DOCSLIB.ORG

New World Pholcid Spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a Revision at Generic Level

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New World Pholcid Spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a Revision at Generic Level NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS (ARANEAE: PHOLCIDAE): A REVISION AT GENERIC LEVEL BERNHARD A. HUBER Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 254, 348 pages, 1357 figures, 9 maps, 4 appendices Issued June 30, 2000 Price: $29.30 a copy Copyright ᭧ American Museum of Natural History 2000 ISSN 0003-0090 CONTENTS Abstract ...................................................................... 04 Introduction ................................................................... 04 Materials and Methods ....................................................... 06 Acknowledgments ........................................................... 07 Phylogenetics ................................................................. 07 Terminal Taxa ............................................................... 07 Characters Scored ........................................................... 09 Characters Not Scored ....................................................... 32 Cladistic Analysis ........................................................... 34 Taxonomy—Pholcidae .......................................................... 41 Diagnosis ................................................................... 41 Description ................................................................. 46 Natural History .............................................................. 48 Composition ................................................................ 50 Key to New World Genera ................................................... 50 Metagonia Simon .............................................................. 53 Leptopholcus Simon ............................................................ 76 Ninetis Simon ................................................................. 80 Nerudia, New Genus ........................................................... 87 Kambiwa, New Genus .......................................................... 87 Gertschiola Brignoli ........................................................... 90 Ibotyporanga Mello-Leita˜o ...................................................... 94 Guaranita, New Genus ......................................................... 96 Galapa, New Genus .......................................................... 100 Enetea, New Genus ........................................................... 103 Aucana, New Genus .......................................................... 105 Pholcophora Banks ........................................................... 113 Tolteca, New Genus .......................................................... 117 Papiamenta, New Genus ...................................................... 121 Chisosa, New Genus .......................................................... 124 Priscula Simon ............................................................... 128 Tainonia, New Genus ......................................................... 145 Physocyclus Simon ............................................................ 148 Ixchela, New Genus ........................................................... 150 Aymaria, New Genus .......................................................... 153 Chibchea, New Genus ......................................................... 162 Mesabolivar Gonza´lez-Sponga .................................................. 189 Carapoia Gonza´lez-Sponga .................................................... 238 Coryssocnemis Simon ......................................................... 246 Mecoloesthus Simon .......................................................... 255 Kaliana, New Genus .......................................................... 271 Waunana, New Genus ......................................................... 274 Pisaboa, New Genus .......................................................... 281 Pomboa, New Genus .......................................................... 288 Litoporus Simon .............................................................. 292 Otavaloa, New Genus ......................................................... 305 Teuia, New Genus ............................................................ 313 Tupigea, New Genus .......................................................... 314 Canaima, New Genus ......................................................... 327 Blancoa, New Genus .......................................................... 330 Species Incertae Sedis ......................................................... 334 2 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 3 References ................................................................... 337 Appendix 1. Matrix for Phylogenetic Analysis ................................... 342 Appendix 2. Cladogram ....................................................... 343 Appendix 3. Species of Wrong or Doubtful Generic Position ....................... 344 Appendix 4. Complete List of Pholcid Genera Worldwide ......................... 346 Index of Generic and Specific Names ........................................... 347 4 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 254 ABSTRACT New World pholcids are revised at the generic level, with an emphasis on South America. A total of 47 extant genera occur in the New World, 22 of which are newly described. A preliminary key to the genera of the New World is presented. Redescriptions are given for 11 genera and for 59 species, and 106 species are newly described. Three generic names and 14 specific names are newly synonymized (see below). A numerical cladistic analysis is per- formed using a matrix of 61 taxa (48 of them New World pholcids) and 61 morphological characters. The main results of the analysis are as follows: (1) Pholcids are strongly supported as a monophyletic group. (2) Pholcids are separated into the following clades, which are tentatively named to emphasize their character as a working hypothesis: ‘‘ninetines,’’ ‘‘phol- cines’’ (Metagonia Simon and the Pholcus group sensu Huber), ‘‘holocnemines’’ (Holocnemus group sensu Timm, Artema Walckenaer, Physocyclus Simon, and Priscula Simon), and the ‘‘New World clade.’’ Their interrelationships are not definitively resolved. (3) New World pholcids are an assemblage of representatives of all major clades within the family, but most genera are part of the New World clade, which is the only clade restricted to the New World. (4) A hypothesis concerning the evolutionary transformation of characters is given for 41 of the 54 traits scored that vary among pholcids. The following names are newly synonymized: Anomalaia Gonza´lez-Sponga, 1998, with Metagonia Simon, 1893; Blechroscelis Simon, 1893, with Priscula Simon, 1893; Myrmido- nella Berland, 1919, with Ninetis Simon, 1890; Blechroscelis coeruleus (Keyserling, 1891), with Coryssocnemis [now Mesabolivar] togatus (Keyserling, 1891); Blechroscelis irroratus Mello-Leita˜o, 1947, Psilochorus browningi Roewer, 1951, and Blechroscelis virescens Mello- Leita˜o, 1947, with Blechroscelis [now Mesabolivar] aurantiacus (Mello-Leita˜o, 1930); Ble- chroscelis viridis Mello-Leita˜o, 1918, with Litoporus [now Mesabolivar] brasiliensis (Moenk- haus, 1898); Hypsorinus conwayi Mello-Leita˜o, 1947, with Priscula binghamae (Chamberlin, 1916); Priscula ranchograndensis Gonza´lez-Sponga, 1996, with Priscula venezuelana Simon, 1893; Litoporus abrahami Mello-Leita˜o, 1947, with Coryssocnemis [now Litoporus] uncatus (Simon, 1893); Litoporus coccineus Simon, 1893, Litoporus imbecillus (Keyserling, 1891), and Litoporus fulvus Moenkhaus, 1898, with Litoporus [now Mesabolivar] luteus (Keyserling, 1891); Micromerys occidentalis (Mello-Leita˜o, 1929), with Micropholcus fauroti (Simon, 1887); Pholcus dubiomaculatus Mello-Leita˜o, 1918, with Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775); Physocyclus dubius Mello-Leita˜o, 1922, with Physocyclus globosus (Taczanowski, 1874). INTRODUCTION One of the major incentives for this study survey in a single state (Departamento del was the gross imbalance between the appar- Valle) yielded a total of 52 morphospecies, ent diversity and species richness of pholcid only one of which could be identified (Flor- spiders on one hand, and the seemingly ez, 1996). In another faunistic study in north- hopeless taxonomic situation within the fam- ern Peru, Silva (1996) reported over two doz- ily on the other hand, especially regarding en morphospecies from a restricted rainforest the Neotropics. The first point has been made area, while only four species were previously clear in a number of recent, scattered studies recorded from all of Peru. Species numbers that have shown that throughout the tropics, have increased tremendously in the few cases pholcids are not only vastly more diverse where more or less comprehensive surveys than suggested by the number of nominal were made (e.g., Gertsch, 1982, who de- species, but that in some areas they are even scribed 44 new species of Anopsicus Cham- among the dominant web-building spider berlin and Ivie in a region where only 19 families. For example, while only five phol- were previously known; Huber, 1998c, who cid species were previously recorded from described 10 new species of Modisimus Si- Colombia (two of them were actually col- mon in Costa Rica, where only one was pre- lected in Hamburg from bananas shipped viously recorded). There are hints that the from Colombia: Schmidt, 1956), a spider situation in the Old World is not much dif- 2000 HUBER: NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS 5 ferent: Deeleman-Reinhold (1986a) reported not surprising that subsequent
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Zootaxa,The Pitfalls of Exaggeration: Molecular And
    Zootaxa 1646: 17–30 (2007) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2007 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) The pitfalls of exaggeration: molecular and morphological evidence suggests Kaliana is a synonym of Mesabolivar (Araneae: Pholcidae) JONAS J. ASTRIN1, BERNHARD MISOF & BERNHARD A. HUBER2 Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany. Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract When the Venezuelan genus Kaliana Huber, 2000 was described, it was based on a single male specimen that was mor- phologically unique among pholcid spiders, especially in its extremely exaggerated male genitalia. The morphology of the recently discovered female suggests a close relationship with Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998. Using molecular sequences (mitochondrial CO1, 16S, and nuclear 28S) of Kaliana yuruani Huber, 2000 and 53 other pholcid taxa (152 sequences, 19 of them sequenced in this study) in a Bayesian and a maximum parsimony approach, we show that Kaliana is not sister group of, but nested within the species-rich South American genus Mesabolivar. Therefore, we argue that Kaliana is a junior synonym of Mesabolivar (Mesabolivar yuruani, n. comb.). Complementing previous stud- ies on pholcid phylogeny, we also present evidence for a close relationship between Mesabolivar and Carapoia, support the synonymy of Anomalaia and Metagonia with molecular data, support the monophyly of 'ninetines' and question the recently postulated position of Priscula as nested within the New World clade. Key words: pholcid spiders, subfamily-level groups, Metagonia, Carapoia, Priscula, beta-taxonomy, phylogeny Introduction There seems to be a tendency for taxonomists to create new genera for highly ‘aberrant’ species.
