; tarsus 1 with ϳ land Peru (see Variation above). 20 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma shape as in MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Loreto: P. laldea (cf. fig. 1151), monochromous light types above; same data: 2( 2& (2 vials) in greenish-ochre, with light brown genital MUSM; May 1990, 3& in MUSM. Hua«nuco: plate. Bosque Nacional Alexander von Humboldt, VARIATION: Tibia 1 in other males from ‘‘El Caobal,’’ July 31, 1986 (D. Silva), 1( Rio Samiria: 3.5, 4.1, 4.3, 4.9. The USNM 1& in MUSM. The following material is as- has specimens from southern Peru (Madre de signed tentatively: Madre de Dios: Zona Re- Dios; see below) that are very similar to the servada Pakitza (11Њ56ЈS, 71Њ17ЈW), May 1Ð 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 285

6 and Oct. 1Ð9, 1991 (D. Silva), 2( 2& (4 eral eye triads. Legs with distinct dark rings vials) in USNM; Zona Reservada de Manu«, on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximal- Rio La Torre and Rio Tambopata (12Њ50ЈS, ly and subdistally). Epigynum flat brown 69Њ17ЈW), Aug.ÐDec. 1979 (A. Rypstra), 2& plate, with greenish arch frontally, apparently in USNM; Zona Reservada Tambopata, 30 without lateral pockets (fig. 1149). Dorsal km SW Puerto Maldonado (12Њ50ЈS, view as in fig. 1150, pore plates forming 69Њ17ЈW), 290 m elev., canopy fogging, large arch; with transparent, bifid sac ven- Nov. 7Ð12, 1983 (T. Erwin ‘‘et al.’’), 2& in trally of uterus externus, originating medially USNM. from valve area. DISTRIBUTION: Known from northern Bo- Pisaboa mapiri, new species livia (La Paz, Beni). Figures 1143Ð1150 MATERIAL EXAMINED: BOLIVIA: La Paz: Mapiri: types above; Beni: 16.8 mi SW Yu- TYPES: Male holotype, 1& paratype from cumo (15Њ23ЈS, 66Њ59ЈW), ϳ 500 m elev., Mapiri (N La Paz), Dept. La Paz, Bolivia; Nov. 15Ð19, 1989 (J. Coddington, C. Gris- Aug. 11Ð17, 1989 (L. E. Pen˜a), in AMNH. wold, D. Silva, S. Larcher, E. Pen˜aranda), 1( ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. 1& (2 vials) in USNM. The specific name is a noun in apposition. DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of P. silvae, dis- Pisaboa laldea, new species tinguished by the much broader procursus Figures 1151Ð1158 (figs. 1144Ð1146), and the light spots later- ally on the epigynum (fig. 1149). Distin- TYPE: Male holotype from rain forest at guished from P. laldea and estrecha by the ‘‘Camp. Siberia,’’ Laldea, 1200 m elev., Pre- lateral position of the apophyses on the male gonero, Dept. Tachira, Venezuela; July 10Ð chelicerae (fig. 1148) and the shape of the 31, 1989 (S. & J. Peck), in AMNH. procursus. ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. MALE (holotype): Total length 1.9, cara- The specific name is a noun in apposition. pace width 0.8. All legs missing. Habitus and DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners prosoma shape as in P. laldea (figs. 1151Ð by the shape and position of the apophyses 1153); distance PME-ALE about 50% of on the male chelicerae (fig. 1155), and the PME diameter. Carapace ochre-yellow, dark- shape of the procursus (figs. 1156Ð1158). er medially, ocular area and clypeus also MALE (holotype): Total length 2.7, cara- ochre-yellow; sternum with slightly darker pace width 1.1; leg 1: 22.4 (4.9ϩ0.4ϩ5.4 median band, without anterior humps. Che- ϩ10.0ϩ1.7), tibia 2: 3.2, tibia 3: 2.4, tibia 4: licerae with pair of strong apophyses situated 3.0; tibia 1 l/d: 50. Habitus as in fig. 1151. in light area (fig. 1148; modified hairs?). Prosoma with deep thoracic groove, moder- Palps as in figs. 1143, 1146, with rounded ately elevated ocular area with eight eyes retrolateral coxal apophysis, femur with ven- (figs. 1152Ð1153); distance PME-ALE about tral subdistal apophysis, procursus large, 60% of PME diameter. Carapace ochre- broad in retrolateroventral view (figs. 1144Ð brown with darker brown markings medially 1145), much thinner in retrolaterodorsal and laterally, ocular area and clypeus brown, view, with black spine distally accompanied sternum ochre-brown with pair of very low by ventral lamina, bulb with simple distal humps anteriorly, chelicerae with proximal spine (fig. 1147). Opisthosoma shape as in humps and distal frontal apophyses situated P. laldea (cf. fig. 1151), pale greenish-ochre, in light area (fig. 1155). Palps in general as without markings, with ochre-yellow genital in P. mapiri (cf. figs. 1143, 1146), but pro- plate. cursus of different shape (figs. 1156Ð1158), FEMALE (paratype): Total length 2.2, cara- and bulb larger with oblique distal apophysis pace width 0.8; leg 1: 15.0 (3.8ϩ0.3ϩ3.7 (fig. 1154). Legs ochre, with brown rings on ϩ6.3ϩ0.9), tibia 2: 2.2, tibia 3: 1.8 (leg 4 femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally missing). In general similar to male; sternum and subdistally); retrolateral trichobothrium dark brown, almost black, clypeus with pair of tibia 1 at 6%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 22 pseu- of dark brown stripes running down from lat- dosegments. Opisthosoma as in fig. 1151, 286 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1143Ð1150. Pisaboa mapiri, n. gen., n. sp. 1143. Left palp, prolateral view. 1144–1145. Left procursus, retrolateral (1144) and prolateral (1145) views. 1146. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1147. Left genital bulb, ϳ prolateral view. 1148. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 1149. Epigynum, ventral view. 1150. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 287

Figs. 1151Ð1158. Pisaboa laldea, n. gen., n. sp., male holotype. 1151. Habitus, lateral view. 1152– 1153. Prosoma, frontal and dorsal views. 1154. Left genital bulb, prolateral view. 1155. Chelicerae, frontal view. 1156–1158. Left procursus, retrolateroventral (1156), prolateral (slightly dorsal) (1157), and retrolateral (1158) views. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (1151), 0.5 mm (1152Ð1153), 0.2 mm (1154Ð1158). 288 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 dark greenish-gray with black spots dorsally tibia 1 at ϳ 3Ð8%; tarsus with ϳ 20Ð30 pseu- and brown rectangular genital plate. dosegments. Opisthosoma oval. Male epigas- FEMALE: Unknown. tric system and spinnerets not examined. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- Sexual dimorphism slight; tibiae of fe- cality. males with few vertical hairs; epigynum very MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: simple externally. Tachira: Pregonero: type above. MONOPHYLY: P. quindio and pallida have almost identical pedipalps, including details POMBOA, NEW GENUS of procursus and bulb, and the epigynum is almost identical externally. The additional TYPE SPECIES: Pomboa quindio, new spe- fact that they come from the same depart- cies. ment in Colombia leaves little doubt that ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the they are in fact very closely related, despite Colombian poet Rafael Pombo, loved by the extremely different habitus. P. cali shares children for his ‘‘El Renacua«jo Paseador’’ the habitus with P. quindio, and a number of (‘‘The Strolling Frog’’). Gender feminine. further details with both other species (gen- DIAGNOSIS: Medium-sized (total length eral palp shape, proximal modified hairs on 1.7Ð3.3) pholcids, extremely variable in hab- male chelicerae, tibiae with many vertical itus; distinguished from other genera by the hairs), and is from the same department in procursus that is widely curved and dorso- Colombia, too. It is therefore assigned to the proximally bears a cuticular spine accompa- genus despite some important differences nied by membranous fringes (figs. 1160, (procursus without dorsal spine, male chelic- 1176; the cuticular spine is missing in P. erae without distal apophyses). cali, n. sp.). GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The membranous DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 1.7Ð3.3 mm. sac in the female internal genitalia of the type Carapace with distinct thoracic groove, ocu- species P. quindio (fig. 1162) similar to that lar area moderately elevated, usually with of Pisaboa (cf. figs. 1138, 1142, 1150). eight eyes in very common position (fig. However, similar structures occur indepen- 1164), AME smallest (in P. pallida, n. sp., dently also in Gertschiola (figs. 349, 354) triads much farther apart and AME missing: and Litoporus (fig. 1217). Vertical hairs in fig. 1170); distance PME-ALE about 60Ð high density on the tibiae occur also in Pis- 70% of PME diameter. Male clypeus unmod- aboa and Waunana. The close relationship ified. Male chelicerae often with modified with Litoporus suggested in the cladogram in hairs proximally (in type species proximal appendix 2 is based on the large distance of hairs just stronger than usual), usually with the eye triads (char. 2), and is probably ar- pair of simple apophyses distally (missing in tificial. (Note that one of the two other most P. cali), without stridulatory ridges laterally. parsimonious trees found by NONA did not Male sternum without humps. Male palpal include this sister group relationship.) coxa with retrolateral apophysis, femur char- DISTRIBUTION: So far only known from the acteristically ‘‘bottle-shaped’’ (fig. 1177), Departamento del Valle, Colombia. with retrolateral apophysis proximally; pro- COMPOSITION: At this point the genus in- cursus widely curved, usually with dorso- cludes only the three species newly described proximal cuticular spine accompanied by below. The MCZ has a fourth species, also membranous fringes (figs. 1160, 1176; miss- from Dept. del Valle, which is very close to ing in P. cali). Tarsal organ not examined. P. quindio, but has roundish instead of point- Legs of varying length (leg 1 about 6Ð17 ϫ ed apophyses on the chelicerae and differs in body length; tibia 1 l/d usually ϳ 35Ð50; 90 the shape of the dorsal spine and laminae on in P. pallida), leg 1 longest, leg 2 longer than the procursus. or as long as leg 4, leg 3 shortest; legs with dark rings at varying positions; without Pomboa quindio, new species spines, with many vertical hairs on all tibiae Figures 1159Ð1162 (only in P. cali with curved hairs on tibiae TYPES: Male holotype, 1& paratype from and metatarsi); retrolateral trichobothrium of Quindio, 11 km E Calarca, Dept. del Valle, 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 289

Figs. 1159Ð1162. Pomboa quindio, n. gen., n. sp. 1159. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 1160. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 1161. Epigynum, ventral view. 1162. Epigynum, dorsal view (arrows point to membranous sac originating medially from valve area). Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Colombia; 7000 ft elev., Mar. 7Ð11, 1974 (S. (fig. 1159). Palps light to dark brown, pro- & J. Peck), in MCZ. cursus blackish distally; general shape of ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. palp as in P. pallida (cf. figs. 1171Ð1172), The specific name is a noun in apposition. but spine and lamellae dorsally on procursus DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from P. pallida different (fig. 1160). Legs light brown, with- by the dark coloration, the shorter legs, and out rings; without spines and curved hairs, the presence of AME; from P. cali by the but with many vertical hairs on all tibiae; apophyses distally on the male chelicerae metatarsi 1 with very long hairs ventrally; (fig. 1159), and the spine and lamellae dor- retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 8%; sally on the procursus (fig. 1160). tarsus 1 with ϳ 20 pseudosegments. Opis- MALE (holotype): Total length 2.6, cara- thosoma shape as in P. cali (cf. fig. 1163, pace width 1.13; leg 1: 14.5 (3.3ϩ0.4ϩ3.6 but slightly rounder), greenish-gray with ϩ5.9ϩ1.3), tibia 2: 2.3, tibia 3: 1.8, tibia 4: band of darker spots laterally. 2.3; tibia 1 l/d: 35. Habitus and prosoma as FEMALE (paratype): Tibia 1: 2.8. In general in P. cali (cf. figs. 1163Ð1164), with distinct very similar to male, but without vertical thoracic groove, eight eyes on moderately el- hairs on tibiae, without long hairs on meta- evated ocular area; distance PME-ALE about tarsi 1. Epigynum simple brown plate, darker 65% of PME diameter. Carapace light brown, laterally (fig. 1161), internally with relatively with darker margins and median band, ocular large pore plates and large membranous sac area slightly darker than carapace, sternum ventral of uterus externus (fig. 1162). light brown, with three pairs of roundish DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Dept. del lighter spots. Chelicerae light brown, with Valle, Colombia. pair of pointed apophyses distally and low MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOMBIA: Dept. bulges with slightly stronger hairs proximally del Valle: Quindio: types above. 290 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Pomboa cali, new species 1600 m elev., ‘‘I.D. # 1119,’’ Dec. 1976 (W. Figures 1163Ð1167 G. Eberhard), in MCZ. ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is an ad- TYPE: Male holotype from Cali, Dept. del jective referring to the pale color of this spe- Valle, Colombia; 1000 m elev., 1976 (W. G. cies in comparison to the known congeners. Eberhard), in MCZ. DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from con- ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. geners by the pale coloration and the absence The specific name is a noun in apposition. of the AME. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners MALE (holotype): Total length 1.7, cara- by the absence of distal apophyses on the pace width 0.75; leg 1: 28.7 (6.9ϩ0.3ϩ6.8 male chelicerae (fig. 1167) and the absence ϩ12.5ϩ2.3), tibia 2: 4.4, tibia 3: 3.1, tibia 4: of a dorsal spine on the procursus. 3.9; tibia 1 l/d: 93. Habitus and prosoma as MALE (holotype): Total length 3.3, cara- in figs. 1168Ð1170; distinct thoracic groove, pace width 1.7; leg 1: 31.2 (7.6ϩ0.7ϩ8.1 six eyes in widely separated triads on slightly ϩ12.5ϩ2.3), tibia 2: 5.0, tibia 3: 4.1, tibia 4: elevated ocular area; distance PME-ALE 4.7; tibia 1 l/d: 50. Habitus and prosoma as about 70% of PME diameter. Entire prosoma in figs. 1163Ð1164; deep thoracic groove, monochromous ochre-yellow, only faint U eight eyes on moderately elevated ocular mark behind ocular area and slightly darker area; distance PME-ALE about 70% of PME frontal part of sternum (fig. 1173). Chelic- diameter. Sternum wider than long, without erae with pair of patches of modified hairs anterior humps. Carapace light brown with proximally, and pair of simple rounded distinct dark brown lateral and median bands apophyses distally (figs. 1174Ð1175). Palps (fig. 1164), ocular area dark brown, clypeus as in figs. 1171Ð1172, ochre-yellow, only brown, sternum laterally light brown, medi- procursus light brown, retrolateral coxal ally darker brown. Chelicerae brown, with apophysis round, indistinct, femur with prox- pair of proximal humps that carry some imal retrolateral hump, widened distally (fig. thickened and shorter hairs (fig. 1167). Palps 1177), bulb with prominent apophysis, pro- as in figs. 1165Ð1166; brown, procursus tip cursus widely curved, with dorsal projection black; retrolateral coxal apophysis round, in- proximally (fig. 1176). Legs ochre-yellow, distinct, femur with proximal retrolateral with slightly darker patellae and tibia-meta- hump, widened distally (fig. 1166), bulb S- tarsus joints; without spines and curved shaped, procursus first directed retrolaterally hairs, with many vertical hairs on all tibiae; and then curving back toward palpal tro- retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; chanter (figs. 1165Ð1166). Legs brown, with tarsus 1 with ϳ 30 pseudosegments. Opis- slightly darker rings on femora (subdistally) thosoma oval, monochromous pale greenish- and tibiae (proximally and subdistally), with yellow. many vertical hairs on tibiae only, curved VARIATION: Tibia 1 in four males: 6.0Ð6.7; hairs on tibiae and metatarsi, without spines; in some males there are tiny dark spots in the retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 4%; position of the AME. tarsus 1 with ϳ 25 pseudosegments. Opis- FEMALE (type locality): Total length (N ϭ thosoma greenish-ochre, with dark spots dor- 2) 1.7, 1.9; tibia 1 (N ϭ 2) 4.1, 4.5. In gen- sally (fig. 1163). eral very similar to male, but without vertical FEMALE: Unknown. hairs on tibiae. Epigynum hardly darker than DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- abdomen, elevated but simple (figs. 1178Ð cality. 1179), internally only pore plates and valve MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOMBIA: Dept. discernible (fig. 1180). One female from type del Valle: Cali: type above. locality with brown sternum. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Dept. del Pomboa pallida, new species Valle, Colombia. Figures 1168Ð1180 NATURAL HISTORY: Even though the pale coloration and reduction of AME might sug- TYPES: Male holotype, 1( paratype from gest adaptation to cave life, the spider has near Yotoco, Dept. del Valle, Colombia; been collected from webs in a vine on a tree 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 291

Figs. 1163Ð1167. Pomboa cali, n. gen., n. sp., male. 1163. Habitus, lateral view. 1164. Prosoma, dorsal view. 1165. Left palp, prolateral view. 1166. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1167. Chelicerae, frontal view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (1163Ð1164), 0.3 mm (1165Ð1167).

2 m above the ground where they spun (pre- MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOMBIA: Dept. sumably) sheet webs ϳ 15 cm across (those del Valle: near Yotoco: types above, and one with ‘‘I.D. # 1119’’; W. G. Eberhard, person- juvenile with same data in other vial (MCZ); al commun.). same data as types (without ‘‘I.D. # 1119’’), 292 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1168Ð1172. Pomboa pallida, n. gen., n. sp., male. 1168. Habitus, lateral view. 1169–1170. Prosoma, frontal and dorsal views. 1171. Left palp, prolateral view. 1172. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (1168Ð1170), 0.2 mm (1171Ð1172).

