Coastal Dynamics of the Pechora and Kara Seas

of thewind-wave energy assessmentand its results Searegion. for theKara We have also affect thecoastallineretreat period duration ofthe ice-free isprovided, alongwithamethod change.climate ofhow thewind-wave andsea iceextent Adescription energy fluxandthe Bay,Baydaratskaya Sea. Kara coastsare with The dynamicsofthermal-abrasion directly linked developed. The results ofsuchinvestigations are analyzed on theexampleofUralcoast remote methods, sensingandnumerical which includesdirectfieldobservations, hasbeen for technology, monitoring Monitoring) more than30years. thisperiod, anup-to-date During (RussianFederal forOceanographic Institute Hydrometeorology Service andEnvironmental the Faculty ofGeography (Lomonosov State together University) withZubovState Moscow at ofGeoecologytheNorth outbyLaboratory Seashasbeencarried the Barents andKara * [email protected] e-mail: 119991 Moscow, Russia, Tel: Fax: +7-495-939 25 26 +7-495-932 88 36; 5 4 3 2 Stanislav A.Ogorodov DOI: 10.15356/2071-9388_03v09_2016_04 8 7 6 Natalya N.Shabanova Anatoly M.Kamalov 1 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: 119991 Moscow, Russia, Tel: Fax: +7-495-939 25 26 +7-495-932 88 36; e-mail: [email protected]: 6,119034,Moscow, pereulok, Oceanographic Institute, Kropotkinskiy Russia, 119991 Moscow, Russia, Tel: Fax: Zubov State +7-495-939 25 26 +7-495-932 88 36; [email protected]: 119991 Moscow, Russia, Tel: Fax: +7-495-939 25 26 +7-495-932 88 36; Telegrafenberg [email protected] Potsdam, A43,D-14473 e-mail: Germany; [email protected] e-mail: 119991 Moscow, Russia, Tel: Fax: +7-495-939 25 26 +7-495-932 88 36; [email protected] e-mail: 119991 Moscow, Russia, Tel: Fax: +7-495-939 25 26 +7-495-932 88 36; [email protected] e-mail: 119991 Moscow, Russia, Tel: Fax: +7-495-939 25 26 +7-495-932 88 36; ABSTRACT. DISTURBANCES CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND HUMAN AND KARA SEAS UNDER CHANGING COASTAL DYNAMICS OF THE PECHORA Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Gory Leninskie Department ofGeosciences, division ofperiglacialresearch,Department Alfred Wegener Institute Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Gory Leninskie Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Gory Leninskie Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Gory Leninskie Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Gory Leninskie Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Gory Leninskie Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Gory Leninskie Corresponding author

Coastal dynamics monitoring on the key areasCoastal ofoilandgasdevelopment onthekey dynamicsmonitoring at 4 , Dmitry E. Kuznetsov, Dmitry 7 1 , Aleksey P. Vergun *, Alisa V. Baranskaya 8 5 , Paul P. Overduin 2 , Nataliya G.Belova 6 , 3 ,

53 ENVIRONMENT 54 ENVIRONMENT forecast oftheretreat coastshave ofthermoabrasional beendeveloped. As for aresult, methodsofinvestigations obtainingtheparameters required necessary for the evaluated theinfluenceoflocalanthropogenicondynamicsArcticcoasts. impacts GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 03(09)2016 effect isenhancedbytheincrease ofthewave andseaicecover this reduction; warming coastal erosion. Undertheconditionsofglobal mechanismsofwave-induced trigger activate in thecomingyears. Technogenic disturbances coastal retreat rates may significantly increase ongoing andforecasted climaticchange, andthe eventualConsidering humanimpact frozen depositshave poorresistance to erosion. Seascomposedof coasts ofBarents andKara withthecryolithozone. due to thecontact The zone inthepolarregions sensitive isextremely andoperation. their construction The coastal geotechnical andgeoecological safety during for thecoastal dynamics, isnecessary ofnaturalprocesses, particularly knowledge pipelines. andunderwater ground-surface The islands, platforms, drilling terminals,artificial approach channels, ofseaports, construction seasrequiresand shelfoftheRussianArctic facilitiesonthecoasts and transportation development ofnaturalgasextraction The imagery, climate change, wave iceextent, energy, Pechora Seas. humanimpact, andKara KEY WORDS INTRODUCTION : coastaldynamics, monitoring, cryolithozone, thermoabrasion, multitemporal Fig. 1. Key sites of studies; years of the start of observations of start the of years studies; of 1.Fig. Key sites direct measurements and by trigonometric measurementsdirect andbytrigonometric from isexecuted constantbenchmarks by (Fig.century 1).Coastal dynamicsmonitoring been establishedthere inthe80–90sofXX profiles for have coastaldynamicsmonitoring deformations, approximately 120permanent of coastalretreat andshore zone profile in negative effects. To thespeed determine where hasalready humanimpact brought crossing Bay, oftheBaydaratskaya Sea, Kara areas, aswell asthegaspipelineunderwater key Sea)industrial (Kara Sea) andKharasavey of investigations are the Varandey (Barents energy, onthecoasts. acting sitesThe key hydrometeorologic factors, mainlywind-wave together withtheassessmentof of thecoastalretreat rates’ determination, thepresent study,In wethemethods describe coastal retreat rates candoubleandeven triple. change form asynergetic effect, due to which As aresult,andclimate localhumanimpact period, whenwaves directlyontheshores. act fetch, together withthedurationofice-free on theonehand, bymechanicalabrasion abrasioniscaused, and thermo-mechanical the seassituated inthecryolithozone, thermal slopes composedbyfrozen sediments. For ofcoastsandunderwater is thedestruction According abrasion to itsdefinition,thermal dangerous processes abrasion. isthermal For theRussian Arcticcoasts, oneofthecrucial Island, Barents Sea. Bay andof coasts ofBaydaratskaya Varandey basedontheexamplesof observed unreasonable technogenic explorationare from that,theconsequencesof Apart hydrometeorologicthe Marresalya station. arefactors analyzed basedonthedataof thehydrometeorologic Bay; Baydaratskaya rates are provided for theUralcoastof reasons ofchangesinthecoastalretreat investigations andtheanalysisof An exampleoftheresults ofsuch resolution. images ofhighandextra-high andsatelliteis studyingmulti-temporal aerial ofmultiannualcoastaldynamics an overview leveling. Anadditionalmethodofreceiving Ogorodov S.A.,Baranskaya A.V. etal. DYNAMICS FACTORS OF COASTALTHE ARCTIC Fig. 2. Typical thermoabrasional coast of the Kara Sea Kara the of coast thermoabrasional Typical 2. Fig.