    [Show full text]
  • In Phylogenetic Reconstruction, PAUP
    The pitfalls of exaggeration: molecular and morphological evidence suggests Kaliana is a synonym of Mesabolivar (Araneae: Pholcidae) JONAS J. ASTRIN1, BERNHARD MISOF & BERNHARD A. HUBER2 Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany. Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract When the Venezuelan genus Kaliana Huber, 2000 was described, it was based on a single male specimen that was mor- phologically unique among pholcid spiders, especially in its extremely exaggerated male genitalia. The morphology of the recently discovered female suggests a close relationship with Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998. Using molecular sequences (mitochondrial CO1, 16S, and nuclear 28S) of Kaliana yuruani Huber, 2000 and 53 other pholcid taxa (152 sequences, 19 of them sequenced in this study) in a Bayesian and a maximum parsimony approach, we show that Kaliana is not sister group of, but nested within the species-rich South American genus Mesabolivar. Therefore, we argue that Kaliana is a junior synonym of Mesabolivar (Mesabolivar yuruani, n. comb.). Complementing previous stud- ies on pholcid phylogeny, we also present evidence for a close relationship between Mesabolivar and Carapoia, support the synonymy of Anomalaia and Metagonia with molecular data, support the monophyly of 'ninetines' and question the recently postulated position of Priscula as nested within the New World clade. Key words: pholcid spiders, subfamily-level groups, Metagonia, Carapoia, Priscula, beta-taxonomy, phylogeny Introduction There seems to be a tendency for taxonomists to create new genera for highly ‗aberrant‘ species. For example, when the first spider species with directionally asymmetric male genitalia was discovered, a new genus was erected for it (Anomalaia González-Sponga, 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from India-2012
    © Indian Society of Arachnology ISSN 2278 - 1587(Online) CHECKLIST OF SPIDERS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) FROM INDIA-2012 Keswani, S.; P. Hadole and A. Rajoria* SGB Amravati University, Amravati-444602 [email protected]; [email protected] *Indraprastha University, Delhi; [email protected] ABSTRACT Spiders comprise one of the largest (5-6th) orders of animals. The spider fauna of India has never been studied in its entirety despite of contributions by many arachnologists since Stoliczka (1869). In the present paper, we provide an updated checklist of spiders from India based on published records and on the collections of the Arachnology Museum, SGB Amravati University. A total of 1686 species of spiders are now recorded from India. They belong to two infraorders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, 60 families and 438 genera. The list also includes 70 species from Karakorum. The spider diversity in India is dominated by Saltisids followed by Thomisids and then Araneids, Gnaphosids and Lycosids. Key words: India, Araneae, spider fauna, checklist. INTRODUCTION The pioneering contribution on the taxonomy of Indian spiders is that of European arachnologist Stoliczka (1869). Review of available literature reveals that the earliest contribution by Blackwall (1867); Karsch (1873); Simon (1887); Thorell (1895) and Pocock (1900) were the pioneer workers of Indian spiders. They described many species from India. Tikader (1980, 1982), Tikader, and Malhotra (1980) described spiders from India. Tikader (1980) compiled a book on Thomisid spiders of India, comprising two subfamilies, 25 genera and 115 species. Of these, 23 species were new to science. Descriptions, illustrations and distributions of all species were given. Keys to the subfamilies, genera, and species were provided.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pholcid Spiders of Micronesia and Polynesia (Araneae, Pholcidae)
    Butler University Digital Commons @ Butler University Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS College of Liberal Arts & Sciences 2008 The pholcid spiders of Micronesia and Polynesia (Araneae, Pholcidae) Joseph A. Beatty James W. Berry Butler University, [email protected] Bernhard A. Huber Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/facsch_papers Part of the Biology Commons, and the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Beatty, Joseph A.; Berry, James W.; and Huber, Bernhard A., "The pholcid spiders of Micronesia and Polynesia (Araneae, Pholcidae)" Journal of Arachnology / (2008): 1-25. Available at https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/facsch_papers/782 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences at Digital Commons @ Butler University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Butler University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The pholcid spiders of Micronesia and Polynesia (Araneae, Pholcidae) Author(s): Joseph A. Beatty, James W. Berry, Bernhard A. Huber Source: Journal of Arachnology, 36(1):1-25. Published By: American Arachnological Society DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1636/H05-66.1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1636/H05-66.1 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use.