1( 1& 4 juveniles (MCZ); Yotoco, 1500 m LITOPORUS SIMON, 1893 elev., ‘‘E235,’’ Aug. 1977 (W. G. Eberhard), 1& (MCZ); same data (without ‘‘E235’’), 2( Litoporus Simon, 1893b: 483 (type species by & original designation L. aerius Simon, 1893; ex- 2 1 juvenile (MCZ); Lago Calima, 1300 m amined). elev., Mar. 1975 (W. G. Eberhard), 1( (MCZ). DIAGNOSIS: Small (total length ϳ 1.5Ð2 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 293

Figs. 1173Ð1180. Pomboa pallida, n. gen., n. sp. 1173. Male prosoma, ventral view. 1174. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 1175. Modified hairs on male chelicerae. 1176. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 1177. Male left palpal femur, retrolateral view. 1178–1179. Epigynum, lateral and ventral views. 1180. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (1173), 0.2 mm (1174, 1176Ð1180), 0.05 mm (1175).

mm), pale, eight-eyed pholcids with oval op- modified. Male chelicerae variable, typically isthosoma, extremely long thin legs. Distin- with 2Ð3 pairs of rounded, flattened apoph- guished from similar genera (Otavaloa, cer- yses, or with just one pair of simple, pointed tain Mesabolivar species) by the high ratio apophyses; without stridulatory ridges. Male of male femur 1/tibia 1 (femur 1 usually Ͼ palps small in relation to overall size; coxa 1.15 ϫ tibia 1). with (rarely without) retrolateral apophysis, DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 1.5Ð2 mm. femur usually with large ventrodistal bulge, Carapace monochromous ochre-yellow, with procursus usually very simple; bulb with distinct thoracic groove, eight eyes on mod- usually membranous, relatively complex em- erately elevated ocular area, AME smallest. bolar division. Tarsal organ exposed (exam- Distance PME-ALE large (ϳ 60Ð80% of ined: L. dimona, n. sp.; lopez, n. sp.). Legs PME diameter). Male clypeus usually un- extremely thin and long (leg 1 about 20 ϫ 294 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 body length; tibia 1 l/d usually Ͼ 100), leg PME-ALE, retrolateral coxal apophysis, 1 always longest, legs 2 and 4 about same epiandrous spigots absent, ALS piriform length, leg 3 shortest; femur 1 significantly gland spigots reduced to one, exposed tarsal longer than tibia 1; legs without dark rings, organ). femora and tibiae distally whitish; without SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS: Three of the spe- spines, without curved and vertical hairs; re- cies newly described (L. dimona; saul, n. sp.; trolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 very prox- secoya, n. sp.) seem to be closely related to imal (at 1Ð2%); tarsus 1 with ϳ 20 to over the type species: they share the typical flat, 30 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma oval, with rounded apophyses on the male chelicerae, or without dark markings. Male gonopore and have extremely similar procursi. The without epiandrous spigots (examined: L. di- other species (L. lopez; uncatus (Simon); mona: fig. 141, lopez). ALS with only one manu, n. sp.; pakitza, n. sp.; yucumo, n. sp.) piriform gland spigot each (examined: L. di- differ considerably in the armature of the mona, lopez: fig. 172), other spinnerets typ- chelicerae, and L. uncatus has also a more ical for family. complicated procursus. These species are Female known in only four species, none therefore assigned tentatively to the genus. of them very closely related to type species MISPLACED SPECIES: Of the 13 species pre- (see Specific Relationships below). In these viously assigned to Litoporus, all but the species, sexual dimorphism very slight, epi- type species and one species incertae sedis gyna differ considerably (see species descrip- are herein either transferred to other genera, tions below). or synonymized [L. abrahami is correctly MONOPHYLY: The species included share placed, but a synonym of L. (previously Cor- the high ratio of male femur 1/tibia 1; also yssocnemis) uncatus]. Most species are trans- the extremely long legs, body size, shape, ferred to Mesabolivar: L. argentinensis, and color. The species closest to the type spe- brasiliensis, tandilicus, luteus and its syno- cies (see Specific Relationships below) also nyms (coccineus, fulvus, imbecillus); L. share the flattened apophyses on the male aberrans is transferred to Chibchea, L. chelicerae. genitalis to Carapoia; L. iguassuensis to Tu- GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: Litoporus is sim- pigea; L. agricola cannot be placed (see ap- ilar in habitus to Otavaloa, but in that genus pendix 3). the genitalia are very different (palpal femur NATURAL HISTORY: There are data on the without ventral bulge, procursus conspicu- tentatively assigned L. lopez only (see de- ously curved, different type of armature on scription of this species below). male chelicerae). Also very similar in habitus DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in north- is Mesabolivar (previously Litoporus) luteus, ern and central South America. but in this and related species the femur is COMPOSITION: The genus as construed here hardly longer than the tibia, and the hood on includes 10 nominal species: the type L. the epigynum is herein used to transfer L. aerius, not treated herein (see Huber, 1997b, luteus to Mesabolivar. Litoporus may instead for redescription); L. uncatus, redescribed be closer to a group of mainly Venezuelan below; and the seven species newly de- genera that share rounded apophyses or bulg- scribed below. The tenth species (Litoporus es on the palpal femora (Mecoloesthus, Cor- agricola Mello-Leita˜o, 1922) is incertae sed- yssocnemis, Systenita). Otherwise, however, is. I have seen further undescribed species these genera appear very different. The close from Peru and Bolivia (in MUSM and relationship with Pomboa suggested by the AMNH). cladogram in appendix 2 is based on the large distance between the eye triads (char. Litoporus dimona, new species 2) and is probably artificial. (Note that one Figures 141, 1181Ð1186 of the three most parsimonious trees found by NONA does not include this sister group TYPES: Male holotype, 2( paratypes (3 vi- relationship.) Whatever the sister group, Li- als) from Dimona Reserve, ϳ 80 km N Ma- toporus is clearly an element of the New naus, Amazonas, Brazil; 1989Ð1992 (H. G. World clade (thoracic groove, large distance Fowler), in MCZ. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 295

Figs. 1181Ð1186. Litoporus dimona, n. sp., male. 1181. Habitus, lateral view. 1182. Left procursus, prolateral view. 1183. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 1184. Left palp, prolateral view. 1185. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1186. Chelicerae, frontal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (1181), 0.1 mm (1182Ð1186).

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. 4.9; tibia 1 l/d: 118. Habitus as in fig. 1181; The specific name is a noun in apposition. prosoma ochre-yellow, frontal view as in L. DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of the type spe- lopez (cf. fig. 1197); distance PME-ALE cies L. aerius Simon, saul, and secoya; dis- about 75% of PME diameter. Chelicerae with tinguished by the number (three) and shape three pairs of brown apophyses (fig. 1186). of the apophyses on the male chelicerae (fig. Palps as in figs. 1184Ð1185, light brown, 1186; all others have two). coxa without retrolateral apophysis, femur MALE (holotype): Total length 1.4, cara- with proximal retrolateral apophysis and pace width 0.7; leg 1: 31.8 (8.8ϩ0.3ϩ7.1 blunt ventral protrusion distally, procursus ϩ13.9ϩ1.7), tibia 2: 5.1, tibia 3: 3.5, tibia 4: simple, tapering distally into black slender 296 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

spine (figs. 1182Ð1183). Tarsal organ ex- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- posed. Legs light brown, with slightly lighter cality. tips distally on femora and tibiae; without MATERIAL EXAMINED: FRENCH GUI- spines, without curved and vertical hairs; re- ANA: Inini: Sau¬l: Mont Boeuf Mort: type trolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 2%; tar- above. sus 1 with ϳ 30 pseudosegments. Opistho- NOTE: The label reads ‘‘ex: small reg. hor- soma pale greenish, without markings except izontal orb, nr. ground hung un. web, descr. light brown lung plates; gonopore without circle w/body in clockwise direction.’’ The epiandrous spigots (fig. 141); ALS with only web is certainly not an orb-web, but probably one piriform gland spigot each. of much the same structure as that described FEMALE: Unknown. by Eberhard and Bricen˜o (1985) for Litopo- VARIATION: Tibia 1 in male paratypes: 6.4, rus lopez (see description of that species be- 7.1. low for brief summary of web structure). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- cality. Litoporus secoya, new species MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Amazon- Figures 1191Ð1194 as: Dimona Reserve, 80 km N Manaus: types above. TYPE: Male holotype from near Puerto Asis, Rio Putumayo, Dept. Putumayo, Co- Litoporus saul, new species lombia; no date (W. G. Eberhard), in MCZ. Figures 1187Ð1190 ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition honoring the Secoya, an Indian TYPE: Male holotype from Mont Boeuf tribe in northeastern Ecuador, who resisted Mort, Sau¬l, French Guiana; Oct. 4, 1981 (S. ‘‘pacification’’ by missionaries, but neverthe- Marshall), in AMNH. less declined in numbers from European-im- ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. ported diseases. The specific name is a noun in apposition. DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of the type spe- DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of the type spe- cies L. aerius, dimona, and saul; distin- cies L. aerius Simon, dimona, and secoya; guished by the number and shape of the male distinguished by the number and shape of the cheliceral apophyses (compare figs. 1186Ð male cheliceral apophyses (compare figs. 1187, 1191, and fig. 9D in Huber, 1997b). 1186Ð1187, 1191, and fig. 9D in Huber, MALE (holotype): Carapace width 0.9; leg 1997b). 1: 32.5 (11.3ϩ0.3ϩ9.6ϩ18.1ϩ2.1), tibia 2: MALE (holotype): Total length 1.5, cara- 6.8, tibia 3: 4.6, tibia 4: 6.4; tibia 1 l/d: 114. pace width 0.8; leg 1: 32.5 (8.8ϩ0.3ϩ7.4 Prosoma ochre-yellow, shape as in L. lopez ϩ14.4ϩ1.6), tibia 2: 4.5, tibia 3: 3.6, tibia 4: (cf. figs. 1195Ð1197); distance PME-ALE 5.1; tibia 1 l/d: 110. Prosoma shape as in L. about 60% of PME diameter. Chelicerae with lopez (cf. figs. 1195Ð1197), ochre-yellow; two pairs of brown apophyses (fig. 1191). distance PME-ALE about 75% of PME di- Palps light brown, general shape as in L. di- ameter. Chelicerae with two pairs of brown mona (cf. figs. 1184Ð1185), bulb with dis- apophyses (fig. 1187). Palps light brown, tinctive structures on embolar division (fig. general shape as in L. dimona (cf. figs. 1192), procursus simple, slightly spiraling 1184Ð1185), even bulb and procursus tip al- distally (figs. 1193Ð1194). Legs light brown, most identical (figs. 1188Ð1190). Legs light with whitish tips distally on femora and tib- brown, with whitish tips distally on femora iae; about second half of metatarsus also and tibiae; about second half of metatarsus whitish; without spines, without curved and also whitish; without spines, without curved vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium tibia 1 at 1.3%; tarsus 1 with over 30 pseu- of tibia 1 at 1.4%. Opisthosoma shape as in dosegments. Opisthosoma missing. L. lopez (cf. fig. 1195), pale grayish-ochre FEMALE: Unknown. without markings. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- FEMALE: Unknown. cality. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 297

Figs. 1187Ð1194. Litoporus spp. 1187Ð1190. L. saul, n. sp., male holotype. 1187. Chelicerae, frontal view. 1188. Embolar division of left bulb, retrolateral view. 1189. Left procursus, prolateral view. 1190. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 1191Ð1194. L. secoya, n. sp., male holotype. 1191. Chelicerae, frontal view. 1192. Embolar division of left bulb, prolateral view. 1193. Left procursus, prolateral view. 1194. Left procursus, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOMBIA: Pu- ETYMOLOGY: Named for the town near the tumayo: near Puerto Asis: type above. type locality. The specific name is a noun in apposition. Litoporus lopez, new species DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners Figures 172, 1195Ð1206 by the single pair of cheliceral apophyses in Modisimus sp. A: Eberhard and Bricen˜o, 1983: a lateral position (fig. 1201), the massive 189Ð195; 1985: 29Ð36, figs. 1, 2eÐf. bulge distally on the male palpal femur (fig. 1202), and the tip of the procursus (fig. TYPES: Male holotype, 22( 8& paratypes 1199). (‘‘voucher specimens for study of Eberhard MALE (holotype): Total length 1.8, cara- and Bricen˜o’’, ‘‘Modisimus sp. A’’) from 15 pace width 0.8; leg 1: 34.0 (9.3ϩ0.4 km SE Puerto Lo«pez, Dept. Meta, Colombia; ϩ7.8ϩ14.8ϩ1.7), tibia 2: 5.2, tibia 3: 3.6, July 1970 (W. G. Eberhard), in MCZ. tibia 4: 5.1; tibia 1 l/d: 82. Habitus as in fig. 298 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1195Ð1199. Litoporus lopez, n. sp., male. 1195. Habitus, lateral view. 1196–1197. Prosoma, dorsal and frontal views. 1198. Left palp, prolateral view. 1199. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (1195Ð1197), 0.2 mm (1198Ð1199).

1195. Entire spider pale ochre, only legs light tinct retrolateral apophysis on coxa, proximal brown, tips of femora and tibiae whitish, apophysis and large distal bulge on femur about second half of metatarsus also whitish. (fig. 1202), simple curved procursus, embo- Carapace with thoracic groove, but relatively lar division of bulb with membranous pro- flat in frontal view (fig. 1197), ocular area cesses and small apophysis (figs. 1198Ð slightly elevated, with eight eyes (figs. 1196Ð 1199). Palpal tarsal organ exposed. Legs 1197); distance PME-ALE about 60% of without spines, without curved and vertical PME diameter. Chelicerae with pair of fron- hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at tal apophyses in very lateral position (fig. 2%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 30 pseudosegments. 1201). Palps as in figs. 1198Ð1199, with dis- Gonopore without epiandrous spigots; ALS 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 299

Figs. 1200Ð1206. Litoporus lopez,n.sp.1200. Male prosoma, ventral view. 1201. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 1202. Left palpal femur, retrolateral view. 1203–1204. Epigynum, lateral and ventral views (asterisks mark plug). 1205. Epigynum, frontal view. 1206. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

with only one piriform gland spigot each; MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOMBIA: Meta: other spinnerets typical for family (fig. 172). 15 km SE Puerto Lo«pez: types above. FEMALE (paratype): Total length 1.7, cara- NATURAL HISTORY: Eberhard and Bricen˜o pace width 0.7; leg 1: 17.2 (4.6ϩ0.3ϩ3.9 (1983, 1985) give information about the pop- ϩ7.0ϩ1.4), tibia 2: 2.3, tibia 3: 1.5, tibia 4: ulation at the type locality, which is charac- 2.3; tibia 1 l/d: 56. Habitus as in male. Epi- terized as tropical dry forest. In the under- gynum only slightly darker than surrounding growth, the spiders built domed sheets or cuticle, shape as in figs. 1203Ð1205; internal platforms with relatively open mesh and a genitalia with undivided pore field and me- small tangle of threads above, with a dome- dian receptacle(?) (fig. 1206). shaped retreat under a leaf. Mature males and VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 18 males: 7.0Ð8.5 females often shared webs, and males some- (xø ϭ 7.8); tibia 1 in 6 females: 3.5Ð4.2 (xø ϭ times ceded prey to females, although being 3.9). behaviorally dominant. Paired males were DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- larger than solitary males, but fed less often. cality. Defensive behavior consisted of whirling in 300 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 more or less horizontal circles. Additional apophyses frontally on the male chelicerae points briefly described concern male fights, (fig. 1207), the subdistal fringe on the pro- courtship and copulation, and web construc- cursus (figs. 1208Ð1209), and the long scape tion. on the epigynum (fig. 1210). MALE (see Huber, 1997b, for general de- ϭ Litoporus uncatus (Simon, 1893), scription of male): Tibia 1 (N 6) 8.3Ð11.2 ϭ new combination (xø 10.0); distance PME-ALE about 80% Figures 1207Ð1211 of PME diameter. Procursus with character- istic semitransparent subdistal fringe (figs. Coryssocnemis uncatus Simon, 1893a: 321; 1208Ð1209). All legs without spines, without 1893b: 479Ð483, fig. 472.—Huber, 1997b: 582, curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral tricho- figs. 6AÐE, 7AÐB. bothrium of tibia 1 at 2%; femur 1/tibia 1: Litoporus abrahami Mello-Leita˜o, 1947b: 164, 1.22Ð1.39 (N ϭ 4); tarsus 1 with ϳ 20 pseu- fig. 11. NEW SYNONYMY. dosegments. Measurements of L. abrahami lectotype: tibia 1: 9.6, tibia 2 missing, tibia JUSTIFICATION OF SYNONYMY: The male lectotype of Litoporus abrahami was com- 3: 4.3, tibia 4: 6.5. FEMALE (Dept. Amazonas, Venezuela): pared with Simon’s male of Coryssocnemis ϩ ϩ ϩ ϩ uncatus (see Notes below), and with further Leg 1: 44.9 (11.5 0.5 10.6 19.5 2.8), tib- material of both sexes listed below, which ia 2: 7.5. In general very similar to male. proved the conspecificity of the female de- Epigynum with long, scapelike process with scribed by Simon with the type specimen of pocket at its tip (fig. 1210); dorsal view as in fig. 1211. Litoporus abrahami. DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed through- TYPES: Coryssocnemis uncatus: male (see out northern South America, apparently re- Notes below), from Pebas, Dept. Loreto, stricted to lowland forests (map 8). Peru; ϳ 100 m elev., no date (M. de Ma- MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Loreto: Pe- than), in MNHN (3858), examined. Litopo- bas: 1( type of Coryssocnemis uncatus (see rus abrahami: male lectotype (designated Types above); Rio Samiria (04Њ43ЈS, herein; see Notes below), from ‘‘Kuruabaru Њ Ј Њ Ј Њ Ј 74 18 W), MayÐJune 1990 (T. Erwin ‘‘et Ck’’ (Kuruabaru River: 5 25 N, 58 22 W), al.’’), 4( (2 vials) in MUSM; Jenaro Herrera Cattle Trail Survey, Guyana; Sept. 1919 (A. (4Њ55ЈS, 73Њ45ЈW), ϳ 100 m elev., Aug. 24, A. Abraham), in BMNH (1923.VII.23.178- 1988 (D. Silva), 1( in MUSM; Amazonas: 180), examined. ‘‘alto Rio Comaina,’’ 850Ð1150 m elev., Oct. NOTES: As noted in a previous paper (Hub- 21ÐNov. 3, 1987 (D. Silva), 3( 1 juvenile in er, 1997b), Simon (1893a, 1893b) described MUSM; San Martõ«n: 20 mi SE Moyobamba, only the female of this species. This female June 1Ð30, 1947 (F. Woytkowski), 1( in is probably lost, and the MNHN has only the AMNH. ECUADOR: Napo: ‘‘Oriente: Mis- male above, which was probably assigned uagualli’’ (Misahualli: 1Њ02ЈS, 77Њ41ЈW) later (by Simon himself, as the label sug- Mar. 21, 1971 (R. A. Sweet), 1( in AMNH. gests; see Huber, 1997b) to the species, and COLOMBIA: Caqueta«: Rio Orteguaza, 200 is therefore not formally assigned type status. m elev., Aug.ÐSept. 1947 (L. Richter), 1( in The record of a male and female specimen AMNH. VENEZUELA: Amazonas: ‘‘Lgar- together (see below) corroborates the con- ap’e forest of upper Rio Yaciba,’’ Dec. 7, specificity of the male in the MNHN with 1953 (W. M. Beebe), 1( in AMNH; ‘‘Camp Simon’s (1893a, 1893b) female. # 3,’’ Dec. 28, 1953 (E. MacGuire), 1( 1& The Litoporus abrahami lectotype is ac- in AMNH. GUYANA: Kuruabaru River: 1( companied by two further specimens: a ju- lectotype of L. abrahami (see Types above); venile non-pholcid, and a female Mesaboli- Rupununi River, Makarapan, Oct. 5, 1937 var aurantiacus. Mello-Leita˜o (1947b) de- (collector not given), 1( in MZF; Kaietur, scribed a male, leaving no doubt about which Aug. 14, 1911 (F. E. Lutz), 1( in AMNH; has to be the lectotype. Rockstone, July 1911 (collector not given), DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from con- 1( in AMNH; ‘‘Turkeit’’ (Tukeit Fall: geners by the many sclerotized rounded 5Њ12ЈN, 59Њ26ЈW), July 18, 1911 (F. E. Lutz), 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 301

Figs. 1207Ð1211. Litoporus uncatus (Simon). 1207. Male prosoma, frontal view. 1208. Left pro- cursus, dorsal view. 1209. Left procursus, retrolateroventral view. 1210. Epigynum, ventral view. 1211. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.4 mm (1207), 0.2 mm (1208Ð1211).