COASTAL DYNAMICS OF THE PECHORA AND SEAS KARA cause mechanicalabrasionintensification. willof thewave which,initsturn, action, free impact willleadto therising period and lithosphere. The increase oftheice- causechangesinthehydrosphereits turn, whichwill,of globalclimate warming in will inevitablychangeundertheconditions layer oftheatmosphere of thenear-earth the XXI century, hydrometeorological features relatively well intheXX century. However, in abrasion ofseacoastshasbeenstudied Thermal 5–10 mperyear ormore. reachesoften catastrophic velocities ofupto beds outcropping inthecliff, suchdestruction conditions. withmassiveWithin ice sections from 0,5to 2mperyear innatural coasts vary multiannual retreat abrasion rates ofthermal composed bypermafrost (Fig. 2). The mean ofthecliffsbecause ofthelowstability the Arcticcoastalzone are intense extremely processes morpholithodynamic in is ice-free, dynamics, ofactive period whenthesea short year.up to several meters every Despite the denudation,thecoastline retreatsthermal As aresultabrasionand thermal ofactive hand, bythethawing ofthefrozen grounds. induced bythewave and, ontheother action, ...

55 ENVIRONMENT 56 ENVIRONMENT [Ogorodov, 2008,Ogorodov, 2011](Fig. 3). andthewave factor the thermal energy factor factors: oftwo combination andinteraction coasts are bythe generallydetermined thermoabrasional The dynamicsoftypical influence thecoastaldynamics. surges, andstorm strong cyclones willalso namelytheoccurrencecharacteristics, of changesofthehydrometeorologicOther GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 03(09)2016 energy onthecoasts will inevitably factors andwavethe influenceof boththethermal Arctic seas, forecasted for theXXI century, change andchangesintheice cover of the Under theconditionsofglobal climate when thewater area isice-free. dynamicperiod,on thedurationofactive wave fetch (positionoftheseaiceborder) and considerably dependsonthelengthof of storms. ofstorms, The intensity initsturn, andduration bytheintensity is determined the coasts. Therefore theeffect ofthisfactor on expressed inthedirectmechanicalaction ofthewaveThe impact energy is factor dynamics inpermafrost areas. influencesthecoastal more factor thethermal withseawater is, ofcontact the the period withpositivethe period temperatures and and water temperature is, andthelonger –1,8 °C.Correspondingly, thehigherair air andwater withthetemperature above with composing thecliffthrough itscontact transition ofenergy to thepermafrost isexpressed inthe impact The thermal Fig. 3. Hydrometeorologic factors of coastal dynamics parts is the monitoring of the cliff destruction ofthecliffdestruction isthemonitoring parts their development. Oneofthemostimportant of without theunderstanding ofthefactors coastsisimpossibleof thermoabrasional forecastA correct of thecoastaldynamics the facilities’ lifetime. forecastthe correct ofcoastaldynamics for andontheimple shore section, choiceofthemostdynamicallystable the right surrounding areas, is highlydependenton as well asthegeoecological safety ofthe underdevelopment,infrastructure objects The geotechnical safety ofpetroleum processes, includingcoastaldynamics. ofnaturalexogenousmonitoring withoutapreliminarybe constructed code ofprac According to theRussianconstruction for coastal dynamicsmonitoring andremoteDirect sensing methods cryolithozone. natural environmental mechanisms inthe cases, bytheignorance determined ofthe These consequencesare, inmostofthe of coastaldynamicsintheareas. into accountthefeatureswithout taking designedto thedamageofconstructions corresponding periods, tolead often warmer natural processes, includingthermoabrasion, air temperature. Fluctuations intherates of were ones, similarto themodern withrising many caseswhenconditionsintheArcticarea 30–40 oftheXX century, there have been theHolocene,unique. andintheyears In The changesofthelastdecadesare not free prolongation. period repeated winds, storm sealevel andice- rise the growth bythe ofwhichisdetermined ofthewave onthecoast,impact action precipitation, butalsodueto theincreased air andwater temperatures and possible frozen ground ofhigher undertheaction not onlydueto theintensive thawing ofthe grow. The increase ofabrasionwilloccur METHODS OFMETHODS STUDY tice, no industrial facility cantice, facility noindustrial mentation of section. atarelativelythermoabrasion longcoastal oftheprocesses of and temporal variability This helpsto obtainintegrative dataonspatial compositionoftheshore.cryolithological set withrespectto geomorphological and for network isusually monitoring benchmark As arule, are 3benchmarks set(Fig. 4). The the Baltic-77(Russian)system ofheights. leveling. areThe benchmarks to attributed measurements andbytrigonometric isexecutedstant benchmarks bydirect Coastal from dynamics monitoring con- and temperature conditions. meteorological wave thatdetermine factors reliable correlations for hydro- active and andestablish conditions ofthermoabrasion datacanhelptomonitoring reconstructthe Only aproper sequenceofrepeated retreat dueto wave (wave action abrasion). due to and thawing (thermodenudation) Ogorodov S.A.,Baranskaya A.V. etal. Special attention shouldbepaidto thespatial in theArcticcoastal dynamicsinvestigations. stage isthemostimportant satellite imagery The preparation and oftheobtained aerial Formosat 2]. high resolution QuickBird, isavailable [Ikonos, ofultra- spaceimagery Arctic coast,modern investigations. For ofthe aconsiderablepart resolution (4–7m),goodenoughfor coastal interest, sincetheyhaveparticular medium 1961and1970areimages shotbetween of the archive spaceimagery, declassifiedCorona images [Ogorodov, Belovaetal., 2011].Among andspace the analysisofmultitemporal aerial dynamics for relatively is longtimeperiods A reliable methodofstudyingcoastal Fig. 4. Coastal dynamics monitoring by leveling trigonometric

COASTAL DYNAMICS OF THE PECHORA AND SEAS KARA was taken, allowingcalculating theheightof was taken, based onthetime anddate whentheimage landforms,the colorofthese two orassessed visuallybythedifferencebe determined in beach andlittoral isdigitized. caneither It accumulative coasts, theborder the between influencing thebeachand the littoral, for Sometimes, incaseofaeolianprocesses limit (for are accumulative digitized. sections) andthecontinuousvegetationsections) satellite imagery, thecliffedge(for abrasion continuous vegetation cover. Basedonthe coasts are theclifflineandborder ofthe for andaccumulative thermoabrasion andwell decipherablesignswide-spread Oneofthemost interpretation stagestarts. images available for theterritory, the thereferencingAfter ofallthemultitemporal reached. enoughcorrespondence canbeprecise creating reference asetofverified points, the received contours withtheimageand superimposing lakes, ravines andhollows).By are usedinthegeoreferencing often (rivers, region. Consequently, hydrographic objects anthropogenic presence intheexplored of stablepointswhichiscausedbylittle isthelack andsatellite of aerial imagery The mainproblem regarding thereferencing “rubber sheet” method)shouldbeused. initial data(polynomialtransformations, of special methodsallowingthecurvature For part. their peripheral theirreferencing, images have tr of theirconsiderablecoverage, Corona dataforas benchmark thesefiles. Because and plansorfieldGPS-pointscanbeused QuickBird images, aswell astopographic maps and obtained asasimpleraster file. Ikonos of Corona satellite imageswhichcanonlybe A more complicated taskisthereferencing geoid level are negligible. andthe theheightsonterrain between enough for coastalareas becausetheerror parameters. ofreferencingThis kind isprecise (reference files)created bythesatellite’s orbit images are provided withtheworld-files reference andQuickBird ofthedata.Ikonos apeze-like deformations in apeze-like ...