    [Show full text]
  • Microhabitat Change Drives Diversification in Pholcid Spiders
    Microhabitat change drives diversification in pholcid spiders Eberle, Jonas; Dimitrov, Dimitar; Valdez-mondragón, Alejandro; Huber, Bernhard A. Published in: BMC Evolutionary Biology DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1244-8 Publication date: 2018 Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Eberle, J., Dimitrov, D., Valdez-mondragón, A., & Huber, B. A. (2018). Microhabitat change drives diversification in pholcid spiders. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1244-8 Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 Eberle et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2018) 18:141 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1244-8 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Microhabitat change drives diversification in pholcid spiders Jonas Eberle1* , Dimitar Dimitrov2,3,4, Alejandro Valdez-Mondragón1,5 and Bernhard A. Huber1 Abstract Background: Microhabitat changes are thought to be among the main drivers of diversification. However, this conclusion is mostly based on studies on vertebrates. Here, we investigate the influence of microhabitat on diversification rates in pholcid spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae). Diversification analyses were conducted in the framework of the largest molecular phylogeny of pholcid spiders to date based on three nuclear and three mitochondrial loci from 600 species representing more than 85% of the currently described pholcid genera. Results: Assessments of ancestral microhabitat revealed frequent evolutionary change. In particular, within the largest subfamily Pholcinae, numerous changes from near-ground habitats towards leaves and back were found. In general, taxa occupying leaves and large sheltered spaces had higher diversification rates than ground-dwelling taxa. Shifts in speciation rate were found in leaf- and space-dwelling taxa. Conclusions: Our analyses result in one of the most comprehensive phylogenies available for a major spider family and provide a framework for any subsequent studies of pholcid spider biology.
    [Show full text]
  • Estudio De La Diversidad De Arañas De Un Bosque Seco Tropical (Bs-T) En Sabanalarga, Atlántico, Colombia Study of Spiders' D
    BOLETÍN CIENTÍFICO ISSN 0123 - 3068 bol.cient.mus.hist.nat. 16 (1): 247 - 260 CENTRO DE MUSEOS MUSEO DE HISTORIA NATURAL ESTUDIO DE LA DIVERSIDAD DE ARAÑAS DE UN BOSQUE SECO TROPICAL (BS-T) EN SABANALARGA, ATLÁNTICO, COLOMBIA Ruth Yesenia Escorcia G.1, Neis José Martínez H.2, Jessica Paola Silva T.3 Resumen El presente trabajo, muestra como se evaluó la composición y estructura, de la araneofauna en la Reserva Campesina La Sierra (RCS), municipio de Sabanalarga, departamento del Atlántico, Colombia. Se realizaron cinco muestreos, entre agosto y diciembre de 2009. Se escogieron tres hábitats: Cultivo (Cul), Interior de Bosque (I. B) y Borde de bosque (Bor). Se recolectaron 879 individuos, agrupados en 29 familias y 68 morfoespecies. La familia Araneidae, presentó mayor riqueza (23) y abundancia (433); destacándose, la morfoespecie Araneus sp2, con 30 individuos. El hábitat de I. B, presentó la mayor riqueza (55) y abundancia (334); mientras que, en diciembre, se capturó el mayor número de morfoespecies (24) y de individuos (300). El gremio de las arañas Cursoriales en Suelo (CS), presentó mayor riqueza (9) y Constructoras de telas orbiculares (CTO), la mayor abundancia (504). A pesar de comprender un área relativamente pequeña, la RCS, arrojó un alto porcentaje de las familias reportadas para el país, demostrando, que este remanente de bosque, aún mantiene una alta diversidad de arañas. Palabras clave: Araneidae, Araneus sp1, composición, constructoras de telas orbiculares, gremios, RCS. STUDY OF SPIDERS’ DIVERSITY IN A TROPICAL DRY FOREST (BS-T) IN SABANALARGA, ATLÁNTICO, COLOMBIA Abstract This work shows how the composition and structure of arachnofauna in the Rural Reserve la Sierra (RCS in Spanish), Sabanalarga municipality, department of Atlántico, Colombia was evaluated.
