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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Increase the Proportion of Cellulose and Hemicellulose in the Root Stele of Vetiver Grass

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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Increase the Proportion of Cellulose and Hemicellulose in the Root Stele of Vetiver Grass Plant Soil (2018) 425:309–319 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3583-z REGULAR ARTICLE Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase the proportion of cellulose and hemicellulose in the root stele of vetiver grass Xun Wen Chen & Yuan Kang & Pui San So & Charles Wang Wai Ng & Ming Hung Wong Received: 17 December 2017 /Accepted: 24 January 2018 /Published online: 13 February 2018 # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Methods Three AM fungi, Glomus aggregatum, Aims Arabidopsis thaliana is the model plant that is Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae, mainly used in studying cellulose and hemicellulose were inoculated to vetiver grass (Chrysopogon (CH) biosynthesis. Unfortunately, A. thaliana does not zizanioides) and grown for 12 months. Roots were associate with mycorrhiza and as a result there are only harvested, and the proportions of CH, lignin, lipids rare reports on the role of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and hydrosoluble content were analysed. The corre- fungi on CH biosynthesis. This study aims to investigate sponding root tensile strength (positively correlated with the effects of AM fungi on changing the CH content in the proportion of CH) was measured to counter check mycorrhizal plant. the CH content. Results Plants inoculated with AM showed a higher proportion of CH (P < 0.05) compared with uninoculat- Responsible Editor: Tatsuhiro Ezawa ed ones. This increase was coupled to a 40–60% en- Electronic supplementary material The online version of this hancement in tensile strength. Potential mechanisms for article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3583-z) contains this phenomenon are discussed. supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Conclusions This is the first study showing that the : : : proportion of CH and tensile strength of plant root X. W. Chen P. S. So C. W. W. Ng (*) could be significantly affected by AM symbiosis. M. H. Wong (*) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong It is thus desirable that future research on CH biosyn- Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, thesis uses mycorrhizal-associating plants, such as Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China medic (Medicago truncatula) and rice (Oryza sativa). e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Keywords Cellulose synthase . Glycosyltransferase . Y. Ka ng Arbuscular mycorrhiza . Root . Tensile strength . School of Chemistry & Environment, Higher Education Mega Center, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, Chrysopogon zizanioides China M. H. Wong Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research Introduction (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, Understanding the mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis SAR, China is one of the challenges in plant biology. Cellulose, a M. H. Wong crystalline glucan, is the most abundant biopolymer in School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China the world, and it presents mostly in the plant cell wall. 310 Plant Soil (2018) 425:309–319 This biomass serves as a global carbon sink, although the Increases in plant biomass upon AM symbiosis rep- carbon can be released due to cellulose-induced micro- resent a common outcome of AM experiments (Smith bial priming effects (Heimann and Reichstein 2008). and Read 2008; Hoeksema et al. 2010; Bonfante and Cellulose is also a sustainable resource for biofuel Genre 2010). However, the changes of the cellulose (Weng et al. 2008) and fibre industry (Reddy and Yang proportions (the percentage of the cellulose content in 2005; Kalia et al. 2011). Cellulose productivity and its a certain amount of biomass) upon AM symbiosis, mechanical properties are essential for investigating related to the deposition or orientation mechanism dur- plant morphogenesis (Bidhendi and Geitmann 2016; ing cellulose synthesis, have not been reported. Modifi- Xiao et al. 2016) and applications in fibre industry. cation of the plant cell wall has also been found upon Although cellulose is considered as a resource for biofuel AM symbiosis (Rich et al. 2014). Hydroxyproline-rich manufacture, lignin is a limiting component which glycoprotein (HRGP) and cellulose have been localized should be removed beforehand (Weng et al. 2008;Li in the cell wall and interface area created by invagina- et al. 2008; Weng and Chapple 2010). Therefore, the tion of the host membrane around the developing fun- proportion of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in a gus. In contrast, in non-mycorrhizal roots, HRGP and given biomass