57 ENVIRONMENT 58 ENVIRONMENT of The dimensionofthe3•10 alongthechosenwinddirection. fetch [km] [m/s], xisthereal distanceofwave orextreme by ananemometer at10m above sea level ρ corresponds to thedimensionsof method [1966]: similar to theoneusedin V.V. Longinov’s coastal zone iscalculated usingtheequation the waveof front) attheouter boundary the wave energy fluxpersecond(for 1mof does notinfluencetheformation ofwaves, For deep-water conditions, whentheseafloor wind-induced waves. the windspeedandparameters ofthe processes andappliescorrelations between ofwave The methodisbasedonthetheory wave energy method[Ogorodov, 2002]. the Popov-Sovershaev [1981,1982]wind- The wave energy fluxiscalculated using assessment Methods ofthe wind-wave energy (Fig. 5). maps ofcoastaldynamicsare created of multitemporal imagery, interpretative severalduring years. Basingontheanalysis and cancompletely changetheirposition landformsbars whichare quasi-ephemeral location andevolution oftheunderwater satellite images, we the canalsodetermine or progradation for asettimeperiod. By of theseforms, assuchcoastalretreat it ispossibleto assessthedeformations of help the limitsoflandforms, withthe vectorised superimposing the tideatthatmoment.By GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 03(09)2016 where [t/m per cubicmeter becauseofthebigvalues, i.e. i.e. is EVx is density [gr./m isdensity 010 dw ms tm 3 ]), =⋅ ms tm , V / 1 , 310 or g 10 / isgravitational acceleration[m/s multitemporal satellite images, isthereal windspeedmeasured 3 2 t / − . s 63 Thus, ` Thus, . 3 (1) ] (transformed into tons E 0 dw hasthedimension –6 coefficient ρ / g , where 2 ], shallowness indexof 1)thekinematic conditions occur: equation (1).Equation(2)isappliediftwo formation ofwind-inducedwaves. At (in km) isgreat enoughto(in km) generate waves: where expressed inmeters); 2)thewave fetch depth alongthecurrent winddirection period, theinstantaneousflux from agiven theice-free direction (Ed)during To calculate theenergy comingto theshore effect ofwave oncoastaldynamicsis. action period. ice-free The longeritis, thegreater the Coastal wave the abrasionispossibleduring by the formulais determined (5). is equalto ifnot–it thedistanceto thisobject, coastal lineiscloserthanxlim,thewave fetch ofthe anislandoracurve like any object If for conditionsisobtained: deep-sea From wave (4),thevalueof extreme fetch At equation (3)becomesthefollowing: looks asfollows: A similarequationfor theshallowseazone (v) and direction (d) frequency ( (d)frequency (v) anddirection ice free days) andbythecurrent windspeed seconds (n durationexpressed period in by theice-free E period): over theice-free EV xV gx xgH dv 010 i 10 lim V min H sw 10 =E min 2 V gH = 10 =⋅ 65. 6.5 2 l 3. o 30. l 1 , 210 E • <3water depthshamperthe 0 2 sw n Ѕ • ⎝⎠ ⎜⎟ ⎛⎞ (5) hasthesamedimensionsasin − 86 400, where nisthenumberof V 86400. (6) (4) 65 V gH 10 2 ⎝⎠ ⎜⎟ ⎛⎞ 10 2 V gH 10 2 islessthan3(Hthesea 0,4 (3) (2) E p 0 ismultiplied dv calculated V gH 10 2 x min = 3 =3 Ogorodov S.A.,Baranskaya A.V. etal. 8 –coastline in2012, 9–contours drained of lakes 1964–2012, for retreat coastal bluff meters), 5 –coastlin in2012;bluff U8(110) theco of benchmark –the number 1 –Corona 1964, image 2–aerialphoto –1988, 3–Quic Fig. 5. Interpretative scheme of coastal dynamics for the Ural coast of the Baydaratskaya Bay, Kara Sea: Sea: Bay, Kara Baydaratskaya the of coast Ural the for dynamics coastal of scheme 5. Interpretative Fig.

COASTAL DYNAMICS OF THE PECHORA AND SEAS KARA e in1964; 6–coastline in1988, 7–coastline in 2005, astal dynamics monitoring network (the monitoringastal network value the dynamics of kBird image – 2005, 4 – Formosat2 image -2012; 4–Formosat2 –2005, kBird image image coastal ...

59 ENVIRONMENT 60 ENVIRONMENT towards thecoast: i.e. providing directions waves directed directions,the wind-wave-dangerous is calculated asthesumofEdover all (E) comingto a1meter longshore strap The total amountofwind-wave energy calculation. speeds higherthan5m/sare into taken then 6m/s)isnegligible. That iswhy wind the effect ofweak winds(withvelocities less, wasshownin[Sovershaev,It 1981, 1982]that occurred are summarized: that,thewindswithallspeedswhich After GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 03(09)2016 energy fluxes of the wave-dangerous directions) vector (being a combination geometrical of flux energy total the of illustration The 6. Fig. (Fig. 6). along- andacross-shore components isdividedintodangerous directions. It sumoffluxesas ageometric ofwave- The total energy fluxvector iscalculated EE EE EE dd dd dd == = ddd dd p v ∑∑∑ ∑ dd max === = nn 6 11 v . (7) v v max 6 v . (8) wind-wave energy fluxgenerally increased ofthesevaluesshows that the variability graph (Fig. 7a). The analysisofthe interannual indays is alsoshownonthe period ice-free station. the Marresalya The durationofthe wascalculated for period of theice-free [Sovershaev, 1980], thewind-wave energy Using thePopov-Sovershaev’s method coastal erosion intensification. and more severe storms. That would leadto would result inshoreline exposition to more towards period the endofice-free winter inOctober-November,of storms of theshift andbythegreatestwind velocity number byamaximumofseas ischaracterized (Fig. 1).As theclimate oftheRussianArctic fromis conducted thebeginning ofthe80s since 1914andcoastaldynamicsmonitoring (includingicemonitoring) observations station hasheldhydrometeorological theMarresalya history: its longobservation investigation oftheseprocesses becauseof The western Yamal region isgoodfor the cryosphere; cryosphere; ice free [http://arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/ period ofthe icecoverthe Arctic andanextension of showa reduction based iceobservations conditions changes. Satellite andground- decades isexpressed bothiniceand wind wave energy. The climate changeofthelatest to thetotalcontribution amountofwind- provide duration. Storms period thelargest dependsontheice-free which, initsturn, wave energy fluxcomingto theshoreline, coastal retreat rate bythe isdetermined period. the ice-free during The seasonal energy flux. The waves ontheshores act are crucialintheformation ofthewave generated mostlybywind, windconditions far aswaves seas are intheRussianArctic ofwavesthe action andexcited currents. As slopeserosion by isdetermined underwater oferosionThe intensity oftheseashores and dynamics) (the hydrometeorologic factor ofcoastal Wind-wave energy interannual variations RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Obzor..., 2012]. coasts. increase theenergy ofwaves affecting the period, candramatically thesestorms ice-free minimal. However, withtheincrease ofthe storms, andtherefore is coastaldestruction doesn’t includethetimeofAutumn high wind-wave energy, period theice-free someyears,of coastalerosion. In inspite of of theirrelation and, asaresult, thepotential flux canestablishthepresence andnature ofthewave-energy interannual variability retrospective events analysisofstorm and [Ogorodov,wind activity 2011].Combined dropped dueto arevealed ofweak period energy thisperiod, onthecontrary, during durationin1998-2004, thewind-waveperiod instance, inspite oftheincreasing ice-free not always agreement. showadirect For (Fig. 7).However, parameters thesetwo do anextension experienced period ice-free from 1977to thepresent day, whilethe Ogorodov S.A.,Baranskaya A.V. etal. dot appears if the date reduces ice-free period duration incomparison ifthedate period to reduces date, mean ice-free white –ifextents) dot appears b) values andenddates potential start of (green energy instandard wind-wave line; black period and ice-free units a) Marresalya annual wind-wave energy flux (standard units, red) and ice-free period duration (days, green);