    [Show full text]
  • Arachnida, Araneae, Pholcidae)
    BOLETÍN DEL CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES BIOLÓGICAS VOLUMEN 42, NO. 1, 2008, PP. 85–92 UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA, MARACAIBO, VENEZUELA TRES NUEVOS REGISTROS PARA LA ARANEOFAUNA VENEZOLANA (ARACHNIDA, ARANEAE, PHOLCIDAE) PÍO A. COLMENARES-GARCÍA Museo de Biología, Universidad del Zulia. Apartado 526, Maracaibo 4011, Estado Zulia, Venezuela [email protected] Resumen. Se registra por primera vez la presencia de Artema atlanta Walckenaer 1837, Crossopriza lyoni (Blackwall 1867) y Micropholcus fauroti (Simon 1887) en Venezuela. Se ofrece un recuento y comentarios sobre la diversidad actual de los fólcidos en Venezuela. Recibido: 22 enero 2008, aceptado: 14 marzo 2008. Palabras clave. Araneae, Pholcidae, arañas, Artema atlanta, Crossopriza lyoni, Micropholcus fauroti, estado Zulia, Venezuela especies sinantrópicas. THREE NEW RECORDS FOR VENEZUELAN ARANEOFAUNA (ARACHNIDA, ARANEAE, PHOLCIDAE) Abstract. Artema atlanta Walckenaer 1837, Crossopriza lyoni (Blackwall 1867) and Micropholcus fauroti (Simon 1887) are recorded for the first time in Venezuela. An overview and comments on the current diversity of pholcid spiders in Venezuela are given. Received: 22 January 2008, accepted: 14 March 2008. Key words. Araneae, Pholcidae, spiders, Artema atlanta, Crossopriza lyoni, Micropholcus fauroti, Zulia State, Venezuela, sinantropic species. INTRODUCCIÓN Las arañas de Venezuela han sido pobremente estudiadas, y solo se cuenta con contribuciones dispersas a través de los años. Hasta el año 2006 se habían registrado en el país 701 especies, repartidas en 350 géneros y 55 familias (Colmenares 2007). Este número apenas representa aproximadamente el 1,75% de la araneofauna mundial, contabilizada por Platnick (2008), lo cual resulta muy bajo tomando en cuenta que Venezuela es considerado como un país con gran diversidad en numerosos taxones, debido a sus características geográficas.
