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Dicrania Echinosa Sp Juares Fuhrmann Taxonomia e análise cladística de Dicrania LePeletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae, Macrodactylini) Taxonomy and cladistic analysis of Dicrania LePeletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae, Macrodactylini) Volume 1 São Paulo 2015 1 Juares Fuhrmann Taxonomia e análise cladística de Dicrania LePeletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae, Macrodactylini) Taxonomy and cladistic analysis of Dicrania LePeletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae, Macrodactylini) São Paulo 2015 2 Juares Fuhrmann Taxonomia e análise cladística de Dicrania LePeletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae, Macrodactylini) Taxonomy and cladistic analysis of Dicrania LePeletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae, Macrodactylini) Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas, na Área de Zoologia. Orientador(a): Sônia A. Casari Co-orientador: Sergio Ide São Paulo 2015 3 Ficha Catalográfica Fuhrmann, Juares Taxonomia e análise cladística de Dicrania LePeletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae, Macrodactylini) 469 p. Tese (Doutorado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Zoologia. 1. Scarabaeoidea 2. Sistemática 3. Neotropical I. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Zoologia. Comissão Julgadora: Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). Profa. Dra. Sônia Aparecida Casari Orientadora 4 Agradecimentos À Profa. Dra. Sônia Aparecida Casari (Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo / SP) pela orientação durante o desenvolvimento deste projeto e pela dedicação e ajuda em minha formação acadêmica, sempre presente em questões relativas tanto a tese quanto a produção científica em geral. Minha gratidão sincera pelo aceite de meu projeto no início de minhas atividades. Ao Dr. Sergio Ide (Laboratório de Entomologia Geral, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo / SP) por me acompanhar na conclusão da presente revisão, trabalho iniciado em minha dissertação sob sua orientação. Ao Prof. Dr. Fernando Vaz-de-Mello (Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá / MT) pela grande ajuda prestada em relação à bibliografia e discussões sobre taxonomia de Scarabaeidae. A todos os curadores citados no capítulo Material e Métodos pelo envio de material ou pela gentil acolhida durante minhas visitas. Aos biólogos Fabiano Fabian Albertoni e Gabriel Biffi, pela amizade, coleguismo e pela colaboração no trabalho através de fotografias e sugestões. Às biólogas Laura Rocha Prado, Rafaela Lopes Falaschi e Carolina Yamaguchi pelas sugestões e explicações relacionadas a morfologia, nomenclatura e processamento de dados. À tradutora Renata Dias Mundt (São José dos Campos / SP) pela tradução de textos em alemão. À tradutora Sônia Maria da Silva Fuhrmann (São José dos Campos / SP) pela tradução de textos em francês. 5 À bióloga Daniela de Cassia Bená e ao físico Celso Fuhrmann pelo grande apoio durante todo o desenvolvimento do projeto. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pelo suporte financeiro no início do projeto, a Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) (proc. 2011/20001-6) pela bolsa de doutorado concedida, e ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) pelo suporte durante o XXX Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia (Porto Alegre, 2004) (CAPES PROAP - 2014). 6 Advertência Essa tese não constitui publicação no sentido do Artigo 9 do Código de Nomenclatura Zoológica da “International Comission on Zoological Nomenclature”, e assim, não deve ser considerada para quaisquer atos nomenclaturais a ela relacionados. Os nomes novos propostos constituem apenas um exercício que objetiva a correção e sugestões por parte de colegas e professores aos possíveis nomes científicos futuramente publicados. This dissertation should not be regarded as a publication in the sense of the article 9 of the ICZN, thus, should it be considered, under no circumstances, to any nomenclatural acts related to it. The proposed new names are only an exercise that aims the colleague and professor corrections or suggestions to possible future published scientific names. 7 Índice I. Introdução ............................................................................................................................ 12 I.1. Introdução ..................................................................................................................... 12 I.1.1 Os escaravelhos e os corós .......................................................................................... 12 I.1.1 Gênero Dicrania LePeletier & Audinet-Serville (1828) ............................................. 16 I.2. Justificativa ................................................................................................................... 21 II. Objetivos ............................................................................................................................. 23 III. Material e Métodos ............................................................................................................ 24 III.1. Material .................................................................................................................... 24 III.1.1. Coleções entomológicas ........................................................................................ 24 III.1.2. Espécimes examinados ......................................................................................... 25 III.2. Métodos ..................................................................................................................... 27 III.2.1. Morfologia e terminologia .................................................................................... 28 Proporções ........................................................................................................................... 28 Ornamentação ...................................................................................................................... 28 Mandíbulas e maxilas .......................................................................................................... 29 Protórax ............................................................................................................................... 29 Élitros .................................................................................................................................. 30 Asas posteriores ................................................................................................................... 30 Metendosternito ................................................................................................................... 30 Pernas .................................................................................................................................. 31 Edeago ................................................................................................................................. 31 III.2.2. Protocolo de dissecção .......................................................................................... 33 III.2.3. Descrição morfológica, ilustração e mapas ......................................................... 37 III.2.4. Informação sobre bibliografia, localidade e dados gerais ................................. 37 III.2.5. Análise Cladística .................................................................................................. 38 III.2.6. Caracteres .............................................................................................................. 41 III.2.7. Terminais ............................................................................................................... 43 IV. Resultados e Discussão ..................................................................................................... 48 IV.1. Taxonomia .................................................................................................................. 48 Dicrania LePeletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828.................................................................... 48 8 Dicrania abdita sp. nov. ...................................................................................................... 74 Dicrania albisetosa sp. nov. ................................................................................................ 75 Dicrania appendiculata (Mannerheim, 1829) ..................................................................... 78 Dicrania argentina Moser, 1919 ......................................................................................... 80 Dicrania armatipennis sp. nov. ........................................................................................... 82 Dicrania atra sp. nov. ......................................................................................................... 83 Dicrania badia Burmeister, 1855, reval. ............................................................................. 85 Dicrania bellicosa sp. nov. .................................................................................................. 87 Dicrania bilix sp. nov. ......................................................................................................... 90 Dicrania bilopha sp. nov. .................................................................................................... 91 Dicrania
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