1( in AMNH; Kartabo (6Њ23ЈN, 58Њ42ЈW), Litoporus yucumo, new species 1924 (collector not given), 1( in AMNH. Figures 1212Ð1218 BRAZIL: Para«: Aldeia Coraci (2Њ34ЈS, 46Њ37ЈW), 12 km W Caninde«, Rio Gurupi, TYPES: Male holotype, 1( 1& paratypes Apr. 16Ð26, 1963 (B. Malkin), 1( in from 16.8 mi SW Yucumo (ϳ 15Њ23ЈS, AMNH. 66Њ59ЈW), Dept. Beni, Bolivia; ϳ 500 m 302 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in two other males: 7.7, 8.7. FEMALE: Very similar to male, but with distinct dark Y mark on carapace. Tibia 1 in two females: 4.3, 5.2. Epigynum very small, simple rectangular plate (fig. 1218), greenish to light brown; internal genitalia as in fig. 1217, apparently with large membranous sac between uterus externus and epigynal plate. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- cality in Dept. Beni, Bolivia. MATERIAL EXAMINED: BOLIVIA: Beni: Map 8. Known distribution of Litoporus un- 16.8 mi SW Yucumo: types above; same catus (Simon). data: 1( 1& in USNM.

Litoporus pakitza, new species elev., Nov. 15Ð19, 1989 (J. Coddington, C. Figures 1219Ð1225 Griswold, D. Silva, S. Larcher, E. Pen˜aran- da), in USNM. TYPES: Male holotype, 1( paratype from ETYMOLOGY: Named for the town near the Pakitza, ‘‘Puesto de Vigilancia,’’ Zona Re- type locality. The specific name is a noun in servada de Manu«, Madre de Dios, Peru; Oct. apposition. 1, 1987 (D. Silva & J. Coddington), in DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from USNM. known congeners by the finger-shaped ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. apophysis on the male clypeus (fig. 1213: ar- The specific name is a noun in apposition. row), and by the pair of pointed apophyses DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from frontally on the male chelicerae (fig. 1212). known congeners by the single pair of point- MALE (holotype): Total length 1.8, cara- ed apophyses proximally on the male chelic- pace width 0.84; leg 1: 38.6 (10.5ϩ0.4ϩ8.8 erae (fig. 1221) and by the long, slender pro- ϩ17.2ϩ1.7), tibia 2: 6.1, tibia 3: 4.3, tibia 4: cursus that is widened distally (figs. 1219Ð 5.6; tibia 1 l/d: 94. Habitus and prosoma 1220). shape typical for genus (cf. figs. 1195Ð1197); MALE (holotype): Total length 1.7, cara- entire prosoma ochre-yellow, only thoracic pace width 0.84; leg 1: 36.1 (9.9ϩ0.3ϩ8.3 groove with thin brown line. Clypeus with ϩ16.0ϩ1.6), tibia 2: 5.7, tibia 3: 4.1, tibia 4 characteristic apophysis (figs. 1212Ð1213); missing; tibia 1 l/d: 95. Habitus and prosoma without humps on sternum; distance PME- shape typical for genus (cf. figs. 1195Ð1197); ALE about 100% of PME diameter. Chelic- entire prosoma ochre-yellow, only thoracic erae with only one pair of pointed brown groove with brown line; without humps on apophyses frontally (fig. 1212). Palps as in sternum; distance PME-ALE about 80% of fig. 1216, ochre-yellow, only tips of procursi PME diameter. Chelicerae with only one pair blackish, coxa with retrolateral apophysis, fe- of pointed brown apophyses proximally (fig. mur with proximal and distal ventral bulge, 1221). Palps as in fig. 1223, ochre-yellow, procursus simple, gently S-curved (figs. only tips of procursi blackish, coxa with re- 1214Ð1215), embolar division closely ac- trolateral apophysis, femur with retrolateral companying procursus. Legs ochre-yellow, apophysis proximally, widened distally (fig. distal tips of femora and tibiae and second 1222), procursus long and slender (figs. half of metatarsus whitish; without spines, 1219Ð1220). Legs slightly darker than pro- without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral soma, femora and tibiae with light distal tips, trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1.8%; tarsus 1 second half of metatarsi also light; without with ϳ 30 pseudosegments (difficult to count spines, without curved and vertical hairs; re- proximally). Opisthosoma greenish-gray, trolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1.6%; shape as in L. lopez (cf. fig. 1195). tarsus 1 with over 25 pseudosegments (dif- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 303

Figs. 1212Ð1218. Litoporus yucumo,n.sp.1212. Male prosoma, frontal (slightly ventral) view. 1213. Male prosoma, lateral view (arrow points to clypeus apophysis). 1214. Left procursus, prolateral view. 1215. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 1216. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1217. Epigynum, dorsal view. 1218. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (1212Ð1213), 0.2 mm (1216), 0.1 mm (1214Ð 1215, 1217Ð1218). 304 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1219Ð1225. Litoporus pakitza,n.sp.1219. Right procursus, retrolateral view. 1220. Right procursus tip, prolateral view. 1221. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 1222. Male right palpal femur, prolateral view. 1223. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1224. Epigynum, dorsal view. 1225. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

ficult to count proximally). Opisthosoma pale much shorter and thinner legs; tibia 1 (N ϭ greenish-gray, without markings, slightly 5) 4.8Ð6.0 (xø ϭ 5.6). Epigynum very simple longer than in L. lopez (cf. fig. 1195). externally (fig. 1225), light brown with dis- VARIATION: Tibia 1 in four other males: tinct greenish arch frontally; internal genita- 8.1Ð8.9 (xø ϭ 8.6). lia with large contiguous pore plates (fig. FEMALE: Very similar to male, except 1224). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 305

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Madre de ments. Opisthosoma shape as in L. dimona Dios, Peru. (cf. fig. 1181), monochromous ochre-gray. MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Madre de FEMALE: Unknown. (The male holotype is Dios: Zona Reservada de Manu«, Pakitza: accompanied by a female, but this is quite types above; Parque Nacional Manu«, Pakitza, certainly L. pakitza.) (11Њ56ЈS, 71Њ17ЈW), 356 m elev., May 1Ð6, DISTRIBUTION: Known only from southern 1991 (D. Silva), 2( 2& in USNM; same lo- Peru (Madre de Dios). cality, May 5Ð13, 1991 (3 vials, D. Silva), MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Madre de 2( 3& in MUSM; Zona Reservada de Manu«, Dios: Zona Reservada Pakitza: type above; Puesto de Vigilancia, Pakitza (11Њ58ЈS, Pakitza, Puesto de Vigilancia (11Њ58ЈS, 71Њ18ЈW), Oct. 1, 1987 (D. Silva & J. Cod- 71Њ18ЈW), Sept. 28, 1987 (D. Silva & J. Cod- dington), 1& in USNM. dington), 1( in USNM; Pakitza, Rio Manu« (12Њ07ЈS, 70Њ58ЈW), 250 m elev., Sept. 22, 1988 (T. Erwin & B. D. Farrel), 1( in Litoporus manu, new species USNM. Figures 1226Ð1230

TYPE: Male holotype from Parque Nacion- OTAVALOA, NEW GENUS al Manu«, Zona Reservada Pakitza (11Њ56ЈS, 71Њ17ЈW), Dept. Madre de Dios, Peru; 356 TYPE SPECIES: Otavaloa angotero, new m elev., Apr. 24Ð29, 1991 (D. Silva), in species. USNM. ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the Otavalo people of Ecuador, who are known ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. widely throughout Ecuador and Peru for their The specific name is a noun in apposition. woolen textiles, and who have maintained a DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from de- powerful sense of identity. Gender feminine. scribed congeners by the shape of the male DIAGNOSIS: Small to medium-sized (total cheliceral apophyses (fig. 1226) and the pro- length 1.6Ð2.5 mm), eight-eyed pholcids cursus (figs. 1228, 1230). The MUSM has a with long legs; distinguished from similar very close (undescribed) relative from Peru genera (especially Litoporus) by the unique (Madre de Dios, 15 km E Puerto Maldona- apophyses at the bases of the laminae in the do), which has the lateral apophyses on the male chelicerae (fig. 1232; absent only in O. male chelicerae much more proximal, among pasco, n. sp.), the dorsally bent procursus, other minor differences. and the scape in the female epigynum (figs. MALE (holotype): Total length 1.5, cara- 1240, 1247, 1251, 1257). ϩ ϩ pace width 0.77; leg 1: 34.3 (8.9 0.3 7.9 DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 1.6Ð2.5 mm. ϩ ϩ 15.3 1.9), tibia 2: 5.1, tibia 3: 3.5, tibia 4: Carapace relatively flat, but with distinct tho- 4.7; tibia 1 l/d: 98. Habitus and prosoma racic groove, ocular area moderately elevat- shape as typical for genus (cf. figs. 1195Ð ed, with eight eyes, AME the smallest; dis- 1197). Entire prosoma ochre-yellow, only tance PME-ALE about 50Ð70% of PME di- carapace with thin dark line in thoracic ameter. Male clypeus unmodified. Male che- groove; distance PME-ALE about 70% of licerae with pair of distinctive apophyses at PME diameter. Chelicerae with two pairs of the bases of the laminae (fig. 1232; absent in characteristic apophyses (fig. 1226). Palps as O. pasco, n. sp.), without stridulatory ridges in fig. 1227, with distinct retrolateral apoph- laterally. Male sternum without humps. Male ysis on coxa, proximal retrolateral apophysis palpal coxa with retrolateral apophysis (poor- and large distal bulge on femur; procursus ly developed in O. pasco), femur with retro- with two strong hairs dorsally and hook- lateral apophysis proximally, enlarged distal- shaped black tip (figs. 1228Ð1230). Legs ly, tibia relatively small in relation to femur slightly darker than prosoma, tips of femora (fig. 1236), procursus strongly bent dorsally and tibiae and second half of metatarsi whit- (figs. 1236, 1244, 1255); bulb simple, but ish; without spines, without curved and ver- with various membranous elements distally tical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia on embolar division. Tarsal organ exposed 1 at 1.7%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 30 pseudoseg- (examined: O. angotero). Legs long and thin 306 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1226Ð1230. Litoporus manu, n. sp., male. 1226. Chelicerae, frontal view. 1227. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1228. Left cymbium with procursus, retrolateral view. 1229. Modified hair dorsally on procursus. 1230. Left procursus, prolateral view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (1226Ð1228, 1230), 0.05 mm (1229).

(leg 1 about 20 ϫ body length; tibia 1 l/d spigot each (examined: O. angotero), other usually ϳ 50Ð70; in O. pasco 115!), without spinnerets typical for family. dark rings but with light tips distally on fem- Sexual dimorphism slight; legs of females ora and tibiae; leg formula 1243; legs with- with dark rings on femora and tibiae (sub- out spines, without curved and vertical hairs; distally); epigynum with distinct scape. retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 very MONOPHYLY: Four of the five species de- proximal (at ϳ 1Ð4%); tarsus with Ͼ 20 scribed below share the unique male chelic- pseudosegments (maybe up to 40, but they eral apophyses (fig. 1232). Probably all share are difficult to count proximally). Opistho- the epigynal scape (the female of O. otanabe, soma often greenish, slightly higher and an- n. sp., is unknown). The scape of Litoporus gular behind, usually with large dark smudg- uncatus with its distal pocket (fig. 1210) is es dorsally (fig. 1231). Male gonopore with- herein considered to have evolved conver- out epiandrous spigots (examined: O. ango- gently. tero). ALS with only one piriform gland GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: Otavaloa is sim- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 307

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition honoring the Angotero, a high- ly assimilated group of Indians living in Am- azonian Peru and southern Colombia. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners by the shape of the procursus (figs. 1235Ð 1236, 1238Ð1239). MALE (holotype): Total length 2.5, cara- pace width 1.1; leg 1 missing, tibia 2: 5.0, tibia 3 missing, tibia 4: 4.3. Habitus as in fig. 1231. Carapace relatively flat, but with distinct thoracic groove, pale whitish with brown stripe (figs. 1233Ð1234), eight eyes on pale whitish, moderately elevated ocular area; distance PME-ALE about 70% of Map 9. Known distribution of the genus Ota- PME diameter. Clypeus and sternum pale valoa, n. gen.: O. angotero, n. sp. (circles); O. whitish, labium brown. Chelicerae light otanabe, n. sp. (light square); O. pasco, n. sp. (tri- brown, with sclerotized ridge at basis of angles); O. piro, n. sp. (dark squares); O. lisei,n. sp. (diamond). cheliceral laminae (fig. 1232). Palps as in figs. 1235Ð1236; light ochre to light brown, distal sclerites black; coxa with distinct re- ilar in habitus to Litoporus (prosoma shape, trolateral apophysis, femur with proximal long legs, no dark rings on male legs but retrolateral apophysis, widened distally, pro- segments with light tips), but in Litoporus cursus distinctively curved, with relatively the genitalia are very different (palpal femur complicated tip (figs. 1235Ð1236, 1238Ð with ventral bulge, procursus simpler and not 1239), palpal tarsal organ exposed. Legs conspicuously curved, chelicerae with differ- brown, tibiae distally whitish; all legs with- ent type of armature). Otavaloa clearly is out spines, without curved and vertical part of the New World clade of pholcids (re- hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 trolateral coxal apophysis, thoracic groove, (paratype) at 4%; tarsus 1 (paratype) with large distance PME-ALE, exposed tarsal or- over 20 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma light gan, epiandrous spigots absent, ALS piriform bluish-green, with darker spots dorsally, gland spigots reduced to one), but apart from brown rectangular genital plate, gonopore that, the phylogenetic relationships are ob- without epiandrous spigots. ALS with only scure. one piriform gland spigot each, other spin- DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in South nerets typical for family. America, ranging from northern Bolivia to VARIATION: Measurements of a male from southern Colombia and northeastern Brazil; Putumayo: Leg 1: 24.0 (6.4ϩ0.3ϩ5.6ϩ10.4 possibly restricted to lowland forests (map ϩ1.3), tibia 4: 5.2; tibia 1 l/d: 52. Some 9). males have light ochre legs (recently molt- COMPOSITION: The genus as construed here ed?), one of the Peruvian males has a pale includes five named species, all of which are grayish opisthosoma. here newly described. Apart from that, I have FEMALE (Colombia: near Puerto Asis): To- seen numerous undescribed species, mostly tal length 2.5, tibia 1: 6.7. In general similar from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (in MUSM, to male, but prosoma without darker median MCN, CAS). band, legs with dark rings (femora and tibiae subdistally) followed by whitish tips. Epi- Otavaloa angotero, new species gynum light brown, with distinctive scape Figures 1231Ð1242 (figs. 1240Ð1241), internal genitalia with TYPES: Male holotype, 2( paratypes from pair of round pore plates (fig. 1242). Jatun Sacha, Napo, Ecuador; Sept. 1996 (R. DISTRIBUTION: Known from southern Co- L. Rodriguez), in AMNH. lombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru (map 9). 308 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1231Ð1236. Otavaloa angotero, n. gen., n. sp., male. 1231. Habitus, lateral view. 1232. Distal part of chelicerae, frontal view. 1233–1234. Prosoma, dorsal and frontal views. 1235. Left palp, prola- teral view. 1236. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (1231), 0.5 mm (1233Ð1236), 0.1 mm (1232). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 309