    [Show full text]
  • Em Dois Gradientes Altitudinais Na Amazônia, Amazonas, Brasil
    i INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA DIVERSIDADE DE ARANHAS (ARANEAE-ARACHNIDA) EM DOIS GRADIENTES ALTITUDINAIS NA AMAZÔNIA, AMAZONAS, BRASIL ANDRÉ DO AMARAL NOGUEIRA Manaus, Amazonas Junho de 2011 i ANDRÉ DO AMARAL NOGUEIRA DIVERSIDADE DE ARANHAS (ARANEAE-ARACHNIDA) EM DOIS GRADIENTES ALTITUDINAIS NA AMAZÔNIA, AMAZONAS, BRASIL ORIENTADOR: DR. EDUARDO MARTINS VENTICINQUE Co-orientador: Dr. Antonio Domingos Brescovit Tese apresentada à Coordenação do Programa de Pós-Graduação do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do titulo de Doutor em Biologia (Ecologia) Manaus, Amazonas Junho de 2011 ii Bancas examinadoras Banca avaliadora do trabalho escrito – Avaliadores e parecer Dra. Carla Rodrigues Ribas (UFLA, Brasil)- Aprovada Dr. Felipe Rego (UFMA, Brasil) – Aprovado - Aprovada Dr. Nathan Sanders (Univ. Tennessee, EUA) – Aprovada com correções Dr. Robert K. Colwell (Univ. Connecticut, EUA) – Aprovada Dr. Gonçalo Ferraz (INPA/PDBFF, Brasil) – Reprovada Banca examinadora da defesa oral – Avaliadores e parecer Dr. Willian Ernest Magnusson (INPA, Brasil) – Aprovada Dr. Pedro Ivo Simões (INPA, Brasil) – Aprovada Dr. Thierry Ray Jehlen Gasnier (UFAM, Brasil) – Aprovada iii N778 Nogueira, Andre do Amaral Diversidade de aranhas (Arachnida-Araneae) em dois gradientes altitudinais na Amazônia, Amazonas, Brasil / Andre do Amaral Nogueira.--- Manaus : [s.n.], 2011. xv, 243 f. : il. color. Tese (doutorado)-- INPA, Manaus, 2011 Orientador : Eduardo Martins Venticinque Co-orientador : Antônio Domingos Brescovit Área de concentração : Ecologia de Comunidades 1. Aracnologia. 2. Biodiversidade. 3. Ecologia de comunidades. 4. Neblina, Pico (AM). I. Título. CDD 19. ed. 595.47 Sinopse: Nesse trabalho nós estudamos a distribuição altitudinal da comunidade de aranhas amostrada no Pico da Neblina (AM - Brasil).
    [Show full text]
  • New World Pholcid Spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a Revision at Generic Level
    NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS (ARANEAE: PHOLCIDAE): A REVISION AT GENERIC LEVEL BERNHARD A. HUBER Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 254, 348 pages, 1357 figures, 9 maps, 4 appendices Issued June 30, 2000 Price: $29.30 a copy Copyright ᭧ American Museum of Natural History 2000 ISSN 0003-0090 CONTENTS Abstract ...................................................................... 04 Introduction ................................................................... 04 Materials and Methods ....................................................... 06 Acknowledgments ........................................................... 07 Phylogenetics ................................................................. 07 Terminal Taxa ............................................................... 07 Characters Scored ........................................................... 09 Characters Not Scored ....................................................... 32 Cladistic Analysis ........................................................... 34 Taxonomy—Pholcidae .......................................................... 41 Diagnosis ................................................................... 41 Description ................................................................. 46 Natural History .............................................................. 48 Composition ................................................................ 50 Key to New World Genera ..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Insects from the Bemhridge Marls, Palaeogene of the Isle of Wight, Southern England
    Fossil insects from the Bemhridge Marls, Palaeogene of the Isle of Wight, southern England E. A. J arzembowski Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 SBD Contents Synopsis 238 Introduction 239 Previous studies 240 Notes on lithology, inclusions and method of study 240 Field sections . 242 Correlation 243 Systematic descriptions 244 Order Isoptera 244 Family Mastotermitidae 244 Genus Mastotermes Froggatt 244 Mastotermes anglicus von Rosen 245 Family Kalotermitidae 249 Genus Kalotermes Hagen 249 Kalotermes disruptus (Cockerell) 249 Family Rhinotermitidae 251 Genus Reticulitermes Holmgren 251 Reticulitermes sp. 251 Family Termitidae 253 Species A . 253 Family uncertain 253 Order Plecoptera . 253 Family Leuctridae 253 Genus Leuctra Stephens 253 Lellctra priscula (Cockerell) 253 Order Neuroptera 255 Family Mantispidae . 255 Genus Promantispa nov. 255 Promantispa relicta (Cockerell) 255 Family Hemerobiidae 257 Genus Hemerobius Linne 257 Hemerobius tinctus sp. nov. 257 Genus Nellronema McLachlan 259 ? NeurOflema sp. A 259 '! Nellronema sp. B 259 Genus indet. 260 Species A 260 Species B . 260 Species C . 260 Family Chrysopidae 260 Species A . 260 Family Sisyridae 261 Species A . 261 Family uncertain 262 Order Mecoptera . 262 Family Bittacidae 262 8ull. Br. lv/us. nat. Hist. (Geol.) 33 (4) : 237-293 Issued 27 March 1980 238 E. A. JARZEMBOWSKI Genus Bittacl/s Latreille . 262 Bittacils vetertillS (Cockerell) 262 Bitfacus sp. A 263 Order Lepidoptera 263 Family Micropterigidae 263 Genus Micropterix Hubner 263 ft,licropterix anglica sp. nov. 263 Family Hepialidae 265 Genus Prohepialus Piton 265 Prolrepialus sp. 265 Family Tineidae 267 Genus Paratriaxomasia nov. 267 Paratriaxomasia solentensis sp. nov. 267 Genus indet. 269 Species A .