COASTAL DYNAMICS OF THE PECHORA AND SEAS KARA Fig. 7.Fig. connected withtheclimateconnected change. Searegioncirculation changesintheKara circulation, suchananomalyshows global byatmospheric isgoverned wind frequency 2010 compared to theprevious years. As the of 2005– theperiod during increased twice ofthewind-wave energythe mostpart flux, and west-north-westerly winds, providing that time. ofnorth-westerly The frequency sea, generatingthebiggestwaves, during ofwindsblowingfromfrequency theopen in thisperiod. This occurred dueto thehigh wasobserved energy interannual variability As aresult, amaximumofthewind-wave fell storms period. October into theice-free 2010, whentheheaviest September and the coast. This happenedintheyears 2005– of iceatthatmoment,theenergy reaches referred theseaisfree andautumn.If to spring maximum ofthewind-wave energy isusually Fig.In 7b, itcanbeseenthattheannual ...

61 ENVIRONMENT 62 ENVIRONMENT happen even therefore inonesingle storm; 2011] indicate thatconsiderableerosion can photography etal., [Overeem on time-lapse based Datafromice-free. thecoastsofAlaska, Autumn happened whentheseawas storms period, theheaviest oftheice-free extension happened in2005–2010,when, dueto the to intensified inOctober. storms The same durationandin1980–duewater period energy in2000appearbecauseofhighopen frequency. The highvaluesofwind-wave duration(1998,1999)andlowstorm period minimum iscausedbothbysmallice-free 1997–2004 are thecalmest. The wave energy of thenumberstorms. The summers of resultdoes notnecessarily intheincrease theshoreextends expositionto waves but towards endshifting period winter ice-free number ofstorms. This isthecasewhen 1982–1996 are byanincreased characterized of speed ofmore than10m/s).July–October (for thewindswith activity and lowstorm activity.the storm There are ofhigh periods related to theintensification orcalmingof arefree windspeeddistribution not period station,changesintheice- At Marresalya number ofcalmdays isgettinglower too. winds frequency. Atthesametime, the speed occursdueto thedecrease ofstrong al. 2010]. oftheaverageThe reduction wind et shoresnoticeable attheArctic [Vautard of XX to thebeginning ofXXI, especially in thewindspeeddecrease from themiddle Climate changeintheArctic isalsoexpressed etal.,[Overeem 2011]. cliffs to seawater increased of2,5 byafactor thattheexposure ofthecoastal in thefact Sea,resultingon thecoastsofBeaufort from theperiod days 1979to during 2009 water season expandedfrom 45days to 95 has beennoted thatthedurationofopen etal., 2009].It season[Jones 25 mperice-free free period, therates ofcoastalretreat reached in 2007,theconditionsofanincreased ice- where SeainAlaska, the coastsofBeaufort oftheArctic, Sea, butalsofor like otherparts increase notonlyfor were theKara observed changes andconsequentcoastalretreat rates’ ofwind-waveThe samepatterns energy GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 03(09)2016 wind patterns. The lowcoasts are, withall andchanges inthe period of theice-free coming to theshores due to the prolongation with theincrease ofthewind-wave energy be especiallynoticedinthelast several years, afaster retreat.experience This retreat can andlaidagenerally coasts ofthelowterrace from theretreat rate diagrams inFig. 8,the highest surges andfloods. As itcanbeseen This laidacanbecovered the by water during surge issituated. withnumerous berm) lakes lowlaida(highwater part, south-eastern into several fragments the byriver valleys. In with relatively highicecontent isdivided of4–10mheight alowterrace central part, its heights of10–18mcomesto thecoast.In area, withthe aterrace ofthekey north-west morphological conditions (Fig. the 8).In aremonitoring setindifferent geo- The profiles for thecoastaldynamics the influenceofcoastalconstructions. thattheywere andafter observed, affected by coastal dynamicsinnaturalconditionswere crossing were made;therefore before that, pipeline the underwater “Bovanenkovo-Uhta” of ontheconstruction 2009,works 1988. In since ofgeoecologytheNorth Laboratory dynamics have here beenconducted bythe ofthecoastal observations The stationary with theaverage rates of0,5–4m/year. composed bypermafrost andisretreating Bay isThe UralcoastoftheBaydaratskaya (the Ural coast ofthe Baydaratskaya Bay) Interannual variations ofcoastal retreat rates eachother.enhancing orweakening separately whichmay orjointlyfactors act retreat dependonseveral interconnected fluxandtherelated coastal the wave-energy thisway, iscrucial. period In in theice-free October. That’s why thepresence ofOctober wind-wave energy valuesare thehighestin the wave dangerous storms’ andthe activity higher thaninNovember andSeptember, and dangerous is winddirectionsinOctober of thermoabrasion. ofwaveThe frequency Autumn cansignificantly influence therates in period this increase oftheice-free Ogorodov S.A.,Baranskaya A.V. etal.

COASTAL DYNAMICS OF THE PECHORA AND SEAS KARA

Fig. 8. Schematic map of the spatial and temporal variability of thermal abrasion coast of the Ural key area of Baidaratskaya Bay coast ...

