Ecological Consequences of Shrimp Farming in Southwestern Satkhira District of Bangladesh
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Open Access Austin Journal of Earth Science A Austin Full Text Article Publishing Group Research Article Ecological Consequences of Shrimp Farming in Southwestern Satkhira District of Bangladesh Md. Humayun Kabir*, Iffat Jahan Eva Abstract Department of Geography and Environment, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh The present study based on primary investigations (focus group discussion, *Corresponding author: Md. Humayun Kabir, field observation, household interviews etc.), laboratory analyses for soil and Department of Geography and Environment, University water quality (heavy metal test, pH, salinity, electricity conductivity, particle size of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh analysis etc.) and secondary materials (remote sensing data, satellite images analysis etc.) reveals that due to poor drainage system and continuous shrimp Received: June 02, 2014; Accepted: July 21, 2014; farming at Chandipur Village under Debhata Upazila of Satkhira District, salinity Published: July 26, 2014 level of both soil and water are increasing. In addition PH, salinity, electrical conductivity of soil and water have been found in a very critical condition. Different types of heavy and toxic metals such as Na, Fe, Cr, Zn, Ni, and Pb have been detected in ghers’ soil. However, to reduce such toxic concentration in water and soil, measures to introduce drainage system (to control water quality and discharge effluents from ghers), to control the use of fish-feed, to stop further conversion of land into gher and to promote plantation of local species have to be adopted. Keywords: Ecological impacts; Soil & water quality; Shrimp farming; Satkhira; Bangladesh Introduction with shrimp [11]. In addition, different climatic variables including cyclone, salinity, sea level rise, water temperature, flood, rainfall, and Fisheries in Bangladesh is one of the major contributors to drought have had adverse effects on coastal ecosystem [5]. the agricultural GDP (22.21%) and 2.73% to foreign exchange earnings by exporting fish products during 2010-11. Within this Shrimp aquaculture has been causing severe threats to local sector, shrimp (Penaeus monodon) is the dominant contributor [1,2]. ecological systems, such as- deterioration of soil and water quality, In parallel with the large contribution of shrimp farming to local and depletion of mangrove forest, decrease of local variety of rice and national economy, it has already caused significant damages to the fish, saline water intrusion in ground water, local water pollution local ecosystems [3-5]. More than 15.6 million people of the country and change of local hydrology [12-15]. Recent extensive expansion are directly and indirectly involved in this sector. During the last of shrimp cultivation has severely caused depletion of forest cover of few decades shrimp aquaculture, particularly the black tiger shrimp the Chokoria-Sundarbans and led to significant losses of biodiversity (Bagda) has been a major component in the development of our of fisheries and forest species [16,17]. Salinization in ground water national economy. Coastal aquaculture is mainly based on shrimp and saline water intrusion in surrounding areas have caused a serious cultivation, while shrimp is the second largest source of earning ecological and socioeconomic damage in the coastal environment. foreign currency [6]. Among exported fishes only shrimp contributed Salinity is being thought to be a silent poison in the southwestern 57 percent during 2010-2011. Bangladesh has a huge coastal tidal area part of Bangladesh due to continuous shrimp cultivation. In this which is considered favourable for shrimp farming and 0.276 million region, the practices of shrimp farming have caused massive loss of hectares of land are currently under brackish water shrimp cultivation. crop production, loss of fruit and other indigenous floral species, During 2010-2011 the country produced 182,471 metric tons of large fresh water crisis for drinking and so on [10]. The absence of national (121,203 metric tons) and small shrimp [7] and earned US$ 437.40 policy and strategy on sustainable shrimp aquaculture has been a million from both frozen shrimp and fishes [8]. South-western fundamental problem of this sector [3]. Gradual increase of toxic and south-eastern parts of the country are favourable for shrimp elements in the soil of this region is contaminating lower level soil. cultivation. Coastal shrimp culture however, is mainly concentrated Products of this soil also carry these toxic substances and have the in the districts of Khulna and Chittagong. Most of the lands of this potentiality to create health hazards. Primavera [18] reported that region are now under shrimp cultivation. Moreover, three districts of with the steady rise of biomass and food inputs, water quality in Bangladesh (Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira) accommodate around high density ponds decreases over the cropping periods. In addition, 80 percent of total shrimp