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae): Updated Checklist 2005
    REVIEW ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 20(10): 1999-2049 INDIAN SPIDERS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE): UPDATED CHECKLIST 2005 Manju Siliwal 1, Sanjay Molur 2,3 and B.K. Biswas 4 1,2 Wildlife Information & Liaison Development (WILD) Society, 3 Zoo Outreach Organisation (ZOO) 29-1, Bharathi Colony, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641004, India 4 Zoological Survey of India, 'M' Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700053, India Email: 1 [email protected]; 3 [email protected] ABSTRACT There have been attempts earlier to list the families and the This is the first attempt to update the list of spiders described number of genera under each, such as the one by Patil and formally in India. The list is compiled following Platnick's The Raghavendra (2001) on spiders of Western Ghats. The lists are World Spider Catalog. Extensive search of scientific peer- reviewed publications in the region revealed 40 new species, mostly based on Tikader's checklist. This present checklist is which are not included in Platnick's list. The checklist is an attempt to clarify and standardize spider fauna list in India. compared extensively with Tikader's list. In all, 1442 species of spiders in 59 families have been listed as described formally History of arachnological studies in India from India. Taxonomic verification is recommended for 51 Arachnological studies in India started in the late 19th Century species. Seventy-nine species listed by Tikader do not occur in India. Fifty-three species listed by Dyal and included in with pioneer taxonomists such as Blackwall (1864, 1867), Platnick's list do not occur in India. The paper lists Stoliczka (1869), Thorell (1877), Cambridge (1892, 1897), Simon replacement names, incertae sedis, nomina nuda, nomina (1897a,b), Pocock (1895, 1899a,b, 1900a,b, 1901), and Sherriffs dubia, transfers, synonyms, wrong taxonomic placements, (1919, 1927, 1928, 1929).
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated List of Spider Families (Araneida) of Trinidad and Tobago
    Copyright TTFNC 9 Annotated List of Spider Families (Araneida) of Trinidad and Tobago Jo-Anne Nina Sewlal1 and Bruce Cutler2 1. Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USA. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The spider families of the neotropical islands of Trinidad and Tobago are reviewed. Forty one families are definitely recorded, while an additional 12 families are considered as likely, based on their presence in the nearby South American mainland. Biological and recognition characters are noted for most of the families. INTRODUCTION these families are present is based on the fact that Trinidad and The Araneida, or spiders, are an order within the class Tobago was separated from South America. Therefore the biota Arachnida (arachnids), and number about 38,000 known species. North of the Amazon and East of the Andes would be similar to They are diverse, adaptable and found on all the continents except that found in Trinidad and Tobago. Antarctica. The worldwide spider fauna is still incompletely known. There are two suborders of spiders, Mesothelae and Furthermore, the scientific literature is very scattered, and new Opistothelae. The first is a small group found only in southeast species can be found even with the most cursory surveys. Despite Asia. The Opistothelae are further divided into two infraorders, these problems there is fair taxonomic literature. As an example, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae. The most obvious distinction the numerous papers of Levi that revised the taxonomy of the between these two is the orientation of the chelicerae, or jaws.
    [Show full text]