63 ENVIRONMENT 64 ENVIRONMENT and in2009–2012(Fig. 9,10). in retreat in2005–2007 rates are observed: general, peaksofincrease two Ural coast.In foris characteristic theretreat rates ofthe Not onlyspatial, butalsotemporal variability retreat by20m. by 1m,whilethecoastof1mmheightwill coast of, for instance, 20mheightwillretreat the samevolume removed, ofmaterial the to erosion thanthehighonesbecausewith other conditionsbeingequal, lessresistant GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 03(09)2016 and coincided withanincrease inthewind- c period the increase oftheice-free free period. that, in 2005,2006and2007, After events,storm inspite ofanincrease oftheice- wind-wave energy dueto littleoccurrence of the profiles.coincideswith aminimumin It 1997–2005, anegative peakisseen forIn all –years) year, X-axis per –meters (Y-axis key area Bay Baidaratskaya the of coast Ural the within 12–21 profiles monitoring dynamics coastal for (m/year) retreat coastal of rates 9. Average Fig. (Y-axis – meters per year, X-axis –years) year, X-axis per –meters (Y-axis keyarea Bay Baidaratskaya the of coast Ural the within profiles monitoring dynamics coastal all for (m/year) retreat coastal of rates 10. Mean Fig. ontinued connected withthetechnogenicconnected impact. reason oferosion liesinprocesses activation didn’t values. exceed thetypical Therefore the wind-wave energy in2009–2012;however, it general, thereIn wasaslightincrease inthe didn’t retreat more than3m. beach andlittoral. 2012–2013,thissegment In several vehicles heavy aday passingonthe through thebeachatthissegment, with dramatic changeliesintheroad whichcame average rate of18m/year. The reason ofsuch retreated by55m,whichcorresponds to an rates in2009–2013. destruction The coast before 2009,showed adramaticjumpinthe anddidn’tof accumulative type retreat atall Profile 28,whichissituated withinthe coast works. theconstructional 2009–2012, after low laida,reached amaximumretreat rate in within theUralcoast.Profile 21,situated on m/year, whichisarecord for theobservations The biggestretreat valueswere from 6to 18 more dramatic, peakofretreat rates isobserved. underwater ofthe theconstruction 2009–2012,after In thawing. prevented ground iceandpermafrost from low temperature theseyears, during which wascausedbyrelatively observed) were Yamal coast,where higherretreat rates the Uralcoastfor the these years (unlike high. for characteristic The negative peak, although thewind-wave energy remained ratesnegative again, peakindestruction 2007–20 In affectedcliff wasdirectly bywaves. ofthelow(4–10m) 2005 and2006,mostpart terraces. Probably, of theautumnstorms during conditions, destroyed thanthehigher quicker are situated onalowterrace, whichis, innatural m/year in2006–2007,respectively. These profiles 20 and to theaverage. The mostaffected were profiles 1,5–2 times incr As aresult, mostoftheprofiles showa period, asmentionedabove.the ice-free of Autumn andwindsfallinginto storms wave energy flux,whichresulted inperiods 21, which showed a rate of 2,6 and 2,9 21, whichshowed arate of2,6and2,9 09, alltheprofiles showa pipeline crossing, anew, even ease ofretreat rates compared not always even visiblemorphologically. beach willresult inthelaidadestruction, laida, andtherefore awashaway ofsucha landward side, suchbeachtransitsinto a inevitably. The reason isthatfrom the and landwards, abeach-slope retreats profile, whichcanmigrate bothseawards landwards. the beach offull Unlike but indisplacementofthebeach-slope retreat isexpressed notincliffabrasion, The coasthere isaccumulative, andthe retreat rates didn’t exceed 6m/year. 1year,during despite that,before, annual profile 26. The coastretreated 12m retreatextreme rates in2012–2013,was the Therefore, theonlyarea for theUralcoastof m/year. exceeded someoftheseperiods 1,6 during it ishighlyprobable thattheretreat rate several years andanaverage rate isprovided, 1,3 m/year. As cover bothoftheseperiods here was1,4m/year, andin1997–2005– before 1991–1997,theaverage rate 2005.In in2012–2013,were notedthose observed For profile 17,rates ofretreat, closeto at once, providing ahigherosion rate. edge ofthecliff, whichretreats several meters several years, alayer ofpeatfallsfrom the rates However, are observed. onceevery the blufffrom erosion; thisiswhy lowretreat During “usual” years, thepeatcover protects grained sandshere are bypeat. overlain lithology ofthecoastwithinprofile 20.Fine- Such behavior isprobably causedbythe that average valueswere never observed. canbenoted 2,6–3,0 m/year It are observed. (2006–2007,2009–2013),high rate periods valuesaretypical 0,2–0,7m/year, whilefor For (1988–2006,2007–2009), lowrate periods forlow rates ischaracteristic theseprofiles. general, withhighand alterationIn ofperiods already retreated herein2009–2012. quicker for profile thecoasthas 20isnotextreme: are anexception. ofabrasion The activation that theaverage values. Profile 17,20and26 retreat were, for mostoftheprofiles, lower of2012–2013,rates ofcoastal thelastperiod In Ogorodov S.A.,Baranskaya A.V. etal. Baidaratskaya Bay whichexperiencedBaidaratskaya

COASTAL DYNAMICS OF THE PECHORA AND SEAS KARA objects of oil transportation infrastructure ofoiltransportation objects exploitation of coastalregions. The main ecologically grounded approach to further demonstrating theneedfor awell-developed, The Varandey region isanegative example dynamics The human-induced factor ofcoastal etal., 2009]. in 2002–2007[Jones from 6,8m/year in1955–1979to 13,6m/year Seacoastsincreasedlocations oftheBeaufort noted: themeanannualerosion rates atsome greater were velocities ofcoastaldestruction et al., 2015].However, Arctic, in theAmerican [Guenther period the 2010–2013observation 1951 to 3,4±2,7ma–1onaverage during Sea increased from –1,8±1,3m/year since island,erosion Laptev rates onMuostakh oftheRussianArctic:for part theeastern Similar valuesandtrends were alsonoted and upto 6m/year for separate profiles). 0,5 to 4m/year ontheaverage for allprofiles, Seashowsteady growth (fromof theKara Average rates ofcoastalretreat onthecoasts latest prevailed. time, coastalstability movement ofvehicles, because, before the This behavior withthe canbeconnected are continuingto retreat in2012–2013. andaccumulativeof thermoabrasional coasts, 26, 27and28,situated inanarea ofalternation on neitheroftheprofiles. Interestingly, profiles 2009–2012, thistrend didn’t continuefurther abrasionrates inextreme were observed pipeline, forof theunderwater areas where should benoted, thatsincetheconstruction It beach aswell asonadjacentlaida. namely vehiclesonthe constantlydriving andwas causedbytechnogenic impact, retreatconditions ofthiscoast.Suchactive for 2012–2013, isnotcharacteristic thenatural However, therate in ofretreat observed retreating accumulative shore).so-called in spite of itsaccumulative(the morphology isanaturalprocess fordestruction thisarea, in 2005–2009. This testifies thatcoastal here even before thetechnogenic impact shouldbenoted thatretreatIt wasobserved ...