production [9,10]. Since 1980s shrimp outsiders control of the large shrimp farms is the primary cause of has been a major part of aquaculture in this region and is considered social imbalance and deteriorating law and order in the coastal areas as the major driving force of economic development in this area. in Bangladesh [19]. Two-thirds of the farms in Khulna region (southwestern part) rotate The present study was an attempt to identify various negative paddy with shrimp cultivation, while in highly saline condition of impacts of shrimp farming on the local environment particularly on Chittagong region (southeastern part), salt is commonly rotated water and soil quality, vegetation and land use change. Austin J Earth Sci - Volume 1 Issue 1 - 2014 Citation: Kabir M.H and Iva I.J. Ecological Consequences of Shrimp Farming In Southwestern Satkhira District of ISSN : 2380-0771 | www.austinpublishinggroup.com Bangladesh. Austin J Earth Sci. 2014;1(1): 7. Kabir et al. © All rights are reserved Humayun Kabir Austin Publishing Group Materials and Methods Procedure: First, weighed 40gm of oven dry soil. Placed weighed soil in a 600 ml beaker and added 100 ml distilled water to the Household questionnaire survey sample. To remove organic matter, I added 5 ml of 30% hydrogen The present study has been accomplished mainly based on peroxide. Then the beaker was covered with a clock-glass to prevent primary data. In addition, secondary level data have also been loss by splitting due to initial violent reaction. Heated the beaker consulted. Primary data were collected in various ways (household gently on a hot plate for 15 minutes; shake when necessary to control questionnaire survey, focus group discussions and laboratory frothing. Further addition of H₂O₂ may be necessary if the color experiments of water and soil in the laboratories). First of all, the of the suspension has not become light enough to indicate that the villages dominated with shrimp farming practices within Debhata organic matter is oxidized. It was boiled gently for 5 minutes. Then Upazila have been identified and Chandipur, the present study it was allowed the contents of the beaker to cool down. Then added village has been randomly selected out of these villages. A total of 108 100 ml 5% calgon solution and allowed to stirrer the contents of households out of 290 from the study village were randomly selected beaker by a glass rod until well mixed. Then the solution allowed for interviews with semi-structured questionnaire. For household standing overnight. In next day, transferred the suspension to the level interviews, the household heads were mostly considered who dispersion cup, using a stream of distilled water and take care that had attained experiences of shrimp cultivation. no soil material is lost during transfer and make the volume to 400 Focus group discussion ml. placed the dispersion cup on the electric stirrer and mix for 3 minutes. After transferring the suspension with washing the stirrer A significant number of people in the study have recently stopped to the sedimentation cylinder; filled the cylinder to 1000 ml mark shrimp cultivation as it does not appear as profitable to them anymore. with distilled water repeated washing carefully without losing any Therefore, in order to find out difficulties of shrimp cultivation, soil material. Then the suspension was stirred with a stirring paddle their present occupational status, informal group discussions and for 1 minute. Then time was recorded immediately after removal of focus group discussions were also conducted. In the study area, 2 the paddle from the suspension. Hydrometer placed very carefully in focus group discussions were carried out with 10 people each who the suspension as soon as possible after removing the stirring paddle were earlier engaged in shrimp farming but have recently left these from the cylinder. The reading of hydrometer was taken at the water practices. level exactly 40 seconds after removal of the stirring paddle. If the Laboratory experiments suspension contains a considerable amount of foam, added a few In order to assess the magnitude of soil and water quality decline drops of amyl alcohol before taking the reading to remove bubbles. If in the study area, the present research has emphasized on laboratory a check of 30 seconds reading is a desired, repeated step 9, 10 and 11 experiments of soil and water collected from shrimp ghers in two two or three times and took average reading. Without remixing the different time periods (February and May in 2012). Salinity is assumed suspension, a blank reading was taken for 40s and 2 hours. (For blank to be higher in the drier months, and therefore water samples were reading, putted 100 ml calgon solution in a 1000 ml sedimentation collected in May. In addition, water samples were also collected from cylinder and filled the cylinder distilled water up to the mark. Mix the local freshwater ponds in order to compare with the quality of gher suspension thoroughly. Placed the hydrometer into the suspension water. The characteristics of water in bothghers and freshwater ponds and recorded the blank reading at same time interval).