Figs. 1237Ð1244. Otavaloa spp. 1237Ð1242. O. angotero, n. gen., n. sp. 1237. Embolar division of left bulb, ϳ prolateral view. 1238. Left procursus tip, prolateral view. 1239. Left procursus tip, retro- lateral view. 1240. Epigynum, ventral view. 1241. Epigynum, lateral view. 1242. Epigynum, dorsal view. 1243Ð1244. O. otanabe, n. gen., n. sp., male holotype. 1243. Left procursus, prolateral view. 1244. Left procursus, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (1240Ð1244), 0.1 mm (1237Ð1239).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: ECUADOR: Napo: PERU: Amazonas: Rio Alto Maran˜on, be- Jatun Sacha: types above. COLOMBIA: Pu- tween Rios Cempa and Nieva (ϳ 4Њ40ЈS, tumayo: Rio Putumayo, near Pto Asis, no 78Њ00ЈW), Sept. 10Ð24, 1924 (Klug), 2( in date (W. G. Eberhard), 2( 1& in MCZ. AMNH. 310 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Otavaloa otanabe, new species 1246), and the narrow epigynal scape (fig. Figures 1243Ð1244 1247). MALE (holotype): Total length 2.4, cara- TYPE: Male holotype from ‘‘Mishqui- pace width 1.1; leg 1: 34.3 (8.1ϩ0.4ϩ7.7 yacu,’’ 20 km NE Moyobamba, Dept. San ϩ15.7ϩ2.4), tibia 2: 4.6, tibia 3: 3.1, tibia 4: Mart«õn, Peru; Aug. 1947 (F. Woytkowski), in 4.1; tibia 1 l/d: 68. Habitus and prosoma AMNH. shape as in O. angotero (cf. figs. 1231, ETYMOLOGY: The species name is a noun 1233Ð1234); distance PME-ALE about 70% in apposition honoring the Muniche (also of PME diameter. Carapace pale ochre with called Otanabe), an Indian tribe in the Am- brown median line; ocular area and clypeus azonian jungle of north central Peru. By the pale ochre, sternum pale whitish, labium 1980s there were only about 10 people left brown. Chelicerae light brown, with sclero- who still understood the aboriginal language. tized ridge at basis of cheliceral laminae as DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to O. angotero in O. angotero (cf. fig. 1232). Palps in gen- and O. piro; distinguished by the shape of eral as in O. angotero (cf. figs. 1235Ð1236), the procursus (figs. 1243Ð1244). light ochre to light brown, distal sclerites MALE (holotype): Total length 2.4, cara- black; procursus with distinctive tip (figs. pace width 1.2; leg 1 missing, tibia 2: 4.5, 1245Ð1246). Legs brown, tibiae distally tibia 3: 3.0, tibia 4: 4.0. Habitus and prosoma whitish; all legs without spines, without shape as in O. angotero (cf. figs. 1231, curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral tricho- 1233Ð1234); distance PME-ALE about 70% bothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 with over of PME diameter. Entire prosoma orange to 20 pseudosegments (difficult to count). Op- light brown, chelicerae as in O. angotero (cf. isthosoma shape as in O. angotero (cf. fig. fig. 1232), palps in general as in O. angotero 1231), pale greenish-gray, with large darker (cf. figs. 1235Ð1236), with distinctive pro- spots dorsally, brown rectangular genital cursus (figs. 1243Ð1244), bulb apparently plate. identical to O. angotero (cf. fig. 1237). Legs FEMALE: Tibia 1 in 4 females: 5.6, 5.9, 6.0, light brown, tibiae distally whitish; all legs 6.4. In general very similar to male, but legs without spines, without curved and vertical with dark rings (femora and tibiae subdistal- hairs. Opisthosoma pale greenish-ochre, with ly) followed by whitish tips. Epigynum light darker greenish spots dorsally, orange genital brown, with distinctive narrow scape (fig. plate, dark stripe behind genital plate half- 1247), internal genitalia with pair of round way to spinnerets. (globular?) pore ‘‘plates’’ (fig. 1248). FEMALE: Unknown. VARIATION: The dark pattern in front of the DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- epigynum varies widely. Apart from that, cality (map 9). there is only slight variation in the length of MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: San Mart«õn: the epigynal scape. type above. DISTRIBUTION: Known from southern Peru (Madre de Dios) and northern Bolivia (Beni) Otavaloa piro, new species (map 9). Figures 1245Ð1248 MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Madre de TYPES: Male holotype, 1( 2& paratypes Dios: Zona Reservada Pakitza: types above; from Zona Reservada Pakitza (11Њ56ЈS, same locality, same collector: May 2Ð5, 71Њ17ЈW), Dept. Madre de Dios, Peru; 356 1991, 2( 2& in MUSM; Apr. 21Ð29 and m elev., May 3, 1991 (D. Silva), in MUSM. Sept. 26ÐOct. 19, 1991, 13( 17& (5 vials) ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in USNM; same locality, Sept. 28ÐOct. 10, in apposition honoring the P«õro, an interflu- 1987 (D. Silva & J. Coddington), 4( 9& (7 vial people living at the junction of the Bra- vials) in USNM; Pakitza, Rio Manu« zilian-Bolivian-Peruvian borders. They were (12Њ07ЈS, 70Њ58ЈW), 250 m elev., Sept. 22, devastated by the rubber boom around 1900, 1988 (T. Erwin & B. D. Farrel), 1( in and are today rapidly being acculturated. USNM; 5 mi upstream Pakitza, Quebrada El DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners Pachira, Oct. 4, 1987 (D. Silva & J. Cod- by the shape of the procursus (figs. 1245Ð dington), 1( 1& in USNM; Zona Reservada 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 311

Figs. 1245Ð1252. Otavaloa spp. 1245Ð1248. O. piro, n. gen., n. sp. 1245. Left procursus, prolateral view. 1246. Left procursus with cymbium, retrolateral view. 1247. Epigynum, ventral view. 1248. Epi- gynum, dorsal view. 1249Ð1252. O. lisei, n. gen., n. sp. 1249. Left procursus, prolateral view. 1250. Left procursus with cymbium, retrolateral view. 1251. Epigynum, ventral view. 1252. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Tambopata (12Њ50ЈS, 69Њ17ЈW), 290 m elev., Mar. 6, 1990 (D. Silva), 5( 3& in MUSM. June 5Ð7, 1988 (J. Coddington), 1( 3& (2 BOLIVIA: Beni: Estacion Biologica Beni, vials) in USNM; 15 km E Puerto Maldonado Sept. 6Ð14, 1987 (S. Larcher & J. Codding- (12Њ33ЈS, 69Њ03ЈW), 200 m elev., Feb. 22Ð ton), 2( 1& 2 juveniles (2 vials) in USNM; 312 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

16.8 mi SW Yucumo (ϳ 15Њ23ЈS, 66Њ59ЈW), other female), internal genitalia with pair of ϳ 500 m elev., Nov. 15Ð19, 1989 (J. Cod- oval (spherical?) pore ‘‘plates’’ (fig. 1252). dington, C. Griswold, D. Silva, S. Larcher, DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- E. Pen˜aranda), ϳ 22( 20& (3 vials) in cality (map 9). USNM. MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Para«: Caxiuana˜, Melgac¸o: types above. Otavaloa lisei, new species Figures 1249Ð1252 Otavaloa pasco, new species Figures 1253Ð1258 TYPES: Male holotype, 1( 2& paratypes from Caxiuana˜, Melgac¸o, Para«, Brazil; Aug. 11, 1996 (A. A. Lise ‘‘et al.’’), in MCP TYPES: Male holotype, 1( 3& paratypes (9428, 9422). from Huancabamba, Quebrada Castillo, NW ETYMOLOGY: Named for the principal col- Iscozacin (10Њ10ЈS, 75Њ15ЈW), Dept. Pasco, lector of the type material. Peru; 345 m elev., Sept. 7, 1988 (D. Silva), DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners in MUSM. by the shape of the procursus (figs. 1249Ð ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Peruvian state 1250) and the shape of the epigynal scape Pasco. The specific name is a noun in ap- (fig. 1251). position. MALE (holotype): Total length 2.3, cara- ϩ ϩ DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from con- pace width 1.0; leg 1: 33.6 (8.1 0.4 7.7 geners by the shape of the frontal apophyses ϩ14.7ϩ2.7), tibia 2: 4.7, tibia 3: 3.1, tibia 4 on the male chelicerae (fig. 1256) and by the missing; tibia 1 l/d: 68. Habitus and prosoma shape of the procursus (figs. 1253Ð1254). shape as in O. angotero (cf. figs. 1231, MALE (holotype): Total length 1.65, cara- 1233Ð1234), distance PME-ALE about 75% pace width 0.7; leg 1: 34.6 (8.4ϩ0.3ϩ8.0 of PME diameter. Carapace pale ochre with ϩ15.6ϩ2.3), tibia 2: 5.2, tibia 3: 3.2, tibia 4: brown median line; ocular area and clypeus 4.5; tibia 1 l/d: 115. Habitus and prosoma pale ochre, sternum pale whitish, labium brown. Chelicerae light brown, with sclero- shape as in O. angotero (cf. figs. 1231, tized ridge at basis of cheliceral laminae as 1233Ð1234), entire prosoma light ochre-yel- in O. angotero (cf. fig. 1232). Palps in gen- low; distance PME-ALE about 50% of PME eral as in O. angotero (cf. figs. 1235Ð1236), diameter. Sternum whitish, without humps. light ochre to light brown, distal sclerites Chelicerae with pair of brown frontal stripes black; procursus with distinctive, relatively and pair of blackish apophyses. Palps light complicated tip (figs. 1249Ð1250). Legs ochre, only distally on procursus darker; brown, tibiae distally whitish; all legs with- coxa with retrolateral groove rather than dis- out spines, without curved and vertical hairs; tinct apophysis, femur with proximal retro- retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; lateral apophysis and ventral apophysis (fig. tarsus 1 with up to 40 pseudosegments (dif- 1255), procursus widely curved, with char- ficult to count). Opisthosoma shape as in O. acteristic dorsal apophysis and transparent angotero (cf. fig. 1231), pale greenish, with projection (figs. 1253Ð1254). Legs ochre-yel- large darker spots dorsally. low, distal tips of femora and tibiae whitish; VARIATION: Tibia 1 in male paratype: 7.6. all legs without spines, without curved and Legs of paratype not brown but pale ochre vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of as carapace. (This male is probably more re- tibia 1 at 1.2%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 30 pseudo- cently molted.) segments. Opisthosoma pale greenish-gray, FEMALE (paratypes): In general very sim- almost invisible large darker spots dorsally ilar to male, but legs with dark rings (femora and laterally. and tibiae subdistally) followed by whitish FEMALE (paratypes): Tibia 1 (N ϭ 3) 6.0Ð tips. Tibia 1: 5.6 (missing in other female). 6.3. In general very similar to male, but legs Epigynum light brown, with distinctive scape with dark rings (femora and tibiae subdistal- (fig. 1251), large greenish area frontally (fig. ly) followed by whitish tips. Epigynum light 1251; this area is smaller and less distinct in brown, with distinctive scape (fig. 1257), in- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 313

Figs. 1253Ð1258. Otavaloa pasco, n. gen., n. sp. 1253. Left procursus, prolateral view. 1254. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 1255. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1256. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 1257. Epigynum, ventral view. 1258. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (1255Ð1258).

ternal genitalia with pair of oval pore plates Kaiova« Indians (also called Teui), a group of (fig. 1258). Amerindians who number more than 1000 VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 5 males: 7.2Ð8.3 (xø people scattered in villages and government ϭ 7.7). Some specimens had quite distinct Indian posts throughout southern Brazil. dark spots on the opisthosoma, as shown in They are thoroughly integrated into neo-Bra- O. angotero (cf. fig. 1231). zilian society. Gender feminine. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from central DIAGNOSIS/DESCRIPTION: See diagnosis and Peru (Pasco, Hua«nuco) (map 9). description of single known species below. MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Pasco: GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The general Huancabamba: types above; same locality, shape of the male palp (huge femur, relative- ( same collector: Sept. 9, 1988 (2 vials), 4 ly small tibia) is similar to some represen- & 2 2 juveniles in MUSM; Hua«nuco: Tingo tatives of Mesabolivar (e.g., M. huambisa, ( Maria, Oct. 21, 1946 (J. C. Pallister), 1 in locono; see figs. 742, 753) and Otavaloa AMNH. (e.g., O. angotero; see fig. 1236). Otherwise, the phylogenetic position is obscure (apart TEUIA, NEW GENUS from the inclusion in the New World clade: TYPE SPECIES: Teuia beckeri, new species. male palpal coxa with retrolateral apophysis, ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the large distance PME-ALE). 314 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- cality in southern Brazil. cality. MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio Teuia beckeri, new species Grande do Sul: Sa˜o Leopoldo: types above. Figures 1259Ð1264 TUPIGEA, NEW GENUS TYPES: Male holotype, 1& paratype from Sa˜o Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, TYPE SPECIES: Tupigea lisei, new species. Nov. 8, 1974 (C. J. Becker), in MCN (2357). ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collector of Tupi and the Geˆ. The former occupied east- the type material. ern Brazil at the time of the conquest; their DIAGNOSIS: Eight-eyed pholcid with glob- practice of ritualistic exocannibalism gave ular opisthosoma and relatively long legs; the Portuguese a moral excuse for extermi- distinguished from all other known pholcids nating them. The latter occupied the Brazil- by the massive procursus that is partly ian coastline before the Tupi, but were driven wrapped around the embolar division (fig. into the interior by the Tupi before the arrival 1260); also by the two pairs of apophyses on of the Portuguese. Gender feminine. the male chelicerae (fig. 1262). DIAGNOSIS: Tiny to small (total length 1.3Ð 1.9 mm), six-eyed (rarely with punctiform MALE (holotype): Total length 2.3, cara- pace width 1.06; leg 1: 17.8 (4.5ϩ0.4ϩ4.7 AME) pholcids with medium-long legs; ϩ7.1ϩ1.1), tibia 2: 3.8, tibia 3: 2.4, tibia 4: globular, rectangular, or triangular (in lateral 3.5; tibia 1 l/d: 51. Prosoma shape and eye view) opisthosoma; distinguished from sim- ilar genera (Canaima, Blancoa) by the long pattern similar to Mesabolivar togatus (cf. male palpal patella (e.g., figs. 1266, 1300; a fig. 853); distance PME-ALE about 90% of similar long patella occurs in some otherwise PME diameter. Carapace ochre-yellow, with very different ninetine genera: Ibotyporanga, dark median line and spot behind ocular area; Gertschiola, Papiamenta). ocular area and clypeus slightly darker, ster- DESCRIPTION: Total length usually ϳ 1.3Ð num light brown with yellowish specks, la- 1.9 mm. Carapace with distinct thoracic bium darker. Chelicerae with two pairs of groove, ocular area moderately elevated, usu- short frontal apophyses (fig. 1262), lateral ally with six eyes, AME absent or reduced pair projects forward, median pair faces to dark specks; distance PME-ALE relatively downward. Palps as in figs. 1259Ð1260, with large (60Ð80% of PME diameter). Sternum distinct retrolateral coxal apophysis, femur without humps. Male clypeus unmodified. very large, proximally with retrolateral pro- Basal segment of male chelicerae with one trusion; procursus large and massive, partly of various types of modifications (apophyses, wound around embolar division (fig. 1260); modified hairs), only in T. nadleri, n. sp., un- bulb simple, with unsclerotized embolar di- modified; without stridulatory ridges lateral- vision (fig. 1261). Legs ochre-yellow, with- ly. Male palpal coxa with or without retro- out dark or light rings; femora 3 slightly lateral apophysis, femur sometimes with thicker than others; without spines, without pointed and upward-projecting (‘‘pup’’) curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral tricho- apophysis (with two in T. maza, n. sp.; with- bothrium of tibia 1 at 5%; tarsus 1 with ϳ out in T. lisei, n. sp., and paula, n. sp.), pa- 17 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma almost tella almost cylindrical, ventral side unusu- globular, ochre-green, with dark greenish ally long; procursus relatively simple, often spots; genital plate wide, ochre. bent inward distally, bulb variable. Tarsal FEMALE (paratype): Total length 2.9, cara- organ exposed (examined: T. lisei: fig. 83; pace width 1.06; tibia 1: 3.4. Very similar to T. nadleri). Legs relatively long (leg 1 about male, but with dark rings distally on femora; 6Ð11 ϫ body length; tibia 1 l/d usually 36Ð opisthosoma higher than long (2.5 versus 78); leg 1 longest, leg 2 longer or about as 2.0). Epigynum light brown with blackish long as leg 4, leg 3 shortest; legs without arch frontally (fig. 1263); internal genitalia spines and curved hairs; usually with verti- as in fig. 1264. (I could not find pore plates.) cal hairs on tibiae (at least proximally; miss- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 315

Figs. 1259Ð1264. Teuia beckeri n. gen., n. sp., male holotype and female paratype. 1259. Left palp, prolateral view. 1260. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1261. Left genital bulb, retrolateral view. 1262. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 1263. Epigynum, ventral view. 1264. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

ing in T. paula); retrolateral trichobothrium ei; figs. 170Ð171, 173), other spinnerets typ- of tibia 1 at ϳ 7Ð23%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 15Ð ical for family. 25 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma variable Sexual dimorphism slight. Epigynum very in shape, usually about globular, with dark simple, variable in shape. spots dorsally. Male gonopore without MONOPHYLY: The species included share epiandrous spigots (examined: T. nadleri, the ventrally long, cylindrical patella of the lisei: fig. 135). ALS with only one piriform male palp. The long patellae in Ibotyporan- gland spigot each (examined: T. nadleri, lis- ga, Gertschiola, and Papiamenta are consid- 316 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

ered to have evolved convergently. T. altiv- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners enter (Keyserling) and T. iguassuensis (Mel- by the single pair of frontal apophyses on the lo-Leita˜o) are only known from females and male chelicerae (fig. 1268), the absence of are included tentatively. ventral apophyses on the palpal femur, and GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: The pointed and the shapes of bulb (fig. 1267), procursus (fig. upward-projecting apophysis present in sev- 1269), and epigynum (fig. 1270). eral species of the genus is strikingly similar MALE (holotype): Total length 1.9, cara- to that in some Central American genera pace width 0.7; leg 1: 17.9 (4.7ϩ0.3ϩ4.5 (Modisimus, Anopsicus, Bryantina, Psilocho- ϩ7.3ϩ1.1), tibia 2: 2.8, tibia 3: 2.0, tibia 4: rus). This character is otherwise rarely seen 2.5; tibia 1 l/d: 67. Habitus and prosoma in South American pholcids (Waunana, Pis- shape as in T. teresopolis (cf. figs. 1272Ð aboa). The cladistic analysis suggests that 1273); distance PME-ALE about 70% of this character has evolved at least twice in PME diameter. Carapace ochre-yellow with the New World. Apart from the fact that Tu- darker brown median band; ocular area and pigea is clearly part of the New World clade clypeus slightly darker than carapace; ster- (thoracic groove, large distance PME-ALE, num whitish, no marks. Chelicerae ochre- epiandrous spigots absent, ALS piriform yellow, with one pair of darker apophyses, gland spigots reduced to one, exposed tarsal and pair of low humps proximally (fig. organ), the phylogenetic relationships are ob- 1268). Palps as in figs. 1265Ð1266; ochre- scure. The close relationship with Blancoa yellow, without retrolateral coxal apophysis, and Canaima proposed by the cladogram in femur without ventral apophysis; procursus appendix 2 is weakly supported: the reduc- distally bent inwards, with pair of distal tion of the retrolateral coxal apophysis links black spines (fig. 1269; see also fig. 50); bulb Tupigea to Blancoa, and the reduction of distally with two pointed apophyses and AME links both to Canaima. transparent projection (fig. 1267; see also fig. 50). Tarsal organ exposed (cf. female: fig. SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS: The type species T. lisei shares with T. teresopolis, n. sp., and 83). Legs ochre-yellow, patellae and distal T. sicki, n. sp., the low slope of the clypeus tips of tibiae brown; legs without spines and curved hairs, all tibiae with many vertical (figs. 1272, 1278). All other species have the hairs (not only proximally as in some con- more common steeper slope. geners); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 DISTRIBUTION: So far this genus is only at 7%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 20 pseudosegments. known from southeastern Brazil (Esp«õrito Opisthosoma shape as in T. teresopolis (cf. Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Rio fig. 1272), pale grayish, with large, indistinct Grande do Sul). I have seen further undes- darker spots dorsally. Gonopore without cribed species probably belonging to this ge- epiandrous spigots (fig. 135); ALS with only nus from Parana«, Rio de Janeiro, and Rio one piriform gland spigot each (fig. 171). Grande do Sul (mostly in MCN). VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 8 other males: 4.1Ð COMPOSITION: The genus includes the six 4.8 (xø ϭ 4.4). newly described species below, and two ten- FEMALE: Tibia 1 (N ϭ 12) 2.6Ð3.1 (xø ϭ tatively assigned species: T. altiventer and T. 2.8). In general very similar to male (see also iguassuensis (both redescribed below). fig. 6), but carapace without brown median band and ocular area not darker. Tips of ped- Tupigea lisei, new species ipalps (metatarsus, tarsus) dark brown. Epi- Figures 6, 50, 83, 135, 171, 1265Ð1271 gynum as shown in fig. 1270, internal geni- talia as in fig. 1271. TYPES: Male holotype, 7( 11& paratypes DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Santa Ca- from Ilha do Arvoredo, Santa Catarina, Bra- tarina (Brazil). zil; Oct. 15Ð16, 1993 (A. A. Lise), in MCP MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Santa Ca- (4034). tarina: Ilha do Arvoredo: types above; Res. ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collector of Biologica Arvoredo, Oct. 5Ð6, 1995 (A. A. the type material. Lise ‘‘et al.’’), 2( 2& in MCP (7476). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 317

Figs. 1265Ð1271. Tupigea lisei, n. gen., n. sp. 1265. Left palp, prolateral view. 1266. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1267. Embolar division of left genital bulb, ventral view. 1268. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 1269. Left procursus and cymbium, dorsal view. 1270. Epigynum, ventral view. 1271. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (1265Ð1266, 1270Ð1271), 0.1 mm (1267Ð1269).