65 ENVIRONMENT 66 ENVIRONMENT strong fallstorms, theslopeiseroded and fine sands. years During withextraordinarily has anerosion cutinaeolian-marine scarp of 0,5–2,5mperyear. The abrasioncoast of theFirst isbeingeroded terrace atarate At present, undernaturalconditions, most low andhighsurge. levelshigh withtwo corresponding to the laidas (surge floodplains)ofupto 2,5–3m behindthedunebeltare oftheterrace parts byaeolianprocesses.reworked The inner have ridges spits. beenconsiderably Barrier beaches andbarriers- the evolution ofbarrier corresponding toridges different stagesof ofancientandyounginto aseries barrier beaches, theavanduneof thebarrier turns belt) reaching 5–12masl. Atthedistalparts dune covered byanavandune (ridge-like Frontal andseaward, is oftheterrace part andFedorova,low icecontent [Novikov 1989]. by sedimentsischaracterized of theterrace pillow.by peat-grass structure The cryogenic iscomposedoffinesandunitunderlain terrace widthreaches 2–6km. beaches. Its barrier The represented islandsand ofbarrier byaseries the Holocenetransgression. isThe terrace an average heightof3–5mformed during here have with terrace beenbuiltonamarine GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 03(09)2016 Fig. 11. Aerial photo of the Varandey settlement at 1985; coastline of 2013 of 1985; at coastline settlement Varandey the 11. of Fig. photo Aerial because itse for andstore thesettlement,oilterminal houses, with lowicecontent, waschosenastheplace the Holoceneterrace, composedofsandbeds was built(Fig. 11). dunebeltof The well-drained a newsett basewasformedmain industrial here, and thestrongestexperienced humanimpact. The inthe1970s.area started The Varandey Island Active exploitationofthe Varandey industrial high gradient oftheavandune slopes. profile coastalslope, ofthesubmarine and hydrodynamic developed conditions),apoorly thegrain between size(the discrepancy and beach-forming material deficit ofcoarse-grained combination ofdifferent includingthe factors melting. Coastal erosion bya isdetermined ofthelayer ofseasonal considerable thickness ground temperatures, smallicecontent anda destroyed dueto relatively highaverage annual slopes oftheHoloceneterrace. The latter is erode the doesnot,infact, Thermoabrasion oftime. period becomes steeper for ashort industrial base practically attheedgeof basepractically industrial ofthesettlementandThe construction the surrounding swampytundralowland. pointofviewthan the engineering-geological lement for 3thousandinhabitants, emed to bemore stablefrom of coastal and underwater slopeerosionof coastaland underwater affected byhumanactivity. The acceleration more ashighinthe regions thatare not and and reached that istwice 3–4m/year: the region around thesettlementincreased have shown thattherate ofcoastalretreat in in theadjacentareas. Recentmeasurements settlement. However, theyremained high wasbuilt nearthe construction Varandey 1,5–2 m/year, thecoastal-protection after coastal retreat slightlydecreased, downto reached upto 7–10m/year. The rates of seventies. someyears atsomesites it In increased considerablyinthemid-to late thecoastalerosionhuman impact, rate Under theexistingconditionsofintensive adjacent areas and, hence, their erosion. caused adecrease insedimentsupplyto the Coastal protection at Varandey settlement less stable, andtheir rates ofretreat increased. decreased and, finally, thecoastsbecame of sedimentsuppliedto thecoastalzone was disturbed, thevolume its homogeneity the bluff. As aresult, thebluffbecamelower, deflation-thermoerosional gulliesformed in hollows becamewidespread. Numerous before ofexploitation.Deflation theperiod of theislandbecame1-3mlower than surface been sogreat thatinseveral placesthe andrate oftheseprocessesThe extent has deflationandthermoerosion.experienced melting, thedunebeltformed offinesands Island. Undertheconditionsofdeepseasonal cover ofthewholedunebelt Varandey caused thedegradation ofsoilandplant vehicles including caterpillarsconstruction and2005]. Uncontrolled useoftransport [Ogorodov,and otherhumandisturbances mechanical leveling ofcoastaldeclivities ramps, the landforms becauseoftransport considerable mechanicaldeformations of bluff andthecoastalzone experienced the zone exploitation,thecoastal ofindustrial zones thathave beeneroded before. Within divergence [Popov etal., 1988],especiallyin dangerous for thezones ofwave energy the avandune andbeach. This isextremely of sandandsand-pebblesedimentsfrom abrasion cliffdemandedrepeated withdrawals Ogorodov S.A.,Baranskaya A.V. etal.

COASTAL DYNAMICS OF THE PECHORA AND SEAS KARA flats causedby theintensification oferosion of hollowforms onthebeachesandtidal appearance change inthe sedimentsdrift; forms inthecoastalarea withthe connected appearance ofanthropogenic accumulative the following changesare distinguished: Among theresults of human impact, intensification oferosion. of soilandvegetation cover, whichleadsto vehicles ordisturbance aswell asdestruction trackmachinesorheavymotion ofheavy andduring construction and laidaduring ofmudflats, beach, coastalbarrier the surface of submerged systems ofbars;deformation of the beach,butalsoto changesintheposition to erosion andnarrowing oftideflatsand shore slope, whichleadsnotonly underwater from thebeach,tideflats(Fig. 12)andfrom the concave landforms, removal ofsandmaterial area inagiven ofartificial place;construction to additionalsedimentincometo thecoastal positive landforms,large artificial whichleads relief have of beendocumented: construction onthe following humanimpact ofdirect types crossing Yamal-Europe canbeanexample. The Bay) attheunderwater(Baydaratskaya ofthecoast section Yamal Peninsula Sea. facilities onthecoastsofKara The ofgastransportation theconstruction during intodevelopment account wasnottaken The negativeof experience Varandey area infrastructure. inland. damagewasmadefor Enormous oil Island, andpenetrated several kilometers surgestorm completely floodedthe Varandey on thecoast.OnJuly24,2010,anextreme the surge heightanddecreasing itsinfluence into thebranchesandchannels, thuslowering flowing in timewithtides, water waspartly Previously, highsurges during corresponding ofcoastaldynamics. factor is animportant surgesheight ofstorm increased. The latter of the part the eastern Varandey Island, the were andabridge in constructed earth-dam [Chernikov, an the seaiceimpact 2006].After result, itwaspulledoutfrom thebottom by As a pipelineto thesurface. the underwater tohas contributed of theself-excavation ...