is a good proxy of the costs of cellulose cellulose appear only in the peripheral region of the cell extraction during biofuel production (Boerjan et al. wall, in close contact with the plasma membrane 2003). In addition, understanding the mechanical prop- (Bonfante et al. 1990; Balestrini et al. 1994). The cell erties of plants (related to the proportion of cellulose and wall material is laid down between the host plasma hemicellulose, see Genet et al. 2005) can enable engi- membrane and the fungal cell surface (Balestrini and neers to apply plant materials (e.g., plant roots) for Bonfante 2014). The thickness of the cortical cell wall stabilizing slopes (Pollen and Simon 2005;Wu2013) has been found to significantly increase due to AM and in bamboo for construction applications (Xiao et al. fungal colonization (Balestrini et al. 2005). However, 2010; Youssefian and Rahbar 2015), which are more these studies were more focused on cell wall modifica- eco-friendly compared to traditional methods. Under- tion in the AM fungi-containing tissue (i.e. root cortex), standing the mechanism of plant cell formation and its and did not pay attention to other tissues, such as root properties is of fundamental and general interest to plant stele. biologists, environmental scientists and engineers. Furthermore, expression of the genes involved in cell Previous studies have investigated the mecha- wall metabolism has been found to be enhanced in nism of cellulose biosynthesis using the model plant mycorrhizal roots (Guether et al. 2009;Fiorillietal. Arabidopsis thaliana (Arioli et al. 1998; Watanabe et al. 2009). Part of the photosynthate (glucose) is used to 2015), a cellulose producing bacterium Acetobacter synthesize cellulose and hemicellulose (CH) with gly- xylinum (Ross et al. 1991), or by comparing the cellu- cosyltransferases (GTs) in plants (Taylor 2008;Moran lose synthase (CesA, catalyses the reaction that synthe- et al. 2011; Pauly et al. 2013). GTs are a ubiquitous sizes glucose to glucan chain) gene expressions in group of enzymes that catalyse the transfer of a sugar A. thaliana and maize (Holland et al. 2000). Such stud- moiety from an activated sugar donor onto saccharide or ies were confined to laboratory experiments and did not non-saccharide acceptors (Coutinho et al. 2003). On the consider the role of biotic and abiotic factors, which are other hand, 4–20% of the photosynthate (glucose) in ubiquitous in ecosystems and agricultural fields. Among plants would be acquired by AM fungi and transformed all the biotic factors, the symbiosis between plants and to lipids and trehalose (Smith and Read 2008). Thus, the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is considered to play allocation of glucose (building blocks of CH) may be an important role in ecology (van der Heijden et al. influenced by AM symbiosis. Additionally, inoculation 1998), global carbon distribution (Treseder and Allen of AM fungi could increase the expression of GTs 2000; Cheng et al. 2012;Solaiman2014), and stress (Detering et al. 2005; Fiorilli et al. 2009), the genes tolerance of plants (Smith and Read 2008). Unfortunate- related to cell wall metabolism (Guether et al. 2009) ly, the model plant A. thaliana used for studying cellu- and CesA (Siciliano et al. 2007; Vangelisti et al. 2018). lose biosynthesis is considered as a non-mycorrhizal It has been also reported that expression of MtCel1, plant (Veiga et al. 2013). Studying the plant cell wall responsible for the assembly of cellulose/hemicellulose formation without considering the role of AM fungi matrix, associated specifically with cells containing only shows part of the picture. arbuscules (Liu et al. 2003). Plant Soil (2018) 425:309–319 311 Such modifications could potentially change the each) (ASTM 2007). The final soil dry density was amount and proportion of cellulose, hemicellulose, approximately 1780 kg m−3 (95% of compaction). The lipids and the hydrosoluble contents (e.g., inorganic objective for achieving a high compaction rate was to salts, see Rowell (1984)). Taken together, the influence investigate whether AM fungi can enhance the tensile of AM fungi on both CH synthesis and proportion at strength of roots grown on slope (95% of compaction is systemic level are underexplored. Therefore, the objec- required due to safety concerns, see GEO 2011), and tives of the present study are to investigate whether the further enhance slope stability (Wu et al. 1979; inoculation of AM fungi would increase the proportion Chen et al. 2016). of CH content in roots, and to what extent would the Twenty grams of inoculum of each AM fungus was root tensile strength be enhanced. added uniformly as a layer in each pot at a 20 mm depth from the soil surface upon planting. Sterilized inoculum (autoclaved at 121 °C for 2 h) was also added to a Materials and methods separate pot as a control (non-mycorrhizal, NM). Three slips of vetiver grass of approximately uniform size Plant and AM fungi
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