Tupigea teresopolis, new species chelicerae (fig. 1277), and the short black Figures 1272Ð1277 spine retrolaterodorsally on the procursus TYPE: Male holotype from Tereso«polis, (fig. 1274). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 900Ð1000 m elev., MALE (holotype): Total length 1.4, cara- Mar. 1946 (H. Sick), in AMNH. pace width 0.57; leg 1 missing, tibia 2: 3.2, ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. tibia 3: 2.1, tibia 4: 2.8. Habitus and prosoma The specific name is a noun in apposition. shape as in figs. 1272Ð1273. Distance PME- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners ALE about 60% of PME diameter. Carapace by the three pairs of apophyses on the male ochre-yellow with brown Y mark behind oc- 318 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1272Ð1277. Tupigea teresopolis, n. gen., n. sp., male holotype. 1272. Habitus, lateral view. 1273. Prosoma, dorsal view. 1274. Left procursus, dorsal view. 1275. Left palp, prolateral view. 1276. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1277. Chelicerae, frontal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (1272), 0.3 mm (1273), 0.1 mm (1274Ð1277). 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 319

ular area, clypeus brown, sternum light with pointed ventral apophysis (fig. 1283); brown with many yellowish spots. Chelicer- procursus with simple tip (fig. 1285); bulb ae light ochre, with three pairs of apophyses with two reddish-brown, sclerotized apoph- with blackish tips, and pair of whitish de- yses, one with tiny teeth and subdistal flap pressions (fig. 1277). Palps as in figs. 1275Ð (fig. 1286). Legs light ochre-yellow, with 1276, ochre-yellow, without retrolateral cox- darker patellae and tibia-metatarsus joints; al apophysis, femur distally with pointed legs without spines and curved hairs, few ventral apophysis (fig. 1276); procursus with vertical hairs proximally on tibiae; retrolater- subdistal black spine (fig. 1274); bulb with al trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 10%; tarsus 1 two reddish-brown, sclerotized apophyses with ϳ 23 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma (fig. 1275). Legs light ochre-yellow, without monochromous ochre-yellow. rings; legs without spines and curved hairs, VARIATION: Tibia 1 in paratype: 4.9. few vertical hairs proximally on tibiae; tarsus FEMALE: Unknown. 2 with ϳ 16 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- monochromous greenish-yellow. cality. FEMALE: Unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Ja- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- neiro: Tereso«polis: types above. cality. MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Ja- Tupigea nadleri, new species neiro: Tereso«polis: type above. Figures 170, 173, 1287Ð1298

Tupigea sicki, new species TYPES: Male holotype, 2( 3& paratypes Figures 1278Ð1286 from Santa Teresa, Esp«õrito Santo, Brazil; Jan. 26, 1959 (A. M. Nadler), in AMNH. TYPES: Male holotype, 1( paratype from ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collector of all Tereso«polis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 900Ð the material seen. 1000 m elev., Mar. 1946 (H. Sick), in DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners AMNH. by the unmodified male chelicerae, and the ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collector of simple sclerotized tip of the procursus with the type material. subdistal semitransparent lamina (figs. 1294Ð DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners 1296). by the numerous cones on the male chelic- MALE (holotype): Total length 1.3, cara- erae (fig. 1284), and the two distinctive pace width 0.57; leg 1: (1.65ϩ1.19ϩ1.68 apophyses distally on the bulb (fig. 1286). ϩ2.10, tarsus missing), tibia 2 missing, tibia MALE (holotype): Total length 1.7 (2.0 if 3: 0.81, tibia 4: 1.06; tibia 1 l/d: 36. Habitus clypeus included), carapace width 0.7; leg 1: and prosoma shape as in figs. 1287Ð1289. 21.0 (5.1ϩ0.3ϩ5.2ϩ8.7ϩ1.7), tibia 2: 3.2, Carapace light ochre-brown, with darker spot tibia 3: 2.2, tibia 4: 2.7; tibia 1 l/d: 78. Hab- posteriorly, with distinct thoracic groove; oc- itus and prosoma shape as in figs. 1278Ð ular area with brown margins, AME reduced 1281. Entire prosoma ochre-yellow, only un- to black spot (fig. 1288); distance PME-ALE der eye triads light brown. AME completely about 70% of PME diameter. Clypeus with absent; distance PME-ALE about 70% of brown markings (fig. 1288); sternum light PME diameter. Thoracic groove distinct. ochre-brown, wide (fig. 1292). Chelicerae Clypeus almost horizontal (fig. 1278); ster- unmodified. Palps without retrolateral coxal num light ochre-brown. Chelicerae orange to apophysis, femur with basal apophyses (ven- light brown, with blackish cones in front (fig. trally and retrolaterally), and distal (ventral- 1284; I could not certainly say whether all ly) apophysis (fig. 1291); procursus ending are just cones or whether some—like the in simple sclerotized tip, with subdistal semi- large pair near the midline—are actually transparent lamina (figs. 1294Ð1296); bulb modified hairs). Palps as in figs. 1282Ð1283, with prolateral flagellum and distal laminae orange to light brown, small but distinct re- (fig. 1293). Legs ochre-yellow, with darker trolateral coxal apophysis, femur proximally rings on femora (subdistally), tibiae (proxi- with round retrolateral apophysis, distally mally and subdistally), and metatarsi (prox- 320 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1278Ð1283. Tupigea sicki, n. gen., n. sp., male. 1278. Habitus, lateral view. 1279–1281. Pro- soma, dorsal, frontal, and ventral views. 1282. Left palp, prolateral view. 1283. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm. imally, very faint); some vertical hairs on tib- VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 2 males from Rio iae; without spines and curved hairs; retro- de Janeiro: 1.48, 1.52. lateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 23%; tar- FEMALE (paratype): Total length 1.2; tibia sus 1 (paratype) with ϳ 15 pseudosegments. 1: 1.16. In general very similar to male. Epi- Opisthosoma gray with large blackish spots gynum very simple in ventral view (fig. dorsally. 1297); in dorsal view with pair of transparent 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 321

Figs. 1284Ð1286. Tupigea sicki, n. gen., n. sp., male. 1284. Chelicerae, frontal view. 1285. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 1286. Bulbal projections (left bulb), ventral view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

globular structures of unknown significance, MALE (holotype): Total length 1.6, cara- and valve in two arches (fig. 1298). pace width 0.67; leg 1: 14.1 (3.5ϩ0.3ϩ3.6 DISTRIBUTION: Known from Esp«õrito Santo ϩ5.5ϩ1.2), tibia 2: 2.1, tibia 3: 1.6, tibia 4: and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). 2.0; tibia 1 l/d: 60. Habitus and prosoma MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Esp«õrito shape as in T. nadleri (cf. figs. 1287Ð1289). Santo: Santa Teresa: types above. Rio de Ja- Carapace orange-ochre, with light brown neiro: Paineiras, Jan. 22, 1959 (A. M. Nad- spot behind ocular area and blackish spot ler), 3( 1& 2 juveniles in AMNH. shining through near posterior margin; ocular area orange-ochre, AME reduced to black Tupigea maza, new species spot as in T. nadleri (cf. fig. 1288); distance Figures 1299Ð1302 PME-ALE about 80% of PME diameter. TYPES: Male holotype, 1( paratype from Clypeus light brown, sternum light orange- Tereso«polis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 900Ð ochre. Chelicerae light brown, with four 1000 m elev., Mar. 1946 (H. Sick), in pairs of relatively large, club-shaped hairs on AMNH. frontal face (fig. 1302). Palps as in figs. ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun 1299Ð1300, with small, indistinct retrolateral in apposition, referring to the club-shaped coxal apophysis, femur with basal bulge ven- hairs on the male chelicerae (maza is Spanish trally, small retrolateral apophysis, and two for ‘‘club’’). ventral apophyses (fig. 1300); procursus end- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners ing in simple tip, with subdistal lamina end- by the relatively large club-shaped hairs on ing in splayed fringes (fig. 1301); bulb with the male chelicerae (fig. 1302), the two simple distal apophysis accompanying trans- pointed apophyses ventrally on the palpal fe- parent fringe (figs. 1299Ð1300). Legs light mur (fig. 1300), and the procursus tip with a ochre-yellow, with faint darker rings on fem- subdistal lamina ending in splayed fringes ora (subdistally) and tibiae (distally); legs (fig. 1301). without spines and curved hairs, few vertical 322 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1287Ð1291. Tupigea nadleri, n. gen., n. sp., male. 1287. Habitus, lateral view. 1288–1289. Prosoma, frontal and dorsal views. 1290. Left palp, prolateral view. 1291. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (1287), 0.2 mm (1288Ð1291).

hairs proximally on tibiae; retrolateral tricho- FEMALE: Unknown. bothrium of tibia 1 at 18%; tarsus 1 with ϳ DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- 18 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma shape as in cality. T. nadleri (cf. fig. 1287), grayish-ochre, with MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Ja- dark spots dorsally. neiro: Tereso«polis: types above. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 323

Figs. 1292Ð1298. Tupigea nadleri, n. gen., n. sp. 1292. Male prosoma, ventral view. 1293. Embolar division of left genital bulb, prolaterodorsal view. 1294–1296. Left procursus, prolateral (1294), retro- lateral (1295), and dorsal (1296) views. 1297. Epigynum, ventral view. 1298. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (1292), 0.1 mm (1293Ð1298).

Tupigea paula, new species er than carapace, AME very small but with Figures 1303Ð1308 lenses; clypeus with pair of brown stripes; sternum brown. Chelicerae light brown, with TYPES: Male holotype, 3( 7& paratypes from Sa˜o Francisco de Paula (29Њ27ЈS, pair of simple apophyses laterally (fig. 1303). 50Њ35ЈW), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; May Palps as in fig. 1304, ochre to brown, without 14, 1993 (A. da Fonseca), in MCP (3230). retrolateral coxal apophysis, femur with bas- al retrolateral apophysis, without ventral ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. The specific name is a noun in apposition. apophysis, procursus as in figs. 1304Ð1305, DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners bulb with distal apophysis accompanied by by the apophyses laterally on the male che- membranous structures and dorsal semitrans- licerae (fig. 1303), the dorsal transparent pro- parent projection (figs. 1304, 1306). Legs jection on the bulb (figs. 1304, 1306), and ochre-yellow, with slightly darker rings on the shapes of procursus (fig. 1305) and epi- femora (distally), and tibiae (proximally and gynum (fig. 1308). distally); without spines, without curved and MALE (holotype): Total length 1.6, cara- vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of pace width 0.74; leg 1: 9.8 (2.5ϩ0.3ϩ2.6 tibia 1 at 20%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 15Ð16 pseu- ϩ3.5ϩ0.9), tibia 2: 1.6, tibia 3: 1.3, tibia 4: dosegments. Opisthosoma greenish-gray 1.5; tibia 1 l/d: 43. Habitus and prosoma with large darker spots dorsally. shape as in T. nadleri (cf. figs. 1287Ð1289); VARIATION: Tibia 1 in male paratypes: 2.5Ð distance PME-ALE about 60% of PME di- 2.8. ameter. Carapace ochre to light brown, with FEMALE (paratypes): Tibia 1 (N ϭ 6) 1.4Ð darker median line, ocular area slightly dark- 1.8 (xø ϭ 1.66). In general very similar to 324 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1299Ð1302. Tupigea maza, n. gen., n. sp., male. 1299. Left palp, prolateral view. 1300. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1301. Left procursus, dorsal view. 1302. Chelicerae, frontal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (1299Ð1300), 0.1 mm (1301Ð1302). male. Epigynum relatively large, brown, ap- Grande do Sul:Sa˜o Francisco de Paula: parently with pair of pockets laterally (fig. types above; same locality: Oct. 26, Nov. 8, 1308); dorsal view as in fig. 1307, with pair Nov. 17, 1996 (R. Ott), 7& 1 juvenile in of transparent globular structures between MCP (9996, 10016, 10024); May 18, 1995 uterus externus and epigynal plate (cf. simi- (A. A. Lise ‘‘et al.’’), 1& in MCP (9959). lar structure in T. nadleri: fig. 1298). Other females below, though from same locality as Tupigea altiventer (Keyserling, 1891), type material, differ slightly in epigynum new combination shape and have slightly longer legs: tibia 1 Figures 1309Ð1312 ϭ ϭ (N 6) 1.7Ð2.2 (xø 1.94). They are as- Pholcus altiventer Keyserling, 1891: 175Ð176, pl. signed tentatively. 5: figs. 120, 120a. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Sa˜o Fran- Coryssocnemis altiventer: Moenkhaus, 1998: 94Ð cisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 95. Ð Mello-Leita˜o, 1918: 103. (Both Moenk- MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio haus and Mello-Leita˜o simply translated Key- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 325

Figs. 1303Ð1308. Tupigea paula, n. gen., n. sp. 1303. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 1304. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1305. Left procursus and cymbium, retrolaterodorsal view. 1306. Left genital bulb, ϳ dorsal view. 1307. Epigynum, dorsal view. 1308. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm. 326 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1309Ð1314. Tupigea spp. 1309Ð1312. T. altiventer (Keyserling), female holotype. 1309–1310. Habitus, lateral and dorsal views. 1311. Prosoma, frontal view. 1312. Epigynum, frontal (slightly ventral) view. 1313Ð1314. T. iguassuensis (Mello-Leita˜o), female lectotype. 1313. Epigynum, ventral view. 1314. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (1309Ð1311), 0.2 mm (1312Ð1314).

serling’s original description; no new informa- generic with the type species of Coryssoc- tion was added apart from poorly specified new nemis. (Moenkhaus himself noted that he had records). Ð Mello-Leita˜o, 1945: 214. no certainty concerning the generic position.) TYPE: Female holotype from ‘‘Serra Ver- It is here tentatively assigned to Tupigea, melha,’’ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; no date (E. based on general morphology (small size, A. Go¬ldi), in BMNH (1890.7.1.8329), ex- globular abdomen, small AME, moderately amined. elevated ocular area), and geographic origin NOTE: The main point in the present con- (southeastern Brazil). The illustrations and text is that this species is certainly not con- brief description may help in future identifi- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 327