67 ENVIRONMENT 68 ENVIRONMENT GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 03(09)2016 the changes in theconditionsofwaves’ cause beachmorphology in thebarrier et al., 2006]. Changes [Kamalov storms the wave energy even extreme during beachcompletely absorbsthe barrier naturalconditions, from it.In to thenorth cofferdam andintheerosion ofthecoast to thesouthof in theentrancecorner resulted intheaccumulationofsediments the cofferdam where thepipelinelies leads to itserosion. ofThe construction sediments deficitinthiscoastalarea, which the intensification ofdeflation. This creates beachleadsto atthebarrier destruction deformation andthevegetation The surface the nearest rivermouthandthecofferdam. beachbetween ofthebarrier the surface from extracted ismostactively material consideration oftheconsequences. Sandy planandwithoutout withoutacertain iscarriedfor purposes constructional ofsandmaterialsituation, theextraction from ofmorpholithodynamic theperspective werematerials notconsidered inadvance the placesofextract that Dueto thefact surfaces. at thedisturbed profile ofthebeach;intensification ofdeflation orfrom thechangein transportation resulting from thedisruptionofsediment traces of sandy sediment removal from the tide flat and beach and flat tide the from removal sediment sandy of traces ion ofconstructional Fig. 12. Yamal Coast of the Baydaratskaya Bay: Bay: Baydaratskaya the of 12. Yamal Coast Fig. natural effect. activity, which strengthened thenegative were enhancedbyunreasonable human change andwind-wave energy increase, but by naturalprocesses withclimate connected Bay wascausednotonly the Baydaratskaya in abrasionoftheUraland Yamal coasts of This proves againthatsuchadramaticpeak of retreat onlyaslightincrease. experienced wereworks executed in2005–2010,therates area, where no considerableconstructional sites, thesetwo Unlike attheKharasavey vehiclesof thetrafficheavy ofthebeach. the removal ofsedimentsandtheincrease in theretreat after rates in2005–2010,right Yamal anincrease coastalsoexperienced As theUralcoastmentioned above, the stopping theremoval ofs coastal systems, thefirstrequired thingis on ofthepipelineconstruction the impact order to In project. reducethe construction with therates thatwere notconsidered in off- andonshore topography reforming to reach whichwillcause anewequilibrium, consequences. The coastalsystem willtend can leadto unfavorable andhazardous entire regime morpholithodynamic that and,destruction therefore, changesinthe ediments. 7 Obzor gidrometeorologicheskikh protsessov vSevernom Ledovitom (Review Okeane 7. Novikov V.N. andFedorova E.V. beregov yugo-vostochnoi (1989)Razrushenie chasti Bar- 6. Longinov V.V. perememsheniy vdolberegovikh na- metod ocenki (1966)Energetichekiy 5. A.M.,Ogorodov S.A.,Biriukov V.Yu., Kamalov Sovershaeva G.D., Tsvetsinskiy A.S.,Arkhipov 4. Jones, B.M., Arp, C.D., Jorgenson, M.T., Schmutz,J.A., &Flint, K.M., P. Hinkel, (2009).Increase 3. Günther, F., Overduin, P.P., 2. Yakshina, I.A.,Opel, T., A.V. Baranskaya, andGrigoriev, M.N. N.A.(2006) Chernikov “Duga Barkova” bow).Izdatelstvo (Barkov “Smena”,1. 238p dangerous process. at lowcoasts, canbeconsidered themost from thebeach,tidalflatandlaida,especially theremoval this negative ofsediment impact, causing catastrophic coastalretreat. Among systems of thenaturalmorpholithodynamic of theclimate change, leadingto redistribution caneasilyenhancethenegative effect activity shores. Ontheotherhand, unreasonable human increases ofthewind-wave energy affecting the duration leadingto sometimesdramatic air temperatures period andlongerice-free changing climate leadingto highersummer On theonehand, theyare causedbythe have relatively experienced quickchanges. thelastdecades,During coasts theArctic Ogorodov S.A.,Baranskaya A.V. etal. REFERENCES CONCLUSIONS ticheskii nauchno-issledovatelskii Institut, ROSGIDROMET. 112р.(in Russian). Institut, nauchno-issledovatelskii ticheskii of thehydrometeorologic iAntark- processes (2012) Arkticheskii intheArctic Ocean) Vestnik MGU, ser. 5,geogr, N1:64–68(inRussian). oftheBarentz Sea), part ofthecoastssouth-eastern (Destruction entseva Morya incoastalzone). Proceedingsdrift Russian) 12(8),13–28.(In ofSoyuzmorNIIproekt, nosov vberegovoy zone (Energetic moria methodofestimatingalongshore sediment crossing area). Zemly oftheEarth), Kriosfera Vol. (Cryosphere X,N3,pp. 3–14(inRussian). Baydynamics ofthecoastsandbottom withinthemajorpipeline oftheBaydaratskaya magistralnymi Gubynatrasseperekhoda gazoprovodami”Baidaratskoi (Morpholitho- V.V., A.I.,Solomatin BelovaN.G.,Noskov V.I. beregov idna (2006)”Morfolitodinamika L3503 doi:10.1029/2008GL036205 Geophys.in therate ofcoastlineerosion anduniformity Res. inArctic Alaska. Lett.,, 36, 9(1),2015,pp.Cryosphere, 151–178.doi:10.5194/tc-9-151-2015. islandinresponse andseaice reduction, toground-ice-rich summerwarming arctic The permafrost thaw subsidenceanderosion disappear: ofa Muostakh (2015): Observing (in Russian).

COASTAL DYNAMICS OF THE PECHORA AND SEAS KARA project No. 16-17-00034. oftheRussianScienceFoundationsupport wasexecutedThe work withthefinancial implication. environmentallead to enormous which, oncetheyare destructed, may geosystems andthefacilitiesthemselves, irreversible damageto boththecoastal The ignoring ofthisissuemay cause coastaldynamics.processes, inparticular oftheongoingenvironmentalknowledge new facilitieshasto bebasedonintegrated coastsofRussiaandconstructing northern towards thestrategy ofdeveloping the A trulyresponsible decision-making ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...

69 ENVIRONMENT 70 ENVIRONMENT eevd1.921 Accepted 29.08.2016 Received 11.09.2015 Vautard, R.,J. Cattiaux, Yiou P., Thepaut J.N., andCiaisP. Hemisphere (2010),Northern 19. Sovershaev, V.A. izonirovanie beregov (1980)Beregoformiruyushie morei factory 18. Popov, beregov B.А., Sovershaev, arkticheskikh dinamiki V.А. cherty (1982)Nekotoryie 17. Popov, B.A., Sovershaev V.A., Novikov V.N. (1988)Beregovaya zona Pechorsko-Karskogo 16. Popov B.A., Sovershaev V.A. dliaraschetapo- dannikh (1981)Principi ishodnikh vybora 15. Polar today seaicecapandsnow–Cryosphere [online].Source. Available from: http:// 14. Overeem, I.,R.S.Anderson,C.W. Wobus, G.D. Clow, F.E. (2011), andN.Matell Urban, 13. 1 . Ogorodov S.A.,BelovaN.G.,KuznetsovD 12. Ogorodov S.A.(2011)Rol’ l’dov role morskikh of reliefa beregovoi vdinamike zony (The 11. Ogorodov S.A.(2008) arkticheskikh iledovitosti nadinamiku Vliyanie izmeneniiklimata 10. 9 Ogorodov S.A.(2005) 9. methodofPopov-Sovershaev Ogorodov S.A.(2002)Applicationofwind-energetic for 8. GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 03(09)2016 ences, N3,756–761,doi: 10.1038/ngeo979. roughness, to attributed anincrease Nature insurface Geosci- stillingpartly atmospheric nauk(Ph. D.stepeni kandidata Thesis), MGU, 212p(in Russian). uchenoy nasoiskanie Dissertatsiya seasbasedonthedynamicprinciple) Chukchi ofcoastalformationfactors andzoning ofthecoastsLaptev. and EastSiberian printsipu. (The podinamicheskomu Laptevykh, Vostochno-Sibirskogo iChukotskogo berega (Seacoasts).Moscow,Morskie Мysl’, Russian) 105–116(In (SomefeaturesAzii ofthecoastaldynamicsin the Asian Arctic). Voprosy geografii, 119. MSUPublishing House),pp. 176–201(inRussian). Universiteta (The kovskogo geosystems), Mos- Izdatelstvo ofNorthern Severa (Investigations onthesustainability regiona (Coastal zone ofthePechora-Kara region). Issledovanieustoichivosti geosystem fluxes). Russian) (Coastal zone). Beregovaya 47–53(In Moscow, zona morya Nauka, volnovoytokov energii (Principles indistinguishingdatafor calculatingwave energy arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/cryosphere/ [Accessed date: 15.08.2015] doi:10.1029/2011GL048681 Sea icelossenhanceswave attheArctic coast,Geophys. action Res. Lett., 38,L17503, Russian) (In lee effektivniefrom space–mostefficientsolutions)№10,p. resheniya (Earth 66–70 Seacoasts’ ofinvestigationspurpose oftheKara dynamics).Zemlia izkosmosa-naibo- for ofmultitemporal (Usingthematerials the aerospace moria imagery Karskogo beregov issledovaniyadinamiki syemok vtseliakh aerokosmicheskikh raznovremennykh versiteta (The MSUPublishing House),173p. (inRussian). versiteta (The Uni- sea iceinthedynamicsofrelief of thecoastalzone). Moskovskogo Izdatelstvo N1(78),pp. 123–128(inRussian). coasts).ProblemyEurasian Arctic iAntarktiki, Arktiki changeonthedynamicsof ofclimate andiceextent impact beregov Evrazii(The Letters,Marine Vol. 25,N2–3,P. 190–195. and Marine Research. Editedand Marine by V. etal. Bremerhaven. Rachold Vol. 413,37–42. International Workshop. Potsdam onPolar (Germany) 26–30November 2001.Reports ofan investigation Arctic Coastal Report ofcoastaldynamicsintheArctic. Dynamic. In:

Human impacts on coastal stability inthePechora oncoastalstability Human impacts Sea,Geo- .E., Noskov A.I.(2011)Ispolzovanie materialov .E., Noskov Ogorodov S.A.,Baranskaya A.V. etal. with co-authors). ice gauging relied ofthewestern Yamal naturalinvestigations andmodeling(2013, shelf: them bytheresults ofthe “Yamal-Arctic-2012” Modern expedition(2013,withco-authors); of the Yamal andGydan peninsulaandthelatest tectonic movements associated with Alisa V. Baranskaya Stanislav A.Ogorodov Nataliya G.Belova authors); New data on dislocations in the Quarternary deposits authors); NewdataondislocationsintheQuarternary andseaicereduction(2015,withco- to arcticsummerwarming islandinresponsesubsidence anderosion ofaground-ice-rich permafrost thaw disappear: Muostakh publications: Observing influence oncoastaldynamicsinthecryolithozone. Main geologyoftheArcticandtheir neotectonics andQuarternary theMSUFacultyNorth, ofGeography. Herresearch focuses on she isaresearch ofGeoecologythe fellow attheLaboratory atSt.Petersburggeomorphology State University. Since2012, 2015,shereceivedState in2010.In herPh. University D. in (2011). Dynamics inthePechorastability Sea(2005); The RoleofSeaIceinCoastal oncoastal dynamics oftheArctic Seas(2003);Human impacts publications: Main The role ofseaiceinthecoastalzone interests isArcticcoastaldynamicsandtheiceeffect onseabed. ofScience.habilitated asafullDoctor The area ofhisscientific leading scientistattheMSUFaculty ofGeography. 2014,he In and commencedPh.University D. in1999.Since2004,heisa “Floks” andHMS (2011,withS.A.Ogorodov). “Kharasavey”) ofthecoastalerosionmonitoring withinthe sites of theHMS Sea(basedon the dataon the south-western coastoftheKara Sea(2015); Kara The role ofmassive icebedsinthedynamicsof massive Bay, ice bedsofthewestern coastoftheBaydaratskaya andintrasedimantal coastal dynamics. publications: Buried Main massive ice bedsintheArctic, andtheirinfluenceonmodern cryolithology. Sheinvestigates theproblems oftheorigin of State in2007;2012,shereceived University herPh. D. in

COASTAL DYNAMICS OF THE PECHORA AND SEAS KARA graduated from theLomonosov Moscow graduated from theLomonosov Moscow studied at the Lomonosov Moscow State studiedattheLomonosov State Moscow ...

71 ENVIRONMENT 72 ENVIRONMENT GEOGRAPHY. ENVIRONMENT. SUSTAINABILITY. 03(09)2016 cycle (2007, withco-authors). cycle coastal andoffshore thelastclimatic permafrost Seasduring intheLaptev andEastSiberian Pier Paul Overduin DmitriyE. Kuznetsov Anatoliy M.Kamalov Sea) (2012, with co-authors); Evolution anddegradationSea) (2012,withco-authors); of near-shore Beaufort permafrost atBarrow submarine (Alaskan ofthedegradation of observations Geoelectric co-authors); permafrost coastsintheLaptev Searegion (2013,with of ice-rich thermo-erosion andlong-term Arctic. publications:Short Main focuses permafrost andcoastaldynamicsinthe onsubmarine for Polar Research inPotsdam, andMarine Germany. research His attheAlfredPeriglacial Research Department Wegener Institute Fairbanks in2005.Since2006heisasenior scientistinthe Canada, andcompleted aPh. D. ofAlaska attheUniversity dynamics (2011,withco-authors) for Seacoasts’ ofinvestigations thepurpose oftheKara imagery ofmultitemporalauthors); Usingthematerials aerospace Arctic coastaldynamicsto climate change. (2014,withco- sedimentology. of publications:Assessing Main thesensitivity as well asseabottom morphology, and bathymetry focuses onGISandremote sensingmethodsincoastaldynamics, research Dmitry’s ofGeoecologytheNorth. Laboratory State in2000.Hecurrently asanengineer University works inthe (1998,withco-authors). the conditionsofcryolithozone ofcoastalaccumulative Development forms in with co-authors); Bay withinthemajorpipelinecrossingthe Baydaratskaya area (2006, ofthecoastsandbottom of publications: Morpholithodynamics Arctic coastsandtheirrates ofretreat andaccumulation.Main Geography andinvestigates oftheRussian themorphology oftheMSUFaculty ofGeoecologytheNorth of Laboratory coastal dynamics. Hecurrently asanengineer works inthe mainresearchState in1982.His University interests are theArctic studied at and Wilfrid Laurier York Universities in graduated from theLomonosov Moscow graduated from theLomonosov Moscow Ogorodov S.A.,Baranskaya A.V. etal. Natalya N.Shabanova Alexey P. Vergun authors) Seas(2013,withco- Erosion attheBarents Monitoring andKara Coastal Seas(2013,withco-authors); the Barents andKara at Monitoring dynamics. publications:Coastal Dynamics Main implementation for themetocean constraintsofthecoastal Popov-Sovershaev wind-wave energy methodandits regions, Sea. Oneofhermajorfocuses isthe especiallyKara interests liesinthemeteorology andclimatology ofthePolar Lomonosov State in2011.Herarea University Moscow of and modeling(2013,withco-authors). gauging relied ofthewestern Yamal naturalinvestigations shelf: ice Modern Seas(2013,withco-authors); the Barents andKara cartography. at Monitoring publications:Coastal Dynamics Main well andgeneral astheengineering geomorphology the rates seacoasts, ofcoastalerosion as oftheBarents andKara research interests are theGIStechnologies allowingassessing ofCartography,Department theMSUFaculty ofGeography. His engineer-cartographer. 2009,hegraduated from In the oftheLomonosov State asan University Moscow North

COASTAL DYNAMICS OF THE PECHORA AND SEAS KARA works at the Laboratory ofGeoecologythe attheLaboratory works graduated from theFaculty ofGeography, ...

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