cation and eventual generic placement, when by the female epigynum and internal geni- both sexes are collected. talia (figs. 1313Ð1314). MALE: Unknown. MALE: Unknown. FEMALE (holotype): Measurements copied FEMALE (lectotype): Total length 1.6; car- from Keyserling, 1891 (my measurements apace width 0.65; leg 1: 16.2 (4.4ϩ0.3ϩ3.9 gave only slightly different values): Total ϩ6.3ϩ1.3), tibia 2: 2.4, tibia 3: 1.6, tibia 4: length 1.7, carapace width 0.7; leg 1: 10.7 1.9; tibia 1 l/d: 58. Habitus similar to T. al- (3.0ϩ0.2ϩ2.7ϩ3.9ϩ0.9), tibia 2: 1.5, tibia 3: tiventer (cf. figs. 1309Ð1310). Carapace with 1.1, tibia 4: 1.5; tibia 1 l/d: 46. Habitus as in thoracic groove, ochre with distinct brown figs. 1309Ð1310. Carapace ochre-yellow median mark and brown V mark delimiting with broad brown median band (fig. 1310); ocular area; ocular area ochre with median AME very small (fig. 1311); sternum light brown mark, moderately elevated, with small brown. Legs pale yellow, with distinct dark AME (diameter ϳ 30 ␮m, compared to 85 rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (sub- ␮m of ALE); distance PME-ALE about distally); patellae also darker. Opisthosoma 100% of PME diameter. Sternum pale ochre, very high (fig. 1309), gray with some dark chelicerae ochre, laterally light brown. Legs spots dorsally; epigynum simple, slightly pale ochre, with brown rings on femora (sub- protruding (figs. 1309, 1312). distally), tibiae (proximally and subdistally) DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- and metatarsi (proximally), patellae also cality. Mello-Leita˜o (1918, 1945) claimed to brown; most hairs on legs missing. Opistho- have material from ‘‘various localities’’ in soma globular, monochromous grayish (the Rio de Janeiro and Sa˜o Paulo, as well as original description says ‘‘...tendo no dorso from Argentina (Corrientes), but he probably e dos lados manchas violaceas esparsas .. never consulted the type, and did not de- .’’; these marks are not visible anymore). scribe the unknown male. I have not been Epigynum simple plate (fig. 1313), internal able to locate his material. genitalia as in fig. 1314. MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Ja- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- neiro: ‘‘Serra Vermelha’’: type above. cality. MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Ja- Tupigea iguassuensis (Mello-Leita˜o, 1918), neiro: ‘‘Nova Iguassu´’’: type above. new combination Figures 1313Ð1314 CANAIMA, NEW GENUS Litoporus iguassuensis Mello-Leita˜o, 1918: 94Ð TYPE SPECIES: Anopsicus arima Gertsch, 95. 1982. TYPE: Female lectotype (with an immature ETYMOLOGY: The generic name is the male) from ‘‘Nova Iguassu«,’’ Rio de Janeiro, name of a novel of Venezuela’s most famous Brazil; no date (B. de Freitas), in MNRJ novelist, Ro«mulo Gallegos; it is an account (852), examined. of humans’ struggle to survive, psychologi- NOTE: The main point in the present con- cally and physically, in the jungle. Gender text is that this species is probably not con- feminine. generic with the type species of Litoporus. DIAGNOSIS: Tiny to small (total length 1.1Ð (Note, however, the similarity of figs. 1224 1.4 mm), six-eyed pholcids with medium- and 1314.) It is tentatively assigned to Tu- long legs, globular opisthosoma, male che- pigea based on general morphology (small licerae with a pair of frontal apophyses, ster- size, abdomen globular rather than oval, num with anterior humps; distinguished from small AME, moderately elevated ocular similar New World genera (Tupigea, Blan- area), and geographic origin (southeastern coa) by the very short entapophyses of the Brazil). The illustrations and brief descrip- chelicerae (arrows in figs. 1321, 1330). tion may help in future identification and DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 1.1Ð1.4 mm. eventual generic placement, when both sexes Carapace with distinct thoracic groove, ocu- are collected. lar area slightly elevated, with six eyes, AME DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners completely absent; distance PME-ALE rela- 328 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 tively large (ϳ 60% of PME diameter). Ster- (fig. 1321), and the broad procursus with its num with anterior humps. Male clypeus un- two short distal projections (fig. 1323). modified. Basal segments of male chelicerae MALE (Simla, Arima Valley): Total length with pair of simple frontal apophyses; with- 1.1, carapace width 0.53; leg 1: 7.10 out stridulatory ridges laterally. Male palpal (1.84ϩ0.19ϩ1.97ϩ2.29ϩ0.81), tibia 2: 1.08, coxa with retrolateral apophysis, femur with tibia 3: 0.84, tibia 4: 1.06; tibia 1 l/d: 42. distinct retrolateral apophysis proximally, Habitus and prosoma shape as in figs. 1315Ð procursus and bulb variable. Tarsal organ ex- 1318. Entire prosoma light brown. Carapace posed (examined: C. arima). Legs moderate- with distinct thoracic groove (fig. 1317); six ly long (leg 1 about 7 ϫ body length; tibia eyes on slightly elevated ocular area; dis- 1 l/d 42Ð50); leg 1 longest, leg 2 about as tance PME-ALE about 60% of PME diam- long as leg 4, leg 3 shortest; legs without eter. Sternum with pair of anterior humps spines and curved hairs; some vertical hairs (fig. 1318). Chelicerae with very short enta- on tibiae 1 and (in C. arima only) femora 1; pophyses, and pair of simple anterior apoph- retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at ϳ yses (fig. 1321; see also fig. 33). Palps as in 26%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 15 pseudosegments. figs. 1319Ð1320; with distinct retrolateral Opisthosoma globular. Male epigastric sys- coxal apophysis, femur proximally with tem not examined. ALS with only one piri- rounded protrusion, distally with apophysis form gland spigot each (examined: C. ari- on ventral side (fig. 1322); procursus rela- ma), other spinnerets typical for family. tively simple, with two distal protrusions Sexual dimorphism slight (female of C. (fig. 1323), bulb with distinct apophysis on embolar division (figs. 1319, 1324). Tarsal merida unknown). Epigynum very simple. organ exposed. Legs light brown; without MONOPHYLY: The species included share rings, without spines and curved hairs; with the short entapophyses of the chelicerae (ar- few vertical hairs on femur 1 and tibia 1; rows in figs. 1321, 1330). retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 26%; GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: Blancoa is simi- tarsus 1 with ϳ 15 pseudosegments. Opis- lar in habitus and eye pattern, and occurs also thosoma globular, grayish; ALS with only in Venezuela, but is distinguished by the one piriform gland spigot each. globular palpal tibia. Tupigea is also very VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 12 males: 1.77Ð1.90 similar overall, but is distinguished by the (xø ϭ 1.83). Opisthosoma rarely with some ventrally long male palpal patella, and is ap- faint dark spots dorsally. parently restricted to southeastern Brazil. FEMALE: Very similar to male, but without The Central American and West Indian genus humps on sternum. Epigynum light brown, Anopsicus (in which C. arima was originally small in relation to opisthosoma, very simple included) is apparently not closely related. externally (figs. 1325Ð1326); internal geni- DISTRIBUTION: The two species described talia as in fig. 1327. Tibia 1 (N ϭ 10) 1.26Ð herein are from northeastern Venezuela (Me«- 1.35 (xø ϭ 1.28); tibia 1 in female holotype: rida) and Trinidad. The USNM has a third 1.24. species, very closely related to C. arima, DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Trinidad. from Tobago, St. Paul Parish. MATERIAL EXAMINED: TRINIDAD: St. George: Arima Valley: type above; same & Canaima arima (Gertsch, 1982), data: 3 in AMNH; Arima Valley: Simla, new combination Apr. 12Ð28, 1964 (4 vials with varying dates) ( & Figures 33, 1315Ð1327 (A. M. Chickering), 16 61 many juve- niles in AMNH; same data but Apr. 20, 1964 Anopsicus arima Gertsch, 1982: 114, fig. 310. (2 vials), 4& in MCZ; Blanchisseuse, beach area, Apr. 22, 1964 (A. M. Chickering), 4& TYPE: Female holotype from Arima Val- 1 juvenile in AMNH, assigned tentatively. ley, Trinidad; 800Ð1200 ft elev., Feb. 10Ð22, 1964 (P. Wygodzinski & J. Rozen), in Canaima merida, new species AMNH, examined. Figures 1328Ð1332 DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from C. merida TYPE: Male holotype from El Valle, 15 km by the more proximal cheliceral apophyses NE Me«rida, Dept. Me«rida, Venezuela; 2400 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 329

Figs. 1315Ð1320. Canaima arima (Gertsch), male. 1315. Habitus, lateral view. 1316–1318. Prosoma, dorsal, frontal, and ventral views. 1319. Left palp, prolateral view. 1320. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (1315), 0.2 mm (1316Ð1320). m elev., cloud forest, June 24ÐAug. 2, 1989 1330), and the procursus with its two black (S. & J. Peck), in AMNH. tips (fig. 1331). ETYMOLOGY: Named for the city close to MALE (holotype): Total length 1.4, cara- the type locality. The specific name is a noun pace width 0.72; leg 1: 10.1 (2.5ϩ0.3ϩ2.7 in apposition. ϩ3.6ϩ1.1), tibia 2: 1.5, legs 3 and 4 missing; DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from C. arima tibia 1 l/d: 50. Habitus very similar to C. by the more distal cheliceral apophyses (fig. arima (cf. fig. 1315), but with slightly higher 330 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1321Ð1327. Canaima arima (Gertsch). 1321. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 1322. Male left palpal femur, retrolateral view. 1323. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 1324. Embolar division of left genital bulb, ϳ dorsal view. 1325–1326. Epigynum, lateral and ventral views. 1327. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.1 mm. ocular area (more like that of Blancoa pia- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- coa, cf. fig. 1333); distance PME-ALE about cality. 60% of PME diameter. Entire prosoma light MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Me«- brown. Sternum with pair of anterior humps. rida: 15 km NE Me«rida: type above. Chelicerae orange-ochre with very short ent- apophyses, and pair of blackish anterior BLANCOA, NEW GENUS apophyses (fig. 1330). Palps as in figs. 1328Ð 1329; orange-ochre to light brown, with dis- TYPE SPECIES: Blancoa piacoa, new spe- tinct retrolateral coxal apophysis, femur cies. proximally with rounded protrusion, distally ETYMOLOGY: The generic name honors the widened with sclerotized rim ventrally; pro- Venezuelan poet Andre«s Eloy Blanco, author cursus relatively simple, with two blackish of ‘‘Angelitos Negros.’’ distal tips (fig. 1331), bulb with distinct DIAGNOSIS: Tiny to small (total length ϳ apophysis on embolar division (figs. 1328Ð 1.2Ð1.5 mm), six-eyed pholcids with medi- 1329). Legs ochre-yellow, without rings; um-long legs, globular opisthosoma; distin- without spines and curved hairs; with few guished from similar New World genera vertical hairs on tibiae; retrolateral tricho- (Canaima, Tupigea) by the extremely glob- bothrium of tibia 1 at 26%; tarsus 1 with ϳ ular male palpal tibia (figs. 1338, 1349). 15 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma slightly DESCRIPTION: Total length ϳ 1.2Ð1.5 mm. shrunken, apparently globular as in C. arima Carapace with distinct thoracic groove, ocu- (cf. fig. 1315), dark greenish-gray with large lar area moderately elevated, with six eyes; dark spots dorsally. AME completely absent in B. piacoa, n. sp.; FEMALE: Unknown. reduced to black spots in B. guacharo, n. sp.; 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 331

Figs. 1328Ð1332. Canaima merida, n. gen., n. sp., male holotype. 1328. Left palp, prolateral view. 1329. Left palp, retrolateral view. 1330. Chelicerae, frontal view. 1331. Left procursus, dorsal view. 1332. Left palpal femur, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

distance PME-ALE relatively large (ϳ 60% of tibia 1 at 3% in B. guacharo, at 21% in of PME diameter). Sternum without anterior B. piacoa; tarsus 1 with ϳ 15 pseudoseg- humps. Male clypeus unmodified. Basal seg- ments in B. piacoa, ϳ 27 in B. guacharo. ment of male chelicerae unmodified in B. Opisthosoma globular. Male gonopore with- piacoa, with pair of thick club-shaped hairs out epiandrous spigots (examined: B. pia- and small apophyses in B. guacharo; without coa). ALS with only one piriform gland spig- stridulatory ridges; cheliceral fangs with bas- ot each (examined: B. piacoa: fig. 182), other al apophyses in B. piacoa, unmodified in B. spinnerets typical for family. guacharo; male palpal coxa with indistinct Sexual dimorphism slight (female of B. retrolateral apophysis, femur with distinct re- guacharo unknown). Epigynum very simple. trolateral apophysis proximally, procursus MONOPHYLY: The two species included and bulb variable. Tarsal organ exposed (ex- share the extremely inflated male palpal tibia. amined: B. piacoa). Legs relatively long (leg However, this character is not unique for the 1 about 8 ϫ body length; tibia 1 l/d 52 and genus (see e.g., Guaranita, Kambiwa) but the 71 in the two species included); leg 1 lon- overall similarity and the fact that both are gest, leg 2 slightly longer than leg 4, leg 3 from the same geographic area is here ten- shortest; legs without spines and curved tatively used to argue for their phylogenetic hairs; with some vertical hairs on tibiae (in closeness. B. piacoa only); retrolateral trichobothrium GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: Canaima is sim- 332 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 ilar in habitus and eye pattern, and occurs globular (fig. 1338); procursus simple, almost also in Venezuela, but has a ‘‘normal’’ (i.e., transparent (fig. 1341); bulb with strong, not inflated) palpal tibia, short cheliceral en- slightly spiraling apophysis, with short sub- tapophyses, and humps on the sternum. The distal branch (fig. 1338). Tarsal organ ex- fang apophyses in B. piacoa are strikingly posed. Legs yellowish-ochre, with slightly similar to Galapa (compare figs. 30, 32), but darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae that genus is otherwise very different in sev- (distally); without spines and curved hairs; eral aspects (no thoracic groove, AME large, with few vertical hairs on tibiae; retrolateral stridulatory ridges on male chelicerae, palpal trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 21%; tarsus 1 with coxa without retrolateral apophysis, tarsal or- ϳ 15 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma gray, gan capsulate, gonopore with epiandrous with some dark spots dorsally; gonopore spigots, ALS with several piriform gland without epiandrous spigots (fig. 131); ALS spigots), so the similarity is here interpreted with only one piriform gland spigot each (fig. as convergence. 182). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from north- VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 9 other males: 2.2Ð eastern Venezuela (Delta Amacuro, Mona- 2.8 (xø ϭ 2.52). gas, Bol«õvar). FEMALE (paratype): Total length 1.4; tibia 1: 1.7. In general very similar to male. Epi- Blancoa piacoa, new species gynum brown, slightly protruding but simple Figures 32, 131, 182, 1333Ð1344 (figs. 1342Ð1343), internal genitalia appar- ently with median receptacle (fig. 1344). TYPES: Male holotype, 14 ( 2& paratypes DISTRIBUTION: Known from northeastern (2 vials) from 11 km W Piacoa, Dept. Delta Venezuela (Delta Amacuro, Monagas, Bol«õ- Amacuro, Venezuela; ‘‘seasonal humid for- var). est, on sand, malaise,’’ Aug. 14Ð31, 1987 (S. MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: Del- & J. Peck), in AMNH. ta Amacuro: 11 km W Piacoa: types above. ETYMOLOGY: Named for the city close to Monagas: 15 km N Matur«õn, ‘‘flood plain the type locality. The specific name is a noun forest,’’ July 19Ð31, 1987 (S. & J. Peck), 5( in apposition. (2 vials) in AMNH; 27 km SW Caripe, 300 DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from B. guacha- m elev., ‘‘forest over coffee,’’ July 19Ð31, ro by the unmodified basal segments of the 1987 (S. & J. Peck), 1( in AMNH. Bol«õvar: chelicerae, the hook-shaped apophyses on Guri (S Puerto Ordaz), ‘‘fairly wet forest, the cheliceral fangs (fig. 1340), the transpar- mostly lowland evergreen type,’’ July 3Ð15, ent procursus (fig. 1341), and the relatively 1998 (H. & A. Howden), 2( in AMNH. simple, spirally curved bulbal apophysis (figs. 1337Ð1338). Blancoa guacharo, new species MALE (holotype): Total length 1.2, carapace Figures 1345Ð1355 width 0.63; leg 1: 10.1 (2.3ϩ0.3ϩ2.7 ϩ3.9ϩ0.9), tibia 2: 1.6, tibia 3: 1.1, tibia 4: TYPE: Male holotype from Caripe 1.4; tibia 1 l/d: 52. Habitus as in fig. 1333; (10Њ12ЈN, 63Њ29ЈW), Cueva Guacharo, Dept. carapace ochre, darker medially, with distinct Monagas, Venezuela; 750 m elev., ‘‘forest thoracic groove; six eyes in two triads on over coffee,’’ July 20Ð31, 1987 (S. & J. moderately elevated, light brown ocular area Peck), in AMNH. (figs. 1334Ð1335); distance PME-ALE about ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality 60% of PME diameter. Clypeus brown; ster- (guacharo is Spanish for ‘‘nightingale’’). The num pale ochre-yellow, without anterior specific name is a noun in apposition. humps (fig. 1339); basal segments of chelic- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from B. piacoa erae unmodified, but fangs with hook-shaped by the club-shaped modified hairs frontally apophyses basally (figs. 32, 1340). Palps as in on the male chelicerae (fig. 1352), the rib- figs. 1337Ð1338, pale ochre to brown, retro- bon-shaped, slightly curved procursus (fig. lateral coxal apophysis blunt, femur with ret- 1350), and the complex bulb with several rolateral apophysis basally and prolateroven- distal structures (figs. 1354Ð1355). tral bulge distally (fig. 1336), tibia almost MALE (holotype): Carapace width 0.87; 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 333

Figs. 1333Ð1338. Blancoa piacoa, n. gen., n. sp., male. 1333. Habitus, lateral view. 1334–1335. Prosoma, frontal and dorsal views. 1336. Left palpal femur, retrolateral view. 1337. Left palp, prolateral view. 1338. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (1333Ð1335), 0.1 mm (1336Ð1338).

leg 1: 22.7 (5.4ϩ0.4ϩ5.5ϩ9.7ϩ1.7), tibia 2: ular area orange-brown with brown marks, 3.2, tibia 3: 2.3, tibia 4: 2.8; tibia 1 l/d: 71. AME reduced to pair of black spots, appar- Prosoma as in figs. 1345Ð1347; carapace ently without lenses (fig. 1346); distance ochre-yellow, light brown around ocular area PME-ALE about 60% of PME diameter. and median line, thoracic groove distinct; oc- Clypeus with pair of brown marks; sternum 334 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1339Ð1344. Blancoa piacoa, n. gen., n. sp. 1339. Male prosoma, ventral view. 1340. Distal part of male chelicerae, frontal view. 1341. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 1342–1343. Epigynum, lateral and ventral views. 1344. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (1339), 0.1 mm (1340Ð 1344). light ochre, without anterior humps; chelic- SPECIES INCERTAE SEDIS erae ochre-yellow, with pair of dark brown, club-shaped modified hairs and pair of light ‘‘Pholcophora’’ bahama Gertsch, 1982 brown apophyses (figs. 1352Ð1353). Palps as Figure 1356 in figs. 1348Ð1349; light to dark orange- ochre, retrolateral coxal apophysis blunt, fe- mur with proximal and distal apophyses (fig. Pholcophora bahama Gertsch, 1982: 104, figs. 1351), tibia globular; strong hairs distally on 329Ð331. tibia and cymbium (fig. 1349); procursus rib- bon-shaped, slightly curved (fig. 1350); bulb NOTE: This species is very probably mis- complex distally (figs. 1354Ð1355). Legs placed, but males need to be studied before light ochre-yellow, with very faint darker deciding on the generic position. rings on femora and tibiae (subdistally); TYPE: Female holotype from West Caicos without spines, without curved and vertical Island, British West Indies, Bahamas; Feb. 4, hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1953 (Hayden & Giovannoli), in AMNH 3%; tarsus 1 with ϳ 25 pseudosegments. Op- (examined). isthosoma missing. DIAGNOSIS: Small, short-legged pholcid FEMALE: Unknown. with eight eyes, without thoracic groove; dis- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- tinguished from other ninetines by the un- cality. paired receptacle(?) in the female internal MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: genitalia (fig. 1356). Monagas: Caripe: type above. MALE: Unknown. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 335

Figs. 1345Ð1351. Blancoa guacharo, n. gen., n. sp., male holotype. 1345–1347. Prosoma, lateral, frontal, and dorsal views. 1348. Right palp, retrolateral view. 1349. Right palp, prolateral view. 1350. Right procursus, retrolateral view. 1351. Right palpal femur, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (1345Ð1347), 0.2 mm (1348Ð1351).

FEMALE (holotype, see also Gertsch, 1.06. Habitus similar to Chisosa diluta (cf. 1982): Total length 1.72, carapace width figs. 478Ð479), without thoracic groove. Pro- 0.71; leg 1: 3.87 (1.06ϩ0.29ϩ0.97ϩ1.10 soma ochre, legs ochre-yellow. Retrolateral ϩ0.45), tibia 2: 0.81, tibia 3: 0.71, tibia 4: trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 54%; tarsus 1 336 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

Figs. 1352Ð1355. Blancoa guacharo, n. gen., n. sp., male holotype. 1352. Chelicerae, frontal view. 1353. Modifications on right male chelicera. 1354. Embolar division of right genital bulb, prolateral view. 1355. Genital bulb, prolaterodorsal view. Scale lines: 0.1 mm (1352, 1354Ð1355), 0.05 mm (1353). with 5Ð6 pseudosegments; opisthosoma NOTE: This species is very probably mis- globular, monochromous ochre-gray. Internal placed, but males need to be studied before female genitalia as in fig. 1356, apparently deciding on the generic position. with unpaired receptacle. TYPE: Female holotype from Actu«n Xpu- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- kil, Yucata«n, Mexico; Mar. 18Ð19, 1973 (J. cality. Reddell, S. Murphy, D. & M. McKenzie, M. MATERIAL EXAMINED: BAHAMAS: West Butterwick), in AMNH (examined). Caicos Island: type above. DIAGNOSIS: Small, short-legged pholcid with eight eyes, without thoracic groove; dis- ‘‘Pholcophora’’ maria Gertsch, 1977 tinguished from other ninetines by the pair Figure 1357 of receptacles(?) in the female internal gen- Pholcophora maria Gertsch, 1977: 112Ð114, figs. italia (fig. 1357). 33Ð35. Ð Gertsch, 1982: 104. MALE: Unknown.

Figs. 1356Ð1357. ‘‘Pholcophora’’ incertae sedis. 1356. ‘‘Pholcophora’’ bahama Gertsch, female holotype: epigynum, dorsal view. 1357. ‘‘Pholcophora’’ maria Gertsch, female holotype: epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 337

FEMALE (holotype; see also Gertsch, 1977): DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- Total length 1.56, carapace width 0.64; leg 1 cality. missing (Gertsch’s measurements: 1.05ϩ0.32 MATERIAL EXAMINED: MEXICO: Yucata«n: ϩ0.93ϩ1.08ϩ0.43, total: 3.81), tibia 2: 0.77, type above. tibia 3: 0.68, tibia 4: 1.06. Habitus similar to REMARK: Gertsch (1977) speculated about Chisosa diluta (cf. figs. 478Ð479), without a closer relationship with Pholcophora tex- thoracic groove. Prosoma and legs ochre- ana. This claim was possibly based on the brown, opisthosoma monochromous ochre- similar pair of structures in the female in- gray. Female internal genitalia as in fig. 1357, ternal genitalia (compare figs. 446 and apparently with pair of receptacles. 1357).

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aracnidi della Guiana Britannica. Mon- Fage, L., and E. Simon it. Zool. Ital. 56: 20Ð34. 1936. Arachnida. III. Pedipalpi, Scorpiones, 1948. Arachnida of British Guiana collected Solifuga et Araneae (1re partie). In Mis- in 1931 and 1936 by Professors Beccari sion scientifique de l’Omo 3(30): 293Ð and Romiti. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 340. 118: 607Ð747. Farris, J. S. 1955. Estudios sobre los aracnidos de Vene- 1988. Hennig86, version 1.5. Program and zuela. 2a parte: Araneae. Acta Biol. Ve- documentation. Port Jefferson, New nezuelica 1(16): 265Ð448. York. Chamberlin, R. V. Florez D., E. 1916. The Arachnida. In Results of the Yale 1996. Las Aran˜as del Departamento del Valle Peruvian Expedition of 1911. Bull. del Cauca. Inciva. Santiago de Cali. 89 Mus. Comp. Zool. 60(6): 177Ð299. pp. 1924. The spider fauna of the shores and is- Franganillo, P. B. lands of the Gulf of California. Proc. 1930. Aracnidos de Cuba. Mas aracnidos California Acad. Sci. 7(28): 561Ð694. nuevos de la Isla de Cuba. Mem. Inst. Chamberlin, R. V., and W. Ivie Nac. Mus. Hist. Nat. 1: 47Ð97. 1935. Miscellaneous new American spiders. 1931. Excursiones aracnolo«gicas, durante el Bull. Univ. Utah 26(4): 1Ð79. mes de agosto de 1930. Revista ‘‘Be- Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L. len’’ 27Ð28, An˜o 6: 285Ð288. 1986a. Leaf-dwelling Pholcidae in Indo-Aus- 1934. Ara«cnidos Cubanos estudiados desde tralian rain forests. Int. Congr. Arachn. 1930 hasta 1934. Mem. Soc. Cubana 9 (Panama, 1983): 45Ð48. Hist. Nat. 8(3): 154Ð168. 1986b. Studies on tropical Pholcidae II. Rede- 1936a. Los Ara«cnidos de Cuba hasta 1936. scription of Micromerys gracilis Brad- Cultural, S. A., La Habana. 180 pp. ley and Calapnita vermiformis Simon 1936b. Aracnidos recogidos durante el verano (Araneae, Pholcidae) and description of de 1934. Revista ‘‘Belen’’ (1936): 75Ð some related new species. Mem. 82. Queensland Mus. 22(2): 205Ð224. Gerhardt, U. 1995. Redescription of Holocneminus multi- 1921. Vergleichende Studien u¬ber die Mor- guttatus Simon and description of two phologie des ma¬nnlichen Tasters und new species of pholcid spiders from die Biologie der Kopulation der Spin- Australia. Beitr. Araneol. 4: 31Ð41. nen. Arch. Naturgesch. 87 (A,4): 78Ð Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L., and N. I. Platnick 247, pl. 1Ð3. 1986. A new Panjange from northern Borneo 1923. Weitere sexualbiologische Untersu- (Araneae, Pholcidae). J. New York En- chung an Spinnen. Ibid. 89 (A,10): 1Ð tomol. Soc. 94(4): 559Ð561. 225, pl. 1Ð3. Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L., and J. D. Prinsen 1924. Weitere Studien u¬ber die Biologie der 1987. Micropholcus fauroti (Simon) n. Spinnen. Ibid. 90 (A,5): 85Ð192. comb., a pantropical, synanthropic spi- 1927. Neue biologische Untersuchungen an der (Araneae: Pholcidae). Entomol. einheimischen und ausla¬ndischen Spin- Ber., Amsterdam 47(5): 73Ð77. nen. Z. Morph. O¬ kol. Tiere 8: 96Ð186. Eberhard, W. G. 1929. Zur vergleichenden Sexualbiologie 1992a. Notes on the ecology and behaviour of primitiver Spinnen, insbesondere der Physocyclus globosus (Araneae, Phol- Tetrapneumonen. Ibid 14: 699Ð764. cidae). Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 9(2): Gertsch, W. J. 38Ð42. 1935. Spiders from the southwestern United 1992b. Web construction by Modisimus sp. States, with descriptions of new spe- (Araneae, Pholcidae). J. Arachnol. 20: cies. Am. Mus. Novitates 792: 31 pp. 25Ð34. 1971. A report on some Mexican cave spi- Eberhard, W. G., and R. D. Bricen˜o ders. Assoc. Mex. Cave Stud., Bull. 4: 1983. Chivalry in pholcid spiders. Behav. 47Ð111. Ecol. Sociobiol. 13: 189Ð195. 1973. A report on cave spiders from Mexico 1985. Behavior and ecology of four species and Central America. Ibid. 5: 141Ð163. of Modisimus and Blechroscelis (Ara- 1977. Report on cavernicole and epigean spi- neae, Pholcidae). Rev. Arachnol. 6(1): ders from the Yucatan Peninsula. In J. 29Ð36. R. Reddell (ed.), Studies on the caves 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 339

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Keyserling, G. E. by O. W. Richards. Arq. Zool. S. Paulo 1877. Amerikanische Spinnenarten aus den 2(4): 175Ð198. Familien der Pholcoidae, Scytodoidae 1940e. Aranhas do Parana«. Arq. Inst. Biol. und Dysderoidae. Abh. k. k. zool. bot. (Sa˜o Paulo) 11(30): 235Ð257. Ges. Wien (Jg. 1877): 1Ð32 [203Ð234], 1941. Las aran˜as de Co«rdoba, La Rioja, Ca- pl. 7. tamarca, Tucuma«n, Salta y Jujuy. Rev. 1891. Die Spinnen Amerikas. III. Brasilian- Mus. La Plata (n. ser.) 2: 99Ð198. ische Spinnen. Nu¬rnberg, Verlag Bauer 1943. Cata«logo das aranhas do Rio Grande do & Raspe. 278 pp. Sul. Arq. Mus. Nacional 37: 155. Kirchner, W. 1944a. Algumas aranhas da regia˜o amazoˆnica. 1986. Das Netz der Zitterspinne (Pholcus Bol. Mus. Nacional Rio de Janeiro (n. phalangioides Fuesslin) (Araneae: ser. Zool.) 25: 1Ð12. Pholcidae). Zool. Anz. 216(3/4): 151Ð 1944b. Aran˜as de la provincia de Buenos Ai- 169. res. Rev. Mus. La Plata (n. ser.) 3: 311Ð Kraus, O. 393. 1955. Spinnen aus El Salvador (Arachnoidea, 1945. Aran˜as de Misiones, Corrientes y Entre Araneae). Abh. senckenb. naturforsch. Rios. Rev. Mus. La Plata (n. ser.) 4: Ges. 493: 1Ð112. 213Ð302. 1957. Araneenstudien 1. Pholcidae (Smerin- 1946. Notas sobre os Filistatidae e Pholcidae. gopodinae, Ninetinae). Senckenb. biol. An. Acad. Brasileira Cienc. 18(1): 39Ð 38(3/4): 217Ð243. 83. Lopez, A., and M. Emerit 1947a. Aranhas do Carmo do Rio Claro (Mi- 1988. New data on the epigastric apparatus of nas Gerais) coligidas pelo naturalista male spiders. Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc. Jose« C. M. Carvalho. Bol. Mus. Nac. 7(7): 220Ð224. Rio de Janeiro (n. ser. Zool.) 80: 1Ð34. Manhart, C. 1947b. Some new pholcids of the British Mu- 1994. Spiders on bark in a tropical rainforest seum. An. Acad. Brasileira Cienc. (Panguana, Peru). Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 29(1): 49Ð53. 19(2): 159Ð164. Marpels, B. J. 1947c. Aranhas do Parana« e Santa Catarina, 1955. Spiders from Western Samoa. J. Linn. das colec¸o˜es do Museu Paranaense. Soc., Zool. 42: 453Ð504, pl. 56Ð59. Arch. Mus. Paranaense 6(6): 231Ð304. Mello-Leita˜o, C. de Moenkhaus, W. J. 1916. Notas arachnologicas. IV. Novas espe- 1898. Contribuic¸a˜o para o conhecimento das cies do Brasil. Broteria, Ser. Zool. 14: aranhas de S. Paulo. Rev. Mus. Paulista 12Ð13. 3: 77Ð112, pl. 5Ð7. 1918. Scytodidas e Pholcidas do Brasil. Rev. Montgomery, T. H. Mus. Paulista 10: 85Ð144. 1903. Studies on the habits of spiders, partic- 1922. Quelques Araigne«es nouvelles ou peu ularly those of the mating period. Proc. connues du Bre«sil. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 55(1): 59Ð France 91: 209Ð228. 151; pl. 4Ð5. 1930. Aranhas do Cumina«. Archivos Mus. Nixon, K. C. Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 32: 51Ð74. 1992. Clados, version 1.2. Program and doc- 1938. Algunas aran˜as nuevas de la Argentina. umentation. Trumansburg, New York. Rev. Mus. La Plata (n. ser.) 1: 89Ð118. Pe«rez Gonza«lez, A. 1939. Algunos ara«cnidos de Sudame«rica. Rev. 1995. Registro nuevo de una aran˜a cosmo- Chilena Hist. Nat. 43: 169Ð176. tropical y sinantro«pica para Cuba (Ar- 1940a. Aranhas do Esp«õrito Santo coligidas por aneae: Pholcidae). Cocuyo 4: 11. Mario Rosa em 1936 e 1937. Rev. Mus. Pe«rez Gonza«lez, A., and B. A. Huber Paulista 2(5): 199Ð214. 1999. Metagonia debrasi n. sp. the first spe- 1940b. Aran˜as de la provincia de Buenos Aires cies of the genus Metagonia Simon in y de las gobernaciones de La Pampa, Cuba (Pholcidae, Araneae). Rev. Ar- Neuque«n, R«õo Negro y Chubut. Rev. achnol. 13(4): 69Ð72. Mus. La Plata (n. ser.) 2: 3Ð62. Petrunkevitch, A. 1940c. Aranhas do Xingu colhidas pelo Dr. 1928. Systema aranearum. Trans. Connect. Henry Leonardos. Ann. Acad. Brasilei- Ac. Arts Sci. 29: 1Ð270. ra Sci. 12(1): 21Ð32. 1929. The spiders of Porto Rico. Ibid. 30: 1Ð 1940d. Spiders of the Guiana forest collected 158. 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 341

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APPENDIX 2 Preferred Most Parsimonious Tree One of the trees found by NONA using the matrix in appendix 1 (length ϭ 155; CI ϭ 41; RI ϭ 77). Only nodes discussed in the text are numbered. See Cladistic Analysis section for detailed discussion. 344 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254

APPENDIX 3 Species of Wrong or Doubtful Generic Position This appendix lists species that cannot be as- Nothing can be said about the generic position, signed to any described genus. In some cases the except that the type locality (Rio de Janeiro) sug- species are well described, and the type material gests it is not a Coryssocnemis. is accessible; in others the types are lost and the ‘‘Coryssocnemis’’ tigra Huber, 1998 descriptions are useless. Thus, this list highlights The very unusual genital morphology of this some of the open questions, and gives some hints well-described species from Honduras (Huber, as to their possible solution in future projects. 1998b) suggests a new genus, but more species ‘‘Anopsicus’’ banksi (Gertsch, 1939) should be collected before deciding this. Types Now that A. arima Gertsch has been removed and paratypes are at the AMNH, at the Muse«um from Anopsicus (to Canaima, n. gen.), A. banksi d’Histoire Naturelle, Gene`ve, and in the UCR col- from the Gala«pagos Islands is the only South lection. American representative of the genus. The eye pattern and small size were probably the reasons ‘‘Coryssocnemis’’ viridescens Kraus, 1955 why Gertsch (1939, 1982) first removed the spe- Both sexes of this Central American species are cies from Spermophora, and then placed it in An- well described (Kraus, 1955; Huber, 1998a), but opsicus. However, A. banksi has no ‘‘pup’’ apoph- the generic position is unclear. The types are in ysis on the male palpal femur, and the cheliceral the SMF; further material is in the UCR collec- armature is unique in Anopsicus (several cones; tion. see figures in Gertsch and Peck, 1992). Thus, the ‘‘Kambiwa’’ anomala (Mello-Leita˜o, 1918) species is almost certainly misplaced, but more See Note under Kambiwa description, p. 87. material of both sexes should be collected and studied in detail (SEM) before formally removing ‘‘Litoporus’’ agricola Mello-Leita˜o, 1922 the species from Anopsicus (only the male holo- The type(s) is (are) apparently lost; only the type is known, deposited in Zoologisk Museum, female has been described, without illustrations. Oslo). Nothing can be said about the generic position. ‘‘Coryssocnemis’’ clara Gertsch, 1971 ‘‘Mesabolivar’’ aurantius (Mello-Leita˜o, 1940) This species is closely related to ‘‘C.’’ iviei See Composition under Mesabolivar descrip- Gertsch, and possibly also to ‘‘C.’’ faceta Gertsch. tion, p. 191. These Mexican species are certainly not conge- ‘‘Mesabolivar’’ globulosus (Nicolet, 1849) neric with the type species of Coryssocnemis, and See Composition under Mesabolivar descrip- will probably eventually be part of a new genus. tion, p. 191. All the types are in the AMNH. ‘‘Pholcophora’’ bahama Gertsch, 1982 ‘‘Coryssocnemis’’ discolor Mello-Leita˜o, 1918 See redescription, p. 334. The type(s) is (are) apparently lost; the descrip- tion (of the male) has no illustration. Nothing can ‘‘Pholcophora’’ maria Gertsch, 1977 be said about the generic position, except that the See redescription, p. 336. type locality (Rio de Janeiro) suggests it is not a ‘‘Pholcophora’’ juruensis Mello-Leita˜o, 1922 Coryssocnemis. This is a large pholcid (7 mm body length!) ‘‘Coryssocnemis’’ faceta Gertsch, 1971 with deep thoracic groove, and globular abdomen, See ‘‘C.’’ clara above. i.e., neither a Pholcophora nor a ninetine. Mello- Leita˜o’s illustrations (1922: figs. 3Ð4) suggest it ‘‘Coryssocnemis’’ iviei Gertsch, 1971 might be Physocyclus globosus, but actually iden- See ‘‘C.’’ clara above. tity and position are obscure. The type material is ‘‘Coryssocnemis’’ lepidoptera Mello-Leita˜o, 1918 apparently lost. The type(s) is (are) apparently lost; only the ‘‘Physocyclus’’ tigrinus (Taczanowski, 1874) female has been described, without illustrations. See Composition under Priscula description (p. Nothing can be said about the generic position, 129), and discussion of Physocyclus (p. 149). except that the type locality (Rio de Janeiro) sug- gests it is not a Coryssocnemis. ‘‘Physocyclus’’ viridis Mello-Leita˜o, 1940 See discussion of Physocyclus, p. 149. ‘‘Coryssocnemis’’ occulta Mello-Leita˜o, 1918 The type(s) is (are) apparently lost; only the ‘‘Psilochorus’’ bruneocyaneus Mello-Leita˜o, female has been described, without illustrations. 1941 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 345

The type(s) is (are) apparently lost; only the The types are apparently lost, and the descrip- female has been described, without illustrations. tion of this Brazilian (Pernambuco) species re- Nothing can be said about the generic position, veals nothing about possible affinities. except that the type locality (Rio Uruguay: Ilha Yolantim) suggests it is not a Psilochorus. ‘‘Psilochorus’’ wunderlichi Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 ‘‘Psilochorus’’ marcuzzii Caporiacco, 1955 See ‘‘P.’’ nigromaculatus above. The original figures of the palp suggest an af- finity with Mesabolivar, but the generic position ‘‘Spermophora’’ maculata Keyserling, 1891 is obscure. The type of this Venezuelan species I have seen the female holotype [from Blumen- might be in Caracas, Venezuela. (I have not tried au, Santa Catarina, Brazil; no date (Hetschko), in to borrow it.) BMNH (1890.411.8336)]. It is completely de- ‘‘Psilochorus’’ minimus Schmidt, 1956 stroyed; the only thing I could identify among the The single known female specimen arrived in dirt was a squashed abdomen with spinnerets but Hamburg, Germany, with bananas from Ecuador. without genital area. The original description I have not examined the type (which should be in (Keyserling, 1891) says that the clypeus is about the SMF), but doubt the generic position. as high as an anterior eye, which would be com- pletely unique for pholcids. Otherwise I see no ‘‘Psilochorus’’ nigromaculatus Kulczynski, 1911 evidence supporting the position of the species The three ‘‘Psilochorus’’ species from Austra- within pholcids, and the drawing of the epigynum lia (sphaeroides, wunderlichi) and New Guinea is too simple to recognize the species. Mello-Lei- (nigromaculatus) are certainly misplaced (Huber, ta˜o (1922) assigned a male pholcid from ‘‘Nicth- 1998a, 1998d), but their affinities are obscure. All eroy’’ (Niteroi), Rio de Janeiro, to the species, types probably still exist. probably without consulting the type, and with a ‘‘Psilochorus’’ sectus Mello-Leita˜o, 1939 useless figure of the pedipalp. I have not been able The type(s) is (are) apparently lost; only the to locate any of the material published in that pa- female has been described, without illustrations. per, but I regard it as highly improbable that the Nothing can be said about the generic position, male is in fact conspecific with the type of S. ma- except that the type locality (Campina Grande, culata. Later, Mello-Leita˜o (1940e) cited material Para«õba, Brazil) suggests it is not a Psilochorus. from Santa Catarina, Sa˜o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Parana«. Finally, the ‘‘redescriptions’’ by ‘‘Psilochorus’’ sphaeroides (L. Koch, 1867) Moenkhaus (1898) and Mello-Leita˜o (1918) are See ‘‘P.’’ nigromaculatus above. simply translations of Keyserling’s original de- ‘‘Psilochorus’’ taperae Mello-Leita˜o, 1929 scription, without new information. 346 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 INDEX OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES

abernathyi (Gertsch) (Ixchela), 153, 342 cambridgei (Mello-Leita˜o) (Mesaboli- furcata, n. sp. (Metagonia), 73 aberrans (Chamberlin) (Chibchea), 174 var), 228 furcula (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge) (Ixch- abiseo, n. sp. (Chibchea), 186 cambridgei (Mello-Leita˜o) (Psilocho- ela), 28, 153, 342 rus), 206 abrahami (Mello-Leita˜o) (Litoporus), Galapa, n. gen., 100 300 Canaima, n. gen., 327 Carapoia Gonza´lez-Sponga, 238 genitalis (Moenkhaus) (Carapoia), 246 agricola Mello-Leita˜o (Litoporus), 344 Gertschiola Brignoli, 90 altiventer (Keyserling) (Tupigea), 324 ceruleiventris (Mello-Leita˜o) (Mesabo- livar), 212 globosus (Taczanowski) (Physocyclus), americana Banks (Pholcophora), 114, 19, 22, 37, 43, 149, 342 342 chejapi Gonza´lez-Sponga (Priscula), 139 globulosa, n. sp. (Metagonia), 73, 342 anchicaya, n. sp. (Waunana), 277 globulosus (Nicolet) (Mesabolivar), 191 andinensis Gonza´lez-Sponga (Priscula), Chibchea, n. gen., 162 Chisosa, n. gen., 124 goloboffi, n. sp. (Guaranita), 97 139 guacharo, n. sp. (Blancoa), 332 angotero, n. sp. (Otavaloa), 307, 342 clara Gertsch (Coryssocnemis), 344 coccineus (Simon) (Mesabolivar), 231 guanacaste Huber (Physocyclus), 19 annulipes (Keyserling) (Priscula), 134, coeruleiventris see ceruleiventris guapiara, n. sp. (Mesabolivar), 222 189 coeruleus (Keyserling) (Mesabolivar), Guaranita, n. gen., 96 anomala (Mello-Leita˜o) (Kambiwa), 87 219 guatopo, n. sp. (Coryssocnemis), 251, Anomalaia Gonza´lez-Sponga, 53 conica (Banks) (Aymaria), 154, 342 342 apatellata, n. sp. (Enetea), 103 conwayi (Mello-Leita˜o) (Priscula), 131 guatuso Huber (Modisimus), 13, 28, 49, araona, n. sp. (Chibchea), 174, 342 cornutus, n. sp. (Mecoloesthus), 262 342 argentinensis (Mello-Leita˜o) (Mesabo- Coryssocnemis Simon, 246 gularis Simon (Priscula), 129 livar), 215 culicinus (Simon) (Modisimus), 28, 38, argentinensis Mello-Leita˜o (Metagon- hesperia (Gertsch) (Tolteca), 118, 342 47, 342 ia), 59, 342 hispanicus Wiehle (Holocnemus), 10, 30 cyaneomaculatus (Keyserling) (Mesa- arima (Gertsch) (Canaima), 328, 342 hispaniola, n. sp. (Leptopholcus), 77 bolivar), 210 hoti, n. sp. (Mecoloesthus), 267 arima, n. sp. (Mecoloesthus), 265 cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling) (Mesabo- aripo, n. sp. (Coryssocnemis), 253 huambisa, n. sp. (Mesabolivar), 191 livar), 225, 342 huanuco, n. sp. (Mesabolivar), 201 asintal Huber (Metagonia), 19 cyaneus (Taczanowski) (Mesabolivar), atacama, n. sp. (Nerudia), 87 huila, n. sp. (Priscula), 137 204 Hypsorinus Chamberlin, 128 atlanta Walckenaer (Artema), 12, 22, 23, 30, 34, 38, 43, 49, 342 dalei Petrunkevitch (Leptopholcus), 77 Ibotyporanga Mello-Leita˜o, 94 Aucana, n. gen., 105 dasyops (Mello-Leita˜o) (Aymaria), 162 iguassuensis (Mello-Leita˜o) (Tupigea), aurantiacus (Mello-Leita˜o) (Mesaboli- delicata (O. Pickard-Cambridge) (Me- 327 var), 206, 342 tagonia), 10, 15, 20, 24, 33, 342 iguazu, n. sp. (Mesabolivar), 215 aurantius (Mello-Leita˜o) (Mesabolivar), delicatulus Franganillo (Leptopholcus), ika, n. sp. (Chibchea), 164, 342 191 77, 342 imbecillus (Keyserling) (Mesabolivar), Aymaria, n. gen., 153 difficilis (Mello-Leita˜o) (Mesabolivar), 231 azulita, n. sp. (Mecoloesthus), 260 235 insularis (Banks) (Aymaria), 158 azureus Badcock and Oxon (Mesaboli- diluta (Gertsch and Mulaik) (Chisosa), irroratus (Mello-Leita˜o) (Mesabolivar), var), 227 125, 342 206 dimona, n. sp. (Litoporus), 294, 342 iviei Gertsch (Coryssocnemis), 344 baerti (Gertsch) (Galapa), 101, 342 discolor Mello-Leita˜o (Coryssocnemis), Ixchela, n. gen., 150 bahama Gertsch (Pholcophora), 334 344 baja (Gertsch) (Chisosa), 125 dominical Huber (Modisimus), 11, 13, jalisco (Gertsch) (Tolteca), 120 banksi (Gertsch) (Anopsicus), 101, 344 20, 31, 37 jamaica, n. sp. (Leptopholcus), 79 banksi (Moenkhaus) (Mesabolivar), 238 dubiomaculatus Mello-Leita˜o (Pholcus), jarmila (Gertsch and Peck) (Aymaria), beckeri, n. sp. (Teuia), 314 77 158 bella (Gertsch) (Galapa), 101 dubius Mello-Leita˜o (Physocyclus), 149 junin, n. sp. (Mesabolivar), 194, 342 beni, n. sp. (Metagonia), 67 juruensis Mello-Leita˜o (Pholcophora), eberhardi, n. sp. (Mesabolivar), 198, 344 binghamae (Chamberlin) (Priscula), 342 131, 342 eberhardi, n. sp. (Waunana), 277 kaala, n. sp. (Aucana), 110, 342 Blancoa, n. gen., 330 elqui, n. sp. (Chibchea), 185 Kaliana, n. gen., 271 blanda Gertsch (Metagonia), 24, 33, 39, Enetea, n. gen., 103 Kambiwa, n. gen., 87 49 estrecha, n. sp. (Pisaboa), 282 laldea, n. sp. (Pisaboa), 285 Blechroscelis Simon, 128, 189 exlineae (Mello-Leita˜o) (Mesabolivar), lemniscatus (Simon) (Mecoloesthus), bonaldoa, n. sp. (Metagonia), 57 198 botocudo, n. sp. (Mesabolivar), 223 255 brasiliensis (Moenkhaus) (Mesaboli- faceta Gertsch (Coryssocnemis), 344 lepidoptera Mello-Leita˜o (Coryssoc- var), 217 fauroti (Simon) (Micropholcus), 15, 20, nemis), 344 browningi (Roewer) (Mesabolivar), 206 31, 34, 42, 55, 342 Leptopholcus Simon, 76 bruneocyaneus Mello-Leita˜o (Psilocho- floreana (Gertsch and Peck) (Aymaria), levii, n. sp. (Mesabolivar), 234 rus), 344 158 levii (Gertsch) (Papiamenta), 124, 342 fluminensis (Mello-Leita˜o) (Mesaboli- lisei, n. sp. (Otavaloa), 312, 342 cali, n. sp. (Pomboa), 290 var), 191 lisei, n. sp. (Tupigea), 316 calilegua, n. sp. (Aymaria), 158, 342 fowleri, n. sp. (Carapoia), 243, 342 Litoporus Simon, 292 callaica Simon (Coryssocnemis), 252 fulvus (Moenkhaus) (Mesabolivar), 231 locono, n. sp. (Mesabolivar), 194

347 348 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 longissimus Simon (Mecoloesthus), 256, otanabe, n. sp. (Otavaloa), 310 silvae, n. sp. (Pisaboa), 282, 342 342 Otavaloa, n. gen., 305 simla, n. sp. (Coryssocnemis), 248, 342 lopez, n. sp. (Litoporus), 297, 342 simoni (O. Pickard-Cambridge) (Ixche- paeza, n. sp. (Priscula), 142 luteus (Keyserling) (Mesabolivar), 230 la), 153 pakitza, n. sp. (Aymaria), 161 lyoni (Blackwall) (Crossopriza), 30, 342 simoni (Moenkhaus) (Mesabolivar), 237 pakitza, n. sp. (Litoporus), 302 sphaeroides (L. Koch) (Psilochorus), pallida, n. sp. (Pomboa), 290, 342 macrostyla (Mello-Leita˜o) (Gertschio- 345 pallidus (Blackwall) (Smeringopus), 12, la), 90 spinulosus (Mello-Leita˜o) (Mesaboli- 25, 34, 43, 49, 149, 342 maculata Keyserling (Spermophora), var), 212 pallisteri, n. sp. (Priscula), 133 345 Stenosfemuraia Gonza´lez-Sponga, 50 Papiamenta, n. gen., 121 maldonado, n. sp. (Metagonia), 64 strinatii (Brignoli) (Metagonia), 55 paposo, n. sp. (Aucana), 110 malkini, n. sp. (Chibchea), 180 subtilissima Simon (Ninetis), 82 manu, n. sp. (Litoporus), 305 paraensis (Mello-Leita˜o) (Mesabolivar), mapiri, n. sp. (Pisaboa), 285 197 tabay, n. sp. (Mecoloesthus), 261 mapuche, n. sp. (Chibchea), 180 paraguaensis Gonza´lez-Sponga (Cara- taino, n. sp. (Mecoloesthus), 267, 342 marcuzzii Caporiacco (Psilochorus), poia), 240 Tainonia, n. gen., 145 345 pasco, n. sp. (Otavaloa), 312 tandilicus (Mello-Leita˜o) (Mesabolivar), maria Gertsch (Pholcophora), 336 paula, n. sp. (Tupigea), 323 214 mariguitarensis Gonza´lez-Sponga (Me- pecki (Gertsch) (Ixchela), 153 taperae Mello-Leita˜o(Psilochorus), 345 tagonia), 67 peckorum, n. sp. (Mecoloesthus), 261 taruma, n. sp. (Metagonia), 61 mateo, n. sp. (Chibchea), 186 petorca, n. sp. (Aucana), 108 taruma, n. sp. (Priscula), 144 maxacali, n. sp. (Mesabolivar), 223 phalangioides (Fuesslin) (Pholcus), 30, teresopolis, n. sp. (Tupigea), 317 mayna, n. sp. (Chibchea), 165 77, 342 Teuia, n. gen., 313 maza, n. sp. (Tupigea), 321 Pholcophora Banks, 113 texana Gertsch (Pholcophora), 117 Mecoloesthus Simon, 255 Pholcus Walckenaer, 77 tigra Huber (Coryssocnemis), 344 merida, n. sp. (Canaima), 328 phyllicola Deeleman-Reinhold (Calap- tigrinus (Taczanowski) (Physocyclus), merida, n. sp. (Chibchea), 168 nita), 42 129, 149 Mesabolivar Gonza´lez-Sponga, 189 Physocyclus Taczanowski, 148 tinaja Gertsch (Metagonia), 24 Metagonia Simon, 53 piacoa, n. sp. (Blancoa), 332, 342 tingo, n. sp. (Metagonia), 61 mexcala Gertsch (Pholcophora), 114 piapoco, n. sp. (Priscula), 141 togatus (Keyserling) (Mesabolivar), 219 minimus Schmidt (Psilochorus), 345 picunche, n. sp. (Chibchea), 183 Tolteca, n. gen., 117 minuta (Berland) (Ninetis), 82, 342 piro, n. sp. (Otavaloa), 310, 342 tulcan, n. sp. (Waunana), 279 modesta (Banks) (Waunana), 274, 342 Pisaboa, n. gen., 281 tunebo, n. sp. (Chibchea), 171 monagas, n. sp. (Coryssocnemis), 251 placida (Gertsch) (Ixchela), 153 tunebo, n. sp. (Priscula), 143 mucuy, n. sp. (Mecoloesthus), 258 platnicki, n. sp. (Aucana), 106, 342 Tupigea, n. gen., 314 multiguttatus (Simon) (Holocneminus), pluchei (Scopoli) (Holocnemus), 12, 34, ulai Gonza´lez-Sponga (Priscula), 141, 43 44, 342 342 munda (Gertsch) (Guaranita), 100 Pomboa, n. gen., 288 uncatus (Simon) (Litoporus), 300 Myrmidonella Berland, 81 Priscula Simon, 128, 149, 189 unicolor (Keyserling) (Metagonia), 72 mysticus Chamberlin (Physocyclus), pullulus (Hentz) (Psilochorus), 23, 28, uru, n. sp. (Chibchea), 176 150, 342 47, 342 uvita Huber (Metagonia), 33, 44 putumayo, n. sp. (Mecoloesthus), 264 nadleri, n. sp. (Metagonia), 55 valle, n. sp. (Chibchea), 165 nadleri, n. sp. (Tupigea), 319, 342 quindio, n. sp. (Pomboa), 288 venezuelana Simon (Priscula), 136 naideae Mello-Leita˜o(Ibotyporanga), ramirezi, n. sp. (Aucana), 106 vermiformis Simon (Calapnita), 16, 25, 94, 342 ranchograndensis Gonza´lez-Sponga 34, 44 namibiae, n. sp. (Ninetis), 86 (Priscula), 136 virescens (Mello-Leita˜o) (Mesabolivar), neotropica (Kraus) (Kambiwa), 89 rica Gertsch (Metagonia), 15, 33, 38, 206 Nerudia, n. gen., 87 39, 342 viridescens Kraus (Coryssocnemis), 28, neuquena, n. sp. (Gertschiola), 92 rockefelleri Gertsch (Psilochorus), 342 47, 344 nigridentis (Mello-Leita˜o) (Mesaboli- rubristernus (Caporiacco) (Mesaboli- viridis Mello-Leita˜o(Mesabolivar), 217 var), 191 var), 204 viridis Mello-Leita˜o(Physocyclus), 149 nigrifrons (Simon) (Mecoloesthus), 255 Waunana, n. gen., 274 nigromaculatus Kulczynski (Psilocho- salta, n. sp. (Chibchea), 171, 342 samiria, n. sp. (Metagonia), 64 wunderlichi Deeleman-Reinhold (Psilo- rus), 345 chorus), 345 Ninetis Simon, 80 saul, n. sp. (Litoporus), 296 savonet, n. sp. (Papiamenta), 121 xingu, n. sp. (Mesabolivar), 230 ocaina, n. sp. (Carapoia), 242 secoya, n. sp. (Litoporus), 296 occidentalis (Mello-Leita˜o) (Micromer- sectus Mello-Leita˜o(Psilochorus), 345 yaculica, n. sp. (Guaranita), 97 ys), 55 senoculata (Duge`s) (Spermophora), 11, yawaperi, n. sp. (Mecoloesthus), 263 occulta Mello-Leita˜o(Coryssocnemis), 15, 25, 34, 42, 49, 342 yucumo, n. sp. (Litoporus), 301 344 serripes (Simon) (Tainonia), 146 yuruani, n. sp. (Kaliana), 271 orientalis Zhu and Song (Physocyclus), sicki, n. sp. (Tupigea), 319 zeteki (Gertsch) (Anopsicus), 11, 28, 47, 149 silvae, n. sp. (Chibchea), 178 342